llvm/lib/Transforms/IPO/SimplifyLibCalls.cpp

//===- SimplifyLibCalls.cpp - Optimize specific well-known library calls --===//
//
//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
//
// This file was developed by Reid Spencer and is distributed under the 
// University of Illinois Open Source License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This file implements a module pass that applies a variety of small 
// optimizations for calls to specific well-known function calls (e.g. runtime 
// library functions). For example, a call to the function "exit(3)" that 
// occurs within the main() function can be transformed into a simple "return 3"
// instruction. Any optimization that takes this form (replace call to library 
// function with simpler code that provides the same result) belongs in this 
// file. 
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#define DEBUG_TYPE "simplify-libcalls"
#include "llvm/Constants.h"
#include "llvm/DerivedTypes.h"
#include "llvm/Instructions.h"
#include "llvm/Module.h"
#include "llvm/Pass.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/hash_map"
#include "llvm/ADT/Statistic.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Debug.h"
#include "llvm/Target/TargetData.h"
#include "llvm/Transforms/IPO.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace llvm;

namespace {

/// This statistic keeps track of the total number of library calls that have
/// been simplified regardless of which call it is.
Statistic<> SimplifiedLibCalls("simplify-libcalls", 
  "Total number of library calls simplified");

// Forward declarations
class LibCallOptimization;
class SimplifyLibCalls;

/// This hash map is populated by the constructor for LibCallOptimization class.
/// Therefore all subclasses are registered here at static initialization time
/// and this list is what the SimplifyLibCalls pass uses to apply the individual
/// optimizations to the call sites.
/// @brief The list of optimizations deriving from LibCallOptimization
static hash_map<std::string,LibCallOptimization*> optlist;

/// This class is the abstract base class for the set of optimizations that
/// corresponds to one library call. The SimplifyLibCalls pass will call the
/// ValidateCalledFunction method to ask the optimization if a given Function
/// is the kind that the optimization can handle. If the subclass returns true,
/// then SImplifyLibCalls will also call the OptimizeCall method to perform, 
/// or attempt to perform, the optimization(s) for the library call. Otherwise,
/// OptimizeCall won't be called. Subclasses are responsible for providing the
/// name of the library call (strlen, strcpy, etc.) to the LibCallOptimization
/// constructor. This is used to efficiently select which call instructions to
/// optimize. The criteria for a "lib call" is "anything with well known 
/// semantics", typically a library function that is defined by an international
/// standard. Because the semantics are well known, the optimizations can 
/// generally short-circuit actually calling the function if there's a simpler
/// way (e.g. strlen(X) can be reduced to a constant if X is a constant global).
/// @brief Base class for library call optimizations
class LibCallOptimization
{
public:
  /// The \p fname argument must be the name of the library function being 
  /// optimized by the subclass.
  /// @brief Constructor that registers the optimization.
  LibCallOptimization(const char* fname, const char* description )
    : func_name(fname)
#ifndef NDEBUG
    , occurrences("simplify-libcalls",description)
#endif
  {
    // Register this call optimizer in the optlist (a hash_map)
    optlist[fname] = this;
  }

  /// @brief Deregister from the optlist
  virtual ~LibCallOptimization() { optlist.erase(func_name); }

  /// The implementation of this function in subclasses should determine if
  /// \p F is suitable for the optimization. This method is called by 
  /// SimplifyLibCalls::runOnModule to short circuit visiting all the call 
  /// sites of such a function if that function is not suitable in the first 
  /// place.  If the called function is suitabe, this method should return true;
  /// false, otherwise. This function should also perform any lazy 
  /// initialization that the LibCallOptimization needs to do, if its to return 
  /// true. This avoids doing initialization until the optimizer is actually
  /// going to be called upon to do some optimization.
  /// @brief Determine if the function is suitable for optimization
  virtual bool ValidateCalledFunction(
    const Function* F,    ///< The function that is the target of call sites
    SimplifyLibCalls& SLC ///< The pass object invoking us
  ) = 0;

  /// The implementations of this function in subclasses is the heart of the 
  /// SimplifyLibCalls algorithm. Sublcasses of this class implement 
  /// OptimizeCall to determine if (a) the conditions are right for optimizing
  /// the call and (b) to perform the optimization. If an action is taken 
  /// against ci, the subclass is responsible for returning true and ensuring
  /// that ci is erased from its parent.
  /// @brief Optimize a call, if possible.
  virtual bool OptimizeCall(
    CallInst* ci,          ///< The call instruction that should be optimized.
    SimplifyLibCalls& SLC  ///< The pass object invoking us
  ) = 0;

  /// @brief Get the name of the library call being optimized
  const char * getFunctionName() const { return func_name; }

#ifndef NDEBUG
  /// @brief Called by SimplifyLibCalls to update the occurrences statistic.
  void succeeded() { DEBUG(++occurrences); }
#endif

private:
  const char* func_name; ///< Name of the library call we optimize
#ifndef NDEBUG
  Statistic<> occurrences; ///< debug statistic (-debug-only=simplify-libcalls)
#endif
};

/// This class is an LLVM Pass that applies each of the LibCallOptimization 
/// instances to all the call sites in a module, relatively efficiently. The
/// purpose of this pass is to provide optimizations for calls to well-known 
/// functions with well-known semantics, such as those in the c library. The
/// class provides the basic infrastructure for handling runOnModule.  Whenever /// this pass finds a function call, it asks the appropriate optimizer to 
/// validate the call (ValidateLibraryCall). If it is validated, then
/// the OptimizeCall method is also called.
/// @brief A ModulePass for optimizing well-known function calls.
class SimplifyLibCalls : public ModulePass 
{
public:
  /// We need some target data for accurate signature details that are
  /// target dependent. So we require target data in our AnalysisUsage.
  /// @brief Require TargetData from AnalysisUsage.
  virtual void getAnalysisUsage(AnalysisUsage& Info) const
  {
    // Ask that the TargetData analysis be performed before us so we can use
    // the target data.
    Info.addRequired<TargetData>();
  }

  /// For this pass, process all of the function calls in the module, calling
  /// ValidateLibraryCall and OptimizeCall as appropriate.
  /// @brief Run all the lib call optimizations on a Module.
  virtual bool runOnModule(Module &M)
  {
    reset(M);

    bool result = false;

    // The call optimizations can be recursive. That is, the optimization might
    // generate a call to another function which can also be optimized. This way
    // we make the LibCallOptimization instances very specific to the case they 
    // handle. It also means we need to keep running over the function calls in 
    // the module until we don't get any more optimizations possible.
    bool found_optimization = false;
    do
    {
      found_optimization = false;
      for (Module::iterator FI = M.begin(), FE = M.end(); FI != FE; ++FI)
      {
        // All the "well-known" functions are external and have external linkage
        // because they live in a runtime library somewhere and were (probably) 
        // not compiled by LLVM.  So, we only act on external functions that 
        // have external linkage and non-empty uses.
        if (!FI->isExternal() || !FI->hasExternalLinkage() || FI->use_empty())
          continue;

        // Get the optimization class that pertains to this function
        LibCallOptimization* CO = optlist[FI->getName().c_str()];
        if (!CO)
          continue;

        // Make sure the called function is suitable for the optimization
        if (!CO->ValidateCalledFunction(FI,*this))
          continue;

        // Loop over each of the uses of the function
        for (Value::use_iterator UI = FI->use_begin(), UE = FI->use_end(); 
             UI != UE ; )
        {
          // If the use of the function is a call instruction
          if (CallInst* CI = dyn_cast<CallInst>(*UI++))
          {
            // Do the optimization on the LibCallOptimization.
            if (CO->OptimizeCall(CI,*this))
            {
              ++SimplifiedLibCalls;
              found_optimization = result = true;
#ifndef NDEBUG
              CO->succeeded();
#endif
            }
          }
        }
      }
    } while (found_optimization);
    return result;
  }

  /// @brief Return the *current* module we're working on.
  Module* getModule() const { return M; }

  /// @brief Return the *current* target data for the module we're working on.
  TargetData* getTargetData() const { return TD; }

  /// @brief Return the size_t type -- syntactic shortcut
  const Type* getIntPtrType() const { return TD->getIntPtrType(); }

  /// @brief Return a Function* for the fputc libcall
  Function* get_fputc(const Type* FILEptr_type)
  {
    if (!fputc_func)
    {
      std::vector<const Type*> args;
      args.push_back(Type::IntTy);
      args.push_back(FILEptr_type);
      FunctionType* fputc_type = 
        FunctionType::get(Type::IntTy, args, false);
      fputc_func = M->getOrInsertFunction("fputc",fputc_type);
    }
    return fputc_func;
  }

  /// @brief Return a Function* for the fwrite libcall
  Function* get_fwrite(const Type* FILEptr_type)
  {
    if (!fwrite_func)
    {
      std::vector<const Type*> args;
      args.push_back(PointerType::get(Type::SByteTy));
      args.push_back(TD->getIntPtrType());
      args.push_back(TD->getIntPtrType());
      args.push_back(FILEptr_type);
      FunctionType* fwrite_type = 
        FunctionType::get(TD->getIntPtrType(), args, false);
      fwrite_func = M->getOrInsertFunction("fwrite",fwrite_type);
    }
    return fwrite_func;
  }

  /// @brief Return a Function* for the sqrt libcall
  Function* get_sqrt()
  {
    if (!sqrt_func)
    {
      std::vector<const Type*> args;
      args.push_back(Type::DoubleTy);
      FunctionType* sqrt_type = 
        FunctionType::get(Type::DoubleTy, args, false);
      sqrt_func = M->getOrInsertFunction("sqrt",sqrt_type);
    }
    return sqrt_func;
  }

  /// @brief Return a Function* for the strlen libcall
  Function* get_strcpy()
  {
    if (!strcpy_func)
    {
      std::vector<const Type*> args;
      args.push_back(PointerType::get(Type::SByteTy));
      args.push_back(PointerType::get(Type::SByteTy));
      FunctionType* strcpy_type = 
        FunctionType::get(PointerType::get(Type::SByteTy), args, false);
      strcpy_func = M->getOrInsertFunction("strcpy",strcpy_type);
    }
    return strcpy_func;
  }

  /// @brief Return a Function* for the strlen libcall
  Function* get_strlen()
  {
    if (!strlen_func)
    {
      std::vector<const Type*> args;
      args.push_back(PointerType::get(Type::SByteTy));
      FunctionType* strlen_type = 
        FunctionType::get(TD->getIntPtrType(), args, false);
      strlen_func = M->getOrInsertFunction("strlen",strlen_type);
    }
    return strlen_func;
  }

  /// @brief Return a Function* for the memchr libcall
  Function* get_memchr()
  {
    if (!memchr_func)
    {
      std::vector<const Type*> args;
      args.push_back(PointerType::get(Type::SByteTy));
      args.push_back(Type::IntTy);
      args.push_back(TD->getIntPtrType());
      FunctionType* memchr_type = FunctionType::get(
          PointerType::get(Type::SByteTy), args, false);
      memchr_func = M->getOrInsertFunction("memchr",memchr_type);
    }
    return memchr_func;
  }

  /// @brief Return a Function* for the memcpy libcall
  Function* get_memcpy()
  {
    if (!memcpy_func)
    {
      // Note: this is for llvm.memcpy intrinsic
      std::vector<const Type*> args;
      args.push_back(PointerType::get(Type::SByteTy));
      args.push_back(PointerType::get(Type::SByteTy));
      args.push_back(Type::UIntTy);
      args.push_back(Type::UIntTy);
      FunctionType* memcpy_type = FunctionType::get(Type::VoidTy, args, false);
      memcpy_func = M->getOrInsertFunction("llvm.memcpy",memcpy_type);
    }
    return memcpy_func;
  }

private:
  /// @brief Reset our cached data for a new Module
  void reset(Module& mod)
  {
    M = &mod;
    TD = &getAnalysis<TargetData>();
    fputc_func = 0;
    fwrite_func = 0;
    memcpy_func = 0;
    memchr_func = 0;
    sqrt_func   = 0;
    strcpy_func = 0;
    strlen_func = 0;
  }

private:
  Function* fputc_func;  ///< Cached fputc function
  Function* fwrite_func; ///< Cached fwrite function
  Function* memcpy_func; ///< Cached llvm.memcpy function
  Function* memchr_func; ///< Cached memchr function
  Function* sqrt_func;   ///< Cached sqrt function
  Function* strcpy_func; ///< Cached strcpy function
  Function* strlen_func; ///< Cached strlen function
  Module* M;             ///< Cached Module
  TargetData* TD;        ///< Cached TargetData
};

// Register the pass
RegisterOpt<SimplifyLibCalls> 
X("simplify-libcalls","Simplify well-known library calls");

} // anonymous namespace

// The only public symbol in this file which just instantiates the pass object
ModulePass *llvm::createSimplifyLibCallsPass() 
{ 
  return new SimplifyLibCalls(); 
}

// Classes below here, in the anonymous namespace, are all subclasses of the
// LibCallOptimization class, each implementing all optimizations possible for a
// single well-known library call. Each has a static singleton instance that
// auto registers it into the "optlist" global above. 
namespace {

// Forward declare a utility function.
bool getConstantStringLength(Value* V, uint64_t& len, ConstantArray** A = 0 );

/// This LibCallOptimization will find instances of a call to "exit" that occurs
/// within the "main" function and change it to a simple "ret" instruction with
/// the same value passed to the exit function. When this is done, it splits the
/// basic block at the exit(3) call and deletes the call instruction.
/// @brief Replace calls to exit in main with a simple return
struct ExitInMainOptimization : public LibCallOptimization
{
  ExitInMainOptimization() : LibCallOptimization("exit",
      "Number of 'exit' calls simplified") {}
  virtual ~ExitInMainOptimization() {}

  // Make sure the called function looks like exit (int argument, int return
  // type, external linkage, not varargs). 
  virtual bool ValidateCalledFunction(const Function* f, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC)
  {
    if (f->arg_size() >= 1)
      if (f->arg_begin()->getType()->isInteger())
        return true;
    return false;
  }

  virtual bool OptimizeCall(CallInst* ci, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC)
  {
    // To be careful, we check that the call to exit is coming from "main", that
    // main has external linkage, and the return type of main and the argument
    // to exit have the same type. 
    Function *from = ci->getParent()->getParent();
    if (from->hasExternalLinkage())
      if (from->getReturnType() == ci->getOperand(1)->getType())
        if (from->getName() == "main")
        {
          // Okay, time to actually do the optimization. First, get the basic 
          // block of the call instruction
          BasicBlock* bb = ci->getParent();

          // Create a return instruction that we'll replace the call with. 
          // Note that the argument of the return is the argument of the call 
          // instruction.
          ReturnInst* ri = new ReturnInst(ci->getOperand(1), ci);

          // Split the block at the call instruction which places it in a new
          // basic block.
          bb->splitBasicBlock(ci);

          // The block split caused a branch instruction to be inserted into
          // the end of the original block, right after the return instruction
          // that we put there. That's not a valid block, so delete the branch
          // instruction.
          bb->getInstList().pop_back();

          // Now we can finally get rid of the call instruction which now lives
          // in the new basic block.
          ci->eraseFromParent();

          // Optimization succeeded, return true.
          return true;
        }
    // We didn't pass the criteria for this optimization so return false
    return false;
  }
} ExitInMainOptimizer;

/// This LibCallOptimization will simplify a call to the strcat library 
/// function. The simplification is possible only if the string being 
/// concatenated is a constant array or a constant expression that results in 
/// a constant string. In this case we can replace it with strlen + llvm.memcpy 
/// of the constant string. Both of these calls are further reduced, if possible
/// on subsequent passes.
/// @brief Simplify the strcat library function.
struct StrCatOptimization : public LibCallOptimization
{
public:
  /// @brief Default constructor
  StrCatOptimization() : LibCallOptimization("strcat",
      "Number of 'strcat' calls simplified") {}

public:
  /// @breif  Destructor
  virtual ~StrCatOptimization() {}

  /// @brief Make sure that the "strcat" function has the right prototype
  virtual bool ValidateCalledFunction(const Function* f, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC) 
  {
    if (f->getReturnType() == PointerType::get(Type::SByteTy))
      if (f->arg_size() == 2) 
      {
        Function::const_arg_iterator AI = f->arg_begin();
        if (AI++->getType() == PointerType::get(Type::SByteTy))
          if (AI->getType() == PointerType::get(Type::SByteTy))
          {
            // Indicate this is a suitable call type.
            return true;
          }
      }
    return false;
  }

  /// @brief Optimize the strcat library function
  virtual bool OptimizeCall(CallInst* ci, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC)
  {
    // Extract some information from the instruction
    Module* M = ci->getParent()->getParent()->getParent();
    Value* dest = ci->getOperand(1);
    Value* src  = ci->getOperand(2);

    // Extract the initializer (while making numerous checks) from the 
    // source operand of the call to strcat. If we get null back, one of
    // a variety of checks in get_GVInitializer failed
    uint64_t len = 0;
    if (!getConstantStringLength(src,len))
      return false;

    // Handle the simple, do-nothing case
    if (len == 0)
    {
      ci->replaceAllUsesWith(dest);
      ci->eraseFromParent();
      return true;
    }

    // Increment the length because we actually want to memcpy the null
    // terminator as well.
    len++;

    // We need to find the end of the destination string.  That's where the 
    // memory is to be moved to. We just generate a call to strlen (further 
    // optimized in another pass).  Note that the SLC.get_strlen() call 
    // caches the Function* for us.
    CallInst* strlen_inst = 
      new CallInst(SLC.get_strlen(), dest, dest->getName()+".len",ci);

    // Now that we have the destination's length, we must index into the 
    // destination's pointer to get the actual memcpy destination (end of
    // the string .. we're concatenating).
    std::vector<Value*> idx;
    idx.push_back(strlen_inst);
    GetElementPtrInst* gep = 
      new GetElementPtrInst(dest,idx,dest->getName()+".indexed",ci);

    // We have enough information to now generate the memcpy call to
    // do the concatenation for us.
    std::vector<Value*> vals;
    vals.push_back(gep); // destination
    vals.push_back(ci->getOperand(2)); // source
    vals.push_back(ConstantUInt::get(Type::UIntTy,len)); // length
    vals.push_back(ConstantUInt::get(Type::UIntTy,1)); // alignment
    new CallInst(SLC.get_memcpy(), vals, "", ci);

    // Finally, substitute the first operand of the strcat call for the 
    // strcat call itself since strcat returns its first operand; and, 
    // kill the strcat CallInst.
    ci->replaceAllUsesWith(dest);
    ci->eraseFromParent();
    return true;
  }
} StrCatOptimizer;

/// This LibCallOptimization will simplify a call to the strchr library 
/// function.  It optimizes out cases where the arguments are both constant
/// and the result can be determined statically.
/// @brief Simplify the strcmp library function.
struct StrChrOptimization : public LibCallOptimization
{
public:
  StrChrOptimization() : LibCallOptimization("strchr",
      "Number of 'strchr' calls simplified") {}
  virtual ~StrChrOptimization() {}

  /// @brief Make sure that the "strchr" function has the right prototype
  virtual bool ValidateCalledFunction(const Function* f, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC) 
  {
    if (f->getReturnType() == PointerType::get(Type::SByteTy) && 
        f->arg_size() == 2)
      return true;
    return false;
  }

  /// @brief Perform the strchr optimizations
  virtual bool OptimizeCall(CallInst* ci, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC)
  {
    // If there aren't three operands, bail
    if (ci->getNumOperands() != 3)
      return false;

    // Check that the first argument to strchr is a constant array of sbyte.
    // If it is, get the length and data, otherwise return false.
    uint64_t len = 0;
    ConstantArray* CA;
    if (!getConstantStringLength(ci->getOperand(1),len,&CA))
      return false;

    // Check that the second argument to strchr is a constant int, return false
    // if it isn't
    ConstantSInt* CSI = dyn_cast<ConstantSInt>(ci->getOperand(2));
    if (!CSI)
    {
      // Just lower this to memchr since we know the length of the string as
      // it is constant.
      Function* f = SLC.get_memchr();
      std::vector<Value*> args;
      args.push_back(ci->getOperand(1));
      args.push_back(ci->getOperand(2));
      args.push_back(ConstantUInt::get(SLC.getIntPtrType(),len));
      ci->replaceAllUsesWith( new CallInst(f,args,ci->getName(),ci));
      ci->eraseFromParent();
      return true;
    }

    // Get the character we're looking for
    int64_t chr = CSI->getValue();

    // Compute the offset
    uint64_t offset = 0;
    bool char_found = false;
    for (uint64_t i = 0; i < len; ++i)
    {
      if (ConstantSInt* CI = dyn_cast<ConstantSInt>(CA->getOperand(i)))
      {
        // Check for the null terminator
        if (CI->isNullValue())
          break; // we found end of string
        else if (CI->getValue() == chr)
        {
          char_found = true;
          offset = i;
          break;
        }
      }
    }

    // strchr(s,c)  -> offset_of_in(c,s)
    //    (if c is a constant integer and s is a constant string)
    if (char_found)
    {
      std::vector<Value*> indices;
      indices.push_back(ConstantUInt::get(Type::ULongTy,offset));
      GetElementPtrInst* GEP = new GetElementPtrInst(ci->getOperand(1),indices,
          ci->getOperand(1)->getName()+".strchr",ci);
      ci->replaceAllUsesWith(GEP);
    }
    else
      ci->replaceAllUsesWith(
          ConstantPointerNull::get(PointerType::get(Type::SByteTy)));

    ci->eraseFromParent();
    return true;
  }
} StrChrOptimizer;

/// This LibCallOptimization will simplify a call to the strcmp library 
/// function.  It optimizes out cases where one or both arguments are constant
/// and the result can be determined statically.
/// @brief Simplify the strcmp library function.
struct StrCmpOptimization : public LibCallOptimization
{
public:
  StrCmpOptimization() : LibCallOptimization("strcmp",
      "Number of 'strcmp' calls simplified") {}
  virtual ~StrCmpOptimization() {}

  /// @brief Make sure that the "strcmp" function has the right prototype
  virtual bool ValidateCalledFunction(const Function* f, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC) 
  {
    if (f->getReturnType() == Type::IntTy && f->arg_size() == 2)
      return true;
    return false;
  }

  /// @brief Perform the strcmp optimization
  virtual bool OptimizeCall(CallInst* ci, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC)
  {
    // First, check to see if src and destination are the same. If they are,
    // then the optimization is to replace the CallInst with a constant 0
    // because the call is a no-op. 
    Value* s1 = ci->getOperand(1);
    Value* s2 = ci->getOperand(2);
    if (s1 == s2)
    {
      // strcmp(x,x)  -> 0
      ci->replaceAllUsesWith(ConstantInt::get(Type::IntTy,0));
      ci->eraseFromParent();
      return true;
    }

    bool isstr_1 = false;
    uint64_t len_1 = 0;
    ConstantArray* A1;
    if (getConstantStringLength(s1,len_1,&A1))
    {
      isstr_1 = true;
      if (len_1 == 0)
      {
        // strcmp("",x) -> *x
        LoadInst* load = new LoadInst(s1,ci->getName()+".load",ci);
        CastInst* cast = 
          new CastInst(load,Type::IntTy,ci->getName()+".int",ci);
        ci->replaceAllUsesWith(cast);
        ci->eraseFromParent();
        return true;
      }
    }

    bool isstr_2 = false;
    uint64_t len_2 = 0;
    ConstantArray* A2;
    if (getConstantStringLength(s2,len_2,&A2))
    {
      isstr_2 = true;
      if (len_2 == 0)
      {
        // strcmp(x,"") -> *x
        LoadInst* load = new LoadInst(s2,ci->getName()+".val",ci);
        CastInst* cast = 
          new CastInst(load,Type::IntTy,ci->getName()+".int",ci);
        ci->replaceAllUsesWith(cast);
        ci->eraseFromParent();
        return true;
      }
    }

    if (isstr_1 && isstr_2)
    {
      // strcmp(x,y)  -> cnst  (if both x and y are constant strings)
      std::string str1 = A1->getAsString();
      std::string str2 = A2->getAsString();
      int result = strcmp(str1.c_str(), str2.c_str());
      ci->replaceAllUsesWith(ConstantSInt::get(Type::IntTy,result));
      ci->eraseFromParent();
      return true;
    }
    return false;
  }
} StrCmpOptimizer;

/// This LibCallOptimization will simplify a call to the strncmp library 
/// function.  It optimizes out cases where one or both arguments are constant
/// and the result can be determined statically.
/// @brief Simplify the strncmp library function.
struct StrNCmpOptimization : public LibCallOptimization
{
public:
  StrNCmpOptimization() : LibCallOptimization("strncmp",
      "Number of 'strncmp' calls simplified") {}
  virtual ~StrNCmpOptimization() {}

  /// @brief Make sure that the "strncmp" function has the right prototype
  virtual bool ValidateCalledFunction(const Function* f, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC) 
  {
    if (f->getReturnType() == Type::IntTy && f->arg_size() == 3)
      return true;
    return false;
  }

  /// @brief Perform the strncpy optimization
  virtual bool OptimizeCall(CallInst* ci, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC)
  {
    // First, check to see if src and destination are the same. If they are,
    // then the optimization is to replace the CallInst with a constant 0
    // because the call is a no-op. 
    Value* s1 = ci->getOperand(1);
    Value* s2 = ci->getOperand(2);
    if (s1 == s2)
    {
      // strncmp(x,x,l)  -> 0
      ci->replaceAllUsesWith(ConstantInt::get(Type::IntTy,0));
      ci->eraseFromParent();
      return true;
    }

    // Check the length argument, if it is Constant zero then the strings are
    // considered equal.
    uint64_t len_arg = 0;
    bool len_arg_is_const = false;
    if (ConstantInt* len_CI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(ci->getOperand(3)))
    {
      len_arg_is_const = true;
      len_arg = len_CI->getRawValue();
      if (len_arg == 0)
      {
        // strncmp(x,y,0)   -> 0
        ci->replaceAllUsesWith(ConstantInt::get(Type::IntTy,0));
        ci->eraseFromParent();
        return true;
      } 
    }

    bool isstr_1 = false;
    uint64_t len_1 = 0;
    ConstantArray* A1;
    if (getConstantStringLength(s1,len_1,&A1))
    {
      isstr_1 = true;
      if (len_1 == 0)
      {
        // strncmp("",x) -> *x
        LoadInst* load = new LoadInst(s1,ci->getName()+".load",ci);
        CastInst* cast = 
          new CastInst(load,Type::IntTy,ci->getName()+".int",ci);
        ci->replaceAllUsesWith(cast);
        ci->eraseFromParent();
        return true;
      }
    }

    bool isstr_2 = false;
    uint64_t len_2 = 0;
    ConstantArray* A2;
    if (getConstantStringLength(s2,len_2,&A2))
    {
      isstr_2 = true;
      if (len_2 == 0)
      {
        // strncmp(x,"") -> *x
        LoadInst* load = new LoadInst(s2,ci->getName()+".val",ci);
        CastInst* cast = 
          new CastInst(load,Type::IntTy,ci->getName()+".int",ci);
        ci->replaceAllUsesWith(cast);
        ci->eraseFromParent();
        return true;
      }
    }

    if (isstr_1 && isstr_2 && len_arg_is_const)
    {
      // strncmp(x,y,const) -> constant
      std::string str1 = A1->getAsString();
      std::string str2 = A2->getAsString();
      int result = strncmp(str1.c_str(), str2.c_str(), len_arg);
      ci->replaceAllUsesWith(ConstantSInt::get(Type::IntTy,result));
      ci->eraseFromParent();
      return true;
    }
    return false;
  }
} StrNCmpOptimizer;

/// This LibCallOptimization will simplify a call to the strcpy library 
/// function.  Two optimizations are possible: 
/// (1) If src and dest are the same and not volatile, just return dest
/// (2) If the src is a constant then we can convert to llvm.memmove
/// @brief Simplify the strcpy library function.
struct StrCpyOptimization : public LibCallOptimization
{
public:
  StrCpyOptimization() : LibCallOptimization("strcpy",
      "Number of 'strcpy' calls simplified") {}
  virtual ~StrCpyOptimization() {}

  /// @brief Make sure that the "strcpy" function has the right prototype
  virtual bool ValidateCalledFunction(const Function* f, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC) 
  {
    if (f->getReturnType() == PointerType::get(Type::SByteTy))
      if (f->arg_size() == 2) 
      {
        Function::const_arg_iterator AI = f->arg_begin();
        if (AI++->getType() == PointerType::get(Type::SByteTy))
          if (AI->getType() == PointerType::get(Type::SByteTy))
          {
            // Indicate this is a suitable call type.
            return true;
          }
      }
    return false;
  }

  /// @brief Perform the strcpy optimization
  virtual bool OptimizeCall(CallInst* ci, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC)
  {
    // First, check to see if src and destination are the same. If they are,
    // then the optimization is to replace the CallInst with the destination
    // because the call is a no-op. Note that this corresponds to the 
    // degenerate strcpy(X,X) case which should have "undefined" results
    // according to the C specification. However, it occurs sometimes and
    // we optimize it as a no-op.
    Value* dest = ci->getOperand(1);
    Value* src = ci->getOperand(2);
    if (dest == src)
    {
      ci->replaceAllUsesWith(dest);
      ci->eraseFromParent();
      return true;
    }
    
    // Get the length of the constant string referenced by the second operand,
    // the "src" parameter. Fail the optimization if we can't get the length
    // (note that getConstantStringLength does lots of checks to make sure this
    // is valid).
    uint64_t len = 0;
    if (!getConstantStringLength(ci->getOperand(2),len))
      return false;

    // If the constant string's length is zero we can optimize this by just
    // doing a store of 0 at the first byte of the destination
    if (len == 0)
    {
      new StoreInst(ConstantInt::get(Type::SByteTy,0),ci->getOperand(1),ci);
      ci->replaceAllUsesWith(dest);
      ci->eraseFromParent();
      return true;
    }

    // Increment the length because we actually want to memcpy the null
    // terminator as well.
    len++;

    // Extract some information from the instruction
    Module* M = ci->getParent()->getParent()->getParent();

    // We have enough information to now generate the memcpy call to
    // do the concatenation for us.
    std::vector<Value*> vals;
    vals.push_back(dest); // destination
    vals.push_back(src); // source
    vals.push_back(ConstantUInt::get(Type::UIntTy,len)); // length
    vals.push_back(ConstantUInt::get(Type::UIntTy,1)); // alignment
    new CallInst(SLC.get_memcpy(), vals, "", ci);

    // Finally, substitute the first operand of the strcat call for the 
    // strcat call itself since strcat returns its first operand; and, 
    // kill the strcat CallInst.
    ci->replaceAllUsesWith(dest);
    ci->eraseFromParent();
    return true;
  }
} StrCpyOptimizer;

/// This LibCallOptimization will simplify a call to the strlen library 
/// function by replacing it with a constant value if the string provided to 
/// it is a constant array.
/// @brief Simplify the strlen library function.
struct StrLenOptimization : public LibCallOptimization
{
  StrLenOptimization() : LibCallOptimization("strlen",
      "Number of 'strlen' calls simplified") {}
  virtual ~StrLenOptimization() {}

  /// @brief Make sure that the "strlen" function has the right prototype
  virtual bool ValidateCalledFunction(const Function* f, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC)
  {
    if (f->getReturnType() == SLC.getTargetData()->getIntPtrType())
      if (f->arg_size() == 1) 
        if (Function::const_arg_iterator AI = f->arg_begin())
          if (AI->getType() == PointerType::get(Type::SByteTy))
            return true;
    return false;
  }

  /// @brief Perform the strlen optimization
  virtual bool OptimizeCall(CallInst* ci, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC)
  {
    // Make sure we're dealing with an sbyte* here.
    Value* str = ci->getOperand(1);
    if (str->getType() != PointerType::get(Type::SByteTy))
      return false;

    // Does the call to strlen have exactly one use?
    if (ci->hasOneUse()) 
      // Is that single use a binary operator?
      if (BinaryOperator* bop = dyn_cast<BinaryOperator>(ci->use_back()))
        // Is it compared against a constant integer?
        if (ConstantInt* CI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(bop->getOperand(1)))
        {
          // Get the value the strlen result is compared to
          uint64_t val = CI->getRawValue();

          // If its compared against length 0 with == or !=
          if (val == 0 &&
              (bop->getOpcode() == Instruction::SetEQ ||
               bop->getOpcode() == Instruction::SetNE))
          {
            // strlen(x) != 0 -> *x != 0
            // strlen(x) == 0 -> *x == 0
            LoadInst* load = new LoadInst(str,str->getName()+".first",ci);
            BinaryOperator* rbop = BinaryOperator::create(bop->getOpcode(),
              load, ConstantSInt::get(Type::SByteTy,0),
              bop->getName()+".strlen", ci);
            bop->replaceAllUsesWith(rbop);
            bop->eraseFromParent();
            ci->eraseFromParent();
            return true;
          }
        }

    // Get the length of the constant string operand
    uint64_t len = 0;
    if (!getConstantStringLength(ci->getOperand(1),len))
      return false;

    // strlen("xyz") -> 3 (for example)
    ci->replaceAllUsesWith(
        ConstantInt::get(SLC.getTargetData()->getIntPtrType(),len));
    ci->eraseFromParent();
    return true;
  }
} StrLenOptimizer;

/// This LibCallOptimization will simplify a call to the memcpy library 
/// function by expanding it out to a single store of size 0, 1, 2, 4, or 8 
/// bytes depending on the length of the string and the alignment. Additional
/// optimizations are possible in code generation (sequence of immediate store)
/// @brief Simplify the memcpy library function.
struct LLVMMemCpyOptimization : public LibCallOptimization
{
  /// @brief Default Constructor
  LLVMMemCpyOptimization() : LibCallOptimization("llvm.memcpy",
      "Number of 'llvm.memcpy' calls simplified") {}

protected:
  /// @brief Subclass Constructor 
  LLVMMemCpyOptimization(const char* fname, const char* desc)
    : LibCallOptimization(fname, desc) {}
public:
  /// @brief Destructor
  virtual ~LLVMMemCpyOptimization() {}

  /// @brief Make sure that the "memcpy" function has the right prototype
  virtual bool ValidateCalledFunction(const Function* f, SimplifyLibCalls& TD)
  {
    // Just make sure this has 4 arguments per LLVM spec.
    return (f->arg_size() == 4);
  }

  /// Because of alignment and instruction information that we don't have, we
  /// leave the bulk of this to the code generators. The optimization here just
  /// deals with a few degenerate cases where the length of the string and the
  /// alignment match the sizes of our intrinsic types so we can do a load and
  /// store instead of the memcpy call.
  /// @brief Perform the memcpy optimization.
  virtual bool OptimizeCall(CallInst* ci, SimplifyLibCalls& TD)
  {
    // Make sure we have constant int values to work with
    ConstantInt* LEN = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(ci->getOperand(3));
    if (!LEN)
      return false;
    ConstantInt* ALIGN = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(ci->getOperand(4));
    if (!ALIGN)
      return false;

    // If the length is larger than the alignment, we can't optimize
    uint64_t len = LEN->getRawValue();
    uint64_t alignment = ALIGN->getRawValue();
    if (alignment == 0)
      alignment = 1; // Alignment 0 is identity for alignment 1
    if (len > alignment)
      return false;

    // Get the type we will cast to, based on size of the string
    Value* dest = ci->getOperand(1);
    Value* src = ci->getOperand(2);
    Type* castType = 0;
    switch (len)
    {
      case 0:
        // memcpy(d,s,0,a) -> noop
        ci->eraseFromParent();
        return true;
      case 1: castType = Type::SByteTy; break;
      case 2: castType = Type::ShortTy; break;
      case 4: castType = Type::IntTy; break;
      case 8: castType = Type::LongTy; break;
      default:
        return false;
    }

    // Cast source and dest to the right sized primitive and then load/store
    CastInst* SrcCast = 
      new CastInst(src,PointerType::get(castType),src->getName()+".cast",ci);
    CastInst* DestCast = 
      new CastInst(dest,PointerType::get(castType),dest->getName()+".cast",ci);
    LoadInst* LI = new LoadInst(SrcCast,SrcCast->getName()+".val",ci);
    StoreInst* SI = new StoreInst(LI, DestCast, ci);
    ci->eraseFromParent();
    return true;
  }
} LLVMMemCpyOptimizer;

/// This LibCallOptimization will simplify a call to the memmove library 
/// function. It is identical to MemCopyOptimization except for the name of 
/// the intrinsic.
/// @brief Simplify the memmove library function.
struct LLVMMemMoveOptimization : public LLVMMemCpyOptimization
{
  /// @brief Default Constructor
  LLVMMemMoveOptimization() : LLVMMemCpyOptimization("llvm.memmove",
      "Number of 'llvm.memmove' calls simplified") {}

} LLVMMemMoveOptimizer;

/// This LibCallOptimization will simplify a call to the memset library 
/// function by expanding it out to a single store of size 0, 1, 2, 4, or 8 
/// bytes depending on the length argument. 
struct LLVMMemSetOptimization : public LibCallOptimization
{
  /// @brief Default Constructor
  LLVMMemSetOptimization() : LibCallOptimization("llvm.memset",
      "Number of 'llvm.memset' calls simplified") {}

public:
  /// @brief Destructor
  virtual ~LLVMMemSetOptimization() {}

  /// @brief Make sure that the "memset" function has the right prototype
  virtual bool ValidateCalledFunction(const Function* f, SimplifyLibCalls& TD)
  {
    // Just make sure this has 3 arguments per LLVM spec.
    return (f->arg_size() == 4);
  }

  /// Because of alignment and instruction information that we don't have, we
  /// leave the bulk of this to the code generators. The optimization here just
  /// deals with a few degenerate cases where the length parameter is constant
  /// and the alignment matches the sizes of our intrinsic types so we can do 
  /// store instead of the memcpy call. Other calls are transformed into the
  /// llvm.memset intrinsic.
  /// @brief Perform the memset optimization.
  virtual bool OptimizeCall(CallInst* ci, SimplifyLibCalls& TD)
  {
    // Make sure we have constant int values to work with
    ConstantInt* LEN = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(ci->getOperand(3));
    if (!LEN)
      return false;
    ConstantInt* ALIGN = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(ci->getOperand(4));
    if (!ALIGN)
      return false;

    // Extract the length and alignment
    uint64_t len = LEN->getRawValue();
    uint64_t alignment = ALIGN->getRawValue();

    // Alignment 0 is identity for alignment 1
    if (alignment == 0)
      alignment = 1;

    // If the length is zero, this is a no-op
    if (len == 0)
    {
      // memset(d,c,0,a) -> noop
      ci->eraseFromParent();
      return true;
    }

    // If the length is larger than the alignment, we can't optimize
    if (len > alignment)
      return false;

    // Make sure we have a constant ubyte to work with so we can extract
    // the value to be filled.
    ConstantUInt* FILL = dyn_cast<ConstantUInt>(ci->getOperand(2));
    if (!FILL)
      return false;
    if (FILL->getType() != Type::UByteTy)
      return false;

    // memset(s,c,n) -> store s, c (for n=1,2,4,8)
    
    // Extract the fill character
    uint64_t fill_char = FILL->getValue();
    uint64_t fill_value = fill_char;

    // Get the type we will cast to, based on size of memory area to fill, and
    // and the value we will store there.
    Value* dest = ci->getOperand(1);
    Type* castType = 0;
    switch (len)
    {
      case 1: 
        castType = Type::UByteTy; 
        break;
      case 2: 
        castType = Type::UShortTy; 
        fill_value |= fill_char << 8;
        break;
      case 4: 
        castType = Type::UIntTy;
        fill_value |= fill_char << 8 | fill_char << 16 | fill_char << 24;
        break;
      case 8: 
        castType = Type::ULongTy;
        fill_value |= fill_char << 8 | fill_char << 16 | fill_char << 24;
        fill_value |= fill_char << 32 | fill_char << 40 | fill_char << 48;
        fill_value |= fill_char << 56;
        break;
      default:
        return false;
    }

    // Cast dest to the right sized primitive and then load/store
    CastInst* DestCast = 
      new CastInst(dest,PointerType::get(castType),dest->getName()+".cast",ci);
    new StoreInst(ConstantUInt::get(castType,fill_value),DestCast, ci);
    ci->eraseFromParent();
    return true;
  }
} LLVMMemSetOptimizer;

/// This LibCallOptimization will simplify calls to the "pow" library 
/// function. It looks for cases where the result of pow is well known and 
/// substitutes the appropriate value.
/// @brief Simplify the pow library function.
struct PowOptimization : public LibCallOptimization
{
public:
  /// @brief Default Constructor
  PowOptimization() : LibCallOptimization("pow",
      "Number of 'pow' calls simplified") {}

  /// @brief Destructor
  virtual ~PowOptimization() {}

  /// @brief Make sure that the "pow" function has the right prototype
  virtual bool ValidateCalledFunction(const Function* f, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC)
  {
    // Just make sure this has 2 arguments
    return (f->arg_size() == 2);
  }

  /// @brief Perform the pow optimization.
  virtual bool OptimizeCall(CallInst* ci, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC)
  {
    const Type *Ty = cast<Function>(ci->getOperand(0))->getReturnType();
    Value* base = ci->getOperand(1);
    Value* expn = ci->getOperand(2);
    if (ConstantFP *Op1 = dyn_cast<ConstantFP>(base)) {
      double Op1V = Op1->getValue();
      if (Op1V == 1.0)
      {
        // pow(1.0,x) -> 1.0
        ci->replaceAllUsesWith(ConstantFP::get(Ty,1.0));
        ci->eraseFromParent();
        return true;
      }
    } 
    else if (ConstantFP* Op2 = dyn_cast<ConstantFP>(expn)) 
    {
      double Op2V = Op2->getValue();
      if (Op2V == 0.0)
      {
        // pow(x,0.0) -> 1.0
        ci->replaceAllUsesWith(ConstantFP::get(Ty,1.0));
        ci->eraseFromParent();
        return true;
      }
      else if (Op2V == 0.5)
      {
        // pow(x,0.5) -> sqrt(x)
        CallInst* sqrt_inst = new CallInst(SLC.get_sqrt(), base,
            ci->getName()+".pow",ci);
        ci->replaceAllUsesWith(sqrt_inst);
        ci->eraseFromParent();
        return true;
      }
      else if (Op2V == 1.0)
      {
        // pow(x,1.0) -> x
        ci->replaceAllUsesWith(base);
        ci->eraseFromParent();
        return true;
      }
      else if (Op2V == -1.0)
      {
        // pow(x,-1.0)    -> 1.0/x
        BinaryOperator* div_inst= BinaryOperator::create(Instruction::Div,
          ConstantFP::get(Ty,1.0), base, ci->getName()+".pow", ci);
        ci->replaceAllUsesWith(div_inst);
        ci->eraseFromParent();
        return true;
      }
    }
    return false; // opt failed
  }
} PowOptimizer;

/// CastToCStr - Return V if it is an sbyte*, otherwise cast it to sbyte*,
/// inserting the cast before IP, and return the cast.
/// @brief Cast a value to a "C" string.
static Value *CastToCStr(Value *V, Instruction &IP) {
  const Type *SBPTy = PointerType::get(Type::SByteTy);
  if (V->getType() != SBPTy)
    return new CastInst(V, SBPTy, V->getName(), &IP);
  return V;
}

/// This LibCallOptimization will simplify calls to the "fprintf" library 
/// function. It looks for cases where the result of fprintf is not used and the
/// operation can be reduced to something simpler.
/// @brief Simplify the pow library function.
struct FPrintFOptimization : public LibCallOptimization
{
public:
  /// @brief Default Constructor
  FPrintFOptimization() : LibCallOptimization("fprintf",
      "Number of 'fprintf' calls simplified") {}

  /// @brief Destructor
  virtual ~FPrintFOptimization() {}

  /// @brief Make sure that the "fprintf" function has the right prototype
  virtual bool ValidateCalledFunction(const Function* f, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC)
  {
    // Just make sure this has at least 2 arguments
    return (f->arg_size() >= 2);
  }

  /// @brief Perform the fprintf optimization.
  virtual bool OptimizeCall(CallInst* ci, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC)
  {
    // If the call has more than 3 operands, we can't optimize it
    if (ci->getNumOperands() > 4 || ci->getNumOperands() <= 2)
      return false;

    // If the result of the fprintf call is used, none of these optimizations 
    // can be made.
    if (!ci->hasNUses(0)) 
      return false;

    // All the optimizations depend on the length of the second argument and the
    // fact that it is a constant string array. Check that now
    uint64_t len = 0; 
    ConstantArray* CA = 0;
    if (!getConstantStringLength(ci->getOperand(2), len, &CA))
      return false;

    if (ci->getNumOperands() == 3)
    {
      // Make sure there's no % in the constant array
      for (unsigned i = 0; i < len; ++i)
      {
        if (ConstantInt* CI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(CA->getOperand(i)))
        {
          // Check for the null terminator
          if (CI->getRawValue() == '%')
            return false; // we found end of string
        }
        else 
          return false;
      }

      // fprintf(file,fmt) -> fwrite(fmt,strlen(fmt),file) 
      const Type* FILEptr_type = ci->getOperand(1)->getType();
      Function* fwrite_func = SLC.get_fwrite(FILEptr_type);
      if (!fwrite_func)
        return false;
      std::vector<Value*> args;
      args.push_back(ci->getOperand(2));
      args.push_back(ConstantUInt::get(SLC.getIntPtrType(),len));
      args.push_back(ConstantUInt::get(SLC.getIntPtrType(),1));
      args.push_back(ci->getOperand(1));
      new CallInst(fwrite_func,args,ci->getName(),ci);
      ci->replaceAllUsesWith(ConstantSInt::get(Type::IntTy,len));
      ci->eraseFromParent();
      return true;
    }

    // The remaining optimizations require the format string to be length 2
    // "%s" or "%c".
    if (len != 2)
      return false;

    // The first character has to be a %
    if (ConstantInt* CI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(CA->getOperand(0)))
      if (CI->getRawValue() != '%')
        return false;

    // Get the second character and switch on its value
    ConstantInt* CI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(CA->getOperand(1));
    switch (CI->getRawValue())
    {
      case 's':
      {
        uint64_t len = 0; 
        ConstantArray* CA = 0;
        if (!getConstantStringLength(ci->getOperand(3), len, &CA))
          return false;

        // fprintf(file,"%s",str) -> fwrite(fmt,strlen(fmt),1,file) 
        const Type* FILEptr_type = ci->getOperand(1)->getType();
        Function* fwrite_func = SLC.get_fwrite(FILEptr_type);
        if (!fwrite_func)
          return false;
        std::vector<Value*> args;
        args.push_back(CastToCStr(ci->getOperand(3), *ci));
        args.push_back(ConstantUInt::get(SLC.getIntPtrType(),len));
        args.push_back(ConstantUInt::get(SLC.getIntPtrType(),1));
        args.push_back(ci->getOperand(1));
        new CallInst(fwrite_func,args,ci->getName(),ci);
        ci->replaceAllUsesWith(ConstantSInt::get(Type::IntTy,len));
        break;
      }
      case 'c':
      {
        ConstantInt* CI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(ci->getOperand(3));
        if (!CI)
          return false;

        const Type* FILEptr_type = ci->getOperand(1)->getType();
        Function* fputc_func = SLC.get_fputc(FILEptr_type);
        if (!fputc_func)
          return false;
        CastInst* cast = new CastInst(CI,Type::IntTy,CI->getName()+".int",ci);
        new CallInst(fputc_func,cast,ci->getOperand(1),"",ci);
        ci->replaceAllUsesWith(ConstantSInt::get(Type::IntTy,1));
        break;
      }
      default:
        return false;
    }
    ci->eraseFromParent();
    return true;
  }
} FPrintFOptimizer;

/// This LibCallOptimization will simplify calls to the "sprintf" library 
/// function. It looks for cases where the result of sprintf is not used and the
/// operation can be reduced to something simpler.
/// @brief Simplify the pow library function.
struct SPrintFOptimization : public LibCallOptimization
{
public:
  /// @brief Default Constructor
  SPrintFOptimization() : LibCallOptimization("sprintf",
      "Number of 'sprintf' calls simplified") {}

  /// @brief Destructor
  virtual ~SPrintFOptimization() {}

  /// @brief Make sure that the "fprintf" function has the right prototype
  virtual bool ValidateCalledFunction(const Function* f, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC)
  {
    // Just make sure this has at least 2 arguments
    return (f->getReturnType() == Type::IntTy && f->arg_size() >= 2);
  }

  /// @brief Perform the sprintf optimization.
  virtual bool OptimizeCall(CallInst* ci, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC)
  {
    // If the call has more than 3 operands, we can't optimize it
    if (ci->getNumOperands() > 4 || ci->getNumOperands() < 3)
      return false;

    // All the optimizations depend on the length of the second argument and the
    // fact that it is a constant string array. Check that now
    uint64_t len = 0; 
    ConstantArray* CA = 0;
    if (!getConstantStringLength(ci->getOperand(2), len, &CA))
      return false;

    if (ci->getNumOperands() == 3)
    {
      if (len == 0)
      {
        // If the length is 0, we just need to store a null byte
        new StoreInst(ConstantInt::get(Type::SByteTy,0),ci->getOperand(1),ci);
        ci->replaceAllUsesWith(ConstantSInt::get(Type::IntTy,0));
        ci->eraseFromParent();
        return true;
      }

      // Make sure there's no % in the constant array
      for (unsigned i = 0; i < len; ++i)
      {
        if (ConstantInt* CI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(CA->getOperand(i)))
        {
          // Check for the null terminator
          if (CI->getRawValue() == '%')
            return false; // we found a %, can't optimize
        }
        else 
          return false; // initializer is not constant int, can't optimize
      }

      // Increment length because we want to copy the null byte too
      len++;

      // sprintf(str,fmt) -> llvm.memcpy(str,fmt,strlen(fmt),1) 
      Function* memcpy_func = SLC.get_memcpy();
      if (!memcpy_func)
        return false;
      std::vector<Value*> args;
      args.push_back(ci->getOperand(1));
      args.push_back(ci->getOperand(2));
      args.push_back(ConstantUInt::get(Type::UIntTy,len));
      args.push_back(ConstantUInt::get(Type::UIntTy,1));
      new CallInst(memcpy_func,args,"",ci);
      ci->replaceAllUsesWith(ConstantSInt::get(Type::IntTy,len));
      ci->eraseFromParent();
      return true;
    }

    // The remaining optimizations require the format string to be length 2
    // "%s" or "%c".
    if (len != 2)
      return false;

    // The first character has to be a %
    if (ConstantInt* CI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(CA->getOperand(0)))
      if (CI->getRawValue() != '%')
        return false;

    // Get the second character and switch on its value
    ConstantInt* CI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(CA->getOperand(1));
    switch (CI->getRawValue())
    {
      case 's':
      {
        uint64_t len = 0;
        if (ci->hasNUses(0))
        {
          // sprintf(dest,"%s",str) -> strcpy(dest,str) 
          Function* strcpy_func = SLC.get_strcpy();
          if (!strcpy_func)
            return false;
          std::vector<Value*> args;
          args.push_back(CastToCStr(ci->getOperand(1), *ci));
          args.push_back(CastToCStr(ci->getOperand(3), *ci));
          new CallInst(strcpy_func,args,"",ci);
        }
        else if (getConstantStringLength(ci->getOperand(3),len))
        {
          // sprintf(dest,"%s",cstr) -> llvm.memcpy(dest,str,strlen(str),1)
          len++; // get the null-terminator
          Function* memcpy_func = SLC.get_memcpy();
          if (!memcpy_func)
            return false;
          std::vector<Value*> args;
          args.push_back(CastToCStr(ci->getOperand(1), *ci));
          args.push_back(CastToCStr(ci->getOperand(3), *ci));
          args.push_back(ConstantUInt::get(Type::UIntTy,len));
          args.push_back(ConstantUInt::get(Type::UIntTy,1));
          new CallInst(memcpy_func,args,"",ci);
          ci->replaceAllUsesWith(ConstantSInt::get(Type::IntTy,len));
        }
        break;
      }
      case 'c':
      {
        // sprintf(dest,"%c",chr) -> store chr, dest
        CastInst* cast = 
          new CastInst(ci->getOperand(3),Type::SByteTy,"char",ci);
        new StoreInst(cast, ci->getOperand(1), ci);
        GetElementPtrInst* gep = new GetElementPtrInst(ci->getOperand(1),
          ConstantUInt::get(Type::UIntTy,1),ci->getOperand(1)->getName()+".end",
          ci);
        new StoreInst(ConstantInt::get(Type::SByteTy,0),gep,ci);
        ci->replaceAllUsesWith(ConstantSInt::get(Type::IntTy,1));
        break;
      }
      default:
        return false;
    }
    ci->eraseFromParent();
    return true;
  }
} SPrintFOptimizer;

/// This LibCallOptimization will simplify calls to the "fputs" library 
/// function. It looks for cases where the result of fputs is not used and the
/// operation can be reduced to something simpler.
/// @brief Simplify the pow library function.
struct PutsOptimization : public LibCallOptimization
{
public:
  /// @brief Default Constructor
  PutsOptimization() : LibCallOptimization("fputs",
      "Number of 'fputs' calls simplified") {}

  /// @brief Destructor
  virtual ~PutsOptimization() {}

  /// @brief Make sure that the "fputs" function has the right prototype
  virtual bool ValidateCalledFunction(const Function* f, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC)
  {
    // Just make sure this has 2 arguments
    return (f->arg_size() == 2);
  }

  /// @brief Perform the fputs optimization.
  virtual bool OptimizeCall(CallInst* ci, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC)
  {
    // If the result is used, none of these optimizations work
    if (!ci->hasNUses(0)) 
      return false;

    // All the optimizations depend on the length of the first argument and the
    // fact that it is a constant string array. Check that now
    uint64_t len = 0; 
    if (!getConstantStringLength(ci->getOperand(1), len))
      return false;

    switch (len)
    {
      case 0:
        // fputs("",F) -> noop
        break;
      case 1:
      {
        // fputs(s,F)  -> fputc(s[0],F)  (if s is constant and strlen(s) == 1)
        const Type* FILEptr_type = ci->getOperand(2)->getType();
        Function* fputc_func = SLC.get_fputc(FILEptr_type);
        if (!fputc_func)
          return false;
        LoadInst* loadi = new LoadInst(ci->getOperand(1),
          ci->getOperand(1)->getName()+".byte",ci);
        CastInst* casti = new CastInst(loadi,Type::IntTy,
          loadi->getName()+".int",ci);
        new CallInst(fputc_func,casti,ci->getOperand(2),"",ci);
        break;
      }
      default:
      {  
        // fputs(s,F)  -> fwrite(s,1,len,F) (if s is constant and strlen(s) > 1)
        const Type* FILEptr_type = ci->getOperand(2)->getType();
        Function* fwrite_func = SLC.get_fwrite(FILEptr_type);
        if (!fwrite_func)
          return false;
        std::vector<Value*> parms;
        parms.push_back(ci->getOperand(1));
        parms.push_back(ConstantUInt::get(SLC.getIntPtrType(),len));
        parms.push_back(ConstantUInt::get(SLC.getIntPtrType(),1));
        parms.push_back(ci->getOperand(2));
        new CallInst(fwrite_func,parms,"",ci);
        break;
      }
    }
    ci->eraseFromParent();
    return true; // success
  }
} PutsOptimizer;

/// This LibCallOptimization will simplify calls to the "isdigit" library 
/// function. It simply does range checks the parameter explicitly.
/// @brief Simplify the isdigit library function.
struct IsDigitOptimization : public LibCallOptimization
{
public:
  /// @brief Default Constructor
  IsDigitOptimization() : LibCallOptimization("isdigit",
      "Number of 'isdigit' calls simplified") {}

  /// @brief Destructor
  virtual ~IsDigitOptimization() {}

  /// @brief Make sure that the "fputs" function has the right prototype
  virtual bool ValidateCalledFunction(const Function* f, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC)
  {
    // Just make sure this has 1 argument
    return (f->arg_size() == 1);
  }

  /// @brief Perform the toascii optimization.
  virtual bool OptimizeCall(CallInst* ci, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC)
  {
    if (ConstantInt* CI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(ci->getOperand(1)))
    {
      // isdigit(c)   -> 0 or 1, if 'c' is constant
      uint64_t val = CI->getRawValue();
      if (val >= '0' && val <='9')
        ci->replaceAllUsesWith(ConstantSInt::get(Type::IntTy,1));
      else
        ci->replaceAllUsesWith(ConstantSInt::get(Type::IntTy,0));
      ci->eraseFromParent();
      return true;
    }

    // isdigit(c)   -> (unsigned)c - '0' <= 9
    CastInst* cast = 
      new CastInst(ci->getOperand(1),Type::UIntTy,
        ci->getOperand(1)->getName()+".uint",ci);
    BinaryOperator* sub_inst = BinaryOperator::create(Instruction::Sub,cast,
        ConstantUInt::get(Type::UIntTy,0x30),
        ci->getOperand(1)->getName()+".sub",ci);
    SetCondInst* setcond_inst = new SetCondInst(Instruction::SetLE,sub_inst,
        ConstantUInt::get(Type::UIntTy,9),
        ci->getOperand(1)->getName()+".cmp",ci);
    CastInst* c2 = 
      new CastInst(setcond_inst,Type::IntTy,
        ci->getOperand(1)->getName()+".isdigit",ci);
    ci->replaceAllUsesWith(c2);
    ci->eraseFromParent();
    return true;
  }
} IsDigitOptimizer;

/// This LibCallOptimization will simplify calls to the "toascii" library 
/// function. It simply does the corresponding and operation to restrict the
/// range of values to the ASCII character set (0-127).
/// @brief Simplify the toascii library function.
struct ToAsciiOptimization : public LibCallOptimization
{
public:
  /// @brief Default Constructor
  ToAsciiOptimization() : LibCallOptimization("toascii",
      "Number of 'toascii' calls simplified") {}

  /// @brief Destructor
  virtual ~ToAsciiOptimization() {}

  /// @brief Make sure that the "fputs" function has the right prototype
  virtual bool ValidateCalledFunction(const Function* f, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC)
  {
    // Just make sure this has 2 arguments
    return (f->arg_size() == 1);
  }

  /// @brief Perform the toascii optimization.
  virtual bool OptimizeCall(CallInst* ci, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC)
  {
    // toascii(c)   -> (c & 0x7f)
    Value* chr = ci->getOperand(1);
    BinaryOperator* and_inst = BinaryOperator::create(Instruction::And,chr,
        ConstantInt::get(chr->getType(),0x7F),ci->getName()+".toascii",ci);
    ci->replaceAllUsesWith(and_inst);
    ci->eraseFromParent();
    return true;
  }
} ToAsciiOptimizer;

/// This LibCallOptimization will simplify calls to the "ffs" library
/// calls which find the first set bit in an int, long, or long long. The 
/// optimization is to compute the result at compile time if the argument is
/// a constant.
/// @brief Simplify the ffs library function.
struct FFSOptimization : public LibCallOptimization
{
protected:
  /// @brief Subclass Constructor
  FFSOptimization(const char* funcName, const char* description)
    : LibCallOptimization(funcName, description)
    {}

public:
  /// @brief Default Constructor
  FFSOptimization() : LibCallOptimization("ffs",
      "Number of 'ffs' calls simplified") {}

  /// @brief Destructor
  virtual ~FFSOptimization() {}

  /// @brief Make sure that the "fputs" function has the right prototype
  virtual bool ValidateCalledFunction(const Function* f, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC)
  {
    // Just make sure this has 2 arguments
    return (f->arg_size() == 1 && f->getReturnType() == Type::IntTy);
  }

  /// @brief Perform the ffs optimization.
  virtual bool OptimizeCall(CallInst* ci, SimplifyLibCalls& SLC)
  {
    if (ConstantInt* CI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(ci->getOperand(1)))
    {
      // ffs(cnst)  -> bit#
      // ffsl(cnst) -> bit#
      // ffsll(cnst) -> bit#
      uint64_t val = CI->getRawValue();
      int result = 0;
      while (val != 0) {
        result +=1;
        if (val&1)
          break;
        val >>= 1;
      }
      ci->replaceAllUsesWith(ConstantSInt::get(Type::IntTy, result));
      ci->eraseFromParent();
      return true;
    }

    // ffs(x) -> ( x == 0 ? 0 : llvm.cttz(x)+1)
    // ffsl(x) -> ( x == 0 ? 0 : llvm.cttz(x)+1)
    // ffsll(x) -> ( x == 0 ? 0 : llvm.cttz(x)+1)
    const Type* arg_type = ci->getOperand(1)->getType();
    std::vector<const Type*> args;
    args.push_back(arg_type);
    FunctionType* llvm_cttz_type = FunctionType::get(arg_type,args,false);
    Function* F = 
      SLC.getModule()->getOrInsertFunction("llvm.cttz",llvm_cttz_type);
    std::string inst_name(ci->getName()+".ffs");
    Instruction* call = 
      new CallInst(F, ci->getOperand(1), inst_name, ci);
    if (arg_type != Type::IntTy)
      call = new CastInst(call, Type::IntTy, inst_name, ci);
    BinaryOperator* add = BinaryOperator::create(Instruction::Add, call,
      ConstantSInt::get(Type::IntTy,1), inst_name, ci);
    SetCondInst* eq = new SetCondInst(Instruction::SetEQ,ci->getOperand(1),
      ConstantSInt::get(ci->getOperand(1)->getType(),0),inst_name,ci);
    SelectInst* select = new SelectInst(eq,ConstantSInt::get(Type::IntTy,0),add,
      inst_name,ci);
    ci->replaceAllUsesWith(select);
    ci->eraseFromParent();
    return true;
  }
} FFSOptimizer;

/// This LibCallOptimization will simplify calls to the "ffsl" library
/// calls. It simply uses FFSOptimization for which the transformation is
/// identical.
/// @brief Simplify the ffsl library function.
struct FFSLOptimization : public FFSOptimization
{
public:
  /// @brief Default Constructor
  FFSLOptimization() : FFSOptimization("ffsl",
      "Number of 'ffsl' calls simplified") {}

} FFSLOptimizer;

/// This LibCallOptimization will simplify calls to the "ffsll" library
/// calls. It simply uses FFSOptimization for which the transformation is
/// identical.
/// @brief Simplify the ffsl library function.
struct FFSLLOptimization : public FFSOptimization
{
public:
  /// @brief Default Constructor
  FFSLLOptimization() : FFSOptimization("ffsll",
      "Number of 'ffsll' calls simplified") {}

} FFSLLOptimizer;

/// A function to compute the length of a null-terminated constant array of
/// integers.  This function can't rely on the size of the constant array 
/// because there could be a null terminator in the middle of the array. 
/// We also have to bail out if we find a non-integer constant initializer 
/// of one of the elements or if there is no null-terminator. The logic 
/// below checks each of these conditions and will return true only if all
/// conditions are met. In that case, the \p len parameter is set to the length
/// of the null-terminated string. If false is returned, the conditions were
/// not met and len is set to 0.
/// @brief Get the length of a constant string (null-terminated array).
bool getConstantStringLength(Value* V, uint64_t& len, ConstantArray** CA )
{
  assert(V != 0 && "Invalid args to getConstantStringLength");
  len = 0; // make sure we initialize this 
  User* GEP = 0;
  // If the value is not a GEP instruction nor a constant expression with a 
  // GEP instruction, then return false because ConstantArray can't occur 
  // any other way
  if (GetElementPtrInst* GEPI = dyn_cast<GetElementPtrInst>(V))
    GEP = GEPI;
  else if (ConstantExpr* CE = dyn_cast<ConstantExpr>(V))
    if (CE->getOpcode() == Instruction::GetElementPtr)
      GEP = CE;
    else
      return false;
  else
    return false;

  // Make sure the GEP has exactly three arguments.
  if (GEP->getNumOperands() != 3)
    return false;

  // Check to make sure that the first operand of the GEP is an integer and
  // has value 0 so that we are sure we're indexing into the initializer. 
  if (ConstantInt* op1 = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(GEP->getOperand(1)))
  {
    if (!op1->isNullValue())
      return false;
  }
  else
    return false;

  // Ensure that the second operand is a ConstantInt. If it isn't then this
  // GEP is wonky and we're not really sure what were referencing into and 
  // better of not optimizing it. While we're at it, get the second index
  // value. We'll need this later for indexing the ConstantArray.
  uint64_t start_idx = 0;
  if (ConstantInt* CI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(GEP->getOperand(2)))
    start_idx = CI->getRawValue();
  else
    return false;

  // The GEP instruction, constant or instruction, must reference a global
  // variable that is a constant and is initialized. The referenced constant
  // initializer is the array that we'll use for optimization.
  GlobalVariable* GV = dyn_cast<GlobalVariable>(GEP->getOperand(0));
  if (!GV || !GV->isConstant() || !GV->hasInitializer())
    return false;

  // Get the initializer.
  Constant* INTLZR = GV->getInitializer();

  // Handle the ConstantAggregateZero case
  if (ConstantAggregateZero* CAZ = dyn_cast<ConstantAggregateZero>(INTLZR))
  {
    // This is a degenerate case. The initializer is constant zero so the
    // length of the string must be zero.
    len = 0;
    return true;
  }

  // Must be a Constant Array
  ConstantArray* A = dyn_cast<ConstantArray>(INTLZR);
  if (!A)
    return false;

  // Get the number of elements in the array
  uint64_t max_elems = A->getType()->getNumElements();

  // Traverse the constant array from start_idx (derived above) which is
  // the place the GEP refers to in the array. 
  for ( len = start_idx; len < max_elems; len++)
  {
    if (ConstantInt* CI = dyn_cast<ConstantInt>(A->getOperand(len)))
    {
      // Check for the null terminator
      if (CI->isNullValue())
        break; // we found end of string
    }
    else
      return false; // This array isn't suitable, non-int initializer
  }
  if (len >= max_elems)
    return false; // This array isn't null terminated

  // Subtract out the initial value from the length
  len -= start_idx;
  if (CA)
    *CA = A;
  return true; // success!
}

// TODO: 
//   Additional cases that we need to add to this file:
//
// cbrt:
//   * cbrt(expN(X))  -> expN(x/3)
//   * cbrt(sqrt(x))  -> pow(x,1/6)
//   * cbrt(sqrt(x))  -> pow(x,1/9)
//
// cos, cosf, cosl:
//   * cos(-x)  -> cos(x)
//
// exp, expf, expl:
//   * exp(log(x))  -> x
//
// isascii:
//   * isascii(c)    -> ((c & ~0x7f) == 0)
//   
// isdigit:
//   * isdigit(c)    -> (unsigned)(c) - '0' <= 9
//
// log, logf, logl:
//   * log(exp(x))   -> x
//   * log(x**y)     -> y*log(x)
//   * log(exp(y))   -> y*log(e)
//   * log(exp2(y))  -> y*log(2)
//   * log(exp10(y)) -> y*log(10)
//   * log(sqrt(x))  -> 0.5*log(x)
//   * log(pow(x,y)) -> y*log(x)
//
// lround, lroundf, lroundl:
//   * lround(cnst) -> cnst'
//
// memcmp:
//   * memcmp(s1,s2,0) -> 0
//   * memcmp(x,x,l)   -> 0
//   * memcmp(x,y,l)   -> cnst
//      (if all arguments are constant and strlen(x) <= l and strlen(y) <= l)
//   * memcmp(x,y,1)   -> *x - *y
//
// memmove:
//   * memmove(d,s,l,a) -> memcpy(d,s,l,a) 
//       (if s is a global constant array)
//
// pow, powf, powl:
//   * pow(exp(x),y)  -> exp(x*y)
//   * pow(sqrt(x),y) -> pow(x,y*0.5)
//   * pow(pow(x,y),z)-> pow(x,y*z)
//
// puts:
//   * puts("") -> fputc("\n",stdout) (how do we get "stdout"?)
//
// round, roundf, roundl:
//   * round(cnst) -> cnst'
//
// signbit:
//   * signbit(cnst) -> cnst'
//   * signbit(nncst) -> 0 (if pstv is a non-negative constant)
//
// sqrt, sqrtf, sqrtl:
//   * sqrt(expN(x))  -> expN(x*0.5)
//   * sqrt(Nroot(x)) -> pow(x,1/(2*N))
//   * sqrt(pow(x,y)) -> pow(|x|,y*0.5)
//
// stpcpy:
//   * stpcpy(str, "literal") ->
//           llvm.memcpy(str,"literal",strlen("literal")+1,1)
// strrchr:
//   * strrchr(s,c) -> reverse_offset_of_in(c,s)
//      (if c is a constant integer and s is a constant string)
//   * strrchr(s1,0) -> strchr(s1,0)
//
// strncat:
//   * strncat(x,y,0) -> x
//   * strncat(x,y,0) -> x (if strlen(y) = 0)
//   * strncat(x,y,l) -> strcat(x,y) (if y and l are constants an l > strlen(y))
//
// strncpy:
//   * strncpy(d,s,0) -> d
//   * strncpy(d,s,l) -> memcpy(d,s,l,1)
//      (if s and l are constants)
//
// strpbrk:
//   * strpbrk(s,a) -> offset_in_for(s,a)
//      (if s and a are both constant strings)
//   * strpbrk(s,"") -> 0
//   * strpbrk(s,a) -> strchr(s,a[0]) (if a is constant string of length 1)
//
// strspn, strcspn:
//   * strspn(s,a)   -> const_int (if both args are constant)
//   * strspn("",a)  -> 0
//   * strspn(s,"")  -> 0
//   * strcspn(s,a)  -> const_int (if both args are constant)
//   * strcspn("",a) -> 0
//   * strcspn(s,"") -> strlen(a)
//
// strstr:
//   * strstr(x,x)  -> x
//   * strstr(s1,s2) -> offset_of_s2_in(s1)  
//       (if s1 and s2 are constant strings)
//    
// tan, tanf, tanl:
//   * tan(atan(x)) -> x
// 
// trunc, truncf, truncl:
//   * trunc(cnst) -> cnst'
//
// 
}