Reapply "Change -save-temps to emit unoptimized bitcode files."

This reapplies r224503 along with a fix for compiling Fortran by having the
clang driver invoke gcc (see r224546, where it was reverted). I have added
a testcase for that as well.

Original commit message:
It is often convenient to use -save-temps to collect the intermediate
results of a compilation, e.g., when triaging a bug report. Besides the
temporary files for preprocessed source and assembly code, this adds the
unoptimized bitcode files as well.

This adds a new BackendJobAction, which is mostly mechanical, to run after
the CompileJobAction. When not using -save-temps, the BackendJobAction is
combined into one job with the CompileJobAction, similar to the way the
integrated assembler is handled. I've implemented this entirely as a
driver change, so under the hood, it is just using -disable-llvm-optzns
to get the unoptimized bitcode.

Based in part on a patch by Steven Wu.
rdar://problem/18909437

llvm-svn: 224688
diff --git a/clang/test/Driver/ast.c b/clang/test/Driver/ast.c
index 83dfcc3..c1d7b1a 100644
--- a/clang/test/Driver/ast.c
+++ b/clang/test/Driver/ast.c
@@ -16,9 +16,10 @@
 
 // COMPILE-AST-PHASES: 0: input,
 // COMPILE-AST-PHASES: , ast
-// COMPILE-AST-PHASES: 1: compiler, {0}, assembler
-// COMPILE-AST-PHASES: 2: assembler, {1}, object
-// COMPILE-AST-PHASES-NOT: 3:
+// COMPILE-AST-PHASES: 1: compiler, {0}, ir
+// COMPILE-AST-PHASES: 2: backend, {1}, assembler
+// COMPILE-AST-PHASES: 3: assembler, {2}, object
+// COMPILE-AST-PHASES-NOT: 4:
 // COMPILE-AST-PHASES: END
 
 // FIXME: There is a problem with compiling AST's in that the input language is