Add a BackoffSequence utility; use it for Private DNS validation

Add a simple, if verbose, BackoffSequence class to encapsulate some
RFC 3315 section 14 style mechanics.

Test: as follows
    - built
    - flashed
    - booted
    - system/netd/tests/runtests.sh pass
    - make netdutils_test && \
      adb push .../data/nativetest64/netdutils_test/netdutils_test /data/nativetest64/netdutils_test && \
      adb shell /data/nativetest64/netdutils_test passes
Bug: 64133961
Bug: 72344805
Change-Id: Ib15a9454e17529a735bca4d9a0e96de8baae84c3
diff --git a/libnetdutils/include/netdutils/BackoffSequence.h b/libnetdutils/include/netdutils/BackoffSequence.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6deb067
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libnetdutils/include/netdutils/BackoffSequence.h
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef NETDUTILS_BACKOFFSEQUENCE_H
+#define NETDUTILS_BACKOFFSEQUENCE_H
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <limits>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace netdutils {
+
+// Encapsulate some RFC 3315 section 14 -style backoff mechanics.
+//
+//     https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3315#section-14
+template<typename time_type = std::chrono::seconds, typename counter_type = uint32_t>
+class BackoffSequence {
+  public:
+    struct Parameters {
+        time_type initialRetransTime{TIME_UNITY};
+        counter_type maxRetransCount{0U};
+        time_type maxRetransTime{TIME_ZERO};
+        time_type maxRetransDuration{TIME_ZERO};
+        time_type endOfSequenceIndicator{TIME_ZERO};
+    };
+
+    BackoffSequence() {}
+    BackoffSequence(const BackoffSequence &) = default;
+    BackoffSequence(BackoffSequence &&) = default;
+    BackoffSequence& operator=(const BackoffSequence &) = default;
+    BackoffSequence& operator=(BackoffSequence &&) = default;
+
+    bool hasNextTimeout() const noexcept {
+        return !maxRetransCountExceed() && !maxRetransDurationExceeded();
+    }
+
+    // Returns 0 when the sequence is exhausted.
+    time_type getNextTimeout() {
+        if (!hasNextTimeout()) return getEndOfSequenceIndicator();
+
+        mRetransTime = getNextTimeoutAfter(mRetransTime);
+
+        mRetransCount++;
+        mTotalRetransDuration += mRetransTime;
+        return mRetransTime;
+    }
+
+    time_type getEndOfSequenceIndicator() const noexcept {
+        return mParams.endOfSequenceIndicator;
+    }
+
+    class Builder {
+      public:
+        Builder() {}
+
+        constexpr Builder& withInitialRetransmissionTime(time_type irt) {
+            mParams.initialRetransTime = irt;
+            return *this;
+        }
+        constexpr Builder& withMaximumRetransmissionCount(counter_type mrc) {
+            mParams.maxRetransCount = mrc;
+            return *this;
+        }
+        constexpr Builder& withMaximumRetransmissionTime(time_type mrt) {
+            mParams.maxRetransTime = mrt;
+            return *this;
+        }
+        constexpr Builder& withMaximumRetransmissionDuration(time_type mrd) {
+            mParams.maxRetransDuration = mrd;
+            return *this;
+        }
+        constexpr Builder& withEndOfSequenceIndicator(time_type eos) {
+            mParams.endOfSequenceIndicator = eos;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        constexpr BackoffSequence build() const {
+            return BackoffSequence(mParams);
+        }
+
+      private:
+        Parameters mParams;
+    };
+
+  private:
+    static constexpr int PER_ITERATION_SCALING_FACTOR = 2;
+    static constexpr time_type TIME_ZERO = time_type();
+    static constexpr time_type TIME_UNITY = time_type(1);
+
+    constexpr BackoffSequence(const struct Parameters &params)
+            : mParams(params),
+              mRetransCount(0),
+              mRetransTime(TIME_ZERO),
+              mTotalRetransDuration(TIME_ZERO) {}
+
+    constexpr bool maxRetransCountExceed() const {
+        return (mParams.maxRetransCount > 0) && (mRetransCount >= mParams.maxRetransCount);
+    }
+
+    constexpr bool maxRetransDurationExceeded() const {
+        return (mParams.maxRetransDuration > TIME_ZERO) &&
+               (mTotalRetransDuration >= mParams.maxRetransDuration);
+    }
+
+    time_type getNextTimeoutAfter(time_type lastTimeout) const {
+        // TODO: Support proper random jitter. Also, consider supporting some
+        // per-iteration scaling factor other than doubling.
+        time_type nextTimeout = (lastTimeout > TIME_ZERO)
+                ? PER_ITERATION_SCALING_FACTOR * lastTimeout
+                : mParams.initialRetransTime;
+
+        // Check if overflow occurred.
+        if (nextTimeout < lastTimeout) {
+            nextTimeout = std::numeric_limits<time_type>::max();
+        }
+
+        // Cap to maximum allowed, if necessary.
+        if (mParams.maxRetransTime > TIME_ZERO) {
+            nextTimeout = std::min(nextTimeout, mParams.maxRetransTime);
+        }
+
+        // Don't overflow the maximum total duration.
+        if (mParams.maxRetransDuration > TIME_ZERO) {
+            nextTimeout = std::min(nextTimeout, mParams.maxRetransDuration - lastTimeout);
+        }
+        return nextTimeout;
+    }
+
+    const Parameters mParams;
+    counter_type mRetransCount;
+    time_type mRetransTime;
+    time_type mTotalRetransDuration;
+};
+
+}  // namespace netdutils
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif /* NETDUTILS_BACKOFFSEQUENCE_H */