Minimal changes to bring the resolver into the C++ era

It took surprisingly few changes, considering the leap from C with some
K&R constructs to C++17; most of the diffs are adding explicit pointer
casts and renaming variables called 'class' or 'try'.

As a result of building as C++, some of the names are now mangled,
making clashes with bionic harder. However, some names remain C due to
the __BEGIN_DECLS / __END_DECLS macros, scheduled to be removed in a
later cleanup pass.

Test: atest netd_integration_test

Change-Id: I3aefb9078421ec42f98f97d917785b365545feba
diff --git a/resolv/res_send.cpp b/resolv/res_send.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fad08ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/resolv/res_send.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,1273 @@
+/*	$NetBSD: res_send.c,v 1.9 2006/01/24 17:41:25 christos Exp $	*/
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1985, 1989, 1993
+ *    The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ *    must display the following acknowledgement:
+ * 	This product includes software developed by the University of
+ * 	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Portions Copyright (c) 1993 by Digital Equipment Corporation.
+ *
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+ * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+ * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies, and that
+ * the name of Digital Equipment Corporation not be used in advertising or
+ * publicity pertaining to distribution of the document or software without
+ * specific, written prior permission.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORP. DISCLAIMS ALL
+ * WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS.   IN NO EVENT SHALL DIGITAL EQUIPMENT
+ * CORPORATION BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
+ * PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS
+ * ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2004 by Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
+ * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-1999 by Internet Software Consortium.
+ *
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+ * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+ * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+ * WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS.  IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+ * WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+ * ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
+ * OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Send query to name server and wait for reply.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/uio.h>
+
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
+#include <arpa/nameser.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <netdb.h>
+#include <poll.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <async_safe/log.h>
+
+#include "private/android_filesystem_config.h"
+#include "res_private.h"
+#include "resolv_cache.h"
+#include "resolv_netid.h"
+#include "resolv_private.h"
+#include "resolv_stats.h"
+
+/* Options.  Leave them on. */
+#ifndef DEBUG
+#define DEBUG
+#endif
+
+#include "res_debug.h"
+
+#define EXT(res) ((res)->_u._ext)
+#define DBG 0
+
+/* Forward. */
+
+static int get_salen(const struct sockaddr*);
+static struct sockaddr* get_nsaddr(res_state, size_t);
+static int send_vc(res_state, struct __res_params* params, const u_char*, int, u_char*, int, int*,
+                   int, time_t*, int*, int*);
+static int send_dg(res_state, struct __res_params* params, const u_char*, int, u_char*, int, int*,
+                   int, int*, int*, time_t*, int*, int*);
+static void Aerror(const res_state, FILE*, const char*, int, const struct sockaddr*, int);
+static void Perror(const res_state, FILE*, const char*, int);
+static int sock_eq(struct sockaddr*, struct sockaddr*);
+void res_pquery(const res_state, const u_char*, int, FILE*);
+static int connect_with_timeout(int sock, const struct sockaddr* nsap, socklen_t salen,
+                                const struct timespec timeout);
+static int retrying_poll(const int sock, short events, const struct timespec* finish);
+
+/* BIONIC-BEGIN: implement source port randomization */
+typedef union {
+    struct sockaddr sa;
+    struct sockaddr_in sin;
+    struct sockaddr_in6 sin6;
+} _sockaddr_union;
+
+// BEGIN: Code copied from ISC eventlib
+// TODO: move away from this code
+
+#define BILLION 1000000000
+
+static struct timespec evConsTime(time_t sec, long nsec) {
+    struct timespec x;
+
+    x.tv_sec = sec;
+    x.tv_nsec = nsec;
+    return (x);
+}
+
+static struct timespec evAddTime(struct timespec addend1, struct timespec addend2) {
+    struct timespec x;
+
+    x.tv_sec = addend1.tv_sec + addend2.tv_sec;
+    x.tv_nsec = addend1.tv_nsec + addend2.tv_nsec;
+    if (x.tv_nsec >= BILLION) {
+        x.tv_sec++;
+        x.tv_nsec -= BILLION;
+    }
+    return (x);
+}
+
+static struct timespec evSubTime(struct timespec minuend, struct timespec subtrahend) {
+    struct timespec x;
+
+    x.tv_sec = minuend.tv_sec - subtrahend.tv_sec;
+    if (minuend.tv_nsec >= subtrahend.tv_nsec)
+        x.tv_nsec = minuend.tv_nsec - subtrahend.tv_nsec;
+    else {
+        x.tv_nsec = BILLION - subtrahend.tv_nsec + minuend.tv_nsec;
+        x.tv_sec--;
+    }
+    return (x);
+}
+
+static int evCmpTime(struct timespec a, struct timespec b) {
+#define SGN(x) ((x) < 0 ? (-1) : (x) > 0 ? (1) : (0));
+    time_t s = a.tv_sec - b.tv_sec;
+    long n;
+
+    if (s != 0) return SGN(s);
+
+    n = a.tv_nsec - b.tv_nsec;
+    return SGN(n);
+}
+
+static struct timespec evNowTime(void) {
+    struct timespec tsnow;
+    clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &tsnow);
+    return tsnow;
+}
+
+static struct iovec evConsIovec(void* buf, size_t cnt) {
+    struct iovec ret;
+
+    memset(&ret, 0xf5, sizeof ret);
+    ret.iov_base = buf;
+    ret.iov_len = cnt;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+// END: Code copied from ISC eventlib
+
+static int random_bind(int s, int family) {
+    _sockaddr_union u;
+    int j;
+    socklen_t slen;
+
+    /* clear all, this also sets the IP4/6 address to 'any' */
+    memset(&u, 0, sizeof u);
+
+    switch (family) {
+        case AF_INET:
+            u.sin.sin_family = family;
+            slen = sizeof u.sin;
+            break;
+        case AF_INET6:
+            u.sin6.sin6_family = family;
+            slen = sizeof u.sin6;
+            break;
+        default:
+            errno = EPROTO;
+            return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* first try to bind to a random source port a few times */
+    for (j = 0; j < 10; j++) {
+        /* find a random port between 1025 .. 65534 */
+        int port = 1025 + (res_randomid() % (65535 - 1025));
+        if (family == AF_INET)
+            u.sin.sin_port = htons(port);
+        else
+            u.sin6.sin6_port = htons(port);
+
+        if (!bind(s, &u.sa, slen)) return 0;
+    }
+
+    // nothing after 10 attempts, our network table is probably busy
+    // let the system decide which port is best
+    if (family == AF_INET)
+        u.sin.sin_port = 0;
+    else
+        u.sin6.sin6_port = 0;
+
+    return bind(s, &u.sa, slen);
+}
+/* BIONIC-END */
+
+static const int niflags = NI_NUMERICHOST | NI_NUMERICSERV;
+
+/* Public. */
+
+/* int
+ * res_isourserver(ina)
+ *	looks up "ina" in _res.ns_addr_list[]
+ * returns:
+ *	0  : not found
+ *	>0 : found
+ * author:
+ *	paul vixie, 29may94
+ */
+__LIBC_HIDDEN__ int res_ourserver_p(const res_state statp, const struct sockaddr* sa) {
+    const struct sockaddr_in *inp, *srv;
+    const struct sockaddr_in6 *in6p, *srv6;
+    int ns;
+
+    switch (sa->sa_family) {
+        case AF_INET:
+            inp = (const struct sockaddr_in*) (const void*) sa;
+            for (ns = 0; ns < statp->nscount; ns++) {
+                srv = (struct sockaddr_in*) (void*) get_nsaddr(statp, (size_t) ns);
+                if (srv->sin_family == inp->sin_family && srv->sin_port == inp->sin_port &&
+                    (srv->sin_addr.s_addr == INADDR_ANY ||
+                     srv->sin_addr.s_addr == inp->sin_addr.s_addr))
+                    return (1);
+            }
+            break;
+        case AF_INET6:
+            if (EXT(statp).ext == NULL) break;
+            in6p = (const struct sockaddr_in6*) (const void*) sa;
+            for (ns = 0; ns < statp->nscount; ns++) {
+                srv6 = (struct sockaddr_in6*) (void*) get_nsaddr(statp, (size_t) ns);
+                if (srv6->sin6_family == in6p->sin6_family && srv6->sin6_port == in6p->sin6_port &&
+#ifdef HAVE_SIN6_SCOPE_ID
+                    (srv6->sin6_scope_id == 0 || srv6->sin6_scope_id == in6p->sin6_scope_id) &&
+#endif
+                    (IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&srv6->sin6_addr) ||
+                     IN6_ARE_ADDR_EQUAL(&srv6->sin6_addr, &in6p->sin6_addr)))
+                    return (1);
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+    }
+    return (0);
+}
+
+/* int
+ * res_nameinquery(name, type, cl, buf, eom)
+ *	look for (name, type, cl) in the query section of packet (buf, eom)
+ * requires:
+ *	buf + HFIXEDSZ <= eom
+ * returns:
+ *	-1 : format error
+ *	0  : not found
+ *	>0 : found
+ * author:
+ *	paul vixie, 29may94
+ */
+int res_nameinquery(const char* name, int type, int cl, const u_char* buf, const u_char* eom) {
+    const u_char* cp = buf + HFIXEDSZ;
+    int qdcount = ntohs(((const HEADER*) (const void*) buf)->qdcount);
+
+    while (qdcount-- > 0) {
+        char tname[MAXDNAME + 1];
+        int n = dn_expand(buf, eom, cp, tname, sizeof tname);
+        if (n < 0) return (-1);
+        cp += n;
+        if (cp + 2 * INT16SZ > eom) return (-1);
+        int ttype = ns_get16(cp);
+        cp += INT16SZ;
+        int tclass = ns_get16(cp);
+        cp += INT16SZ;
+        if (ttype == type && tclass == cl && ns_samename(tname, name) == 1) return (1);
+    }
+    return (0);
+}
+
+/* int
+ * res_queriesmatch(buf1, eom1, buf2, eom2)
+ *	is there a 1:1 mapping of (name,type,class)
+ *	in (buf1,eom1) and (buf2,eom2)?
+ * returns:
+ *	-1 : format error
+ *	0  : not a 1:1 mapping
+ *	>0 : is a 1:1 mapping
+ * author:
+ *	paul vixie, 29may94
+ */
+int res_queriesmatch(const u_char* buf1, const u_char* eom1, const u_char* buf2,
+                     const u_char* eom2) {
+    const u_char* cp = buf1 + HFIXEDSZ;
+    int qdcount = ntohs(((const HEADER*) (const void*) buf1)->qdcount);
+
+    if (buf1 + HFIXEDSZ > eom1 || buf2 + HFIXEDSZ > eom2) return (-1);
+
+    /*
+     * Only header section present in replies to
+     * dynamic update packets.
+     */
+    if ((((const HEADER*) (const void*) buf1)->opcode == ns_o_update) &&
+        (((const HEADER*) (const void*) buf2)->opcode == ns_o_update))
+        return (1);
+
+    if (qdcount != ntohs(((const HEADER*) (const void*) buf2)->qdcount)) return (0);
+    while (qdcount-- > 0) {
+        char tname[MAXDNAME + 1];
+        int n = dn_expand(buf1, eom1, cp, tname, sizeof tname);
+        if (n < 0) return (-1);
+        cp += n;
+        if (cp + 2 * INT16SZ > eom1) return (-1);
+        int ttype = ns_get16(cp);
+        cp += INT16SZ;
+        int tclass = ns_get16(cp);
+        cp += INT16SZ;
+        if (!res_nameinquery(tname, ttype, tclass, buf2, eom2)) return (0);
+    }
+    return (1);
+}
+
+int res_nsend(res_state statp, const u_char* buf, int buflen, u_char* ans, int anssiz) {
+    int gotsomewhere, terrno, v_circuit, resplen, n;
+    char abuf[NI_MAXHOST];
+    ResolvCacheStatus cache_status = RESOLV_CACHE_UNSUPPORTED;
+
+    if (anssiz < HFIXEDSZ) {
+        errno = EINVAL;
+        return (-1);
+    }
+    DprintQ((statp->options & RES_DEBUG) || (statp->pfcode & RES_PRF_QUERY),
+            (stdout, ";; res_send()\n"), buf, buflen);
+    v_circuit = (statp->options & RES_USEVC) || buflen > PACKETSZ;
+    gotsomewhere = 0;
+    terrno = ETIMEDOUT;
+
+    int anslen = 0;
+    cache_status = _resolv_cache_lookup(statp->netid, buf, buflen, ans, anssiz, &anslen);
+
+    if (cache_status == RESOLV_CACHE_FOUND) {
+        return anslen;
+    } else if (cache_status != RESOLV_CACHE_UNSUPPORTED) {
+        // had a cache miss for a known network, so populate the thread private
+        // data so the normal resolve path can do its thing
+        _resolv_populate_res_for_net(statp);
+    }
+    if (statp->nscount == 0) {
+        // We have no nameservers configured, so there's no point trying.
+        // Tell the cache the query failed, or any retries and anyone else asking the same
+        // question will block for PENDING_REQUEST_TIMEOUT seconds instead of failing fast.
+        _resolv_cache_query_failed(statp->netid, buf, buflen);
+        errno = ESRCH;
+        return (-1);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * If the ns_addr_list in the resolver context has changed, then
+     * invalidate our cached copy and the associated timing data.
+     */
+    if (EXT(statp).nscount != 0) {
+        int needclose = 0;
+        struct sockaddr_storage peer;
+        socklen_t peerlen;
+
+        if (EXT(statp).nscount != statp->nscount) {
+            needclose++;
+        } else {
+            for (int ns = 0; ns < statp->nscount; ns++) {
+                if (statp->nsaddr_list[ns].sin_family &&
+                    !sock_eq((struct sockaddr*) (void*) &statp->nsaddr_list[ns],
+                             (struct sockaddr*) (void*) &EXT(statp).ext->nsaddrs[ns])) {
+                    needclose++;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                if (EXT(statp).nssocks[ns] == -1) continue;
+                peerlen = sizeof(peer);
+                if (getpeername(EXT(statp).nssocks[ns], (struct sockaddr*) (void*) &peer,
+                                &peerlen) < 0) {
+                    needclose++;
+                    break;
+                }
+                if (!sock_eq((struct sockaddr*) (void*) &peer, get_nsaddr(statp, (size_t) ns))) {
+                    needclose++;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (needclose) {
+            res_nclose(statp);
+            EXT(statp).nscount = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Maybe initialize our private copy of the ns_addr_list.
+     */
+    if (EXT(statp).nscount == 0) {
+        for (int ns = 0; ns < statp->nscount; ns++) {
+            EXT(statp).nstimes[ns] = RES_MAXTIME;
+            EXT(statp).nssocks[ns] = -1;
+            if (!statp->nsaddr_list[ns].sin_family) continue;
+            EXT(statp).ext->nsaddrs[ns].sin = statp->nsaddr_list[ns];
+        }
+        EXT(statp).nscount = statp->nscount;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Some resolvers want to even out the load on their nameservers.
+     * Note that RES_BLAST overrides RES_ROTATE.
+     */
+    if ((statp->options & RES_ROTATE) != 0U && (statp->options & RES_BLAST) == 0U) {
+        union res_sockaddr_union inu;
+        struct sockaddr_in ina;
+        int lastns = statp->nscount - 1;
+        int fd;
+        u_int16_t nstime;
+
+        if (EXT(statp).ext != NULL) inu = EXT(statp).ext->nsaddrs[0];
+        ina = statp->nsaddr_list[0];
+        fd = EXT(statp).nssocks[0];
+        nstime = EXT(statp).nstimes[0];
+        for (int ns = 0; ns < lastns; ns++) {
+            if (EXT(statp).ext != NULL)
+                EXT(statp).ext->nsaddrs[ns] = EXT(statp).ext->nsaddrs[ns + 1];
+            statp->nsaddr_list[ns] = statp->nsaddr_list[ns + 1];
+            EXT(statp).nssocks[ns] = EXT(statp).nssocks[ns + 1];
+            EXT(statp).nstimes[ns] = EXT(statp).nstimes[ns + 1];
+        }
+        if (EXT(statp).ext != NULL) EXT(statp).ext->nsaddrs[lastns] = inu;
+        statp->nsaddr_list[lastns] = ina;
+        EXT(statp).nssocks[lastns] = fd;
+        EXT(statp).nstimes[lastns] = nstime;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Send request, RETRY times, or until successful.
+     */
+    for (int attempt = 0; attempt < statp->retry; ++attempt) {
+        struct __res_stats stats[MAXNS];
+        struct __res_params params;
+        int revision_id = _resolv_cache_get_resolver_stats(statp->netid, &params, stats);
+        bool usable_servers[MAXNS];
+        android_net_res_stats_get_usable_servers(&params, stats, statp->nscount, usable_servers);
+
+        for (int ns = 0; ns < statp->nscount; ns++) {
+            if (!usable_servers[ns]) continue;
+            struct sockaddr* nsap;
+            int nsaplen;
+            time_t now = 0;
+            int rcode = RCODE_INTERNAL_ERROR;
+            int delay = 0;
+            nsap = get_nsaddr(statp, (size_t) ns);
+            nsaplen = get_salen(nsap);
+            statp->_flags &= ~RES_F_LASTMASK;
+            statp->_flags |= (ns << RES_F_LASTSHIFT);
+
+        same_ns:
+            if (statp->qhook) {
+                int done = 0, loops = 0;
+
+                do {
+                    res_sendhookact act;
+
+                    act = (*statp->qhook)(&nsap, &buf, &buflen, ans, anssiz, &resplen);
+                    switch (act) {
+                        case res_goahead:
+                            done = 1;
+                            break;
+                        case res_nextns:
+                            res_nclose(statp);
+                            goto next_ns;
+                        case res_done:
+                            if (cache_status == RESOLV_CACHE_NOTFOUND) {
+                                _resolv_cache_add(statp->netid, buf, buflen, ans, resplen);
+                            }
+                            return (resplen);
+                        case res_modified:
+                            /* give the hook another try */
+                            if (++loops < 42) /*doug adams*/
+                                break;
+                            /*FALLTHROUGH*/
+                        case res_error:
+                            /*FALLTHROUGH*/
+                        default:
+                            goto fail;
+                    }
+                } while (!done);
+            }
+
+            Dprint(((statp->options & RES_DEBUG) &&
+                    getnameinfo(nsap, (socklen_t) nsaplen, abuf, sizeof(abuf), NULL, 0, niflags) ==
+                            0),
+                   (stdout, ";; Querying server (# %d) address = %s\n", ns + 1, abuf));
+
+            if (v_circuit) {
+                /* Use VC; at most one attempt per server. */
+                attempt = statp->retry;
+
+                n = send_vc(statp, &params, buf, buflen, ans, anssiz, &terrno, ns, &now, &rcode,
+                            &delay);
+
+                /*
+                 * Only record stats the first time we try a query. This ensures that
+                 * queries that deterministically fail (e.g., a name that always returns
+                 * SERVFAIL or times out) do not unduly affect the stats.
+                 */
+                if (attempt == 0) {
+                    struct __res_sample sample;
+                    _res_stats_set_sample(&sample, now, rcode, delay);
+                    _resolv_cache_add_resolver_stats_sample(statp->netid, revision_id, ns, &sample,
+                                                            params.max_samples);
+                }
+
+                if (DBG) {
+                    async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, "libc", "used send_vc %d\n", n);
+                }
+
+                if (n < 0) goto fail;
+                if (n == 0) goto next_ns;
+                resplen = n;
+            } else {
+                /* Use datagrams. */
+                if (DBG) {
+                    async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, "libc", "using send_dg\n");
+                }
+
+                n = send_dg(statp, &params, buf, buflen, ans, anssiz, &terrno, ns, &v_circuit,
+                            &gotsomewhere, &now, &rcode, &delay);
+
+                /* Only record stats the first time we try a query. See above. */
+                if (attempt == 0) {
+                    struct __res_sample sample;
+                    _res_stats_set_sample(&sample, now, rcode, delay);
+                    _resolv_cache_add_resolver_stats_sample(statp->netid, revision_id, ns, &sample,
+                                                            params.max_samples);
+                }
+
+                if (DBG) {
+                    async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, "libc", "used send_dg %d\n", n);
+                }
+
+                if (n < 0) goto fail;
+                if (n == 0) goto next_ns;
+                if (DBG) {
+                    async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, "libc", "time=%ld\n", time(NULL));
+                }
+                if (v_circuit) goto same_ns;
+                resplen = n;
+            }
+
+            Dprint((statp->options & RES_DEBUG) ||
+                           ((statp->pfcode & RES_PRF_REPLY) && (statp->pfcode & RES_PRF_HEAD1)),
+                   (stdout, ";; got answer:\n"));
+
+            DprintQ((statp->options & RES_DEBUG) || (statp->pfcode & RES_PRF_REPLY),
+                    (stdout, "%s", ""), ans, (resplen > anssiz) ? anssiz : resplen);
+
+            if (cache_status == RESOLV_CACHE_NOTFOUND) {
+                _resolv_cache_add(statp->netid, buf, buflen, ans, resplen);
+            }
+            /*
+             * If we have temporarily opened a virtual circuit,
+             * or if we haven't been asked to keep a socket open,
+             * close the socket.
+             */
+            if ((v_circuit && (statp->options & RES_USEVC) == 0U) ||
+                (statp->options & RES_STAYOPEN) == 0U) {
+                res_nclose(statp);
+            }
+            if (statp->rhook) {
+                int done = 0, loops = 0;
+
+                do {
+                    res_sendhookact act;
+
+                    act = (*statp->rhook)(nsap, buf, buflen, ans, anssiz, &resplen);
+                    switch (act) {
+                        case res_goahead:
+                        case res_done:
+                            done = 1;
+                            break;
+                        case res_nextns:
+                            res_nclose(statp);
+                            goto next_ns;
+                        case res_modified:
+                            /* give the hook another try */
+                            if (++loops < 42) /*doug adams*/
+                                break;
+                            /*FALLTHROUGH*/
+                        case res_error:
+                            /*FALLTHROUGH*/
+                        default:
+                            goto fail;
+                    }
+                } while (!done);
+            }
+            return (resplen);
+        next_ns:;
+        }  // for each ns
+    }  // for each retry
+    res_nclose(statp);
+    if (!v_circuit) {
+        if (!gotsomewhere)
+            errno = ECONNREFUSED; /* no nameservers found */
+        else
+            errno = ETIMEDOUT; /* no answer obtained */
+    } else
+        errno = terrno;
+
+    _resolv_cache_query_failed(statp->netid, buf, buflen);
+
+    return (-1);
+fail:
+
+    _resolv_cache_query_failed(statp->netid, buf, buflen);
+    res_nclose(statp);
+    return (-1);
+}
+
+/* Private */
+
+static int get_salen(const struct sockaddr* sa) {
+    if (sa->sa_family == AF_INET)
+        return (sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));
+    else if (sa->sa_family == AF_INET6)
+        return (sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6));
+    else
+        return (0); /* unknown, die on connect */
+}
+
+/*
+ * pick appropriate nsaddr_list for use.  see res_init() for initialization.
+ */
+static struct sockaddr* get_nsaddr(res_state statp, size_t n) {
+    if (!statp->nsaddr_list[n].sin_family && EXT(statp).ext) {
+        /*
+         * - EXT(statp).ext->nsaddrs[n] holds an address that is larger
+         *   than struct sockaddr, and
+         * - user code did not update statp->nsaddr_list[n].
+         */
+        return (struct sockaddr*) (void*) &EXT(statp).ext->nsaddrs[n];
+    } else {
+        /*
+         * - user code updated statp->nsaddr_list[n], or
+         * - statp->nsaddr_list[n] has the same content as
+         *   EXT(statp).ext->nsaddrs[n].
+         */
+        return (struct sockaddr*) (void*) &statp->nsaddr_list[n];
+    }
+}
+
+static struct timespec get_timeout(const res_state statp, const struct __res_params* params,
+                                   const int ns) {
+    int msec;
+    if (params->base_timeout_msec != 0) {
+        // TODO: scale the timeout by retry attempt and maybe number of servers
+        msec = params->base_timeout_msec;
+    } else {
+        // Legacy algorithm which scales the timeout by nameserver number.
+        // For instance, with 4 nameservers: 5s, 2.5s, 5s, 10s
+        // This has no effect with 1 or 2 nameservers
+        msec = (statp->retrans * 1000) << ns;
+        if (ns > 0) {
+            msec /= statp->nscount;
+        }
+        if (msec < 1000) {
+            msec = 1000;  // Use at least 100ms
+        }
+    }
+    if (DBG) {
+        async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, "libc", "using timeout of %d msec\n", msec);
+    }
+
+    struct timespec result;
+    result.tv_sec = msec / 1000;
+    result.tv_nsec = (msec % 1000) * 1000000;
+    return result;
+}
+
+static int send_vc(res_state statp, struct __res_params* params, const u_char* buf, int buflen,
+                   u_char* ans, int anssiz, int* terrno, int ns, time_t* at, int* rcode,
+                   int* delay) {
+    *at = time(NULL);
+    *rcode = RCODE_INTERNAL_ERROR;
+    *delay = 0;
+    const HEADER* hp = (const HEADER*) (const void*) buf;
+    HEADER* anhp = (HEADER*) (void*) ans;
+    struct sockaddr* nsap;
+    int nsaplen;
+    int truncating, connreset, resplen, n;
+    struct iovec iov[2];
+    u_short len;
+    u_char* cp;
+
+    if (DBG) {
+        async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, "libc", "using send_vc\n");
+    }
+
+    nsap = get_nsaddr(statp, (size_t) ns);
+    nsaplen = get_salen(nsap);
+
+    connreset = 0;
+same_ns:
+    truncating = 0;
+
+    struct timespec now = evNowTime();
+
+    /* Are we still talking to whom we want to talk to? */
+    if (statp->_vcsock >= 0 && (statp->_flags & RES_F_VC) != 0) {
+        struct sockaddr_storage peer;
+        socklen_t size = sizeof peer;
+        unsigned old_mark;
+        socklen_t mark_size = sizeof(old_mark);
+        if (getpeername(statp->_vcsock, (struct sockaddr*) (void*) &peer, &size) < 0 ||
+            !sock_eq((struct sockaddr*) (void*) &peer, nsap) ||
+            getsockopt(statp->_vcsock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_MARK, &old_mark, &mark_size) < 0 ||
+            old_mark != statp->_mark) {
+            res_nclose(statp);
+            statp->_flags &= ~RES_F_VC;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (statp->_vcsock < 0 || (statp->_flags & RES_F_VC) == 0) {
+        if (statp->_vcsock >= 0) res_nclose(statp);
+
+        statp->_vcsock = socket(nsap->sa_family, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
+        if (statp->_vcsock < 0) {
+            switch (errno) {
+                case EPROTONOSUPPORT:
+                case EPFNOSUPPORT:
+                case EAFNOSUPPORT:
+                    Perror(statp, stderr, "socket(vc)", errno);
+                    return (0);
+                default:
+                    *terrno = errno;
+                    Perror(statp, stderr, "socket(vc)", errno);
+                    return (-1);
+            }
+        }
+        fchown(statp->_vcsock, AID_DNS, -1);
+        if (statp->_mark != MARK_UNSET) {
+            if (setsockopt(statp->_vcsock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_MARK, &statp->_mark,
+                           sizeof(statp->_mark)) < 0) {
+                *terrno = errno;
+                Perror(statp, stderr, "setsockopt", errno);
+                return -1;
+            }
+        }
+        errno = 0;
+        if (random_bind(statp->_vcsock, nsap->sa_family) < 0) {
+            *terrno = errno;
+            Aerror(statp, stderr, "bind/vc", errno, nsap, nsaplen);
+            res_nclose(statp);
+            return (0);
+        }
+        if (connect_with_timeout(statp->_vcsock, nsap, (socklen_t) nsaplen,
+                                 get_timeout(statp, params, ns)) < 0) {
+            *terrno = errno;
+            Aerror(statp, stderr, "connect/vc", errno, nsap, nsaplen);
+            res_nclose(statp);
+            /*
+             * The way connect_with_timeout() is implemented prevents us from reliably
+             * determining whether this was really a timeout or e.g. ECONNREFUSED. Since
+             * currently both cases are handled in the same way, there is no need to
+             * change this (yet). If we ever need to reliably distinguish between these
+             * cases, both connect_with_timeout() and retrying_poll() need to be
+             * modified, though.
+             */
+            *rcode = RCODE_TIMEOUT;
+            return (0);
+        }
+        statp->_flags |= RES_F_VC;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Send length & message
+     */
+    ns_put16((u_short) buflen, (u_char*) (void*) &len);
+    iov[0] = evConsIovec(&len, INT16SZ);
+    iov[1] = evConsIovec((void*) buf, (size_t) buflen);
+    if (writev(statp->_vcsock, iov, 2) != (INT16SZ + buflen)) {
+        *terrno = errno;
+        Perror(statp, stderr, "write failed", errno);
+        res_nclose(statp);
+        return (0);
+    }
+    /*
+     * Receive length & response
+     */
+read_len:
+    cp = ans;
+    len = INT16SZ;
+    while ((n = read(statp->_vcsock, (char*) cp, (size_t) len)) > 0) {
+        cp += n;
+        if ((len -= n) == 0) break;
+    }
+    if (n <= 0) {
+        *terrno = errno;
+        Perror(statp, stderr, "read failed", errno);
+        res_nclose(statp);
+        /*
+         * A long running process might get its TCP
+         * connection reset if the remote server was
+         * restarted.  Requery the server instead of
+         * trying a new one.  When there is only one
+         * server, this means that a query might work
+         * instead of failing.  We only allow one reset
+         * per query to prevent looping.
+         */
+        if (*terrno == ECONNRESET && !connreset) {
+            connreset = 1;
+            res_nclose(statp);
+            goto same_ns;
+        }
+        res_nclose(statp);
+        return (0);
+    }
+    resplen = ns_get16(ans);
+    if (resplen > anssiz) {
+        Dprint(statp->options & RES_DEBUG, (stdout, ";; response truncated\n"));
+        truncating = 1;
+        len = anssiz;
+    } else
+        len = resplen;
+    if (len < HFIXEDSZ) {
+        /*
+         * Undersized message.
+         */
+        Dprint(statp->options & RES_DEBUG, (stdout, ";; undersized: %d\n", len));
+        *terrno = EMSGSIZE;
+        res_nclose(statp);
+        return (0);
+    }
+    cp = ans;
+    while (len != 0 && (n = read(statp->_vcsock, (char*) cp, (size_t) len)) > 0) {
+        cp += n;
+        len -= n;
+    }
+    if (n <= 0) {
+        *terrno = errno;
+        Perror(statp, stderr, "read(vc)", errno);
+        res_nclose(statp);
+        return (0);
+    }
+
+    if (truncating) {
+        /*
+         * Flush rest of answer so connection stays in synch.
+         */
+        anhp->tc = 1;
+        len = resplen - anssiz;
+        while (len != 0) {
+            char junk[PACKETSZ];
+
+            n = read(statp->_vcsock, junk, (len > sizeof junk) ? sizeof junk : len);
+            if (n > 0)
+                len -= n;
+            else
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+    /*
+     * If the calling applicating has bailed out of
+     * a previous call and failed to arrange to have
+     * the circuit closed or the server has got
+     * itself confused, then drop the packet and
+     * wait for the correct one.
+     */
+    if (hp->id != anhp->id) {
+        DprintQ((statp->options & RES_DEBUG) || (statp->pfcode & RES_PRF_REPLY),
+                (stdout, ";; old answer (unexpected):\n"), ans,
+                (resplen > anssiz) ? anssiz : resplen);
+        goto read_len;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * All is well, or the error is fatal.  Signal that the
+     * next nameserver ought not be tried.
+     */
+    if (resplen > 0) {
+        struct timespec done = evNowTime();
+        *delay = _res_stats_calculate_rtt(&done, &now);
+        *rcode = anhp->rcode;
+    }
+    return (resplen);
+}
+
+/* return -1 on error (errno set), 0 on success */
+static int connect_with_timeout(int sock, const struct sockaddr* nsap, socklen_t salen,
+                                const struct timespec timeout) {
+    int res, origflags;
+
+    origflags = fcntl(sock, F_GETFL, 0);
+    fcntl(sock, F_SETFL, origflags | O_NONBLOCK);
+
+    res = connect(sock, nsap, salen);
+    if (res < 0 && errno != EINPROGRESS) {
+        res = -1;
+        goto done;
+    }
+    if (res != 0) {
+        struct timespec now = evNowTime();
+        struct timespec finish = evAddTime(now, timeout);
+        if (DBG) {
+            async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, "libc", "  %d send_vc\n", sock);
+        }
+
+        res = retrying_poll(sock, POLLIN | POLLOUT, &finish);
+        if (res <= 0) {
+            res = -1;
+        }
+    }
+done:
+    fcntl(sock, F_SETFL, origflags);
+    if (DBG) {
+        async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, "libc",
+                              "  %d connect_with_const timeout returning %d\n", sock, res);
+    }
+    return res;
+}
+
+static int retrying_poll(const int sock, const short events, const struct timespec* finish) {
+    struct timespec now, timeout;
+
+retry:
+    if (DBG) {
+        async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, "libc", "  %d retrying_poll\n", sock);
+    }
+
+    now = evNowTime();
+    if (evCmpTime(*finish, now) > 0)
+        timeout = evSubTime(*finish, now);
+    else
+        timeout = evConsTime(0L, 0L);
+    struct pollfd fds = {.fd = sock, .events = events};
+    int n = ppoll(&fds, 1, &timeout, /*sigmask=*/NULL);
+    if (n == 0) {
+        if (DBG) {
+            async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, "libc", "  %d retrying_poll timeout\n", sock);
+        }
+        errno = ETIMEDOUT;
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if (n < 0) {
+        if (errno == EINTR) goto retry;
+        if (DBG) {
+            async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, "libc", "  %d retrying_poll got error %d\n",
+                                  sock, n);
+        }
+        return n;
+    }
+    if (fds.revents & (POLLIN | POLLOUT | POLLERR)) {
+        int error;
+        socklen_t len = sizeof(error);
+        if (getsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ERROR, &error, &len) < 0 || error) {
+            errno = error;
+            if (DBG) {
+                async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, "libc",
+                                      "  %d retrying_poll dot error2 %d\n", sock, errno);
+            }
+
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+    if (DBG) {
+        async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, "libc", "  %d retrying_poll returning %d\n", sock,
+                              n);
+    }
+
+    return n;
+}
+
+static int send_dg(res_state statp, struct __res_params* params, const u_char* buf, int buflen,
+                   u_char* ans, int anssiz, int* terrno, int ns, int* v_circuit, int* gotsomewhere,
+                   time_t* at, int* rcode, int* delay) {
+    *at = time(NULL);
+    *rcode = RCODE_INTERNAL_ERROR;
+    *delay = 0;
+    const HEADER* hp = (const HEADER*) (const void*) buf;
+    HEADER* anhp = (HEADER*) (void*) ans;
+    const struct sockaddr* nsap;
+    int nsaplen;
+    struct timespec now, timeout, finish, done;
+    struct sockaddr_storage from;
+    socklen_t fromlen;
+    int resplen, n, s;
+
+    nsap = get_nsaddr(statp, (size_t) ns);
+    nsaplen = get_salen(nsap);
+    if (EXT(statp).nssocks[ns] == -1) {
+        EXT(statp).nssocks[ns] = socket(nsap->sa_family, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
+        if (EXT(statp).nssocks[ns] < 0) {
+            switch (errno) {
+                case EPROTONOSUPPORT:
+                case EPFNOSUPPORT:
+                case EAFNOSUPPORT:
+                    Perror(statp, stderr, "socket(dg)", errno);
+                    return (0);
+                default:
+                    *terrno = errno;
+                    Perror(statp, stderr, "socket(dg)", errno);
+                    return (-1);
+            }
+        }
+
+        fchown(EXT(statp).nssocks[ns], AID_DNS, -1);
+        if (statp->_mark != MARK_UNSET) {
+            if (setsockopt(EXT(statp).nssocks[ns], SOL_SOCKET, SO_MARK, &(statp->_mark),
+                           sizeof(statp->_mark)) < 0) {
+                res_nclose(statp);
+                return -1;
+            }
+        }
+#ifndef CANNOT_CONNECT_DGRAM
+        /*
+         * On a 4.3BSD+ machine (client and server,
+         * actually), sending to a nameserver datagram
+         * port with no nameserver will cause an
+         * ICMP port unreachable message to be returned.
+         * If our datagram socket is "connected" to the
+         * server, we get an ECONNREFUSED error on the next
+         * socket operation, and select returns if the
+         * error message is received.  We can thus detect
+         * the absence of a nameserver without timing out.
+         */
+        if (random_bind(EXT(statp).nssocks[ns], nsap->sa_family) < 0) {
+            Aerror(statp, stderr, "bind(dg)", errno, nsap, nsaplen);
+            res_nclose(statp);
+            return (0);
+        }
+        if (connect(EXT(statp).nssocks[ns], nsap, (socklen_t) nsaplen) < 0) {
+            Aerror(statp, stderr, "connect(dg)", errno, nsap, nsaplen);
+            res_nclose(statp);
+            return (0);
+        }
+#endif /* !CANNOT_CONNECT_DGRAM */
+        Dprint(statp->options & RES_DEBUG, (stdout, ";; new DG socket\n"))
+    }
+    s = EXT(statp).nssocks[ns];
+#ifndef CANNOT_CONNECT_DGRAM
+    if (send(s, (const char*) buf, (size_t) buflen, 0) != buflen) {
+        Perror(statp, stderr, "send", errno);
+        res_nclose(statp);
+        return (0);
+    }
+#else  /* !CANNOT_CONNECT_DGRAM */
+    if (sendto(s, (const char*) buf, buflen, 0, nsap, nsaplen) != buflen) {
+        Aerror(statp, stderr, "sendto", errno, nsap, nsaplen);
+        res_nclose(statp);
+        return (0);
+    }
+#endif /* !CANNOT_CONNECT_DGRAM */
+
+    /*
+     * Wait for reply.
+     */
+    timeout = get_timeout(statp, params, ns);
+    now = evNowTime();
+    finish = evAddTime(now, timeout);
+retry:
+    n = retrying_poll(s, POLLIN, &finish);
+
+    if (n == 0) {
+        *rcode = RCODE_TIMEOUT;
+        Dprint(statp->options & RES_DEBUG, (stdout, ";; timeout\n"));
+        *gotsomewhere = 1;
+        return (0);
+    }
+    if (n < 0) {
+        Perror(statp, stderr, "poll", errno);
+        res_nclose(statp);
+        return (0);
+    }
+    errno = 0;
+    fromlen = sizeof(from);
+    resplen = recvfrom(s, (char*) ans, (size_t) anssiz, 0, (struct sockaddr*) (void*) &from,
+                       &fromlen);
+    if (resplen <= 0) {
+        Perror(statp, stderr, "recvfrom", errno);
+        res_nclose(statp);
+        return (0);
+    }
+    *gotsomewhere = 1;
+    if (resplen < HFIXEDSZ) {
+        /*
+         * Undersized message.
+         */
+        Dprint(statp->options & RES_DEBUG, (stdout, ";; undersized: %d\n", resplen));
+        *terrno = EMSGSIZE;
+        res_nclose(statp);
+        return (0);
+    }
+    if (hp->id != anhp->id) {
+        /*
+         * response from old query, ignore it.
+         * XXX - potential security hazard could
+         *	 be detected here.
+         */
+        DprintQ((statp->options & RES_DEBUG) || (statp->pfcode & RES_PRF_REPLY),
+                (stdout, ";; old answer:\n"), ans, (resplen > anssiz) ? anssiz : resplen);
+        goto retry;
+    }
+    if (!(statp->options & RES_INSECURE1) &&
+        !res_ourserver_p(statp, (struct sockaddr*) (void*) &from)) {
+        /*
+         * response from wrong server? ignore it.
+         * XXX - potential security hazard could
+         *	 be detected here.
+         */
+        DprintQ((statp->options & RES_DEBUG) || (statp->pfcode & RES_PRF_REPLY),
+                (stdout, ";; not our server:\n"), ans, (resplen > anssiz) ? anssiz : resplen);
+        goto retry;
+    }
+#ifdef RES_USE_EDNS0
+    if (anhp->rcode == FORMERR && (statp->options & RES_USE_EDNS0) != 0U) {
+        /*
+         * Do not retry if the server do not understand EDNS0.
+         * The case has to be captured here, as FORMERR packet do not
+         * carry query section, hence res_queriesmatch() returns 0.
+         */
+        DprintQ(statp->options & RES_DEBUG, (stdout, "server rejected query with EDNS0:\n"), ans,
+                (resplen > anssiz) ? anssiz : resplen);
+        /* record the error */
+        statp->_flags |= RES_F_EDNS0ERR;
+        res_nclose(statp);
+        return (0);
+    }
+#endif
+    if (!(statp->options & RES_INSECURE2) &&
+        !res_queriesmatch(buf, buf + buflen, ans, ans + anssiz)) {
+        /*
+         * response contains wrong query? ignore it.
+         * XXX - potential security hazard could
+         *	 be detected here.
+         */
+        DprintQ((statp->options & RES_DEBUG) || (statp->pfcode & RES_PRF_REPLY),
+                (stdout, ";; wrong query name:\n"), ans, (resplen > anssiz) ? anssiz : resplen);
+        goto retry;
+        ;
+    }
+    done = evNowTime();
+    *delay = _res_stats_calculate_rtt(&done, &now);
+    if (anhp->rcode == SERVFAIL || anhp->rcode == NOTIMP || anhp->rcode == REFUSED) {
+        DprintQ(statp->options & RES_DEBUG, (stdout, "server rejected query:\n"), ans,
+                (resplen > anssiz) ? anssiz : resplen);
+        res_nclose(statp);
+        /* don't retry if called from dig */
+        if (!statp->pfcode) {
+            *rcode = anhp->rcode;
+            return (0);
+        }
+    }
+    if (!(statp->options & RES_IGNTC) && anhp->tc) {
+        /*
+         * To get the rest of answer,
+         * use TCP with same server.
+         */
+        Dprint(statp->options & RES_DEBUG, (stdout, ";; truncated answer\n"));
+        *v_circuit = 1;
+        res_nclose(statp);
+        return (1);
+    }
+    /*
+     * All is well, or the error is fatal.  Signal that the
+     * next nameserver ought not be tried.
+     */
+    if (resplen > 0) {
+        *rcode = anhp->rcode;
+    }
+    return (resplen);
+}
+
+static void Aerror(const res_state statp, FILE* file, const char* string, int error,
+                   const struct sockaddr* address, int alen) {
+    int save = errno;
+    char hbuf[NI_MAXHOST];
+    char sbuf[NI_MAXSERV];
+
+    if ((statp->options & RES_DEBUG) != 0U) {
+        if (getnameinfo(address, (socklen_t) alen, hbuf, sizeof(hbuf), sbuf, sizeof(sbuf),
+                        niflags)) {
+            strncpy(hbuf, "?", sizeof(hbuf) - 1);
+            hbuf[sizeof(hbuf) - 1] = '\0';
+            strncpy(sbuf, "?", sizeof(sbuf) - 1);
+            sbuf[sizeof(sbuf) - 1] = '\0';
+        }
+        fprintf(file, "res_send: %s ([%s].%s): %s\n", string, hbuf, sbuf, strerror(error));
+    }
+    errno = save;
+}
+
+static void Perror(const res_state statp, FILE* file, const char* string, int error) {
+    int save = errno;
+
+    if ((statp->options & RES_DEBUG) != 0U)
+        fprintf(file, "res_send: %s: %s\n", string, strerror(error));
+    errno = save;
+}
+
+static int sock_eq(struct sockaddr* a, struct sockaddr* b) {
+    struct sockaddr_in *a4, *b4;
+    struct sockaddr_in6 *a6, *b6;
+
+    if (a->sa_family != b->sa_family) return 0;
+    switch (a->sa_family) {
+        case AF_INET:
+            a4 = (struct sockaddr_in*) (void*) a;
+            b4 = (struct sockaddr_in*) (void*) b;
+            return a4->sin_port == b4->sin_port && a4->sin_addr.s_addr == b4->sin_addr.s_addr;
+        case AF_INET6:
+            a6 = (struct sockaddr_in6*) (void*) a;
+            b6 = (struct sockaddr_in6*) (void*) b;
+            return a6->sin6_port == b6->sin6_port &&
+#ifdef HAVE_SIN6_SCOPE_ID
+                   a6->sin6_scope_id == b6->sin6_scope_id &&
+#endif
+                   IN6_ARE_ADDR_EQUAL(&a6->sin6_addr, &b6->sin6_addr);
+        default:
+            return 0;
+    }
+}