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<h1>Clang Language Extensions</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#feature_check">Feature Checking Macros</a></li>
<li><a href="#has_include">Include File Checking Macros</a></li>
<li><a href="#builtinmacros">Builtin Macros</a></li>
<li><a href="#vectors">Vectors and Extended Vectors</a></li>
<li><a href="#deprecated">Messages on <tt>deprecated</tt> and <tt>unavailable</tt> attributes</a></li>
<li><a href="#attributes-on-enumerators">Attributes on enumerators</a></li>
<li><a href="#checking_language_features">Checks for Standard Language Features</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#cxx_exceptions">C++ exceptions</a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_rtti">C++ RTTI</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#checking_upcoming_features">Checks for Upcoming Standard Language Features</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#cxx0x">C++0x</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#cxx_decltype">C++0x <tt>decltype()</tt></a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_access_control_sfinae">C++0x SFINAE includes access control</a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_alias_templates">C++0x alias templates</a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_attributes">C++0x attributes</a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_default_function_template_args">C++0x default template arguments in function templates</a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_deleted_functions">C++0x deleted functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_lambdas">C++0x lambdas</a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_nullptr">C++0x nullptr</a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_override_control">C++0x override control</a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_range_for">C++0x range-based for loop</a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_rvalue_references">C++0x rvalue references</a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_reference_qualified_functions">C++0x reference-qualified functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_static_assert">C++0x <tt>static_assert()</tt></a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_auto_type">C++0x type inference</a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_variadic_templates">C++0x variadic templates</a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_inline_namespaces">C++0x inline namespaces</a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_strong_enums">C++0x strongly-typed enumerations</a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_trailing_return">C++0x trailing return type</a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_noexcept">C++0x noexcept specification</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#c1x">C1X</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#c_generic_selections">C1X generic selections</a></li>
<li><a href="#c_static_assert">C1X <tt>_Static_assert()</tt></a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul> </li>
<li><a href="#checking_type_traits">Checks for Type Traits</a></li>
<li><a href="#blocks">Blocks</a></li>
<li><a href="#objc_features">Objective-C Features</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#objc_instancetype">Related result types</a></li>
<li><a href="#objc_arc">Automatic reference counting</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#overloading-in-c">Function Overloading in C</a></li>
<li><a href="#builtins">Builtin Functions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#__builtin_shufflevector">__builtin_shufflevector</a></li>
<li><a href="#__builtin_unreachable">__builtin_unreachable</a></li>
<li><a href="#__sync_swap">__sync_swap</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#targetspecific">Target-Specific Extensions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#x86-specific">X86/X86-64 Language Extensions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#analyzerspecific">Static Analysis-Specific Extensions</a></li>
</ul>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="intro">Introduction</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>This document describes the language extensions provided by Clang. In
addition to the language extensions listed here, Clang aims to support a broad
range of GCC extensions. Please see the <a
href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/C-Extensions.html">GCC manual</a> for
more information on these extensions.</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="feature_check">Feature Checking Macros</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>Language extensions can be very useful, but only if you know you can depend
on them. In order to allow fine-grain features checks, we support three builtin
function-like macros. This allows you to directly test for a feature in your
code without having to resort to something like autoconf or fragile "compiler
version checks".</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h3><a name="__has_builtin">__has_builtin</a></h3>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>This function-like macro takes a single identifier argument that is the name
of a builtin function. It evaluates to 1 if the builtin is supported or 0 if
not. It can be used like this:</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
#ifndef __has_builtin // Optional of course.
#define __has_builtin(x) 0 // Compatibility with non-clang compilers.
#endif
...
#if __has_builtin(__builtin_trap)
__builtin_trap();
#else
abort();
#endif
...
</pre>
</blockquote>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h3><a name="__has_feature_extension"> __has_feature and __has_extension</a></h3>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>These function-like macros take a single identifier argument that is the
name of a feature. <code>__has_feature</code> evaluates to 1 if the feature
is both supported by Clang and standardized in the current language standard
or 0 if not (but see <a href="#has_feature_back_compat">below</a>), while
<code>__has_extension</code> evaluates to 1 if the feature is supported by
Clang in the current language (either as a language extension or a standard
language feature) or 0 if not. They can be used like this:</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
#ifndef __has_feature // Optional of course.
#define __has_feature(x) 0 // Compatibility with non-clang compilers.
#endif
#ifndef __has_extension
#define __has_extension __has_feature // Compatibility with pre-3.0 compilers.
#endif
...
#if __has_feature(cxx_rvalue_references)
// This code will only be compiled with the -std=c++0x and -std=gnu++0x
// options, because rvalue references are only standardized in C++0x.
#endif
#if __has_extension(cxx_rvalue_references)
// This code will be compiled with the -std=c++0x, -std=gnu++0x, -std=c++98
// and -std=gnu++98 options, because rvalue references are supported as a
// language extension in C++98.
#endif
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p id="has_feature_back_compat">For backwards compatibility reasons,
<code>__has_feature</code> can also be used to test for support for
non-standardized features, i.e. features not prefixed <code>c_</code>,
<code>cxx_</code> or <code>objc_</code>.</p>
<p>If the <code>-pedantic-errors</code> option is given,
<code>__has_extension</code> is equivalent to <code>__has_feature</code>.</p>
<p>The feature tag is described along with the language feature below.</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h3><a name="__has_attribute">__has_attribute</a></h3>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>This function-like macro takes a single identifier argument that is the name
of an attribute. It evaluates to 1 if the attribute is supported or 0 if not. It
can be used like this:</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
#ifndef __has_attribute // Optional of course.
#define __has_attribute(x) 0 // Compatibility with non-clang compilers.
#endif
...
#if __has_attribute(always_inline)
#define ALWAYS_INLINE __attribute__((always_inline))
#else
#define ALWAYS_INLINE
#endif
...
</pre>
</blockquote>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="has_include">Include File Checking Macros</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>Not all developments systems have the same include files.
The <a href="#__has_include">__has_include</a> and
<a href="#__has_include_next">__has_include_next</a> macros allow you to
check for the existence of an include file before doing
a possibly failing #include directive.</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h3><a name="__has_include">__has_include</a></h3>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>This function-like macro takes a single file name string argument that
is the name of an include file. It evaluates to 1 if the file can
be found using the include paths, or 0 otherwise:</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
// Note the two possible file name string formats.
#if __has_include("myinclude.h") &amp;&amp; __has_include(&lt;stdint.h&gt;)
# include "myinclude.h"
#endif
// To avoid problem with non-clang compilers not having this macro.
#if defined(__has_include) &amp;&amp; __has_include("myinclude.h")
# include "myinclude.h"
#endif
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>To test for this feature, use #if defined(__has_include).</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h3><a name="__has_include_next">__has_include_next</a></h3>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>This function-like macro takes a single file name string argument that
is the name of an include file. It is like __has_include except that it
looks for the second instance of the given file found in the include
paths. It evaluates to 1 if the second instance of the file can
be found using the include paths, or 0 otherwise:</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
// Note the two possible file name string formats.
#if __has_include_next("myinclude.h") &amp;&amp; __has_include_next(&lt;stdint.h&gt;)
# include_next "myinclude.h"
#endif
// To avoid problem with non-clang compilers not having this macro.
#if defined(__has_include_next) &amp;&amp; __has_include_next("myinclude.h")
# include_next "myinclude.h"
#endif
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>Note that __has_include_next, like the GNU extension
#include_next directive, is intended for use in headers only,
and will issue a warning if used in the top-level compilation
file. A warning will also be issued if an absolute path
is used in the file argument.</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="builtinmacros">Builtin Macros</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<dl>
<dt><code>__BASE_FILE__</code></dt>
<dd>Defined to a string that contains the name of the main input
file passed to Clang.</dd>
<dt><code>__COUNTER__</code></dt>
<dd>Defined to an integer value that starts at zero and is
incremented each time the <code>__COUNTER__</code> macro is
expanded.</dd>
<dt><code>__INCLUDE_LEVEL__</code></dt>
<dd>Defined to an integral value that is the include depth of the
file currently being translated. For the main file, this value is
zero.</dd>
<dt><code>__TIMESTAMP__</code></dt>
<dd>Defined to the date and time of the last modification of the
current source file.</dd>
<dt><code>__clang__</code></dt>
<dd>Defined when compiling with Clang</dd>
<dt><code>__clang_major__</code></dt>
<dd>Defined to the major version number of Clang (e.g., the 2 in
2.0.1).</dd>
<dt><code>__clang_minor__</code></dt>
<dd>Defined to the minor version number of Clang (e.g., the 0 in
2.0.1).</dd>
<dt><code>__clang_patchlevel__</code></dt>
<dd>Defined to the patch level of Clang (e.g., the 1 in 2.0.1).</dd>
<dt><code>__clang_version__</code></dt>
<dd>Defined to a string that captures the Clang version, including
the Subversion tag or revision number, e.g., "1.5 (trunk
102332)".</dd>
</dl>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="vectors">Vectors and Extended Vectors</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>Supports the GCC vector extensions, plus some stuff like V[1].</p>
<p>Also supports <tt>ext_vector</tt>, which additionally support for V.xyzw
syntax and other tidbits as seen in OpenCL. An example is:</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
typedef float float4 <b>__attribute__((ext_vector_type(4)))</b>;
typedef float float2 <b>__attribute__((ext_vector_type(2)))</b>;
float4 foo(float2 a, float2 b) {
float4 c;
c.xz = a;
c.yw = b;
return c;
}
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>Query for this feature with __has_extension(attribute_ext_vector_type).</p>
<p>See also <a href="#__builtin_shufflevector">__builtin_shufflevector</a>.</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="deprecated">Messages on <tt>deprecated</tt> and <tt>unavailable</tt> Attributes</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>An optional string message can be added to the <tt>deprecated</tt>
and <tt>unavailable</tt> attributes. For example:</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>void explode(void) __attribute__((deprecated("extremely unsafe, use 'combust' instead!!!")));</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>If the deprecated or unavailable declaration is used, the message
will be incorporated into the appropriate diagnostic:</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>harmless.c:4:3: warning: 'explode' is deprecated: extremely unsafe, use 'combust' instead!!! [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
explode();
^</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>Query for this feature
with <tt>__has_extension(attribute_deprecated_with_message)</tt>
and <tt>__has_extension(attribute_unavailable_with_message)</tt>.</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="attributes-on-enumerators">Attributes on Enumerators</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>Clang allows attributes to be written on individual enumerators.
This allows enumerators to be deprecated, made unavailable, etc. The
attribute must appear after the enumerator name and before any
initializer, like so:</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>enum OperationMode {
OM_Invalid,
OM_Normal,
OM_Terrified __attribute__((deprecated)),
OM_AbortOnError __attribute__((deprecated)) = 4
};</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>Attributes on the <tt>enum</tt> declaration do not apply to
individual enumerators.</p>
<p>Query for this feature with <tt>__has_extension(enumerator_attributes)</tt>.</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="checking_language_features">Checks for Standard Language Features</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>The <tt>__has_feature</tt> macro can be used to query if certain standard language features are
enabled. Those features are listed here.</p>
<h3 id="cxx_exceptions">C++ exceptions</h3>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_exceptions)</tt> to determine if C++ exceptions have been enabled. For
example, compiling code with <tt>-fexceptions</tt> enables C++ exceptions.</p>
<h3 id="cxx_rtti">C++ RTTI</h3>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_rtti)</tt> to determine if C++ RTTI has been enabled. For example,
compiling code with <tt>-fno-rtti</tt> disables the use of RTTI.</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="checking_upcoming_features">Checks for Upcoming Standard Language Features</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>The <tt>__has_feature</tt> or <tt>__has_extension</tt> macros can be used
to query if certain upcoming standard language features are enabled. Those
features are listed here. Features that are not yet implemented will be
noted.</p>
<h3 id="cxx0x">C++0x</h3>
<p>The features listed below are slated for inclusion in the upcoming
C++0x standard. As a result, all these features are enabled
with the <tt>-std=c++0x</tt> option when compiling C++ code.</p>
<h4 id="cxx_decltype">C++0x <tt>decltype()</tt></h4>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_decltype)</tt> or
<tt>__has_extension(cxx_decltype)</tt> to determine if support for the
<tt>decltype()</tt> specifier is enabled.</p>
<h4 id="cxx_access_control_sfinae">C++0x SFINAE includes access control</h4>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_access_control_sfinae)</tt> or <tt>__has_extension(cxx_access_control_sfinae)</tt> to determine whether access-control errors (e.g., calling a private constructor) are considered to be template argument deduction errors (aka SFINAE errors), per <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/cwg_defects.html#1170">C++ DR1170</a>.</p>
<h4 id="cxx_alias_templates">C++0x alias templates</h4>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_alias_templates)</tt> or
<tt>__has_extension(cxx_alias_templates)</tt> to determine if support for
C++0x's alias declarations and alias templates is enabled.</p>
<h4 id="cxx_attributes">C++0x attributes</h4>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_attributes)</tt> or
<tt>__has_extension(cxx_attributes)</tt> to determine if support for attribute
parsing with C++0x's square bracket notation is enabled.</p>
<h4 id="cxx_default_function_template_args">C++0x default template arguments in function templates</h4>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_default_function_template_args)</tt> or
<tt>__has_extension(cxx_default_function_template_args)</tt> to determine
if support for default template arguments in function templates is enabled.</p>
<h4 id="cxx_deleted_functions">C++0x <tt>delete</tt>d functions</h4>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_deleted_functions)</tt> or
<tt>__has_extension(cxx_deleted_functions)</tt> to determine if support for
deleted function definitions (with <tt>= delete</tt>) is enabled.</p>
<h4 id="cxx_lambdas">C++0x lambdas</h4>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_lambdas)</tt> or
<tt>__has_extension(cxx_lambdas)</tt> to determine if support for lambdas
is enabled. clang does not currently implement this feature.</p>
<h4 id="cxx_nullptr">C++0x <tt>nullptr</tt></h4>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_nullptr)</tt> or
<tt>__has_extension(cxx_nullptr)</tt> to determine if support for
<tt>nullptr</tt> is enabled.</p>
<h4 id="cxx_override_control">C++0x <tt>override control</tt></h4>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_override_control)</tt> or
<tt>__has_extension(cxx_override_control)</tt> to determine if support for
the override control keywords is enabled.</p>
<h4 id="cxx_reference_qualified_functions">C++0x reference-qualified functions</h4>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_reference_qualified_functions)</tt> or
<tt>__has_extension(cxx_reference_qualified_functions)</tt> to determine
if support for reference-qualified functions (e.g., member functions with
<code>&amp;</code> or <code>&amp;&amp;</code> applied to <code>*this</code>)
is enabled.</p>
<h4 id="cxx_range_for">C++0x range-based <tt>for</tt> loop</h4>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_range_for)</tt> or
<tt>__has_extension(cxx_range_for)</tt> to determine if support for the
range-based for loop is enabled. </p>
<h4 id="cxx_rvalue_references">C++0x rvalue references</h4>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_rvalue_references)</tt> or
<tt>__has_extension(cxx_rvalue_references)</tt> to determine if support for
rvalue references is enabled. </p>
<h4 id="cxx_static_assert">C++0x <tt>static_assert()</tt></h4>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_static_assert)</tt> or
<tt>__has_extension(cxx_static_assert)</tt> to determine if support for
compile-time assertions using <tt>static_assert</tt> is enabled.</p>
<h4 id="cxx_auto_type">C++0x type inference</h4>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_auto_type)</tt> or
<tt>__has_extension(cxx_auto_type)</tt> to determine C++0x type inference is
supported using the <tt>auto</tt> specifier. If this is disabled, <tt>auto</tt>
will instead be a storage class specifier, as in C or C++98.</p>
<h4 id="cxx_variadic_templates">C++0x variadic templates</h4>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_variadic_templates)</tt> or
<tt>__has_extension(cxx_variadic_templates)</tt> to determine if support
for variadic templates is enabled.</p>
<h4 id="cxx_inline_namespaces">C++0x inline namespaces</h4>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_inline_namespaces)</tt> or
<tt>__has_extension(cxx_inline_namespaces)</tt> to determine if support for
inline namespaces is enabled.</p>
<h4 id="cxx_trailing_return">C++0x trailing return type</h4>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_trailing_return)</tt> or
<tt>__has_extension(cxx_trailing_return)</tt> to determine if support for the
alternate function declaration syntax with trailing return type is enabled.</p>
<h4 id="cxx_noexcept">C++0x noexcept</h4>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_noexcept)</tt> or
<tt>__has_extension(cxx_noexcept)</tt> to determine if support for noexcept
exception specifications is enabled.</p>
<h4 id="cxx_strong_enums">C++0x strongly typed enumerations</h4>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_strong_enums)</tt> or
<tt>__has_extension(cxx_strong_enums)</tt> to determine if support for
strongly typed, scoped enumerations is enabled.</p>
<h3 id="c1x">C1X</h3>
<p>The features listed below are slated for inclusion in the upcoming
C1X standard. As a result, all these features are enabled
with the <tt>-std=c1x</tt> option when compiling C code.</p>
<h4 id="c_generic_selections">C1X generic selections</h4>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(c_generic_selections)</tt> or
<tt>__has_extension(c_generic_selections)</tt> to determine if support for
generic selections is enabled.</p>
<p>As an extension, the C1X generic selection expression is available in all
languages supported by Clang. The syntax is the same as that given in the
C1X draft standard.</p>
<p>In C, type compatibility is decided according to the rules given in the
appropriate standard, but in C++, which lacks the type compatibility rules
used in C, types are considered compatible only if they are equivalent.</p>
<h4 id="c_static_assert">C1X <tt>_Static_assert()</tt></h4>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(c_static_assert)</tt> or
<tt>__has_extension(c_static_assert)</tt> to determine if support for
compile-time assertions using <tt>_Static_assert</tt> is enabled.</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="checking_type_traits">Checks for Type Traits</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>Clang supports the <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Type-Traits.html">GNU C++ type traits</a> and a subset of the <a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms177194(v=VS.100).aspx">Microsoft Visual C++ Type traits</a>. For each supported type trait <code>__X</code>, <code>__has_extension(X)</code> indicates the presence of the type trait. For example:
<blockquote>
<pre>
#if __has_extension(is_convertible_to)
template&lt;typename From, typename To&gt;
struct is_convertible_to {
static const bool value = __is_convertible_to(From, To);
};
#else
// Emulate type trait
#endif
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>The following type traits are supported by Clang:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>__has_nothrow_assign</code> (GNU, Microsoft)</li>
<li><code>__has_nothrow_copy</code> (GNU, Microsoft)</li>
<li><code>__has_nothrow_constructor</code> (GNU, Microsoft)</li>
<li><code>__has_trivial_assign</code> (GNU, Microsoft)</li>
<li><code>__has_trivial_copy</code> (GNU, Microsoft)</li>
<li><code>__has_trivial_constructor</code> (GNU, Microsoft)</li>
<li><code>__has_trivial_destructor</code> (GNU, Microsoft)</li>
<li><code>__has_virtual_destructor</code> (GNU, Microsoft)</li>
<li><code>__is_abstract</code> (GNU, Microsoft)</li>
<li><code>__is_base_of</code> (GNU, Microsoft)</li>
<li><code>__is_class</code> (GNU, Microsoft)</li>
<li><code>__is_convertible_to</code> (Microsoft)</li>
<li><code>__is_empty</code> (GNU, Microsoft)</li>
<li><code>__is_enum</code> (GNU, Microsoft)</li>
<li><code>__is_pod</code> (GNU, Microsoft)</li>
<li><code>__is_polymorphic</code> (GNU, Microsoft)</li>
<li><code>__is_union</code> (GNU, Microsoft)</li>
<li><code>__is_literal(type)</code>: Determines whether the given type is a literal type</li>
</ul>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="blocks">Blocks</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>The syntax and high level language feature description is in <a
href="BlockLanguageSpec.txt">BlockLanguageSpec.txt</a>. Implementation and ABI
details for the clang implementation are in <a
href="Block-ABI-Apple.txt">Block-ABI-Apple.txt</a>.</p>
<p>Query for this feature with __has_extension(blocks).</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="objc_features">Objective-C Features</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h3 id="objc_instancetype">Related result types</h3>
<p>According to Cocoa conventions, Objective-C methods with certain names ("init", "alloc", etc.) always return objects that are an instance of the receiving class's type. Such methods are said to have a "related result type", meaning that a message send to one of these methods will have the same static type as an instance of the receiver class. For example, given the following classes:</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
@interface NSObject
+ (id)alloc;
- (id)init;
@end
@interface NSArray : NSObject
@end
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>and this common initialization pattern</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
NSArray *array = [[NSArray alloc] init];
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>the type of the expression <code>[NSArray alloc]</code> is
<code>NSArray*</code> because <code>alloc</code> implicitly has a
related result type. Similarly, the type of the expression
<code>[[NSArray alloc] init]</code> is <code>NSArray*</code>, since
<code>init</code> has a related result type and its receiver is known
to have the type <code>NSArray *</code>. If neither <code>alloc</code> nor <code>init</code> had a related result type, the expressions would have had type <code>id</code>, as declared in the method signature.</p>
<p>To determine whether a method has a related result type, the first
word in the camel-case selector (e.g., "init" in "initWithObjects") is
considered, and the method will a related result type if its return
type is compatible with the type of its class and if</p>
<ul>
<li>the first word is "alloc" or "new", and the method is a class
method, or</li>
<li>the first word is "autorelease", "init", "retain", or "self",
and the method is an instance method.</li>
</ul>
<p>If a method with a related result type is overridden by a subclass
method, the subclass method must also return a type that is compatible
with the subclass type. For example:</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
@interface NSString : NSObject
- (NSUnrelated *)init; // incorrect usage: NSUnrelated is not NSString or a superclass of NSString
@end
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>Related result types only affect the type of a message send or
property access via the given method. In all other respects, a method
with a related result type is treated the same way as method without a
related result type.</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="objc_arc">Automatic reference counting </h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>Clang provides support for <a href="AutomaticReferenceCounting.html">automated reference counting</a> in Objective-C, which eliminates the need for manual retain/release/autorelease message sends. There are two feature macros associated with automatic reference counting: <code>__has_feature(objc_arc)</code> indicates the availability of automated reference counting in general, while <code>__has_feature(objc_arc_weak)</code> indicates that automated reference counting also includes support for <code>__weak</code> pointers to Objective-C objects.</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="overloading-in-c">Function Overloading in C</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>Clang provides support for C++ function overloading in C. Function
overloading in C is introduced using the <tt>overloadable</tt> attribute. For
example, one might provide several overloaded versions of a <tt>tgsin</tt>
function that invokes the appropriate standard function computing the sine of a
value with <tt>float</tt>, <tt>double</tt>, or <tt>long double</tt>
precision:</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
#include &lt;math.h&gt;
float <b>__attribute__((overloadable))</b> tgsin(float x) { return sinf(x); }
double <b>__attribute__((overloadable))</b> tgsin(double x) { return sin(x); }
long double <b>__attribute__((overloadable))</b> tgsin(long double x) { return sinl(x); }
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>Given these declarations, one can call <tt>tgsin</tt> with a
<tt>float</tt> value to receive a <tt>float</tt> result, with a
<tt>double</tt> to receive a <tt>double</tt> result, etc. Function
overloading in C follows the rules of C++ function overloading to pick
the best overload given the call arguments, with a few C-specific
semantics:</p>
<ul>
<li>Conversion from <tt>float</tt> or <tt>double</tt> to <tt>long
double</tt> is ranked as a floating-point promotion (per C99) rather
than as a floating-point conversion (as in C++).</li>
<li>A conversion from a pointer of type <tt>T*</tt> to a pointer of type
<tt>U*</tt> is considered a pointer conversion (with conversion
rank) if <tt>T</tt> and <tt>U</tt> are compatible types.</li>
<li>A conversion from type <tt>T</tt> to a value of type <tt>U</tt>
is permitted if <tt>T</tt> and <tt>U</tt> are compatible types. This
conversion is given "conversion" rank.</li>
</ul>
<p>The declaration of <tt>overloadable</tt> functions is restricted to
function declarations and definitions. Most importantly, if any
function with a given name is given the <tt>overloadable</tt>
attribute, then all function declarations and definitions with that
name (and in that scope) must have the <tt>overloadable</tt>
attribute. This rule even applies to redeclarations of functions whose original
declaration had the <tt>overloadable</tt> attribute, e.g.,</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
int f(int) __attribute__((overloadable));
float f(float); <i>// error: declaration of "f" must have the "overloadable" attribute</i>
int g(int) __attribute__((overloadable));
int g(int) { } <i>// error: redeclaration of "g" must also have the "overloadable" attribute</i>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>Functions marked <tt>overloadable</tt> must have
prototypes. Therefore, the following code is ill-formed:</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
int h() __attribute__((overloadable)); <i>// error: h does not have a prototype</i>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>However, <tt>overloadable</tt> functions are allowed to use a
ellipsis even if there are no named parameters (as is permitted in C++). This feature is particularly useful when combined with the <tt>unavailable</tt> attribute:</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
void honeypot(...) __attribute__((overloadable, unavailable)); <i>// calling me is an error</i>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>Functions declared with the <tt>overloadable</tt> attribute have
their names mangled according to the same rules as C++ function
names. For example, the three <tt>tgsin</tt> functions in our
motivating example get the mangled names <tt>_Z5tgsinf</tt>,
<tt>_Z5tgsind</tt>, and <tt>_Z5tgsine</tt>, respectively. There are two
caveats to this use of name mangling:</p>
<ul>
<li>Future versions of Clang may change the name mangling of
functions overloaded in C, so you should not depend on an specific
mangling. To be completely safe, we strongly urge the use of
<tt>static inline</tt> with <tt>overloadable</tt> functions.</li>
<li>The <tt>overloadable</tt> attribute has almost no meaning when
used in C++, because names will already be mangled and functions are
already overloadable. However, when an <tt>overloadable</tt>
function occurs within an <tt>extern "C"</tt> linkage specification,
it's name <i>will</i> be mangled in the same way as it would in
C.</li>
</ul>
<p>Query for this feature with __has_extension(attribute_overloadable).</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="builtins">Builtin Functions</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>Clang supports a number of builtin library functions with the same syntax as
GCC, including things like <tt>__builtin_nan</tt>,
<tt>__builtin_constant_p</tt>, <tt>__builtin_choose_expr</tt>,
<tt>__builtin_types_compatible_p</tt>, <tt>__sync_fetch_and_add</tt>, etc. In
addition to the GCC builtins, Clang supports a number of builtins that GCC does
not, which are listed here.</p>
<p>Please note that Clang does not and will not support all of the GCC builtins
for vector operations. Instead of using builtins, you should use the functions
defined in target-specific header files like <tt>&lt;xmmintrin.h&gt;</tt>, which
define portable wrappers for these. Many of the Clang versions of these
functions are implemented directly in terms of <a href="#vectors">extended
vector support</a> instead of builtins, in order to reduce the number of
builtins that we need to implement.</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h3><a name="__builtin_shufflevector">__builtin_shufflevector</a></h3>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p><tt>__builtin_shufflevector</tt> is used to express generic vector
permutation/shuffle/swizzle operations. This builtin is also very important for
the implementation of various target-specific header files like
<tt>&lt;xmmintrin.h&gt;</tt>.
</p>
<p><b>Syntax:</b></p>
<pre>
__builtin_shufflevector(vec1, vec2, index1, index2, ...)
</pre>
<p><b>Examples:</b></p>
<pre>
// Identity operation - return 4-element vector V1.
__builtin_shufflevector(V1, V1, 0, 1, 2, 3)
// "Splat" element 0 of V1 into a 4-element result.
__builtin_shufflevector(V1, V1, 0, 0, 0, 0)
// Reverse 4-element vector V1.
__builtin_shufflevector(V1, V1, 3, 2, 1, 0)
// Concatenate every other element of 4-element vectors V1 and V2.
__builtin_shufflevector(V1, V2, 0, 2, 4, 6)
// Concatenate every other element of 8-element vectors V1 and V2.
__builtin_shufflevector(V1, V2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14)
</pre>
<p><b>Description:</b></p>
<p>The first two arguments to __builtin_shufflevector are vectors that have the
same element type. The remaining arguments are a list of integers that specify
the elements indices of the first two vectors that should be extracted and
returned in a new vector. These element indices are numbered sequentially
starting with the first vector, continuing into the second vector. Thus, if
vec1 is a 4-element vector, index 5 would refer to the second element of vec2.
</p>
<p>The result of __builtin_shufflevector is a vector
with the same element type as vec1/vec2 but that has an element count equal to
the number of indices specified.
</p>
<p>Query for this feature with __has_builtin(__builtin_shufflevector).</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h3><a name="__builtin_unreachable">__builtin_unreachable</a></h3>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p><tt>__builtin_unreachable</tt> is used to indicate that a specific point in
the program cannot be reached, even if the compiler might otherwise think it
can. This is useful to improve optimization and eliminates certain warnings.
For example, without the <tt>__builtin_unreachable</tt> in the example below,
the compiler assumes that the inline asm can fall through and prints a "function
declared 'noreturn' should not return" warning.
</p>
<p><b>Syntax:</b></p>
<pre>
__builtin_unreachable()
</pre>
<p><b>Example of Use:</b></p>
<pre>
void myabort(void) __attribute__((noreturn));
void myabort(void) {
asm("int3");
__builtin_unreachable();
}
</pre>
<p><b>Description:</b></p>
<p>The __builtin_unreachable() builtin has completely undefined behavior. Since
it has undefined behavior, it is a statement that it is never reached and the
optimizer can take advantage of this to produce better code. This builtin takes
no arguments and produces a void result.
</p>
<p>Query for this feature with __has_builtin(__builtin_unreachable).</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h3><a name="__sync_swap">__sync_swap</a></h3>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p><tt>__sync_swap</tt> is used to atomically swap integers or pointers in
memory.
</p>
<p><b>Syntax:</b></p>
<pre>
<i>type</i> __sync_swap(<i>type</i> *ptr, <i>type</i> value, ...)
</pre>
<p><b>Example of Use:</b></p>
<pre>
int old_value = __sync_swap(&amp;value, new_value);
</pre>
<p><b>Description:</b></p>
<p>The __sync_swap() builtin extends the existing __sync_*() family of atomic
intrinsics to allow code to atomically swap the current value with the new
value. More importantly, it helps developers write more efficient and correct
code by avoiding expensive loops around __sync_bool_compare_and_swap() or
relying on the platform specific implementation details of
__sync_lock_test_and_set(). The __sync_swap() builtin is a full barrier.
</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="targetspecific">Target-Specific Extensions</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>Clang supports some language features conditionally on some targets.</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h3 id="x86-specific">X86/X86-64 Language Extensions</h3>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>The X86 backend has these language extensions:</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h4 id="x86-gs-segment">Memory references off the GS segment</h4>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>Annotating a pointer with address space #256 causes it to be code generated
relative to the X86 GS segment register, and address space #257 causes it to be
relative to the X86 FS segment. Note that this is a very very low-level
feature that should only be used if you know what you're doing (for example in
an OS kernel).</p>
<p>Here is an example:</p>
<pre>
#define GS_RELATIVE __attribute__((address_space(256)))
int foo(int GS_RELATIVE *P) {
return *P;
}
</pre>
<p>Which compiles to (on X86-32):</p>
<pre>
_foo:
movl 4(%esp), %eax
movl %gs:(%eax), %eax
ret
</pre>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="analyzerspecific">Static Analysis-Specific Extensions</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>Clang supports additional attributes that are useful for documenting program
invariants and rules for static analysis tools. The extensions documented here
are used by the <a
href="http://clang.llvm.org/StaticAnalysis.html">path-sensitive static analyzer
engine</a> that is part of Clang's Analysis library.</p>
<h3 id="attr_analyzer_noreturn">The <tt>analyzer_noreturn</tt> attribute</h3>
<p>Clang's static analysis engine understands the standard <tt>noreturn</tt>
attribute. This attribute, which is typically affixed to a function prototype,
indicates that a call to a given function never returns. Function prototypes for
common functions like <tt>exit</tt> are typically annotated with this attribute,
as well as a variety of common assertion handlers. Users can educate the static
analyzer about their own custom assertion handles (thus cutting down on false
positives due to false paths) by marking their own &quot;panic&quot; functions
with this attribute.</p>
<p>While useful, <tt>noreturn</tt> is not applicable in all cases. Sometimes
there are special functions that for all intents and purposes should be
considered panic functions (i.e., they are only called when an internal program
error occurs) but may actually return so that the program can fail gracefully.
The <tt>analyzer_noreturn</tt> attribute allows one to annotate such functions
as being interpreted as &quot;no return&quot; functions by the analyzer (thus
pruning bogus paths) but will not affect compilation (as in the case of
<tt>noreturn</tt>).</p>
<p><b>Usage</b>: The <tt>analyzer_noreturn</tt> attribute can be placed in the
same places where the <tt>noreturn</tt> attribute can be placed. It is commonly
placed at the end of function prototypes:</p>
<pre>
void foo() <b>__attribute__((analyzer_noreturn))</b>;
</pre>
<p>Query for this feature with
<tt>__has_attribute(analyzer_noreturn)</tt>.</p>
<h3 id="attr_method_family">The <tt>objc_method_family</tt> attribute</h3>
<p>Many methods in Objective-C have conventional meanings determined
by their selectors. For the purposes of static analysis, it is
sometimes useful to be able to mark a method as having a particular
conventional meaning despite not having the right selector, or as not
having the conventional meaning that its selector would suggest.
For these use cases, we provide an attribute to specifically describe
the <q>method family</q> that a method belongs to.</p>
<p><b>Usage</b>: <tt>__attribute__((objc_method_family(X)))</tt>,
where <tt>X</tt> is one of <tt>none</tt>, <tt>alloc</tt>, <tt>copy</tt>,
<tt>init</tt>, <tt>mutableCopy</tt>, or <tt>new</tt>. This attribute
can only be placed at the end of a method declaration:</p>
<pre>
- (NSString*) initMyStringValue <b>__attribute__((objc_method_family(none)))</b>;
</pre>
<p>Users who do not wish to change the conventional meaning of a
method, and who merely want to document its non-standard retain and
release semantics, should use the
<a href="#attr_retain_release">retaining behavior attributes</a>
described below.</p>
<p>Query for this feature with
<tt>__has_attribute(objc_method_family)</tt>.</p>
<h3 id="attr_retain_release">Objective-C retaining behavior attributes</h3>
<p>In Objective-C, functions and methods are generally assumed to take
and return objects with +0 retain counts, with some exceptions for
special methods like <tt>+alloc</tt> and <tt>init</tt>. However,
there are exceptions, and so Clang provides attributes to allow these
exceptions to be documented, which helps the analyzer find leaks (and
ignore non-leaks). Some exceptions may be better described using
the <a href="#attr_method_family"><tt>objc_method_family</tt></a>
attribute instead.</p>
<p><b>Usage</b>: The <tt>ns_returns_retained</tt>, <tt>ns_returns_not_retained</tt>,
<tt>ns_returns_autoreleased</tt>, <tt>cf_returns_retained</tt>,
and <tt>cf_returns_not_retained</tt> attributes can be placed on
methods and functions that return Objective-C or CoreFoundation
objects. They are commonly placed at the end of a function prototype
or method declaration:</p>
<pre>
id foo() <b>__attribute__((ns_returns_retained))</b>;
- (NSString*) bar: (int) x <b>__attribute__((ns_returns_retained))</b>;
</pre>
<p>The <tt>*_returns_retained</tt> attributes specify that the
returned object has a +1 retain count.
The <tt>*_returns_not_retained</tt> attributes specify that the return
object has a +0 retain count, even if the normal convention for its
selector would be +1. <tt>ns_returns_autoreleased</tt> specifies that the
returned object is +0, but is guaranteed to live at least as long as the
next flush of an autorelease pool.</p>
<p><b>Usage</b>: The <tt>ns_consumed</tt> and <tt>cf_consumed</tt>
attributes can be placed on an parameter declaration; they specify
that the argument is expected to have a +1 retain count, which will be
balanced in some way by the function or method.
The <tt>ns_consumes_self</tt> attribute can only be placed on an
Objective-C method; it specifies that the method expects
its <tt>self</tt> parameter to have a +1 retain count, which it will
balance in some way.</p>
<pre>
void <b>foo(__attribute__((ns_consumed))</b> NSString *string);
- (void) bar <b>__attribute__((ns_consumes_self))</b>;
- (void) baz: (id) <b>__attribute__((ns_consumed))</b> x;
</pre>
<p>Query for these features with <tt>__has_attribute(ns_consumed)</tt>,
<tt>__has_attribute(ns_returns_retained)</tt>, etc.</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>