llvm/lib/Fuzzer/FuzzerLoop.cpp

//===- FuzzerLoop.cpp - Fuzzer's main loop --------------------------------===//
//
//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
//
// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
// License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Fuzzer's main loop.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "FuzzerCorpus.h"
#include "FuzzerInternal.h"
#include "FuzzerIO.h"
#include "FuzzerMutate.h"
#include "FuzzerRandom.h"
#include "FuzzerTracePC.h"
#include <algorithm>
#include <cstring>
#include <memory>
#include <set>

#if defined(__has_include)
#if __has_include(<sanitizer / coverage_interface.h>)
#include <sanitizer/coverage_interface.h>
#endif
#if __has_include(<sanitizer / lsan_interface.h>)
#include <sanitizer/lsan_interface.h>
#endif
#endif

#define NO_SANITIZE_MEMORY
#if defined(__has_feature)
#if __has_feature(memory_sanitizer)
#undef NO_SANITIZE_MEMORY
#define NO_SANITIZE_MEMORY __attribute__((no_sanitize_memory))
#endif
#endif

namespace fuzzer {
static const size_t kMaxUnitSizeToPrint = 256;

thread_local bool Fuzzer::IsMyThread;

static void MissingExternalApiFunction(const char *FnName) {
  Printf("ERROR: %s is not defined. Exiting.\n"
         "Did you use -fsanitize-coverage=... to build your code?\n",
         FnName);
  exit(1);
}

#define CHECK_EXTERNAL_FUNCTION(fn)                                            \
  do {                                                                         \
    if (!(EF->fn))                                                             \
      MissingExternalApiFunction(#fn);                                         \
  } while (false)

// Only one Fuzzer per process.
static Fuzzer *F;

void Fuzzer::ResetEdgeCoverage() {
  CHECK_EXTERNAL_FUNCTION(__sanitizer_reset_coverage);
  EF->__sanitizer_reset_coverage();
}

void Fuzzer::ResetCounters() {
  if (Options.UseCounters)
    EF->__sanitizer_update_counter_bitset_and_clear_counters(0);
}

void Fuzzer::PrepareCounters(Fuzzer::Coverage *C) {
  if (Options.UseCounters) {
    size_t NumCounters = EF->__sanitizer_get_number_of_counters();
    C->CounterBitmap.resize(NumCounters);
  }
}

// Records data to a maximum coverage tracker. Returns true if additional
// coverage was discovered.
bool Fuzzer::RecordMaxCoverage(Fuzzer::Coverage *C) {
  bool Res = false;

  uint64_t NewBlockCoverage = EF->__sanitizer_get_total_unique_coverage();
  if (NewBlockCoverage > C->BlockCoverage) {
    Res = true;
    C->BlockCoverage = NewBlockCoverage;
  }

  if (Options.UseIndirCalls &&
      EF->__sanitizer_get_total_unique_caller_callee_pairs) {
    uint64_t NewCallerCalleeCoverage =
        EF->__sanitizer_get_total_unique_caller_callee_pairs();
    if (NewCallerCalleeCoverage > C->CallerCalleeCoverage) {
      Res = true;
      C->CallerCalleeCoverage = NewCallerCalleeCoverage;
    }
  }

  if (Options.UseCounters) {
    uint64_t CounterDelta =
        EF->__sanitizer_update_counter_bitset_and_clear_counters(
            C->CounterBitmap.data());
    if (CounterDelta > 0) {
      Res = true;
      C->CounterBitmapBits += CounterDelta;
    }
  }

  return Res;
}

// Leak detection is expensive, so we first check if there were more mallocs
// than frees (using the sanitizer malloc hooks) and only then try to call lsan.
struct MallocFreeTracer {
  void Start(int TraceLevel) {
    this->TraceLevel = TraceLevel;
    if (TraceLevel)
      Printf("MallocFreeTracer: START\n");
    Mallocs = 0;
    Frees = 0;
  }
  // Returns true if there were more mallocs than frees.
  bool Stop() {
    if (TraceLevel)
      Printf("MallocFreeTracer: STOP %zd %zd (%s)\n", Mallocs.load(),
             Frees.load(), Mallocs == Frees ? "same" : "DIFFERENT");
    bool Result = Mallocs > Frees;
    Mallocs = 0;
    Frees = 0;
    TraceLevel = 0;
    return Result;
  }
  std::atomic<size_t> Mallocs;
  std::atomic<size_t> Frees;
  int TraceLevel = 0;
};

static MallocFreeTracer AllocTracer;

ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_MEMORY
void MallocHook(const volatile void *ptr, size_t size) {
  size_t N = AllocTracer.Mallocs++;
  F->HandleMalloc(size);
  if (int TraceLevel = AllocTracer.TraceLevel) {
    Printf("MALLOC[%zd] %p %zd\n", N, ptr, size);
    if (TraceLevel >= 2 && EF)
      EF->__sanitizer_print_stack_trace();
  }
}

ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_MEMORY
void FreeHook(const volatile void *ptr) {
  size_t N = AllocTracer.Frees++;
  if (int TraceLevel = AllocTracer.TraceLevel) {
    Printf("FREE[%zd]   %p\n", N, ptr);
    if (TraceLevel >= 2 && EF)
      EF->__sanitizer_print_stack_trace();
  }
}

// Crash on a single malloc that exceeds the rss limit.
void Fuzzer::HandleMalloc(size_t Size) {
  if (!Options.RssLimitMb || (Size >> 20) < (size_t)Options.RssLimitMb)
    return;
  Printf("==%d== ERROR: libFuzzer: out-of-memory (malloc(%zd))\n", GetPid(),
         Size);
  Printf("   To change the out-of-memory limit use -rss_limit_mb=<N>\n\n");
  if (EF->__sanitizer_print_stack_trace)
    EF->__sanitizer_print_stack_trace();
  DumpCurrentUnit("oom-");
  Printf("SUMMARY: libFuzzer: out-of-memory\n");
  PrintFinalStats();
  _Exit(Options.ErrorExitCode); // Stop right now.
}

Fuzzer::Fuzzer(UserCallback CB, InputCorpus &Corpus, MutationDispatcher &MD,
               FuzzingOptions Options)
    : CB(CB), Corpus(Corpus), MD(MD), Options(Options) {
  SetDeathCallback();
  InitializeTraceState();
  assert(!F);
  F = this;
  TPC.ResetMaps();
  ResetCoverage();
  IsMyThread = true;
  if (Options.DetectLeaks && EF->__sanitizer_install_malloc_and_free_hooks)
    EF->__sanitizer_install_malloc_and_free_hooks(MallocHook, FreeHook);
  TPC.SetUseCounters(Options.UseCounters);
  TPC.SetUseValueProfile(Options.UseValueProfile);
  TPC.SetPrintNewPCs(Options.PrintNewCovPcs);

  if (Options.Verbosity)
    TPC.PrintModuleInfo();
  if (!Options.OutputCorpus.empty() && Options.ReloadIntervalSec)
    EpochOfLastReadOfOutputCorpus = GetEpoch(Options.OutputCorpus);
  MaxInputLen = MaxMutationLen = Options.MaxLen;
  AllocateCurrentUnitData();
  CurrentUnitSize = 0;
  memset(BaseSha1, 0, sizeof(BaseSha1));
}

Fuzzer::~Fuzzer() { }

void Fuzzer::AllocateCurrentUnitData() {
  if (CurrentUnitData || MaxInputLen == 0) return;
  CurrentUnitData = new uint8_t[MaxInputLen];
}

void Fuzzer::SetDeathCallback() {
  CHECK_EXTERNAL_FUNCTION(__sanitizer_set_death_callback);
  EF->__sanitizer_set_death_callback(StaticDeathCallback);
}

void Fuzzer::StaticDeathCallback() {
  assert(F);
  F->DeathCallback();
}

static void WarnOnUnsuccessfullMerge(bool DoWarn) {
  if (!DoWarn) return;
  Printf(
   "***\n"
   "***\n"
   "***\n"
   "*** NOTE: merge did not succeed due to a failure on one of the inputs.\n"
   "*** You will need to filter out crashes from the corpus, e.g. like this:\n"
   "***   for f in WITH_CRASHES/*; do ./fuzzer $f && cp $f NO_CRASHES; done\n"
   "*** Future versions may have crash-resistant merge, stay tuned.\n"
   "***\n"
   "***\n"
   "***\n");
}

void Fuzzer::DumpCurrentUnit(const char *Prefix) {
  WarnOnUnsuccessfullMerge(InMergeMode);
  if (!CurrentUnitData) return;  // Happens when running individual inputs.
  MD.PrintMutationSequence();
  Printf("; base unit: %s\n", Sha1ToString(BaseSha1).c_str());
  size_t UnitSize = CurrentUnitSize;
  if (UnitSize <= kMaxUnitSizeToPrint) {
    PrintHexArray(CurrentUnitData, UnitSize, "\n");
    PrintASCII(CurrentUnitData, UnitSize, "\n");
  }
  WriteUnitToFileWithPrefix({CurrentUnitData, CurrentUnitData + UnitSize},
                            Prefix);
}

NO_SANITIZE_MEMORY
void Fuzzer::DeathCallback() {
  DumpCurrentUnit("crash-");
  PrintFinalStats();
}

void Fuzzer::StaticAlarmCallback() {
  assert(F);
  F->AlarmCallback();
}

void Fuzzer::StaticCrashSignalCallback() {
  assert(F);
  F->CrashCallback();
}

void Fuzzer::StaticInterruptCallback() {
  assert(F);
  F->InterruptCallback();
}

void Fuzzer::CrashCallback() {
  Printf("==%lu== ERROR: libFuzzer: deadly signal\n", GetPid());
  if (EF->__sanitizer_print_stack_trace)
    EF->__sanitizer_print_stack_trace();
  Printf("NOTE: libFuzzer has rudimentary signal handlers.\n"
         "      Combine libFuzzer with AddressSanitizer or similar for better "
         "crash reports.\n");
  Printf("SUMMARY: libFuzzer: deadly signal\n");
  DumpCurrentUnit("crash-");
  PrintFinalStats();
  exit(Options.ErrorExitCode);
}

void Fuzzer::InterruptCallback() {
  Printf("==%lu== libFuzzer: run interrupted; exiting\n", GetPid());
  PrintFinalStats();
  _Exit(0);  // Stop right now, don't perform any at-exit actions.
}

NO_SANITIZE_MEMORY
void Fuzzer::AlarmCallback() {
  assert(Options.UnitTimeoutSec > 0);
  if (!InFuzzingThread()) return;
  if (!RunningCB)
    return; // We have not started running units yet.
  size_t Seconds =
      duration_cast<seconds>(system_clock::now() - UnitStartTime).count();
  if (Seconds == 0)
    return;
  if (Options.Verbosity >= 2)
    Printf("AlarmCallback %zd\n", Seconds);
  if (Seconds >= (size_t)Options.UnitTimeoutSec) {
    Printf("ALARM: working on the last Unit for %zd seconds\n", Seconds);
    Printf("       and the timeout value is %d (use -timeout=N to change)\n",
           Options.UnitTimeoutSec);
    DumpCurrentUnit("timeout-");
    Printf("==%lu== ERROR: libFuzzer: timeout after %d seconds\n", GetPid(),
           Seconds);
    if (EF->__sanitizer_print_stack_trace)
      EF->__sanitizer_print_stack_trace();
    Printf("SUMMARY: libFuzzer: timeout\n");
    PrintFinalStats();
    _Exit(Options.TimeoutExitCode); // Stop right now.
  }
}

void Fuzzer::RssLimitCallback() {
  Printf(
      "==%lu== ERROR: libFuzzer: out-of-memory (used: %zdMb; limit: %zdMb)\n",
      GetPid(), GetPeakRSSMb(), Options.RssLimitMb);
  Printf("   To change the out-of-memory limit use -rss_limit_mb=<N>\n\n");
  if (EF->__sanitizer_print_memory_profile)
    EF->__sanitizer_print_memory_profile(95);
  DumpCurrentUnit("oom-");
  Printf("SUMMARY: libFuzzer: out-of-memory\n");
  PrintFinalStats();
  _Exit(Options.ErrorExitCode); // Stop right now.
}

void Fuzzer::PrintStats(const char *Where, const char *End, size_t Units) {
  size_t ExecPerSec = execPerSec();
  if (Options.OutputCSV) {
    static bool csvHeaderPrinted = false;
    if (!csvHeaderPrinted) {
      csvHeaderPrinted = true;
      Printf("runs,block_cov,bits,cc_cov,corpus,execs_per_sec,tbms,reason\n");
    }
    Printf("%zd,%zd,%zd,%zd,%zd,%zd,%s\n", TotalNumberOfRuns,
           MaxCoverage.BlockCoverage, MaxCoverage.CounterBitmapBits,
           MaxCoverage.CallerCalleeCoverage, Corpus.size(), ExecPerSec, Where);
  }

  if (!Options.Verbosity)
    return;
  Printf("#%zd\t%s", TotalNumberOfRuns, Where);
  if (MaxCoverage.BlockCoverage)
    Printf(" cov: %zd", MaxCoverage.BlockCoverage);
  if (size_t N = MaxCoverage.VPMap.GetNumBitsSinceLastMerge())
    Printf(" vp: %zd", N);
  if (size_t N = TPC.GetTotalPCCoverage())
    Printf(" cov: %zd", N);
  if (auto TB = MaxCoverage.CounterBitmapBits)
    Printf(" bits: %zd", TB);
  if (size_t N = Corpus.NumFeatures())
    Printf( " ft: %zd", N);
  if (MaxCoverage.CallerCalleeCoverage)
    Printf(" indir: %zd", MaxCoverage.CallerCalleeCoverage);
  if (!Corpus.empty()) {
    Printf(" corp: %zd", Corpus.NumActiveUnits());
    if (size_t N = Corpus.SizeInBytes()) {
      if (N < (1<<14))
        Printf("/%zdb", N);
      else if (N < (1 << 24))
        Printf("/%zdKb", N >> 10);
      else
        Printf("/%zdMb", N >> 20);
    }
  }
  if (Units)
    Printf(" units: %zd", Units);

  Printf(" exec/s: %zd", ExecPerSec);
  Printf(" rss: %zdMb", GetPeakRSSMb());
  Printf("%s", End);
}

void Fuzzer::PrintFinalStats() {
  if (Options.PrintCoverage)
    TPC.PrintCoverage();
  if (Options.PrintCorpusStats)
    Corpus.PrintStats();
  if (!Options.PrintFinalStats) return;
  size_t ExecPerSec = execPerSec();
  Printf("stat::number_of_executed_units: %zd\n", TotalNumberOfRuns);
  Printf("stat::average_exec_per_sec:     %zd\n", ExecPerSec);
  Printf("stat::new_units_added:          %zd\n", NumberOfNewUnitsAdded);
  Printf("stat::slowest_unit_time_sec:    %zd\n", TimeOfLongestUnitInSeconds);
  Printf("stat::peak_rss_mb:              %zd\n", GetPeakRSSMb());
}

void Fuzzer::SetMaxInputLen(size_t MaxInputLen) {
  assert(this->MaxInputLen == 0); // Can only reset MaxInputLen from 0 to non-0.
  assert(MaxInputLen);
  this->MaxInputLen = MaxInputLen;
  this->MaxMutationLen = MaxInputLen;
  AllocateCurrentUnitData();
  Printf("INFO: -max_len is not provided, using %zd\n", MaxInputLen);
}

void Fuzzer::SetMaxMutationLen(size_t MaxMutationLen) {
  assert(MaxMutationLen && MaxMutationLen <= MaxInputLen);
  this->MaxMutationLen = MaxMutationLen;
}

void Fuzzer::CheckExitOnSrcPosOrItem() {
  if (!Options.ExitOnSrcPos.empty()) {
    static auto *PCsSet = new std::set<uintptr_t>;
    for (size_t i = 1, N = TPC.GetNumPCs(); i < N; i++) {
      uintptr_t PC = TPC.GetPC(i);
      if (!PC) continue;
      if (!PCsSet->insert(PC).second) continue;
      std::string Descr = DescribePC("%L", PC);
      if (Descr.find(Options.ExitOnSrcPos) != std::string::npos) {
        Printf("INFO: found line matching '%s', exiting.\n",
               Options.ExitOnSrcPos.c_str());
        _Exit(0);
      }
    }
  }
  if (!Options.ExitOnItem.empty()) {
    if (Corpus.HasUnit(Options.ExitOnItem)) {
      Printf("INFO: found item with checksum '%s', exiting.\n",
             Options.ExitOnItem.c_str());
      _Exit(0);
    }
  }
}

void Fuzzer::RereadOutputCorpus(size_t MaxSize) {
  if (Options.OutputCorpus.empty() || !Options.ReloadIntervalSec) return;
  std::vector<Unit> AdditionalCorpus;
  ReadDirToVectorOfUnits(Options.OutputCorpus.c_str(), &AdditionalCorpus,
                         &EpochOfLastReadOfOutputCorpus, MaxSize,
                         /*ExitOnError*/ false);
  if (Options.Verbosity >= 2)
    Printf("Reload: read %zd new units.\n", AdditionalCorpus.size());
  bool Reloaded = false;
  for (auto &U : AdditionalCorpus) {
    if (U.size() > MaxSize)
      U.resize(MaxSize);
    if (!Corpus.HasUnit(U)) {
      if (size_t NumFeatures = RunOne(U)) {
        CheckExitOnSrcPosOrItem();
        Corpus.AddToCorpus(U, NumFeatures);
        Reloaded = true;
      }
    }
  }
  if (Reloaded)
    PrintStats("RELOAD");
}

void Fuzzer::ShuffleCorpus(UnitVector *V) {
  std::random_shuffle(V->begin(), V->end(), MD.GetRand());
  if (Options.PreferSmall)
    std::stable_sort(V->begin(), V->end(), [](const Unit &A, const Unit &B) {
      return A.size() < B.size();
    });
}

void Fuzzer::ShuffleAndMinimize(UnitVector *InitialCorpus) {
  Printf("#0\tREAD units: %zd\n", InitialCorpus->size());
  if (Options.ShuffleAtStartUp)
    ShuffleCorpus(InitialCorpus);

  // Test the callback with empty input and never try it again.
  uint8_t dummy;
  ExecuteCallback(&dummy, 0);

  for (const auto &U : *InitialCorpus) {
    if (size_t NumFeatures = RunOne(U)) {
      CheckExitOnSrcPosOrItem();
      Corpus.AddToCorpus(U, NumFeatures);
      if (Options.Verbosity >= 2)
        Printf("NEW0: %zd L %zd\n", MaxCoverage.BlockCoverage, U.size());
    }
    TryDetectingAMemoryLeak(U.data(), U.size(),
                            /*DuringInitialCorpusExecution*/ true);
  }
  PrintStats("INITED");
  if (Corpus.empty()) {
    Printf("ERROR: no interesting inputs were found. "
           "Is the code instrumented for coverage? Exiting.\n");
    exit(1);
  }
}

size_t Fuzzer::RunOne(const uint8_t *Data, size_t Size) {
  if (!Size) return 0;
  TotalNumberOfRuns++;

  ExecuteCallback(Data, Size);

  size_t Res = 0;
  if (size_t NumFeatures = TPC.CollectFeatures([&](size_t Feature) -> bool {
        return Corpus.AddFeature(Feature, Size, Options.Shrink);
      }))
    Res = NumFeatures;

  if (!TPC.UsingTracePcGuard()) {
    if (TPC.UpdateValueProfileMap(&MaxCoverage.VPMap))
      Res = 1;
    if (!Res && RecordMaxCoverage(&MaxCoverage))
      Res = 1;
  }

  auto TimeOfUnit =
      duration_cast<seconds>(UnitStopTime - UnitStartTime).count();
  if (!(TotalNumberOfRuns & (TotalNumberOfRuns - 1)) &&
      secondsSinceProcessStartUp() >= 2)
    PrintStats("pulse ");
  if (TimeOfUnit > TimeOfLongestUnitInSeconds * 1.1 &&
      TimeOfUnit >= Options.ReportSlowUnits) {
    TimeOfLongestUnitInSeconds = TimeOfUnit;
    Printf("Slowest unit: %zd s:\n", TimeOfLongestUnitInSeconds);
    WriteUnitToFileWithPrefix({Data, Data + Size}, "slow-unit-");
  }
  return Res;
}

size_t Fuzzer::GetCurrentUnitInFuzzingThead(const uint8_t **Data) const {
  assert(InFuzzingThread());
  *Data = CurrentUnitData;
  return CurrentUnitSize;
}

void Fuzzer::ExecuteCallback(const uint8_t *Data, size_t Size) {
  assert(InFuzzingThread());
  // We copy the contents of Unit into a separate heap buffer
  // so that we reliably find buffer overflows in it.
  uint8_t *DataCopy = new uint8_t[Size];
  memcpy(DataCopy, Data, Size);
  if (CurrentUnitData && CurrentUnitData != Data)
    memcpy(CurrentUnitData, Data, Size);
  CurrentUnitSize = Size;
  AllocTracer.Start(Options.TraceMalloc);
  UnitStartTime = system_clock::now();
  ResetCounters();  // Reset coverage right before the callback.
  TPC.ResetMaps();
  RunningCB = true;
  int Res = CB(DataCopy, Size);
  RunningCB = false;
  UnitStopTime = system_clock::now();
  (void)Res;
  assert(Res == 0);
  HasMoreMallocsThanFrees = AllocTracer.Stop();
  CurrentUnitSize = 0;
  delete[] DataCopy;
}

void Fuzzer::WriteToOutputCorpus(const Unit &U) {
  if (Options.OnlyASCII)
    assert(IsASCII(U));
  if (Options.OutputCorpus.empty())
    return;
  std::string Path = DirPlusFile(Options.OutputCorpus, Hash(U));
  WriteToFile(U, Path);
  if (Options.Verbosity >= 2)
    Printf("Written to %s\n", Path.c_str());
}

void Fuzzer::WriteUnitToFileWithPrefix(const Unit &U, const char *Prefix) {
  if (!Options.SaveArtifacts)
    return;
  std::string Path = Options.ArtifactPrefix + Prefix + Hash(U);
  if (!Options.ExactArtifactPath.empty())
    Path = Options.ExactArtifactPath; // Overrides ArtifactPrefix.
  WriteToFile(U, Path);
  Printf("artifact_prefix='%s'; Test unit written to %s\n",
         Options.ArtifactPrefix.c_str(), Path.c_str());
  if (U.size() <= kMaxUnitSizeToPrint)
    Printf("Base64: %s\n", Base64(U).c_str());
}

void Fuzzer::PrintStatusForNewUnit(const Unit &U) {
  if (!Options.PrintNEW)
    return;
  PrintStats("NEW   ", "");
  if (Options.Verbosity) {
    Printf(" L: %zd ", U.size());
    MD.PrintMutationSequence();
    Printf("\n");
  }
}

void Fuzzer::ReportNewCoverage(InputInfo *II, const Unit &U) {
  II->NumSuccessfullMutations++;
  MD.RecordSuccessfulMutationSequence();
  PrintStatusForNewUnit(U);
  WriteToOutputCorpus(U);
  NumberOfNewUnitsAdded++;
  TPC.PrintNewPCs();
}

// Finds minimal number of units in 'Extra' that add coverage to 'Initial'.
// We do it by actually executing the units, sometimes more than once,
// because we may be using different coverage-like signals and the only
// common thing between them is that we can say "this unit found new stuff".
UnitVector Fuzzer::FindExtraUnits(const UnitVector &Initial,
                                  const UnitVector &Extra) {
  UnitVector Res = Extra;
  UnitVector Tmp;
  size_t OldSize = Res.size();
  for (int Iter = 0; Iter < 10; Iter++) {
    ShuffleCorpus(&Res);
    TPC.ResetMaps();
    Corpus.ResetFeatureSet();
    ResetCoverage();

    for (auto &U : Initial) {
      TPC.ResetMaps();
      RunOne(U);
    }

    Tmp.clear();
    for (auto &U : Res) {
      TPC.ResetMaps();
      if (RunOne(U))
        Tmp.push_back(U);
    }

    char Stat[7] = "MIN   ";
    Stat[3] = '0' + Iter;
    PrintStats(Stat, "\n", Tmp.size());

    size_t NewSize = Tmp.size();
    assert(NewSize <= OldSize);
    Res.swap(Tmp);

    if (NewSize + 5 >= OldSize)
      break;
    OldSize = NewSize;
  }
  return Res;
}

void Fuzzer::Merge(const std::vector<std::string> &Corpora) {
  if (Corpora.size() <= 1) {
    Printf("Merge requires two or more corpus dirs\n");
    return;
  }
  InMergeMode = true;
  std::vector<std::string> ExtraCorpora(Corpora.begin() + 1, Corpora.end());

  assert(MaxInputLen > 0);
  UnitVector Initial, Extra;
  ReadDirToVectorOfUnits(Corpora[0].c_str(), &Initial, nullptr, MaxInputLen,
                         true);
  for (auto &C : ExtraCorpora)
    ReadDirToVectorOfUnits(C.c_str(), &Extra, nullptr, MaxInputLen, true);

  if (!Initial.empty()) {
    Printf("=== Minimizing the initial corpus of %zd units\n", Initial.size());
    Initial = FindExtraUnits({}, Initial);
  }

  Printf("=== Merging extra %zd units\n", Extra.size());
  auto Res = FindExtraUnits(Initial, Extra);

  for (auto &U: Res)
    WriteToOutputCorpus(U);

  Printf("=== Merge: written %zd units\n", Res.size());
}

// Tries detecting a memory leak on the particular input that we have just
// executed before calling this function.
void Fuzzer::TryDetectingAMemoryLeak(const uint8_t *Data, size_t Size,
                                     bool DuringInitialCorpusExecution) {
  if (!HasMoreMallocsThanFrees) return;  // mallocs==frees, a leak is unlikely.
  if (!Options.DetectLeaks) return;
  if (!&(EF->__lsan_enable) || !&(EF->__lsan_disable) ||
      !(EF->__lsan_do_recoverable_leak_check))
    return;  // No lsan.
  // Run the target once again, but with lsan disabled so that if there is
  // a real leak we do not report it twice.
  EF->__lsan_disable();
  ExecuteCallback(Data, Size);
  EF->__lsan_enable();
  if (!HasMoreMallocsThanFrees) return;  // a leak is unlikely.
  if (NumberOfLeakDetectionAttempts++ > 1000) {
    Options.DetectLeaks = false;
    Printf("INFO: libFuzzer disabled leak detection after every mutation.\n"
           "      Most likely the target function accumulates allocated\n"
           "      memory in a global state w/o actually leaking it.\n"
           "      You may try running this binary with -trace_malloc=[12]"
           "      to get a trace of mallocs and frees.\n"
           "      If LeakSanitizer is enabled in this process it will still\n"
           "      run on the process shutdown.\n");
    return;
  }
  // Now perform the actual lsan pass. This is expensive and we must ensure
  // we don't call it too often.
  if (EF->__lsan_do_recoverable_leak_check()) { // Leak is found, report it.
    if (DuringInitialCorpusExecution)
      Printf("\nINFO: a leak has been found in the initial corpus.\n\n");
    Printf("INFO: to ignore leaks on libFuzzer side use -detect_leaks=0.\n\n");
    CurrentUnitSize = Size;
    DumpCurrentUnit("leak-");
    PrintFinalStats();
    _Exit(Options.ErrorExitCode);  // not exit() to disable lsan further on.
  }
}

void Fuzzer::MutateAndTestOne() {
  MD.StartMutationSequence();

  auto &II = Corpus.ChooseUnitToMutate(MD.GetRand());
  const auto &U = II.U;
  memcpy(BaseSha1, II.Sha1, sizeof(BaseSha1));
  assert(CurrentUnitData);
  size_t Size = U.size();
  assert(Size <= MaxInputLen && "Oversized Unit");
  memcpy(CurrentUnitData, U.data(), Size);

  assert(MaxMutationLen > 0);

  for (int i = 0; i < Options.MutateDepth; i++) {
    if (TotalNumberOfRuns >= Options.MaxNumberOfRuns)
      break;
    size_t NewSize = 0;
    NewSize = MD.Mutate(CurrentUnitData, Size, MaxMutationLen);
    assert(NewSize > 0 && "Mutator returned empty unit");
    assert(NewSize <= MaxMutationLen && "Mutator return overisized unit");
    Size = NewSize;
    if (i == 0)
      StartTraceRecording();
    II.NumExecutedMutations++;
    if (size_t NumFeatures = RunOne(CurrentUnitData, Size)) {
      Corpus.AddToCorpus({CurrentUnitData, CurrentUnitData + Size}, NumFeatures,
                         /*MayDeleteFile=*/true);
      ReportNewCoverage(&II, {CurrentUnitData, CurrentUnitData + Size});
      CheckExitOnSrcPosOrItem();
    }
    StopTraceRecording();
    TryDetectingAMemoryLeak(CurrentUnitData, Size,
                            /*DuringInitialCorpusExecution*/ false);
  }
}

void Fuzzer::ResetCoverage() {
  ResetEdgeCoverage();
  MaxCoverage.Reset();
  PrepareCounters(&MaxCoverage);
}

void Fuzzer::Loop() {
  system_clock::time_point LastCorpusReload = system_clock::now();
  if (Options.DoCrossOver)
    MD.SetCorpus(&Corpus);
  while (true) {
    auto Now = system_clock::now();
    if (duration_cast<seconds>(Now - LastCorpusReload).count() >=
        Options.ReloadIntervalSec) {
      RereadOutputCorpus(MaxInputLen);
      LastCorpusReload = system_clock::now();
    }
    if (TotalNumberOfRuns >= Options.MaxNumberOfRuns)
      break;
    if (TimedOut()) break;
    // Perform several mutations and runs.
    MutateAndTestOne();
  }

  PrintStats("DONE  ", "\n");
  MD.PrintRecommendedDictionary();
}

void Fuzzer::MinimizeCrashLoop(const Unit &U) {
  if (U.size() <= 2) return;
  while (!TimedOut() && TotalNumberOfRuns < Options.MaxNumberOfRuns) {
    MD.StartMutationSequence();
    memcpy(CurrentUnitData, U.data(), U.size());
    for (int i = 0; i < Options.MutateDepth; i++) {
      size_t NewSize = MD.Mutate(CurrentUnitData, U.size(), MaxMutationLen);
      assert(NewSize > 0 && NewSize <= MaxMutationLen);
      RunOne(CurrentUnitData, NewSize);
      TryDetectingAMemoryLeak(CurrentUnitData, NewSize,
                              /*DuringInitialCorpusExecution*/ false);
    }
  }
}

} // namespace fuzzer

extern "C" {

size_t LLVMFuzzerMutate(uint8_t *Data, size_t Size, size_t MaxSize) {
  assert(fuzzer::F);
  return fuzzer::F->GetMD().DefaultMutate(Data, Size, MaxSize);
}
}  // extern "C"