include/linux/mmzone.h

#ifndef _LINUX_MMZONE_H
#define _LINUX_MMZONE_H

#ifdef __KERNEL__
#ifndef __ASSEMBLY__

#include <linux/spinlock.h>
#include <linux/list.h>
#include <linux/wait.h>
#include <linux/cache.h>
#include <linux/threads.h>
#include <linux/numa.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/seqlock.h>
#include <linux/nodemask.h>
#include <asm/atomic.h>
#include <asm/page.h>

/* Free memory management - zoned buddy allocator.  */
#ifndef CONFIG_FORCE_MAX_ZONEORDER
#define MAX_ORDER 11
#else
#define MAX_ORDER CONFIG_FORCE_MAX_ZONEORDER
#endif
#define MAX_ORDER_NR_PAGES (1 << (MAX_ORDER - 1))

struct free_area {
	struct list_head	free_list;
	unsigned long		nr_free;
};

struct pglist_data;

/*
 * zone->lock and zone->lru_lock are two of the hottest locks in the kernel.
 * So add a wild amount of padding here to ensure that they fall into separate
 * cachelines.  There are very few zone structures in the machine, so space
 * consumption is not a concern here.
 */
#if defined(CONFIG_SMP)
struct zone_padding {
	char x[0];
} ____cacheline_internodealigned_in_smp;
#define ZONE_PADDING(name)	struct zone_padding name;
#else
#define ZONE_PADDING(name)
#endif

enum zone_stat_item {
	NR_ANON_PAGES,	/* Mapped anonymous pages */
	NR_FILE_MAPPED,	/* pagecache pages mapped into pagetables.
			   only modified from process context */
	NR_FILE_PAGES,
	NR_SLAB,	/* Pages used by slab allocator */
	NR_PAGETABLE,	/* used for pagetables */
	NR_FILE_DIRTY,
	NR_WRITEBACK,
	NR_UNSTABLE_NFS,	/* NFS unstable pages */
	NR_BOUNCE,
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
	NUMA_HIT,		/* allocated in intended node */
	NUMA_MISS,		/* allocated in non intended node */
	NUMA_FOREIGN,		/* was intended here, hit elsewhere */
	NUMA_INTERLEAVE_HIT,	/* interleaver preferred this zone */
	NUMA_LOCAL,		/* allocation from local node */
	NUMA_OTHER,		/* allocation from other node */
#endif
	NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS };

struct per_cpu_pages {
	int count;		/* number of pages in the list */
	int high;		/* high watermark, emptying needed */
	int batch;		/* chunk size for buddy add/remove */
	struct list_head list;	/* the list of pages */
};

struct per_cpu_pageset {
	struct per_cpu_pages pcp[2];	/* 0: hot.  1: cold */
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
	s8 stat_threshold;
	s8 vm_stat_diff[NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS];
#endif
} ____cacheline_aligned_in_smp;

#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
#define zone_pcp(__z, __cpu) ((__z)->pageset[(__cpu)])
#else
#define zone_pcp(__z, __cpu) (&(__z)->pageset[(__cpu)])
#endif

enum zone_type {
	/*
	 * ZONE_DMA is used when there are devices that are not able
	 * to do DMA to all of addressable memory (ZONE_NORMAL). Then we
	 * carve out the portion of memory that is needed for these devices.
	 * The range is arch specific.
	 *
	 * Some examples
	 *
	 * Architecture		Limit
	 * ---------------------------
	 * parisc, ia64, sparc	<4G
	 * s390			<2G
	 * arm26		<48M
	 * arm			Various
	 * alpha		Unlimited or 0-16MB.
	 *
	 * i386, x86_64 and multiple other arches
	 * 			<16M.
	 */
	ZONE_DMA,
#ifdef CONFIG_ZONE_DMA32
	/*
	 * x86_64 needs two ZONE_DMAs because it supports devices that are
	 * only able to do DMA to the lower 16M but also 32 bit devices that
	 * can only do DMA areas below 4G.
	 */
	ZONE_DMA32,
#endif
	/*
	 * Normal addressable memory is in ZONE_NORMAL. DMA operations can be
	 * performed on pages in ZONE_NORMAL if the DMA devices support
	 * transfers to all addressable memory.
	 */
	ZONE_NORMAL,
	/*
	 * A memory area that is only addressable by the kernel through
	 * mapping portions into its own address space. This is for example
	 * used by i386 to allow the kernel to address the memory beyond
	 * 900MB. The kernel will set up special mappings (page
	 * table entries on i386) for each page that the kernel needs to
	 * access.
	 */
	ZONE_HIGHMEM,

	MAX_NR_ZONES
};

#define	ZONES_SHIFT		2	/* ceil(log2(MAX_NR_ZONES)) */

/*
 * When a memory allocation must conform to specific limitations (such
 * as being suitable for DMA) the caller will pass in hints to the
 * allocator in the gfp_mask, in the zone modifier bits.  These bits
 * are used to select a priority ordered list of memory zones which
 * match the requested limits.  GFP_ZONEMASK defines which bits within
 * the gfp_mask should be considered as zone modifiers.  Each valid
 * combination of the zone modifier bits has a corresponding list
 * of zones (in node_zonelists).  Thus for two zone modifiers there
 * will be a maximum of 4 (2 ** 2) zonelists, for 3 modifiers there will
 * be 8 (2 ** 3) zonelists.  GFP_ZONETYPES defines the number of possible
 * combinations of zone modifiers in "zone modifier space".
 *
 * As an optimisation any zone modifier bits which are only valid when
 * no other zone modifier bits are set (loners) should be placed in
 * the highest order bits of this field.  This allows us to reduce the
 * extent of the zonelists thus saving space.  For example in the case
 * of three zone modifier bits, we could require up to eight zonelists.
 * If the left most zone modifier is a "loner" then the highest valid
 * zonelist would be four allowing us to allocate only five zonelists.
 * Use the first form for GFP_ZONETYPES when the left most bit is not
 * a "loner", otherwise use the second.
 *
 * NOTE! Make sure this matches the zones in <linux/gfp.h>
 */
#define GFP_ZONETYPES		((GFP_ZONEMASK + 1) / 2 + 1)    /* Loner */

#ifdef CONFIG_ZONE_DMA32
#define GFP_ZONEMASK		0x07
#else
#define GFP_ZONEMASK		0x03
#endif

struct zone {
	/* Fields commonly accessed by the page allocator */
	unsigned long		free_pages;
	unsigned long		pages_min, pages_low, pages_high;
	/*
	 * We don't know if the memory that we're going to allocate will be freeable
	 * or/and it will be released eventually, so to avoid totally wasting several
	 * GB of ram we must reserve some of the lower zone memory (otherwise we risk
	 * to run OOM on the lower zones despite there's tons of freeable ram
	 * on the higher zones). This array is recalculated at runtime if the
	 * sysctl_lowmem_reserve_ratio sysctl changes.
	 */
	unsigned long		lowmem_reserve[MAX_NR_ZONES];

#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
	/*
	 * zone reclaim becomes active if more unmapped pages exist.
	 */
	unsigned long		min_unmapped_ratio;
	struct per_cpu_pageset	*pageset[NR_CPUS];
#else
	struct per_cpu_pageset	pageset[NR_CPUS];
#endif
	/*
	 * free areas of different sizes
	 */
	spinlock_t		lock;
#ifdef CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG
	/* see spanned/present_pages for more description */
	seqlock_t		span_seqlock;
#endif
	struct free_area	free_area[MAX_ORDER];


	ZONE_PADDING(_pad1_)

	/* Fields commonly accessed by the page reclaim scanner */
	spinlock_t		lru_lock;	
	struct list_head	active_list;
	struct list_head	inactive_list;
	unsigned long		nr_scan_active;
	unsigned long		nr_scan_inactive;
	unsigned long		nr_active;
	unsigned long		nr_inactive;
	unsigned long		pages_scanned;	   /* since last reclaim */
	int			all_unreclaimable; /* All pages pinned */

	/* A count of how many reclaimers are scanning this zone */
	atomic_t		reclaim_in_progress;

	/* Zone statistics */
	atomic_long_t		vm_stat[NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS];

	/*
	 * prev_priority holds the scanning priority for this zone.  It is
	 * defined as the scanning priority at which we achieved our reclaim
	 * target at the previous try_to_free_pages() or balance_pgdat()
	 * invokation.
	 *
	 * We use prev_priority as a measure of how much stress page reclaim is
	 * under - it drives the swappiness decision: whether to unmap mapped
	 * pages.
	 *
	 * temp_priority is used to remember the scanning priority at which
	 * this zone was successfully refilled to free_pages == pages_high.
	 *
	 * Access to both these fields is quite racy even on uniprocessor.  But
	 * it is expected to average out OK.
	 */
	int temp_priority;
	int prev_priority;


	ZONE_PADDING(_pad2_)
	/* Rarely used or read-mostly fields */

	/*
	 * wait_table		-- the array holding the hash table
	 * wait_table_hash_nr_entries	-- the size of the hash table array
	 * wait_table_bits	-- wait_table_size == (1 << wait_table_bits)
	 *
	 * The purpose of all these is to keep track of the people
	 * waiting for a page to become available and make them
	 * runnable again when possible. The trouble is that this
	 * consumes a lot of space, especially when so few things
	 * wait on pages at a given time. So instead of using
	 * per-page waitqueues, we use a waitqueue hash table.
	 *
	 * The bucket discipline is to sleep on the same queue when
	 * colliding and wake all in that wait queue when removing.
	 * When something wakes, it must check to be sure its page is
	 * truly available, a la thundering herd. The cost of a
	 * collision is great, but given the expected load of the
	 * table, they should be so rare as to be outweighed by the
	 * benefits from the saved space.
	 *
	 * __wait_on_page_locked() and unlock_page() in mm/filemap.c, are the
	 * primary users of these fields, and in mm/page_alloc.c
	 * free_area_init_core() performs the initialization of them.
	 */
	wait_queue_head_t	* wait_table;
	unsigned long		wait_table_hash_nr_entries;
	unsigned long		wait_table_bits;

	/*
	 * Discontig memory support fields.
	 */
	struct pglist_data	*zone_pgdat;
	/* zone_start_pfn == zone_start_paddr >> PAGE_SHIFT */
	unsigned long		zone_start_pfn;

	/*
	 * zone_start_pfn, spanned_pages and present_pages are all
	 * protected by span_seqlock.  It is a seqlock because it has
	 * to be read outside of zone->lock, and it is done in the main
	 * allocator path.  But, it is written quite infrequently.
	 *
	 * The lock is declared along with zone->lock because it is
	 * frequently read in proximity to zone->lock.  It's good to
	 * give them a chance of being in the same cacheline.
	 */
	unsigned long		spanned_pages;	/* total size, including holes */
	unsigned long		present_pages;	/* amount of memory (excluding holes) */

	/*
	 * rarely used fields:
	 */
	char			*name;
} ____cacheline_internodealigned_in_smp;

/*
 * The "priority" of VM scanning is how much of the queues we will scan in one
 * go. A value of 12 for DEF_PRIORITY implies that we will scan 1/4096th of the
 * queues ("queue_length >> 12") during an aging round.
 */
#define DEF_PRIORITY 12

/*
 * One allocation request operates on a zonelist. A zonelist
 * is a list of zones, the first one is the 'goal' of the
 * allocation, the other zones are fallback zones, in decreasing
 * priority.
 *
 * Right now a zonelist takes up less than a cacheline. We never
 * modify it apart from boot-up, and only a few indices are used,
 * so despite the zonelist table being relatively big, the cache
 * footprint of this construct is very small.
 */
struct zonelist {
	struct zone *zones[MAX_NUMNODES * MAX_NR_ZONES + 1]; // NULL delimited
};


/*
 * The pg_data_t structure is used in machines with CONFIG_DISCONTIGMEM
 * (mostly NUMA machines?) to denote a higher-level memory zone than the
 * zone denotes.
 *
 * On NUMA machines, each NUMA node would have a pg_data_t to describe
 * it's memory layout.
 *
 * Memory statistics and page replacement data structures are maintained on a
 * per-zone basis.
 */
struct bootmem_data;
typedef struct pglist_data {
	struct zone node_zones[MAX_NR_ZONES];
	struct zonelist node_zonelists[GFP_ZONETYPES];
	int nr_zones;
#ifdef CONFIG_FLAT_NODE_MEM_MAP
	struct page *node_mem_map;
#endif
	struct bootmem_data *bdata;
#ifdef CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG
	/*
	 * Must be held any time you expect node_start_pfn, node_present_pages
	 * or node_spanned_pages stay constant.  Holding this will also
	 * guarantee that any pfn_valid() stays that way.
	 *
	 * Nests above zone->lock and zone->size_seqlock.
	 */
	spinlock_t node_size_lock;
#endif
	unsigned long node_start_pfn;
	unsigned long node_present_pages; /* total number of physical pages */
	unsigned long node_spanned_pages; /* total size of physical page
					     range, including holes */
	int node_id;
	wait_queue_head_t kswapd_wait;
	struct task_struct *kswapd;
	int kswapd_max_order;
} pg_data_t;

#define node_present_pages(nid)	(NODE_DATA(nid)->node_present_pages)
#define node_spanned_pages(nid)	(NODE_DATA(nid)->node_spanned_pages)
#ifdef CONFIG_FLAT_NODE_MEM_MAP
#define pgdat_page_nr(pgdat, pagenr)	((pgdat)->node_mem_map + (pagenr))
#else
#define pgdat_page_nr(pgdat, pagenr)	pfn_to_page((pgdat)->node_start_pfn + (pagenr))
#endif
#define nid_page_nr(nid, pagenr) 	pgdat_page_nr(NODE_DATA(nid),(pagenr))

#include <linux/memory_hotplug.h>

void __get_zone_counts(unsigned long *active, unsigned long *inactive,
			unsigned long *free, struct pglist_data *pgdat);
void get_zone_counts(unsigned long *active, unsigned long *inactive,
			unsigned long *free);
void build_all_zonelists(void);
void wakeup_kswapd(struct zone *zone, int order);
int zone_watermark_ok(struct zone *z, int order, unsigned long mark,
		int classzone_idx, int alloc_flags);

extern int init_currently_empty_zone(struct zone *zone, unsigned long start_pfn,
				     unsigned long size);

#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_MEMORY_PRESENT
void memory_present(int nid, unsigned long start, unsigned long end);
#else
static inline void memory_present(int nid, unsigned long start, unsigned long end) {}
#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_NEED_NODE_MEMMAP_SIZE
unsigned long __init node_memmap_size_bytes(int, unsigned long, unsigned long);
#endif

/*
 * zone_idx() returns 0 for the ZONE_DMA zone, 1 for the ZONE_NORMAL zone, etc.
 */
#define zone_idx(zone)		((zone) - (zone)->zone_pgdat->node_zones)

static inline int populated_zone(struct zone *zone)
{
	return (!!zone->present_pages);
}

static inline int is_highmem_idx(enum zone_type idx)
{
	return (idx == ZONE_HIGHMEM);
}

static inline int is_normal_idx(enum zone_type idx)
{
	return (idx == ZONE_NORMAL);
}

/**
 * is_highmem - helper function to quickly check if a struct zone is a 
 *              highmem zone or not.  This is an attempt to keep references
 *              to ZONE_{DMA/NORMAL/HIGHMEM/etc} in general code to a minimum.
 * @zone - pointer to struct zone variable
 */
static inline int is_highmem(struct zone *zone)
{
	return zone == zone->zone_pgdat->node_zones + ZONE_HIGHMEM;
}

static inline int is_normal(struct zone *zone)
{
	return zone == zone->zone_pgdat->node_zones + ZONE_NORMAL;
}

static inline int is_dma32(struct zone *zone)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_ZONE_DMA32
	return zone == zone->zone_pgdat->node_zones + ZONE_DMA32;
#else
	return 0;
#endif
}

static inline int is_dma(struct zone *zone)
{
	return zone == zone->zone_pgdat->node_zones + ZONE_DMA;
}

/* These two functions are used to setup the per zone pages min values */
struct ctl_table;
struct file;
int min_free_kbytes_sysctl_handler(struct ctl_table *, int, struct file *, 
					void __user *, size_t *, loff_t *);
extern int sysctl_lowmem_reserve_ratio[MAX_NR_ZONES-1];
int lowmem_reserve_ratio_sysctl_handler(struct ctl_table *, int, struct file *,
					void __user *, size_t *, loff_t *);
int percpu_pagelist_fraction_sysctl_handler(struct ctl_table *, int, struct file *,
					void __user *, size_t *, loff_t *);
int sysctl_min_unmapped_ratio_sysctl_handler(struct ctl_table *, int,
			struct file *, void __user *, size_t *, loff_t *);

#include <linux/topology.h>
/* Returns the number of the current Node. */
#ifndef numa_node_id
#define numa_node_id()		(cpu_to_node(raw_smp_processor_id()))
#endif

#ifndef CONFIG_NEED_MULTIPLE_NODES

extern struct pglist_data contig_page_data;
#define NODE_DATA(nid)		(&contig_page_data)
#define NODE_MEM_MAP(nid)	mem_map
#define MAX_NODES_SHIFT		1

#else /* CONFIG_NEED_MULTIPLE_NODES */

#include <asm/mmzone.h>

#endif /* !CONFIG_NEED_MULTIPLE_NODES */

extern struct pglist_data *first_online_pgdat(void);
extern struct pglist_data *next_online_pgdat(struct pglist_data *pgdat);
extern struct zone *next_zone(struct zone *zone);

/**
 * for_each_pgdat - helper macro to iterate over all nodes
 * @pgdat - pointer to a pg_data_t variable
 */
#define for_each_online_pgdat(pgdat)			\
	for (pgdat = first_online_pgdat();		\
	     pgdat;					\
	     pgdat = next_online_pgdat(pgdat))
/**
 * for_each_zone - helper macro to iterate over all memory zones
 * @zone - pointer to struct zone variable
 *
 * The user only needs to declare the zone variable, for_each_zone
 * fills it in.
 */
#define for_each_zone(zone)			        \
	for (zone = (first_online_pgdat())->node_zones; \
	     zone;					\
	     zone = next_zone(zone))

#ifdef CONFIG_SPARSEMEM
#include <asm/sparsemem.h>
#endif

#if BITS_PER_LONG == 32
/*
 * with 32 bit page->flags field, we reserve 9 bits for node/zone info.
 * there are 4 zones (3 bits) and this leaves 9-3=6 bits for nodes.
 */
#define FLAGS_RESERVED		9

#elif BITS_PER_LONG == 64
/*
 * with 64 bit flags field, there's plenty of room.
 */
#define FLAGS_RESERVED		32

#else

#error BITS_PER_LONG not defined

#endif

#ifndef CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_EARLY_PFN_TO_NID
#define early_pfn_to_nid(nid)  (0UL)
#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_FLATMEM
#define pfn_to_nid(pfn)		(0)
#endif

#define pfn_to_section_nr(pfn) ((pfn) >> PFN_SECTION_SHIFT)
#define section_nr_to_pfn(sec) ((sec) << PFN_SECTION_SHIFT)

#ifdef CONFIG_SPARSEMEM

/*
 * SECTION_SHIFT    		#bits space required to store a section #
 *
 * PA_SECTION_SHIFT		physical address to/from section number
 * PFN_SECTION_SHIFT		pfn to/from section number
 */
#define SECTIONS_SHIFT		(MAX_PHYSMEM_BITS - SECTION_SIZE_BITS)

#define PA_SECTION_SHIFT	(SECTION_SIZE_BITS)
#define PFN_SECTION_SHIFT	(SECTION_SIZE_BITS - PAGE_SHIFT)

#define NR_MEM_SECTIONS		(1UL << SECTIONS_SHIFT)

#define PAGES_PER_SECTION       (1UL << PFN_SECTION_SHIFT)
#define PAGE_SECTION_MASK	(~(PAGES_PER_SECTION-1))

#if (MAX_ORDER - 1 + PAGE_SHIFT) > SECTION_SIZE_BITS
#error Allocator MAX_ORDER exceeds SECTION_SIZE
#endif

struct page;
struct mem_section {
	/*
	 * This is, logically, a pointer to an array of struct
	 * pages.  However, it is stored with some other magic.
	 * (see sparse.c::sparse_init_one_section())
	 *
	 * Additionally during early boot we encode node id of
	 * the location of the section here to guide allocation.
	 * (see sparse.c::memory_present())
	 *
	 * Making it a UL at least makes someone do a cast
	 * before using it wrong.
	 */
	unsigned long section_mem_map;
};

#ifdef CONFIG_SPARSEMEM_EXTREME
#define SECTIONS_PER_ROOT       (PAGE_SIZE / sizeof (struct mem_section))
#else
#define SECTIONS_PER_ROOT	1
#endif

#define SECTION_NR_TO_ROOT(sec)	((sec) / SECTIONS_PER_ROOT)
#define NR_SECTION_ROOTS	(NR_MEM_SECTIONS / SECTIONS_PER_ROOT)
#define SECTION_ROOT_MASK	(SECTIONS_PER_ROOT - 1)

#ifdef CONFIG_SPARSEMEM_EXTREME
extern struct mem_section *mem_section[NR_SECTION_ROOTS];
#else
extern struct mem_section mem_section[NR_SECTION_ROOTS][SECTIONS_PER_ROOT];
#endif

static inline struct mem_section *__nr_to_section(unsigned long nr)
{
	if (!mem_section[SECTION_NR_TO_ROOT(nr)])
		return NULL;
	return &mem_section[SECTION_NR_TO_ROOT(nr)][nr & SECTION_ROOT_MASK];
}
extern int __section_nr(struct mem_section* ms);

/*
 * We use the lower bits of the mem_map pointer to store
 * a little bit of information.  There should be at least
 * 3 bits here due to 32-bit alignment.
 */
#define	SECTION_MARKED_PRESENT	(1UL<<0)
#define SECTION_HAS_MEM_MAP	(1UL<<1)
#define SECTION_MAP_LAST_BIT	(1UL<<2)
#define SECTION_MAP_MASK	(~(SECTION_MAP_LAST_BIT-1))
#define SECTION_NID_SHIFT	2

static inline struct page *__section_mem_map_addr(struct mem_section *section)
{
	unsigned long map = section->section_mem_map;
	map &= SECTION_MAP_MASK;
	return (struct page *)map;
}

static inline int valid_section(struct mem_section *section)
{
	return (section && (section->section_mem_map & SECTION_MARKED_PRESENT));
}

static inline int section_has_mem_map(struct mem_section *section)
{
	return (section && (section->section_mem_map & SECTION_HAS_MEM_MAP));
}

static inline int valid_section_nr(unsigned long nr)
{
	return valid_section(__nr_to_section(nr));
}

static inline struct mem_section *__pfn_to_section(unsigned long pfn)
{
	return __nr_to_section(pfn_to_section_nr(pfn));
}

static inline int pfn_valid(unsigned long pfn)
{
	if (pfn_to_section_nr(pfn) >= NR_MEM_SECTIONS)
		return 0;
	return valid_section(__nr_to_section(pfn_to_section_nr(pfn)));
}

/*
 * These are _only_ used during initialisation, therefore they
 * can use __initdata ...  They could have names to indicate
 * this restriction.
 */
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
#define pfn_to_nid(pfn)							\
({									\
	unsigned long __pfn_to_nid_pfn = (pfn);				\
	page_to_nid(pfn_to_page(__pfn_to_nid_pfn));			\
})
#else
#define pfn_to_nid(pfn)		(0)
#endif

#define early_pfn_valid(pfn)	pfn_valid(pfn)
void sparse_init(void);
#else
#define sparse_init()	do {} while (0)
#define sparse_index_init(_sec, _nid)  do {} while (0)
#endif /* CONFIG_SPARSEMEM */

#ifndef early_pfn_valid
#define early_pfn_valid(pfn)	(1)
#endif

void memory_present(int nid, unsigned long start, unsigned long end);
unsigned long __init node_memmap_size_bytes(int, unsigned long, unsigned long);

#endif /* !__ASSEMBLY__ */
#endif /* __KERNEL__ */
#endif /* _LINUX_MMZONE_H */