llvm/lib/CodeGen/ImplicitNullChecks.cpp

//===-- ImplicitNullChecks.cpp - Fold null checks into memory accesses ----===//
//
//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
//
// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This pass turns explicit null checks of the form
//
//   test %r10, %r10
//   je throw_npe
//   movl (%r10), %esi
//   ...
//
// to
//
//   faulting_load_op("movl (%r10), %esi", throw_npe)
//   ...
//
// With the help of a runtime that understands the .fault_maps section,
// faulting_load_op branches to throw_npe if executing movl (%r10), %esi incurs
// a page fault.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "llvm/ADT/DenseSet.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/Statistic.h"
#include "llvm/Analysis/AliasAnalysis.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/Passes.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineFunction.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineMemOperand.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineOperand.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineFunctionPass.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineInstrBuilder.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineRegisterInfo.h"
#include "llvm/CodeGen/MachineModuleInfo.h"
#include "llvm/IR/BasicBlock.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Instruction.h"
#include "llvm/IR/LLVMContext.h"
#include "llvm/Support/CommandLine.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Debug.h"
#include "llvm/Target/TargetSubtargetInfo.h"
#include "llvm/Target/TargetInstrInfo.h"

using namespace llvm;

static cl::opt<int> PageSize("imp-null-check-page-size",
                             cl::desc("The page size of the target in bytes"),
                             cl::init(4096));

static cl::opt<unsigned> MaxInstsToConsider(
    "imp-null-max-insts-to-consider",
    cl::desc("The max number of instructions to consider hoisting loads over "
             "(the algorithm is quadratic over this number)"),
    cl::init(8));

#define DEBUG_TYPE "implicit-null-checks"

STATISTIC(NumImplicitNullChecks,
          "Number of explicit null checks made implicit");

namespace {

class ImplicitNullChecks : public MachineFunctionPass {
  /// Return true if \c computeDependence can process \p MI.
  static bool canHandle(const MachineInstr *MI);

  /// Helper function for \c computeDependence.  Return true if \p A
  /// and \p B do not have any dependences between them, and can be
  /// re-ordered without changing program semantics.
  bool canReorder(const MachineInstr *A, const MachineInstr *B);

  /// A data type for representing the result computed by \c
  /// computeDependence.  States whether it is okay to reorder the
  /// instruction passed to \c computeDependence with at most one
  /// depednency.
  struct DependenceResult {
    /// Can we actually re-order \p MI with \p Insts (see \c
    /// computeDependence).
    bool CanReorder;

    /// If non-None, then an instruction in \p Insts that also must be
    /// hoisted.
    Optional<ArrayRef<MachineInstr *>::iterator> PotentialDependence;

    /*implicit*/ DependenceResult(
        bool CanReorder,
        Optional<ArrayRef<MachineInstr *>::iterator> PotentialDependence)
        : CanReorder(CanReorder), PotentialDependence(PotentialDependence) {
      assert((!PotentialDependence || CanReorder) &&
             "!CanReorder && PotentialDependence.hasValue() not allowed!");
    }
  };

  /// Compute a result for the following question: can \p MI be
  /// re-ordered from after \p Insts to before it.
  ///
  /// \c canHandle should return true for all instructions in \p
  /// Insts.
  DependenceResult computeDependence(const MachineInstr *MI,
                                     ArrayRef<MachineInstr *> Insts);

  /// Represents one null check that can be made implicit.
  class NullCheck {
    // The memory operation the null check can be folded into.
    MachineInstr *MemOperation;

    // The instruction actually doing the null check (Ptr != 0).
    MachineInstr *CheckOperation;

    // The block the check resides in.
    MachineBasicBlock *CheckBlock;

    // The block branched to if the pointer is non-null.
    MachineBasicBlock *NotNullSucc;

    // The block branched to if the pointer is null.
    MachineBasicBlock *NullSucc;

    // If this is non-null, then MemOperation has a dependency on on this
    // instruction; and it needs to be hoisted to execute before MemOperation.
    MachineInstr *OnlyDependency;

  public:
    explicit NullCheck(MachineInstr *memOperation, MachineInstr *checkOperation,
                       MachineBasicBlock *checkBlock,
                       MachineBasicBlock *notNullSucc,
                       MachineBasicBlock *nullSucc,
                       MachineInstr *onlyDependency)
        : MemOperation(memOperation), CheckOperation(checkOperation),
          CheckBlock(checkBlock), NotNullSucc(notNullSucc), NullSucc(nullSucc),
          OnlyDependency(onlyDependency) {}

    MachineInstr *getMemOperation() const { return MemOperation; }

    MachineInstr *getCheckOperation() const { return CheckOperation; }

    MachineBasicBlock *getCheckBlock() const { return CheckBlock; }

    MachineBasicBlock *getNotNullSucc() const { return NotNullSucc; }

    MachineBasicBlock *getNullSucc() const { return NullSucc; }

    MachineInstr *getOnlyDependency() const { return OnlyDependency; }
  };

  const TargetInstrInfo *TII = nullptr;
  const TargetRegisterInfo *TRI = nullptr;
  AliasAnalysis *AA = nullptr;
  MachineModuleInfo *MMI = nullptr;

  bool analyzeBlockForNullChecks(MachineBasicBlock &MBB,
                                 SmallVectorImpl<NullCheck> &NullCheckList);
  MachineInstr *insertFaultingLoad(MachineInstr *LoadMI, MachineBasicBlock *MBB,
                                   MachineBasicBlock *HandlerMBB);
  void rewriteNullChecks(ArrayRef<NullCheck> NullCheckList);

  /// Is \p MI a memory operation that can be used to implicitly null check the
  /// value in \p PointerReg?  \p PrevInsts is the set of instruction seen since
  /// the explicit null check on \p PointerReg.
  bool isSuitableMemoryOp(MachineInstr &MI, unsigned PointerReg,
                          ArrayRef<MachineInstr *> PrevInsts);

  /// Return true if \p FaultingMI can be hoisted from after the the
  /// instructions in \p InstsSeenSoFar to before them.  Set \p Dependence to a
  /// non-null value if we also need to (and legally can) hoist a depedency.
  bool canHoistLoadInst(MachineInstr *FaultingMI, unsigned PointerReg,
                        ArrayRef<MachineInstr *> InstsSeenSoFar,
                        MachineBasicBlock *NullSucc, MachineInstr *&Dependence);

public:
  static char ID;

  ImplicitNullChecks() : MachineFunctionPass(ID) {
    initializeImplicitNullChecksPass(*PassRegistry::getPassRegistry());
  }

  bool runOnMachineFunction(MachineFunction &MF) override;
  void getAnalysisUsage(AnalysisUsage &AU) const override {
    AU.addRequired<AAResultsWrapperPass>();
    MachineFunctionPass::getAnalysisUsage(AU);
  }

  MachineFunctionProperties getRequiredProperties() const override {
    return MachineFunctionProperties().set(
        MachineFunctionProperties::Property::NoVRegs);
  }
};

}

bool ImplicitNullChecks::canHandle(const MachineInstr *MI) {
  if (MI->isCall() || MI->mayStore() || MI->hasUnmodeledSideEffects())
    return false;
  auto IsRegMask = [](const MachineOperand &MO) { return MO.isRegMask(); };
  (void)IsRegMask;

  assert(!llvm::any_of(MI->operands(), IsRegMask) &&
         "Calls were filtered out above!");

  auto IsUnordered = [](MachineMemOperand *MMO) { return MMO->isUnordered(); };
  return llvm::all_of(MI->memoperands(), IsUnordered);
}

ImplicitNullChecks::DependenceResult
ImplicitNullChecks::computeDependence(const MachineInstr *MI,
                                      ArrayRef<MachineInstr *> Block) {
  assert(llvm::all_of(Block, canHandle) && "Check this first!");
  assert(!llvm::is_contained(Block, MI) && "Block must be exclusive of MI!");

  Optional<ArrayRef<MachineInstr *>::iterator> Dep;

  for (auto I = Block.begin(), E = Block.end(); I != E; ++I) {
    if (canReorder(*I, MI))
      continue;

    if (Dep == None) {
      // Found one possible dependency, keep track of it.
      Dep = I;
    } else {
      // We found two dependencies, so bail out.
      return {false, None};
    }
  }

  return {true, Dep};
}

bool ImplicitNullChecks::canReorder(const MachineInstr *A,
                                    const MachineInstr *B) {
  assert(canHandle(A) && canHandle(B) && "Precondition!");

  // canHandle makes sure that we _can_ correctly analyze the dependencies
  // between A and B here -- for instance, we should not be dealing with heap
  // load-store dependencies here.

  for (auto MOA : A->operands()) {
    if (!(MOA.isReg() && MOA.getReg()))
      continue;

    unsigned RegA = MOA.getReg();
    for (auto MOB : B->operands()) {
      if (!(MOB.isReg() && MOB.getReg()))
        continue;

      unsigned RegB = MOB.getReg();

      if (TRI->regsOverlap(RegA, RegB))
        return false;
    }
  }

  return true;
}

bool ImplicitNullChecks::runOnMachineFunction(MachineFunction &MF) {
  TII = MF.getSubtarget().getInstrInfo();
  TRI = MF.getRegInfo().getTargetRegisterInfo();
  MMI = &MF.getMMI();
  AA = &getAnalysis<AAResultsWrapperPass>().getAAResults();

  SmallVector<NullCheck, 16> NullCheckList;

  for (auto &MBB : MF)
    analyzeBlockForNullChecks(MBB, NullCheckList);

  if (!NullCheckList.empty())
    rewriteNullChecks(NullCheckList);

  return !NullCheckList.empty();
}

// Return true if any register aliasing \p Reg is live-in into \p MBB.
static bool AnyAliasLiveIn(const TargetRegisterInfo *TRI,
                           MachineBasicBlock *MBB, unsigned Reg) {
  for (MCRegAliasIterator AR(Reg, TRI, /*IncludeSelf*/ true); AR.isValid();
       ++AR)
    if (MBB->isLiveIn(*AR))
      return true;
  return false;
}

bool ImplicitNullChecks::isSuitableMemoryOp(
    MachineInstr &MI, unsigned PointerReg, ArrayRef<MachineInstr *> PrevInsts) {
  int64_t Offset;
  unsigned BaseReg;

  if (!TII->getMemOpBaseRegImmOfs(MI, BaseReg, Offset, TRI) ||
      BaseReg != PointerReg)
    return false;

  // We want the load to be issued at a sane offset from PointerReg, so that
  // if PointerReg is null then the load reliably page faults.
  if (!(MI.mayLoad() && !MI.isPredicable() && Offset < PageSize))
    return false;

  // Finally, we need to make sure that the load instruction actually is
  // loading from PointerReg, and there isn't some re-definition of PointerReg
  // between the compare and the load.
  for (auto *PrevMI : PrevInsts)
    for (auto &PrevMO : PrevMI->operands())
      if (PrevMO.isReg() && PrevMO.getReg() &&
          TRI->regsOverlap(PrevMO.getReg(), PointerReg))
        return false;

  return true;
}

bool ImplicitNullChecks::canHoistLoadInst(
    MachineInstr *FaultingMI, unsigned PointerReg,
    ArrayRef<MachineInstr *> InstsSeenSoFar, MachineBasicBlock *NullSucc,
    MachineInstr *&Dependence) {
  auto DepResult = computeDependence(FaultingMI, InstsSeenSoFar);
  if (!DepResult.CanReorder)
    return false;

  if (!DepResult.PotentialDependence) {
    Dependence = nullptr;
    return true;
  }

  auto DependenceItr = *DepResult.PotentialDependence;
  auto *DependenceMI = *DependenceItr;

  // We don't want to reason about speculating loads.  Note -- at this point
  // we should have already filtered out all of the other non-speculatable
  // things, like calls and stores.
  assert(canHandle(DependenceMI) && "Should never have reached here!");
  if (DependenceMI->mayLoad())
    return false;

  for (auto &DependenceMO : DependenceMI->operands()) {
    if (!(DependenceMO.isReg() && DependenceMO.getReg()))
      continue;

    // Make sure that we won't clobber any live ins to the sibling block by
    // hoisting Dependency.  For instance, we can't hoist INST to before the
    // null check (even if it safe, and does not violate any dependencies in
    // the non_null_block) if %rdx is live in to _null_block.
    //
    //    test %rcx, %rcx
    //    je _null_block
    //  _non_null_block:
    //    %rdx<def> = INST
    //    ...
    //
    // This restriction does not apply to the faulting load inst because in
    // case the pointer loaded from is in the null page, the load will not
    // semantically execute, and affect machine state.  That is, if the load
    // was loading into %rax and it faults, the value of %rax should stay the
    // same as it would have been had the load not have executed and we'd have
    // branched to NullSucc directly.
    if (AnyAliasLiveIn(TRI, NullSucc, DependenceMO.getReg()))
      return false;

    // The Dependency can't be re-defining the base register -- then we won't
    // get the memory operation on the address we want.  This is already
    // checked in \c IsSuitableMemoryOp.
    assert(!TRI->regsOverlap(DependenceMO.getReg(), PointerReg) &&
           "Should have been checked before!");
  }

  auto DepDepResult =
      computeDependence(DependenceMI, {InstsSeenSoFar.begin(), DependenceItr});

  if (!DepDepResult.CanReorder || DepDepResult.PotentialDependence)
    return false;

  Dependence = DependenceMI;
  return true;
}

/// Analyze MBB to check if its terminating branch can be turned into an
/// implicit null check.  If yes, append a description of the said null check to
/// NullCheckList and return true, else return false.
bool ImplicitNullChecks::analyzeBlockForNullChecks(
    MachineBasicBlock &MBB, SmallVectorImpl<NullCheck> &NullCheckList) {
  typedef TargetInstrInfo::MachineBranchPredicate MachineBranchPredicate;

  MDNode *BranchMD = nullptr;
  if (auto *BB = MBB.getBasicBlock())
    BranchMD = BB->getTerminator()->getMetadata(LLVMContext::MD_make_implicit);

  if (!BranchMD)
    return false;

  MachineBranchPredicate MBP;

  if (TII->analyzeBranchPredicate(MBB, MBP, true))
    return false;

  // Is the predicate comparing an integer to zero?
  if (!(MBP.LHS.isReg() && MBP.RHS.isImm() && MBP.RHS.getImm() == 0 &&
        (MBP.Predicate == MachineBranchPredicate::PRED_NE ||
         MBP.Predicate == MachineBranchPredicate::PRED_EQ)))
    return false;

  // If we cannot erase the test instruction itself, then making the null check
  // implicit does not buy us much.
  if (!MBP.SingleUseCondition)
    return false;

  MachineBasicBlock *NotNullSucc, *NullSucc;

  if (MBP.Predicate == MachineBranchPredicate::PRED_NE) {
    NotNullSucc = MBP.TrueDest;
    NullSucc = MBP.FalseDest;
  } else {
    NotNullSucc = MBP.FalseDest;
    NullSucc = MBP.TrueDest;
  }

  // We handle the simplest case for now.  We can potentially do better by using
  // the machine dominator tree.
  if (NotNullSucc->pred_size() != 1)
    return false;

  // Starting with a code fragment like:
  //
  //   test %RAX, %RAX
  //   jne LblNotNull
  //
  //  LblNull:
  //   callq throw_NullPointerException
  //
  //  LblNotNull:
  //   Inst0
  //   Inst1
  //   ...
  //   Def = Load (%RAX + <offset>)
  //   ...
  //
  //
  // we want to end up with
  //
  //   Def = FaultingLoad (%RAX + <offset>), LblNull
  //   jmp LblNotNull ;; explicit or fallthrough
  //
  //  LblNotNull:
  //   Inst0
  //   Inst1
  //   ...
  //
  //  LblNull:
  //   callq throw_NullPointerException
  //
  //
  // To see why this is legal, consider the two possibilities:
  //
  //  1. %RAX is null: since we constrain <offset> to be less than PageSize, the
  //     load instruction dereferences the null page, causing a segmentation
  //     fault.
  //
  //  2. %RAX is not null: in this case we know that the load cannot fault, as
  //     otherwise the load would've faulted in the original program too and the
  //     original program would've been undefined.
  //
  // This reasoning cannot be extended to justify hoisting through arbitrary
  // control flow.  For instance, in the example below (in pseudo-C)
  //
  //    if (ptr == null) { throw_npe(); unreachable; }
  //    if (some_cond) { return 42; }
  //    v = ptr->field;  // LD
  //    ...
  //
  // we cannot (without code duplication) use the load marked "LD" to null check
  // ptr -- clause (2) above does not apply in this case.  In the above program
  // the safety of ptr->field can be dependent on some_cond; and, for instance,
  // ptr could be some non-null invalid reference that never gets loaded from
  // because some_cond is always true.

  const unsigned PointerReg = MBP.LHS.getReg();

  SmallVector<MachineInstr *, 8> InstsSeenSoFar;

  for (auto &MI : *NotNullSucc) {
    if (!canHandle(&MI) || InstsSeenSoFar.size() >= MaxInstsToConsider)
      return false;

    MachineInstr *Dependence;
    if (isSuitableMemoryOp(MI, PointerReg, InstsSeenSoFar) &&
        canHoistLoadInst(&MI, PointerReg, InstsSeenSoFar, NullSucc,
                         Dependence)) {
      NullCheckList.emplace_back(&MI, MBP.ConditionDef, &MBB, NotNullSucc,
                                 NullSucc, Dependence);
      return true;
    }

    InstsSeenSoFar.push_back(&MI);
  }

  return false;
}

/// Wrap a machine load instruction, LoadMI, into a FAULTING_LOAD_OP machine
/// instruction.  The FAULTING_LOAD_OP instruction does the same load as LoadMI
/// (defining the same register), and branches to HandlerMBB if the load
/// faults.  The FAULTING_LOAD_OP instruction is inserted at the end of MBB.
MachineInstr *
ImplicitNullChecks::insertFaultingLoad(MachineInstr *LoadMI,
                                       MachineBasicBlock *MBB,
                                       MachineBasicBlock *HandlerMBB) {
  const unsigned NoRegister = 0; // Guaranteed to be the NoRegister value for
                                 // all targets.

  DebugLoc DL;
  unsigned NumDefs = LoadMI->getDesc().getNumDefs();
  assert(NumDefs <= 1 && "other cases unhandled!");

  unsigned DefReg = NoRegister;
  if (NumDefs != 0) {
    DefReg = LoadMI->defs().begin()->getReg();
    assert(std::distance(LoadMI->defs().begin(), LoadMI->defs().end()) == 1 &&
           "expected exactly one def!");
  }

  auto MIB = BuildMI(MBB, DL, TII->get(TargetOpcode::FAULTING_LOAD_OP), DefReg)
                 .addMBB(HandlerMBB)
                 .addImm(LoadMI->getOpcode());

  for (auto &MO : LoadMI->uses())
    MIB.add(MO);

  MIB.setMemRefs(LoadMI->memoperands_begin(), LoadMI->memoperands_end());

  return MIB;
}

/// Rewrite the null checks in NullCheckList into implicit null checks.
void ImplicitNullChecks::rewriteNullChecks(
    ArrayRef<ImplicitNullChecks::NullCheck> NullCheckList) {
  DebugLoc DL;

  for (auto &NC : NullCheckList) {
    // Remove the conditional branch dependent on the null check.
    unsigned BranchesRemoved = TII->removeBranch(*NC.getCheckBlock());
    (void)BranchesRemoved;
    assert(BranchesRemoved > 0 && "expected at least one branch!");

    if (auto *DepMI = NC.getOnlyDependency()) {
      DepMI->removeFromParent();
      NC.getCheckBlock()->insert(NC.getCheckBlock()->end(), DepMI);
    }

    // Insert a faulting load where the conditional branch was originally.  We
    // check earlier ensures that this bit of code motion is legal.  We do not
    // touch the successors list for any basic block since we haven't changed
    // control flow, we've just made it implicit.
    MachineInstr *FaultingLoad = insertFaultingLoad(
        NC.getMemOperation(), NC.getCheckBlock(), NC.getNullSucc());
    // Now the values defined by MemOperation, if any, are live-in of
    // the block of MemOperation.
    // The original load operation may define implicit-defs alongside
    // the loaded value.
    MachineBasicBlock *MBB = NC.getMemOperation()->getParent();
    for (const MachineOperand &MO : FaultingLoad->operands()) {
      if (!MO.isReg() || !MO.isDef())
        continue;
      unsigned Reg = MO.getReg();
      if (!Reg || MBB->isLiveIn(Reg))
        continue;
      MBB->addLiveIn(Reg);
    }

    if (auto *DepMI = NC.getOnlyDependency()) {
      for (auto &MO : DepMI->operands()) {
        if (!MO.isReg() || !MO.getReg() || !MO.isDef())
          continue;
        if (!NC.getNotNullSucc()->isLiveIn(MO.getReg()))
          NC.getNotNullSucc()->addLiveIn(MO.getReg());
      }
    }

    NC.getMemOperation()->eraseFromParent();
    NC.getCheckOperation()->eraseFromParent();

    // Insert an *unconditional* branch to not-null successor.
    TII->insertBranch(*NC.getCheckBlock(), NC.getNotNullSucc(), nullptr,
                      /*Cond=*/None, DL);

    NumImplicitNullChecks++;
  }
}


char ImplicitNullChecks::ID = 0;
char &llvm::ImplicitNullChecksID = ImplicitNullChecks::ID;
INITIALIZE_PASS_BEGIN(ImplicitNullChecks, "implicit-null-checks",
                      "Implicit null checks", false, false)
INITIALIZE_PASS_DEPENDENCY(AAResultsWrapperPass)
INITIALIZE_PASS_END(ImplicitNullChecks, "implicit-null-checks",
                    "Implicit null checks", false, false)