server/RouteController.cpp

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#include "RouteController.h"

#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <linux/fib_rules.h>
#include <net/if.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

#include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>

#include <map>

#include "DummyNetwork.h"
#include "Fwmark.h"
#include "NetlinkCommands.h"
#include "UidRanges.h"

#include "android-base/file.h"
#define LOG_TAG "Netd"
#include "log/log.h"
#include "logwrap/logwrap.h"
#include "netutils/ifc.h"
#include "resolv_netid.h"

using android::base::WriteStringToFile;
using android::net::UidRange;

namespace android {
namespace net {

namespace {

// BEGIN CONSTANTS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

const uint32_t RULE_PRIORITY_VPN_OVERRIDE_SYSTEM = 10000;
const uint32_t RULE_PRIORITY_VPN_OVERRIDE_OIF    = 10500;
const uint32_t RULE_PRIORITY_VPN_OUTPUT_TO_LOCAL = 11000;
const uint32_t RULE_PRIORITY_SECURE_VPN          = 12000;
const uint32_t RULE_PRIORITY_PROHIBIT_NON_VPN    = 12500;
const uint32_t RULE_PRIORITY_EXPLICIT_NETWORK    = 13000;
const uint32_t RULE_PRIORITY_OUTPUT_INTERFACE    = 14000;
const uint32_t RULE_PRIORITY_LEGACY_SYSTEM       = 15000;
const uint32_t RULE_PRIORITY_LEGACY_NETWORK      = 16000;
const uint32_t RULE_PRIORITY_LOCAL_NETWORK       = 17000;
const uint32_t RULE_PRIORITY_TETHERING           = 18000;
const uint32_t RULE_PRIORITY_IMPLICIT_NETWORK    = 19000;
const uint32_t RULE_PRIORITY_BYPASSABLE_VPN      = 20000;
const uint32_t RULE_PRIORITY_VPN_FALLTHROUGH     = 21000;
const uint32_t RULE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT_NETWORK     = 22000;
const uint32_t RULE_PRIORITY_DIRECTLY_CONNECTED  = 23000;
const uint32_t RULE_PRIORITY_UNREACHABLE         = 32000;

const uint32_t ROUTE_TABLE_LOCAL_NETWORK  = 97;
const uint32_t ROUTE_TABLE_LEGACY_NETWORK = 98;
const uint32_t ROUTE_TABLE_LEGACY_SYSTEM  = 99;

const char* const ROUTE_TABLE_NAME_LOCAL_NETWORK  = "local_network";
const char* const ROUTE_TABLE_NAME_LEGACY_NETWORK = "legacy_network";
const char* const ROUTE_TABLE_NAME_LEGACY_SYSTEM  = "legacy_system";

const char* const ROUTE_TABLE_NAME_LOCAL = "local";
const char* const ROUTE_TABLE_NAME_MAIN  = "main";

// TODO: These values aren't defined by the Linux kernel, because legacy UID routing (as used in N
// and below) was not upstreamed. Now that the UID routing code is upstream, we should remove these
// and rely on the kernel header values.
const uint16_t FRA_UID_START = 18;
const uint16_t FRA_UID_END   = 19;

// These values are upstream, but not yet in our headers.
// TODO: delete these definitions when updating the headers.
const uint16_t FRA_UID_RANGE = 20;
struct fib_rule_uid_range {
        __u32           start;
        __u32           end;
};

const uint8_t AF_FAMILIES[] = {AF_INET, AF_INET6};

const uid_t UID_ROOT = 0;
const char* const IIF_LOOPBACK = "lo";
const char* const IIF_NONE = NULL;
const char* const OIF_NONE = NULL;
const bool ACTION_ADD = true;
const bool ACTION_DEL = false;
const bool MODIFY_NON_UID_BASED_RULES = true;

const char* const RT_TABLES_PATH = "/data/misc/net/rt_tables";
const mode_t RT_TABLES_MODE = S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH;  // mode 0644, rw-r--r--

// Avoids "non-constant-expression cannot be narrowed from type 'unsigned int' to 'unsigned short'"
// warnings when using RTA_LENGTH(x) inside static initializers (even when x is already uint16_t).
constexpr uint16_t U16_RTA_LENGTH(uint16_t x) {
    return RTA_LENGTH(x);
}

// These are practically const, but can't be declared so, because they are used to initialize
// non-const pointers ("void* iov_base") in iovec arrays.
rtattr FRATTR_PRIORITY  = { U16_RTA_LENGTH(sizeof(uint32_t)),           FRA_PRIORITY };
rtattr FRATTR_TABLE     = { U16_RTA_LENGTH(sizeof(uint32_t)),           FRA_TABLE };
rtattr FRATTR_FWMARK    = { U16_RTA_LENGTH(sizeof(uint32_t)),           FRA_FWMARK };
rtattr FRATTR_FWMASK    = { U16_RTA_LENGTH(sizeof(uint32_t)),           FRA_FWMASK };
rtattr FRATTR_UID_START = { U16_RTA_LENGTH(sizeof(uid_t)),              FRA_UID_START };
rtattr FRATTR_UID_END   = { U16_RTA_LENGTH(sizeof(uid_t)),              FRA_UID_END };
rtattr FRATTR_UID_RANGE = { U16_RTA_LENGTH(sizeof(fib_rule_uid_range)), FRA_UID_RANGE };

rtattr RTATTR_TABLE     = { U16_RTA_LENGTH(sizeof(uint32_t)),           RTA_TABLE };
rtattr RTATTR_OIF       = { U16_RTA_LENGTH(sizeof(uint32_t)),           RTA_OIF };

uint8_t PADDING_BUFFER[RTA_ALIGNTO] = {0, 0, 0, 0};

// END CONSTANTS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

const char *actionName(uint16_t action) {
    static const char *ops[4] = {"adding", "deleting", "getting", "???"};
    return ops[action % 4];
}

const char *familyName(uint8_t family) {
    switch (family) {
        case AF_INET: return "IPv4";
        case AF_INET6: return "IPv6";
        default: return "???";
    }
}

// No locks needed because RouteController is accessed only from one thread (in CommandListener).
std::map<std::string, uint32_t> interfaceToTable;

uint32_t getRouteTableForInterface(const char* interface) {
    uint32_t index = if_nametoindex(interface);
    if (index) {
        index += RouteController::ROUTE_TABLE_OFFSET_FROM_INDEX;
        interfaceToTable[interface] = index;
        return index;
    }
    // If the interface goes away if_nametoindex() will return 0 but we still need to know
    // the index so we can remove the rules and routes.
    auto iter = interfaceToTable.find(interface);
    if (iter == interfaceToTable.end()) {
        ALOGE("cannot find interface %s", interface);
        return RT_TABLE_UNSPEC;
    }
    return iter->second;
}

void addTableName(uint32_t table, const std::string& name, std::string* contents) {
    char tableString[UINT32_STRLEN];
    snprintf(tableString, sizeof(tableString), "%u", table);
    *contents += tableString;
    *contents += " ";
    *contents += name;
    *contents += "\n";
}

// Doesn't return success/failure as the file is optional; it's okay if we fail to update it.
void updateTableNamesFile() {
    std::string contents;

    addTableName(RT_TABLE_LOCAL, ROUTE_TABLE_NAME_LOCAL, &contents);
    addTableName(RT_TABLE_MAIN,  ROUTE_TABLE_NAME_MAIN,  &contents);

    addTableName(ROUTE_TABLE_LOCAL_NETWORK,  ROUTE_TABLE_NAME_LOCAL_NETWORK,  &contents);
    addTableName(ROUTE_TABLE_LEGACY_NETWORK, ROUTE_TABLE_NAME_LEGACY_NETWORK, &contents);
    addTableName(ROUTE_TABLE_LEGACY_SYSTEM,  ROUTE_TABLE_NAME_LEGACY_SYSTEM,  &contents);

    for (const auto& entry : interfaceToTable) {
        addTableName(entry.second, entry.first, &contents);
    }

    if (!WriteStringToFile(contents, RT_TABLES_PATH, RT_TABLES_MODE, AID_SYSTEM, AID_WIFI)) {
        ALOGE("failed to write to %s (%s)", RT_TABLES_PATH, strerror(errno));
        return;
    }
}

// Returns 0 on success or negative errno on failure.
int padInterfaceName(const char* input, char* name, size_t* length, uint16_t* padding) {
    if (!input) {
        *length = 0;
        *padding = 0;
        return 0;
    }
    *length = strlcpy(name, input, IFNAMSIZ) + 1;
    if (*length > IFNAMSIZ) {
        ALOGE("interface name too long (%zu > %u)", *length, IFNAMSIZ);
        return -ENAMETOOLONG;
    }
    *padding = RTA_SPACE(*length) - RTA_LENGTH(*length);
    return 0;
}

// Adds or removes a routing rule for IPv4 and IPv6.
//
// + If |table| is non-zero, the rule points at the specified routing table. Otherwise, the table is
//   unspecified. An unspecified table is not allowed when creating an FR_ACT_TO_TBL rule.
// + If |mask| is non-zero, the rule matches the specified fwmark and mask. Otherwise, |fwmark| is
//   ignored.
// + If |iif| is non-NULL, the rule matches the specified incoming interface.
// + If |oif| is non-NULL, the rule matches the specified outgoing interface.
// + If |uidStart| and |uidEnd| are not INVALID_UID, the rule matches packets from UIDs in that
//   range (inclusive). Otherwise, the rule matches packets from all UIDs.
//
// Returns 0 on success or negative errno on failure.
WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyIpRule(uint16_t action, uint32_t priority, uint8_t ruleType,
                                    uint32_t table, uint32_t fwmark, uint32_t mask, const char* iif,
                                    const char* oif, uid_t uidStart, uid_t uidEnd) {
    // Ensure that if you set a bit in the fwmark, it's not being ignored by the mask.
    if (fwmark & ~mask) {
        ALOGE("mask 0x%x does not select all the bits set in fwmark 0x%x", mask, fwmark);
        return -ERANGE;
    }

    // Interface names must include exactly one terminating NULL and be properly padded, or older
    // kernels will refuse to delete rules.
    char iifName[IFNAMSIZ], oifName[IFNAMSIZ];
    size_t iifLength, oifLength;
    uint16_t iifPadding, oifPadding;
    if (int ret = padInterfaceName(iif, iifName, &iifLength, &iifPadding)) {
        return ret;
    }
    if (int ret = padInterfaceName(oif, oifName, &oifLength, &oifPadding)) {
        return ret;
    }

    // Either both start and end UID must be specified, or neither.
    if ((uidStart == INVALID_UID) != (uidEnd == INVALID_UID)) {
        ALOGE("incompatible start and end UIDs (%u vs %u)", uidStart, uidEnd);
        return -EUSERS;
    }

    bool isUidRule = (uidStart != INVALID_UID);

    // Assemble a rule request and put it in an array of iovec structures.
    fib_rule_hdr rule = {
        .action = ruleType,
        // Note that here we're implicitly setting rule.table to 0. When we want to specify a
        // non-zero table, we do this via the FRATTR_TABLE attribute.
    };

    // Don't ever create a rule that looks up table 0, because table 0 is the local table.
    // It's OK to specify a table ID of 0 when deleting a rule, because that doesn't actually select
    // table 0, it's a wildcard that matches anything.
    if (table == RT_TABLE_UNSPEC && rule.action == FR_ACT_TO_TBL && action != RTM_DELRULE) {
        ALOGE("RT_TABLE_UNSPEC only allowed when deleting rules");
        return -ENOTUNIQ;
    }

    rtattr fraIifName = { U16_RTA_LENGTH(iifLength), FRA_IIFNAME };
    rtattr fraOifName = { U16_RTA_LENGTH(oifLength), FRA_OIFNAME };
    struct fib_rule_uid_range uidRange = { uidStart, uidEnd };

    iovec iov[] = {
        { NULL,              0 },
        { &rule,             sizeof(rule) },
        { &FRATTR_PRIORITY,  sizeof(FRATTR_PRIORITY) },
        { &priority,         sizeof(priority) },
        { &FRATTR_TABLE,     table != RT_TABLE_UNSPEC ? sizeof(FRATTR_TABLE) : 0 },
        { &table,            table != RT_TABLE_UNSPEC ? sizeof(table) : 0 },
        { &FRATTR_FWMARK,    mask ? sizeof(FRATTR_FWMARK) : 0 },
        { &fwmark,           mask ? sizeof(fwmark) : 0 },
        { &FRATTR_FWMASK,    mask ? sizeof(FRATTR_FWMASK) : 0 },
        { &mask,             mask ? sizeof(mask) : 0 },
        // Rules that contain both legacy and new UID routing attributes will work on old kernels,
        // which will simply ignore the FRA_UID_RANGE attribute since it is larger than their
        // FRA_MAX. They will also work on kernels that are not too new:
        // - FRA_UID_START clashes with FRA_PAD in 4.7, but that shouldn't be a problem because
        //   FRA_PAD has no validation.
        // - FRA_UID_END clashes with FRA_L3MDEV in 4.8 and above, and will cause an error because
        //   FRA_L3MDEV has a maximum length of 1.
        // TODO: delete the legacy UID routing code before running it on 4.8 or above.
        { &FRATTR_UID_START, isUidRule ? sizeof(FRATTR_UID_START) : 0 },
        { &uidStart,         isUidRule ? sizeof(uidStart) : 0 },
        { &FRATTR_UID_END,   isUidRule ? sizeof(FRATTR_UID_END) : 0 },
        { &uidEnd,           isUidRule ? sizeof(uidEnd) : 0 },
        { &FRATTR_UID_RANGE, isUidRule ? sizeof(FRATTR_UID_RANGE) : 0 },
        { &uidRange,         isUidRule ? sizeof(uidRange) : 0 },
        { &fraIifName,       iif != IIF_NONE ? sizeof(fraIifName) : 0 },
        { iifName,           iifLength },
        { PADDING_BUFFER,    iifPadding },
        { &fraOifName,       oif != OIF_NONE ? sizeof(fraOifName) : 0 },
        { oifName,           oifLength },
        { PADDING_BUFFER,    oifPadding },
    };

    uint16_t flags = (action == RTM_NEWRULE) ? NETLINK_CREATE_REQUEST_FLAGS : NETLINK_REQUEST_FLAGS;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(AF_FAMILIES); ++i) {
        rule.family = AF_FAMILIES[i];
        if (int ret = sendNetlinkRequest(action, flags, iov, ARRAY_SIZE(iov), nullptr)) {
            if (!(action == RTM_DELRULE && ret == -ENOENT && priority == RULE_PRIORITY_TETHERING)) {
                // Don't log when deleting a tethering rule that's not there. This matches the
                // behaviour of clearTetheringRules, which ignores ENOENT in this case.
                ALOGE("Error %s %s rule: %s", actionName(action), familyName(rule.family),
                      strerror(-ret));
            }
            return ret;
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyIpRule(uint16_t action, uint32_t priority, uint32_t table,
                                    uint32_t fwmark, uint32_t mask, const char* iif,
                                    const char* oif, uid_t uidStart, uid_t uidEnd) {
    return modifyIpRule(action, priority, FR_ACT_TO_TBL, table, fwmark, mask, iif, oif, uidStart,
                        uidEnd);
}

WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyIpRule(uint16_t action, uint32_t priority, uint32_t table,
                                    uint32_t fwmark, uint32_t mask) {
    return modifyIpRule(action, priority, table, fwmark, mask, IIF_NONE, OIF_NONE, INVALID_UID,
                        INVALID_UID);
}

// Adds or deletes an IPv4 or IPv6 route.
// Returns 0 on success or negative errno on failure.
WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyIpRoute(uint16_t action, uint32_t table, const char* interface,
                                     const char* destination, const char* nexthop) {
    // At least the destination must be non-null.
    if (!destination) {
        ALOGE("null destination");
        return -EFAULT;
    }

    // Parse the prefix.
    uint8_t rawAddress[sizeof(in6_addr)];
    uint8_t family;
    uint8_t prefixLength;
    int rawLength = parsePrefix(destination, &family, rawAddress, sizeof(rawAddress),
                                &prefixLength);
    if (rawLength < 0) {
        ALOGE("parsePrefix failed for destination %s (%s)", destination, strerror(-rawLength));
        return rawLength;
    }

    if (static_cast<size_t>(rawLength) > sizeof(rawAddress)) {
        ALOGE("impossible! address too long (%d vs %zu)", rawLength, sizeof(rawAddress));
        return -ENOBUFS;  // Cannot happen; parsePrefix only supports IPv4 and IPv6.
    }

    uint8_t type = RTN_UNICAST;
    uint32_t ifindex;
    uint8_t rawNexthop[sizeof(in6_addr)];

    if (nexthop && !strcmp(nexthop, "unreachable")) {
        type = RTN_UNREACHABLE;
        // 'interface' is likely non-NULL, as the caller (modifyRoute()) likely used it to lookup
        // the table number. But it's an error to specify an interface ("dev ...") or a nexthop for
        // unreachable routes, so nuke them. (IPv6 allows them to be specified; IPv4 doesn't.)
        interface = OIF_NONE;
        nexthop = NULL;
    } else if (nexthop && !strcmp(nexthop, "throw")) {
        type = RTN_THROW;
        interface = OIF_NONE;
        nexthop = NULL;
    } else {
        // If an interface was specified, find the ifindex.
        if (interface != OIF_NONE) {
            ifindex = if_nametoindex(interface);
            if (!ifindex) {
                ALOGE("cannot find interface %s", interface);
                return -ENODEV;
            }
        }

        // If a nexthop was specified, parse it as the same family as the prefix.
        if (nexthop && inet_pton(family, nexthop, rawNexthop) <= 0) {
            ALOGE("inet_pton failed for nexthop %s", nexthop);
            return -EINVAL;
        }
    }

    // Assemble a rtmsg and put it in an array of iovec structures.
    rtmsg route = {
        .rtm_protocol = RTPROT_STATIC,
        .rtm_type = type,
        .rtm_family = family,
        .rtm_dst_len = prefixLength,
        .rtm_scope = static_cast<uint8_t>(nexthop ? RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE : RT_SCOPE_LINK),
    };

    rtattr rtaDst     = { U16_RTA_LENGTH(rawLength), RTA_DST };
    rtattr rtaGateway = { U16_RTA_LENGTH(rawLength), RTA_GATEWAY };

    iovec iov[] = {
        { NULL,          0 },
        { &route,        sizeof(route) },
        { &RTATTR_TABLE, sizeof(RTATTR_TABLE) },
        { &table,        sizeof(table) },
        { &rtaDst,       sizeof(rtaDst) },
        { rawAddress,    static_cast<size_t>(rawLength) },
        { &RTATTR_OIF,   interface != OIF_NONE ? sizeof(RTATTR_OIF) : 0 },
        { &ifindex,      interface != OIF_NONE ? sizeof(ifindex) : 0 },
        { &rtaGateway,   nexthop ? sizeof(rtaGateway) : 0 },
        { rawNexthop,    nexthop ? static_cast<size_t>(rawLength) : 0 },
    };

    uint16_t flags = (action == RTM_NEWROUTE) ? NETLINK_CREATE_REQUEST_FLAGS :
                                                NETLINK_REQUEST_FLAGS;
    int ret = sendNetlinkRequest(action, flags, iov, ARRAY_SIZE(iov), nullptr);
    if (ret) {
        ALOGE("Error %s route %s -> %s %s to table %u: %s",
              actionName(action), destination, nexthop, interface, table, strerror(-ret));
    }
    return ret;
}

// An iptables rule to mark incoming packets on a network with the netId of the network.
//
// This is so that the kernel can:
// + Use the right fwmark for (and thus correctly route) replies (e.g.: TCP RST, ICMP errors, ping
//   replies, SYN-ACKs, etc).
// + Mark sockets that accept connections from this interface so that the connection stays on the
//   same interface.
WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyIncomingPacketMark(unsigned netId, const char* interface,
                                                Permission permission, bool add) {
    Fwmark fwmark;

    fwmark.netId = netId;
    fwmark.explicitlySelected = true;
    fwmark.protectedFromVpn = true;
    fwmark.permission = permission;

    char markString[UINT32_HEX_STRLEN];
    snprintf(markString, sizeof(markString), "0x%x", fwmark.intValue);

    if (execIptables(V4V6, "-t", "mangle", add ? "-A" : "-D", "INPUT", "-i", interface, "-j",
                     "MARK", "--set-mark", markString, NULL)) {
        ALOGE("failed to change iptables rule that sets incoming packet mark");
        return -EREMOTEIO;
    }

    return 0;
}

// A rule to route responses to the local network forwarded via the VPN.
//
// When a VPN is in effect, packets from the local network to upstream networks are forwarded into
// the VPN's tunnel interface. When the VPN forwards the responses, they emerge out of the tunnel.
WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyVpnOutputToLocalRule(const char* vpnInterface, bool add) {
    return modifyIpRule(add ? RTM_NEWRULE : RTM_DELRULE, RULE_PRIORITY_VPN_OUTPUT_TO_LOCAL,
                        ROUTE_TABLE_LOCAL_NETWORK, MARK_UNSET, MARK_UNSET, vpnInterface, OIF_NONE,
                        INVALID_UID, INVALID_UID);
}

// A rule to route all traffic from a given set of UIDs to go over the VPN.
//
// Notice that this rule doesn't use the netId. I.e., no matter what netId the user's socket may
// have, if they are subject to this VPN, their traffic has to go through it. Allows the traffic to
// bypass the VPN if the protectedFromVpn bit is set.
WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyVpnUidRangeRule(uint32_t table, uid_t uidStart, uid_t uidEnd,
                                             bool secure, bool add) {
    Fwmark fwmark;
    Fwmark mask;

    fwmark.protectedFromVpn = false;
    mask.protectedFromVpn = true;

    uint32_t priority;

    if (secure) {
        priority = RULE_PRIORITY_SECURE_VPN;
    } else {
        priority = RULE_PRIORITY_BYPASSABLE_VPN;

        fwmark.explicitlySelected = false;
        mask.explicitlySelected = true;
    }

    return modifyIpRule(add ? RTM_NEWRULE : RTM_DELRULE, priority, table, fwmark.intValue,
                        mask.intValue, IIF_LOOPBACK, OIF_NONE, uidStart, uidEnd);
}

// A rule to allow system apps to send traffic over this VPN even if they are not part of the target
// set of UIDs.
//
// This is needed for DnsProxyListener to correctly resolve a request for a user who is in the
// target set, but where the DnsProxyListener itself is not.
WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyVpnSystemPermissionRule(unsigned netId, uint32_t table, bool secure,
                                                     bool add) {
    Fwmark fwmark;
    Fwmark mask;

    fwmark.netId = netId;
    mask.netId = FWMARK_NET_ID_MASK;

    fwmark.permission = PERMISSION_SYSTEM;
    mask.permission = PERMISSION_SYSTEM;

    uint32_t priority = secure ? RULE_PRIORITY_SECURE_VPN : RULE_PRIORITY_BYPASSABLE_VPN;

    return modifyIpRule(add ? RTM_NEWRULE : RTM_DELRULE, priority, table, fwmark.intValue,
                        mask.intValue);
}

// A rule to route traffic based on an explicitly chosen network.
//
// Supports apps that use the multinetwork APIs to restrict their traffic to a network.
//
// Even though we check permissions at the time we set a netId into the fwmark of a socket, we need
// to check it again in the rules here, because a network's permissions may have been updated via
// modifyNetworkPermission().
WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyExplicitNetworkRule(unsigned netId, uint32_t table,
                                                 Permission permission, uid_t uidStart,
                                                 uid_t uidEnd, bool add) {
    Fwmark fwmark;
    Fwmark mask;

    fwmark.netId = netId;
    mask.netId = FWMARK_NET_ID_MASK;

    fwmark.explicitlySelected = true;
    mask.explicitlySelected = true;

    fwmark.permission = permission;
    mask.permission = permission;

    return modifyIpRule(add ? RTM_NEWRULE : RTM_DELRULE, RULE_PRIORITY_EXPLICIT_NETWORK, table,
                        fwmark.intValue, mask.intValue, IIF_NONE, OIF_NONE, uidStart, uidEnd);
}

// A rule to route traffic based on a chosen outgoing interface.
//
// Supports apps that use SO_BINDTODEVICE or IP_PKTINFO options and the kernel that already knows
// the outgoing interface (typically for link-local communications).
WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyOutputInterfaceRules(const char* interface, uint32_t table,
                                                  Permission permission, uid_t uidStart,
                                                  uid_t uidEnd, bool add) {
    Fwmark fwmark;
    Fwmark mask;

    fwmark.permission = permission;
    mask.permission = permission;

    // If this rule does not specify a UID range, then also add a corresponding high-priority rule
    // for UID. This covers forwarded packets and system daemons such as the tethering DHCP server.
    if (uidStart == INVALID_UID && uidEnd == INVALID_UID) {
        if (int ret = modifyIpRule(add ? RTM_NEWRULE : RTM_DELRULE, RULE_PRIORITY_VPN_OVERRIDE_OIF,
                                   table, fwmark.intValue, mask.intValue, IIF_NONE, interface,
                                   UID_ROOT, UID_ROOT)) {
            return ret;
        }
    }

    return modifyIpRule(add ? RTM_NEWRULE : RTM_DELRULE, RULE_PRIORITY_OUTPUT_INTERFACE, table,
                        fwmark.intValue, mask.intValue, IIF_NONE, interface, uidStart, uidEnd);
}

// A rule to route traffic based on the chosen network.
//
// This is for sockets that have not explicitly requested a particular network, but have been
// bound to one when they called connect(). This ensures that sockets connected on a particular
// network stay on that network even if the default network changes.
WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyImplicitNetworkRule(unsigned netId, uint32_t table,
                                                 Permission permission, bool add) {
    Fwmark fwmark;
    Fwmark mask;

    fwmark.netId = netId;
    mask.netId = FWMARK_NET_ID_MASK;

    fwmark.explicitlySelected = false;
    mask.explicitlySelected = true;

    fwmark.permission = permission;
    mask.permission = permission;

    return modifyIpRule(add ? RTM_NEWRULE : RTM_DELRULE, RULE_PRIORITY_IMPLICIT_NETWORK, table,
                        fwmark.intValue, mask.intValue);
}

// A rule to enable split tunnel VPNs.
//
// If a packet with a VPN's netId doesn't find a route in the VPN's routing table, it's allowed to
// go over the default network, provided it wasn't explicitly restricted to the VPN and has the
// permissions required by the default network.
WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyVpnFallthroughRule(uint16_t action, unsigned vpnNetId,
                                                const char* physicalInterface,
                                                Permission permission) {
    uint32_t table = getRouteTableForInterface(physicalInterface);
    if (table == RT_TABLE_UNSPEC) {
        return -ESRCH;
    }

    Fwmark fwmark;
    Fwmark mask;

    fwmark.netId = vpnNetId;
    mask.netId = FWMARK_NET_ID_MASK;

    fwmark.explicitlySelected = false;
    mask.explicitlySelected = true;

    fwmark.permission = permission;
    mask.permission = permission;

    return modifyIpRule(action, RULE_PRIORITY_VPN_FALLTHROUGH, table, fwmark.intValue,
                        mask.intValue);
}

// Add rules to allow legacy routes added through the requestRouteToHost() API.
WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int addLegacyRouteRules() {
    Fwmark fwmark;
    Fwmark mask;

    fwmark.explicitlySelected = false;
    mask.explicitlySelected = true;

    // Rules to allow legacy routes to override the default network.
    if (int ret = modifyIpRule(RTM_NEWRULE, RULE_PRIORITY_LEGACY_SYSTEM, ROUTE_TABLE_LEGACY_SYSTEM,
                               fwmark.intValue, mask.intValue)) {
        return ret;
    }
    if (int ret = modifyIpRule(RTM_NEWRULE, RULE_PRIORITY_LEGACY_NETWORK,
                               ROUTE_TABLE_LEGACY_NETWORK, fwmark.intValue, mask.intValue)) {
        return ret;
    }

    fwmark.permission = PERMISSION_SYSTEM;
    mask.permission = PERMISSION_SYSTEM;

    // A rule to allow legacy routes from system apps to override VPNs.
    return modifyIpRule(RTM_NEWRULE, RULE_PRIORITY_VPN_OVERRIDE_SYSTEM, ROUTE_TABLE_LEGACY_SYSTEM,
                        fwmark.intValue, mask.intValue);
}

// Add rules to lookup the local network when specified explicitly or otherwise.
WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int addLocalNetworkRules(unsigned localNetId) {
    if (int ret = modifyExplicitNetworkRule(localNetId, ROUTE_TABLE_LOCAL_NETWORK, PERMISSION_NONE,
                                            INVALID_UID, INVALID_UID, ACTION_ADD)) {
        return ret;
    }

    Fwmark fwmark;
    Fwmark mask;

    fwmark.explicitlySelected = false;
    mask.explicitlySelected = true;

    return modifyIpRule(RTM_NEWRULE, RULE_PRIORITY_LOCAL_NETWORK, ROUTE_TABLE_LOCAL_NETWORK,
                        fwmark.intValue, mask.intValue);
}

int configureDummyNetwork() {
    const char *interface = DummyNetwork::INTERFACE_NAME;
    uint32_t table = getRouteTableForInterface(interface);
    if (table == RT_TABLE_UNSPEC) {
        // getRouteTableForInterface has already looged an error.
        return -ESRCH;
    }

    ifc_init();
    int ret = ifc_up(interface);
    ifc_close();
    if (ret) {
        ALOGE("Can't bring up %s: %s", interface, strerror(errno));
        return -errno;
    }

    if ((ret = modifyOutputInterfaceRules(interface, table, PERMISSION_NONE,
                                          INVALID_UID, INVALID_UID, ACTION_ADD))) {
        ALOGE("Can't create oif rules for %s: %s", interface, strerror(-ret));
        return ret;
    }

    if ((ret = modifyIpRoute(RTM_NEWROUTE, table, interface, "0.0.0.0/0", NULL))) {
        return ret;
    }

    if ((ret = modifyIpRoute(RTM_NEWROUTE, table, interface, "::/0", NULL))) {
        return ret;
    }

    return 0;
}

// Add a new rule to look up the 'main' table, with the same selectors as the "default network"
// rule, but with a lower priority. We will never create routes in the main table; it should only be
// used for directly-connected routes implicitly created by the kernel when adding IP addresses.
// This is necessary, for example, when adding a route through a directly-connected gateway: in
// order to add the route, there must already be a directly-connected route that covers the gateway.
WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int addDirectlyConnectedRule() {
    Fwmark fwmark;
    Fwmark mask;

    fwmark.netId = NETID_UNSET;
    mask.netId = FWMARK_NET_ID_MASK;

    return modifyIpRule(RTM_NEWRULE, RULE_PRIORITY_DIRECTLY_CONNECTED, RT_TABLE_MAIN,
                        fwmark.intValue, mask.intValue, IIF_NONE, OIF_NONE, UID_ROOT, UID_ROOT);
}

// Add an explicit unreachable rule close to the end of the prioriy list to make it clear that
// relying on the kernel-default "from all lookup main" rule at priority 32766 is not intended
// behaviour. We do flush the kernel-default rules at startup, but having an explicit unreachable
// rule will hopefully make things even clearer.
WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int addUnreachableRule() {
    return modifyIpRule(RTM_NEWRULE, RULE_PRIORITY_UNREACHABLE, FR_ACT_UNREACHABLE, RT_TABLE_UNSPEC,
                        MARK_UNSET, MARK_UNSET, IIF_NONE, OIF_NONE, INVALID_UID, INVALID_UID);
}

WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyLocalNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface, bool add) {
    if (int ret = modifyIncomingPacketMark(netId, interface, PERMISSION_NONE, add)) {
        return ret;
    }
    return modifyOutputInterfaceRules(interface, ROUTE_TABLE_LOCAL_NETWORK, PERMISSION_NONE,
                                      INVALID_UID, INVALID_UID, add);
}

WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyPhysicalNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface,
                                             Permission permission, bool add) {
    uint32_t table = getRouteTableForInterface(interface);
    if (table == RT_TABLE_UNSPEC) {
        return -ESRCH;
    }

    if (int ret = modifyIncomingPacketMark(netId, interface, permission, add)) {
        return ret;
    }
    if (int ret = modifyExplicitNetworkRule(netId, table, permission, INVALID_UID, INVALID_UID,
                                            add)) {
        return ret;
    }
    if (int ret = modifyOutputInterfaceRules(interface, table, permission, INVALID_UID, INVALID_UID,
                                            add)) {
        return ret;
    }
    return modifyImplicitNetworkRule(netId, table, permission, add);
}

WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyRejectNonSecureNetworkRule(const UidRanges& uidRanges, bool add) {
    Fwmark fwmark;
    Fwmark mask;
    fwmark.protectedFromVpn = false;
    mask.protectedFromVpn = true;

    for (const UidRange& range : uidRanges.getRanges()) {
        if (int ret = modifyIpRule(add ? RTM_NEWRULE : RTM_DELRULE,
                                   RULE_PRIORITY_PROHIBIT_NON_VPN, FR_ACT_PROHIBIT, RT_TABLE_UNSPEC,
                                   fwmark.intValue, mask.intValue, IIF_LOOPBACK, OIF_NONE,
                                   range.getStart(), range.getStop())) {
            return ret;
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyVirtualNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface,
                                            const UidRanges& uidRanges, bool secure, bool add,
                                            bool modifyNonUidBasedRules) {
    uint32_t table = getRouteTableForInterface(interface);
    if (table == RT_TABLE_UNSPEC) {
        return -ESRCH;
    }

    for (const UidRange& range : uidRanges.getRanges()) {
        if (int ret = modifyVpnUidRangeRule(table, range.getStart(), range.getStop(), secure, add))
                {
            return ret;
        }
        if (int ret = modifyExplicitNetworkRule(netId, table, PERMISSION_NONE, range.getStart(),
                                                range.getStop(), add)) {
            return ret;
        }
        if (int ret = modifyOutputInterfaceRules(interface, table, PERMISSION_NONE,
                                                 range.getStart(), range.getStop(), add)) {
            return ret;
        }
    }

    if (modifyNonUidBasedRules) {
        if (int ret = modifyIncomingPacketMark(netId, interface, PERMISSION_NONE, add)) {
            return ret;
        }
        if (int ret = modifyVpnOutputToLocalRule(interface, add)) {
            return ret;
        }
        if (int ret = modifyVpnSystemPermissionRule(netId, table, secure, add)) {
            return ret;
        }
        return modifyExplicitNetworkRule(netId, table, PERMISSION_NONE, UID_ROOT, UID_ROOT, add);
    }

    return 0;
}

WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyDefaultNetwork(uint16_t action, const char* interface,
                                            Permission permission) {
    uint32_t table = getRouteTableForInterface(interface);
    if (table == RT_TABLE_UNSPEC) {
        return -ESRCH;
    }

    Fwmark fwmark;
    Fwmark mask;

    fwmark.netId = NETID_UNSET;
    mask.netId = FWMARK_NET_ID_MASK;

    fwmark.permission = permission;
    mask.permission = permission;

    return modifyIpRule(action, RULE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT_NETWORK, table, fwmark.intValue,
                        mask.intValue);
}

WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyTetheredNetwork(uint16_t action, const char* inputInterface,
                                             const char* outputInterface) {
    uint32_t table = getRouteTableForInterface(outputInterface);
    if (table == RT_TABLE_UNSPEC) {
        return -ESRCH;
    }

    return modifyIpRule(action, RULE_PRIORITY_TETHERING, table, MARK_UNSET, MARK_UNSET,
                        inputInterface, OIF_NONE, INVALID_UID, INVALID_UID);
}

// Adds or removes an IPv4 or IPv6 route to the specified table and, if it's a directly-connected
// route, to the main table as well.
// Returns 0 on success or negative errno on failure.
WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyRoute(uint16_t action, const char* interface, const char* destination,
                                   const char* nexthop, RouteController::TableType tableType) {
    uint32_t table;
    switch (tableType) {
        case RouteController::INTERFACE: {
            table = getRouteTableForInterface(interface);
            if (table == RT_TABLE_UNSPEC) {
                return -ESRCH;
            }
            break;
        }
        case RouteController::LOCAL_NETWORK: {
            table = ROUTE_TABLE_LOCAL_NETWORK;
            break;
        }
        case RouteController::LEGACY_NETWORK: {
            table = ROUTE_TABLE_LEGACY_NETWORK;
            break;
        }
        case RouteController::LEGACY_SYSTEM: {
            table = ROUTE_TABLE_LEGACY_SYSTEM;
            break;
        }
    }

    int ret = modifyIpRoute(action, table, interface, destination, nexthop);
    // Trying to add a route that already exists shouldn't cause an error.
    if (ret && !(action == RTM_NEWROUTE && ret == -EEXIST)) {
        return ret;
    }

    return 0;
}

WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int clearTetheringRules(const char* inputInterface) {
    int ret = 0;
    while (ret == 0) {
        ret = modifyIpRule(RTM_DELRULE, RULE_PRIORITY_TETHERING, 0, MARK_UNSET, MARK_UNSET,
                           inputInterface, OIF_NONE, INVALID_UID, INVALID_UID);
    }

    if (ret == -ENOENT) {
        return 0;
    } else {
        return ret;
    }
}

uint32_t getRulePriority(const nlmsghdr *nlh) {
    return getRtmU32Attribute(nlh, FRA_PRIORITY);
}

uint32_t getRouteTable(const nlmsghdr *nlh) {
    return getRtmU32Attribute(nlh, RTA_TABLE);
}

WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int flushRules() {
    NetlinkDumpFilter shouldDelete = [] (nlmsghdr *nlh) {
        // Don't touch rules at priority 0 because by default they are used for local input.
        return getRulePriority(nlh) != 0;
    };
    return rtNetlinkFlush(RTM_GETRULE, RTM_DELRULE, "rules", shouldDelete);
}

WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int flushRoutes(uint32_t table) {
    NetlinkDumpFilter shouldDelete = [table] (nlmsghdr *nlh) {
        return getRouteTable(nlh) == table;
    };

    return rtNetlinkFlush(RTM_GETROUTE, RTM_DELROUTE, "routes", shouldDelete);
}

// Returns 0 on success or negative errno on failure.
WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int flushRoutes(const char* interface) {
    uint32_t table = getRouteTableForInterface(interface);
    if (table == RT_TABLE_UNSPEC) {
        return -ESRCH;
    }

    int ret = flushRoutes(table);

    // If we failed to flush routes, the caller may elect to keep this interface around, so keep
    // track of its name.
    if (ret == 0) {
        interfaceToTable.erase(interface);
    }

    return ret;
}

}  // namespace

int RouteController::Init(unsigned localNetId) {
    if (int ret = flushRules()) {
        return ret;
    }
    if (int ret = addLegacyRouteRules()) {
        return ret;
    }
    if (int ret = addLocalNetworkRules(localNetId)) {
        return ret;
    }
    if (int ret = addDirectlyConnectedRule()) {
        return ret;
    }
    if (int ret = addUnreachableRule()) {
        return ret;
    }
    // Don't complain if we can't add the dummy network, since not all devices support it.
    configureDummyNetwork();

    updateTableNamesFile();
    return 0;
}

int RouteController::addInterfaceToLocalNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface) {
    return modifyLocalNetwork(netId, interface, ACTION_ADD);
}

int RouteController::removeInterfaceFromLocalNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface) {
    return modifyLocalNetwork(netId, interface, ACTION_DEL);
}

int RouteController::addInterfaceToPhysicalNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface,
                                                   Permission permission) {
    if (int ret = modifyPhysicalNetwork(netId, interface, permission, ACTION_ADD)) {
        return ret;
    }
    updateTableNamesFile();
    return 0;
}

int RouteController::removeInterfaceFromPhysicalNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface,
                                                        Permission permission) {
    if (int ret = modifyPhysicalNetwork(netId, interface, permission, ACTION_DEL)) {
        return ret;
    }
    if (int ret = flushRoutes(interface)) {
        return ret;
    }
    if (int ret = clearTetheringRules(interface)) {
        return ret;
    }
    updateTableNamesFile();
    return 0;
}

int RouteController::addInterfaceToVirtualNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface,
                                                  bool secure, const UidRanges& uidRanges) {
    if (int ret = modifyVirtualNetwork(netId, interface, uidRanges, secure, ACTION_ADD,
                                       MODIFY_NON_UID_BASED_RULES)) {
        return ret;
    }
    updateTableNamesFile();
    return 0;
}

int RouteController::removeInterfaceFromVirtualNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface,
                                                       bool secure, const UidRanges& uidRanges) {
    if (int ret = modifyVirtualNetwork(netId, interface, uidRanges, secure, ACTION_DEL,
                                       MODIFY_NON_UID_BASED_RULES)) {
        return ret;
    }
    if (int ret = flushRoutes(interface)) {
        return ret;
    }
    updateTableNamesFile();
    return 0;
}

int RouteController::modifyPhysicalNetworkPermission(unsigned netId, const char* interface,
                                                     Permission oldPermission,
                                                     Permission newPermission) {
    // Add the new rules before deleting the old ones, to avoid race conditions.
    if (int ret = modifyPhysicalNetwork(netId, interface, newPermission, ACTION_ADD)) {
        return ret;
    }
    return modifyPhysicalNetwork(netId, interface, oldPermission, ACTION_DEL);
}

int RouteController::addUsersToRejectNonSecureNetworkRule(const UidRanges& uidRanges) {
    return modifyRejectNonSecureNetworkRule(uidRanges, true);
}

int RouteController::removeUsersFromRejectNonSecureNetworkRule(const UidRanges& uidRanges) {
    return modifyRejectNonSecureNetworkRule(uidRanges, false);
}

int RouteController::addUsersToVirtualNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface, bool secure,
                                              const UidRanges& uidRanges) {
    return modifyVirtualNetwork(netId, interface, uidRanges, secure, ACTION_ADD,
                                !MODIFY_NON_UID_BASED_RULES);
}

int RouteController::removeUsersFromVirtualNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface,
                                                   bool secure, const UidRanges& uidRanges) {
    return modifyVirtualNetwork(netId, interface, uidRanges, secure, ACTION_DEL,
                                !MODIFY_NON_UID_BASED_RULES);
}

int RouteController::addInterfaceToDefaultNetwork(const char* interface, Permission permission) {
    return modifyDefaultNetwork(RTM_NEWRULE, interface, permission);
}

int RouteController::removeInterfaceFromDefaultNetwork(const char* interface,
                                                       Permission permission) {
    return modifyDefaultNetwork(RTM_DELRULE, interface, permission);
}

int RouteController::addRoute(const char* interface, const char* destination, const char* nexthop,
                              TableType tableType) {
    return modifyRoute(RTM_NEWROUTE, interface, destination, nexthop, tableType);
}

int RouteController::removeRoute(const char* interface, const char* destination,
                                 const char* nexthop, TableType tableType) {
    return modifyRoute(RTM_DELROUTE, interface, destination, nexthop, tableType);
}

int RouteController::enableTethering(const char* inputInterface, const char* outputInterface) {
    return modifyTetheredNetwork(RTM_NEWRULE, inputInterface, outputInterface);
}

int RouteController::disableTethering(const char* inputInterface, const char* outputInterface) {
    return modifyTetheredNetwork(RTM_DELRULE, inputInterface, outputInterface);
}

int RouteController::addVirtualNetworkFallthrough(unsigned vpnNetId, const char* physicalInterface,
                                                  Permission permission) {
    return modifyVpnFallthroughRule(RTM_NEWRULE, vpnNetId, physicalInterface, permission);
}

int RouteController::removeVirtualNetworkFallthrough(unsigned vpnNetId,
                                                     const char* physicalInterface,
                                                     Permission permission) {
    return modifyVpnFallthroughRule(RTM_DELRULE, vpnNetId, physicalInterface, permission);
}

}  // namespace net
}  // namespace android