blob: b23db1b611cc406211e775d18995faef9f4f43d5 [file] [log] [blame]
// Copyright 2007-2008 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
// disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
// with the distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
// from this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
#include <assert.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <string.h>
#ifndef WIN32
#include <stdint.h>
#endif
#include "v8.h"
#include "disasm.h"
#include "macro-assembler.h"
#include "platform.h"
namespace assembler { namespace arm {
namespace v8i = v8::internal;
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Decoder decodes and disassembles instructions into an output buffer.
// It uses the converter to convert register names and call destinations into
// more informative description.
class Decoder {
public:
Decoder(const disasm::NameConverter& converter,
char* out_buffer, const int out_buffer_size)
: converter_(converter),
out_buffer_(out_buffer),
out_buffer_size_(out_buffer_size),
out_buffer_pos_(0) {
ASSERT(out_buffer_size_ > 0);
out_buffer_[out_buffer_pos_] = '\0';
}
~Decoder() {}
// Writes one disassembled instruction into 'buffer' (0-terminated).
// Returns the length of the disassembled machine instruction in bytes.
int InstructionDecode(byte* instruction);
private:
const disasm::NameConverter& converter_;
char* out_buffer_;
const int out_buffer_size_;
int out_buffer_pos_;
void PrintChar(const char ch);
void Print(const char* str);
void PrintRegister(int reg);
void PrintCondition(Instr* instr);
void PrintShiftRm(Instr* instr);
void PrintShiftImm(Instr* instr);
int FormatOption(Instr* instr, const char* option);
void Format(Instr* instr, const char* format);
void Unknown(Instr* instr);
void DecodeType0(Instr* instr);
void DecodeType1(Instr* instr);
void DecodeType2(Instr* instr);
void DecodeType3(Instr* instr);
void DecodeType4(Instr* instr);
void DecodeType5(Instr* instr);
void DecodeType6(Instr* instr);
void DecodeType7(Instr* instr);
};
// Append the ch to the output buffer.
void Decoder::PrintChar(const char ch) {
ASSERT(out_buffer_pos_ < out_buffer_size_);
out_buffer_[out_buffer_pos_++] = ch;
}
// Append the str to the output buffer.
void Decoder::Print(const char* str) {
char cur = *str++;
while (cur != 0 && (out_buffer_pos_ < (out_buffer_size_-1))) {
PrintChar(cur);
cur = *str++;
}
out_buffer_[out_buffer_pos_] = 0;
}
static const char* cond_names[16] = {
"eq", "ne", "cs" , "cc" , "mi" , "pl" , "vs" , "vc" ,
"hi", "ls", "ge", "lt", "gt", "le", "", "invalid",
};
// Print the condition guarding the instruction.
void Decoder::PrintCondition(Instr* instr) {
Print(cond_names[instr->ConditionField()]);
}
// Print the register name according to the active name converter.
void Decoder::PrintRegister(int reg) {
Print(converter_.NameOfCPURegister(reg));
}
static const char* shift_names[4] = {
"lsl", "lsr", "asr", "ror"
};
// Print the register shift operands for the instruction. Generally used for
// data processing instructions.
void Decoder::PrintShiftRm(Instr* instr) {
Shift shift = instr->ShiftField();
int shift_amount = instr->ShiftAmountField();
int rm = instr->RmField();
PrintRegister(rm);
if ((shift != LSL) || (shift_amount != 0)) {
if (instr->RegShiftField() == 0) {
// by immediate
if ((shift == ROR) && (shift_amount == 0)) {
Print(", RRX");
return;
} else if (((shift == LSR) || (shift == ASR)) && (shift_amount == 0)) {
shift_amount = 32;
}
out_buffer_pos_ += v8i::OS::SNPrintF(out_buffer_ + out_buffer_pos_,
out_buffer_size_ - out_buffer_pos_,
", %s #%d",
shift_names[shift], shift_amount);
} else {
// by register
int rs = instr->RsField();
out_buffer_pos_ += v8i::OS::SNPrintF(out_buffer_ + out_buffer_pos_,
out_buffer_size_ - out_buffer_pos_,
", %s ", shift_names[shift]);
PrintRegister(rs);
}
}
}
// Print the immediate operand for the instruction. Generally used for data
// processing instructions.
void Decoder::PrintShiftImm(Instr* instr) {
int rotate = instr->RotateField() * 2;
int immed8 = instr->Immed8Field();
int imm = (immed8 >> rotate) | (immed8 << (32 - rotate));
out_buffer_pos_ += v8i::OS::SNPrintF(out_buffer_ + out_buffer_pos_,
out_buffer_size_ - out_buffer_pos_,
"#%d", imm);
}
// FormatOption takes a formatting string and interprets it based on
// the current instructions. The format string points to the first
// character of the option string (the option escape has already been
// consumed by the caller.) FormatOption returns the number of
// characters that were consumed from the formatting string.
int Decoder::FormatOption(Instr* instr, const char* format) {
switch (format[0]) {
case 'a': { // 'a: accumulate multiplies
if (instr->Bit(21) == 0) {
Print("ul");
} else {
Print("la");
}
return 1;
break;
}
case 'b': { // 'b: byte loads or stores
if (instr->HasB()) {
Print("b");
}
return 1;
break;
}
case 'c': { // 'cond: conditional execution
ASSERT((format[1] == 'o') && (format[2] == 'n') && (format[3] =='d'));
PrintCondition(instr);
return 4;
break;
}
case 'h': { // 'h: halfword operation for extra loads and stores
if (instr->HasH()) {
Print("h");
} else {
Print("b");
}
return 1;
break;
}
case 'i': { // 'imm: immediate value for data processing instructions
ASSERT((format[1] == 'm') && (format[2] == 'm'));
PrintShiftImm(instr);
return 3;
break;
}
case 'l': { // 'l: branch and link
if (instr->HasLink()) {
Print("l");
}
return 1;
break;
}
case 'm': { // 'msg: for simulator break instructions
if (format[1] == 'e') {
ASSERT((format[2] == 'm') && (format[3] == 'o') && (format[4] == 'p'));
if (instr->HasL()) {
Print("ldr");
} else {
Print("str");
}
return 5;
} else {
ASSERT(format[1] == 's' && format[2] == 'g');
byte* str =
reinterpret_cast<byte*>(instr->InstructionBits() & 0x0fffffff);
out_buffer_pos_ += v8i::OS::SNPrintF(out_buffer_ + out_buffer_pos_,
out_buffer_size_ - out_buffer_pos_,
"%s", converter_.NameInCode(str));
return 3;
}
break;
}
case 'o': {
ASSERT(format[1] == 'f' && format[2] == 'f');
if (format[3] == '1') {
// 'off12: 12-bit offset for load and store instructions
ASSERT(format[4] == '2');
out_buffer_pos_ += v8i::OS::SNPrintF(out_buffer_ + out_buffer_pos_,
out_buffer_size_ - out_buffer_pos_,
"%d", instr->Offset12Field());
return 5;
} else {
// 'off8: 8-bit offset for extra load and store instructions
ASSERT(format[3] == '8');
int offs8 = (instr->ImmedHField() << 4) | instr->ImmedLField();
out_buffer_pos_ += v8i::OS::SNPrintF(out_buffer_ + out_buffer_pos_,
out_buffer_size_ - out_buffer_pos_,
"%d", offs8);
return 4;
}
break;
}
case 'p': { // 'pu: P and U bits for load and store isntructions
ASSERT(format[1] == 'u');
switch (instr->PUField()) {
case 0: {
Print("da");
break;
}
case 1: {
Print("ia");
break;
}
case 2: {
Print("db");
break;
}
case 3: {
Print("ib");
break;
}
default: {
UNREACHABLE();
break;
}
}
return 2;
break;
}
case 'r': {
if (format[1] == 'n') { // 'rn: Rn register
int reg = instr->RnField();
PrintRegister(reg);
return 2;
} else if (format[1] == 'd') { // 'rd: Rd register
int reg = instr->RdField();
PrintRegister(reg);
return 2;
} else if (format[1] == 's') { // 'rs: Rs register
int reg = instr->RsField();
PrintRegister(reg);
return 2;
} else if (format[1] == 'm') { // 'rm: Rm register
int reg = instr->RmField();
PrintRegister(reg);
return 2;
} else if (format[1] == 'l') {
// 'rlist: register list for load and store multiple instructions
ASSERT(format[2] == 'i' && format[3] == 's' && format[4] == 't');
int rlist = instr->RlistField();
int reg = 0;
Print("{");
while (rlist != 0) {
if ((rlist & 1) != 0) {
PrintRegister(reg);
if ((rlist >> 1) != 0) {
Print(", ");
}
}
reg++;
rlist >>= 1;
}
Print("}");
return 5;
} else {
UNREACHABLE();
}
UNREACHABLE();
return -1;
break;
}
case 's': {
if (format[1] == 'h') { // 'shift_rm: register shift operands
ASSERT(format[2] == 'i' && format[3] == 'f' && format[4] == 't'
&& format[5] == '_' && format[6] == 'r' && format[7] == 'm');
PrintShiftRm(instr);
return 8;
} else if (format[1] == 'w') {
ASSERT(format[2] == 'i');
SoftwareInterruptCodes swi = instr->SwiField();
switch (swi) {
case call_rt_r5:
Print("call_rt_r5");
break;
case call_rt_r2:
Print("call_rt_r2");
break;
case break_point:
Print("break_point");
break;
default:
out_buffer_pos_ += v8i::OS::SNPrintF(
out_buffer_ + out_buffer_pos_,
out_buffer_size_ - out_buffer_pos_,
"%d",
swi);
break;
}
return 3;
} else if (format[1] == 'i') { // 'sign: signed extra loads and stores
ASSERT(format[2] == 'g' && format[3] == 'n');
if (instr->HasSign()) {
Print("s");
}
return 4;
break;
} else { // 's: S field of data processing instructions
if (instr->HasS()) {
Print("s");
}
return 1;
}
break;
}
case 't': { // 'target: target of branch instructions
ASSERT(format[1] == 'a' && format[2] == 'r' && format[3] == 'g'
&& format[4] == 'e' && format[5] == 't');
int off = (instr->SImmed24Field() << 2) + 8;
out_buffer_pos_ += v8i::OS::SNPrintF(
out_buffer_ + out_buffer_pos_,
out_buffer_size_ - out_buffer_pos_,
"%+d -> %s",
off,
converter_.NameOfAddress(reinterpret_cast<byte*>(instr) + off));
return 6;
break;
}
case 'u': { // 'u: signed or unsigned multiplies
if (instr->Bit(22) == 0) {
Print("u");
} else {
Print("s");
}
return 1;
break;
}
case 'w': { // 'w: W field of load and store instructions
if (instr->HasW()) {
Print("!");
}
return 1;
break;
}
default: {
UNREACHABLE();
break;
}
}
UNREACHABLE();
return -1;
}
// Format takes a formatting string for a whole instruction and prints it into
// the output buffer. All escaped options are handed to FormatOption to be
// parsed further.
void Decoder::Format(Instr* instr, const char* format) {
char cur = *format++;
while ((cur != 0) && (out_buffer_pos_ < (out_buffer_size_ - 1))) {
if (cur == '\'') { // Single quote is used as the formatting escape.
format += FormatOption(instr, format);
} else {
out_buffer_[out_buffer_pos_++] = cur;
}
cur = *format++;
}
ASSERT(out_buffer_pos_ < out_buffer_size_);
out_buffer_[out_buffer_pos_] = '\0';
}
// For currently unimplemented decodings the disassembler calls Unknown(instr)
// which will just print "unknown" of the instruction bits.
void Decoder::Unknown(Instr* instr) {
Format(instr, "unknown");
}
void Decoder::DecodeType0(Instr* instr) {
if (instr->IsSpecialType0()) {
// multiply instruction or extra loads and stores
if (instr->Bits(7, 4) == 9) {
if (instr->Bit(24) == 0) {
// multiply instructions
if (instr->Bit(23) == 0) {
if (instr->Bit(21) == 0) {
Format(instr, "mul'cond's 'rd, 'rm, 'rs");
} else {
Format(instr, "mla'cond's 'rd, 'rm, 'rs, 'rn");
}
} else {
Format(instr, "'um'al'cond's 'rn, 'rd, 'rs, 'rm");
}
} else {
Unknown(instr); // not used by V8
}
} else {
// extra load/store instructions
switch (instr->PUField()) {
case 0: {
if (instr->Bit(22) == 0) {
Format(instr, "'memop'cond'sign'h 'rd, ['rn], -'rm");
} else {
Format(instr, "'memop'cond'sign'h 'rd, ['rn], #-'off8");
}
break;
}
case 1: {
if (instr->Bit(22) == 0) {
Format(instr, "'memop'cond'sign'h 'rd, ['rn], +'rm");
} else {
Format(instr, "'memop'cond'sign'h 'rd, ['rn], #+'off8");
}
break;
}
case 2: {
if (instr->Bit(22) == 0) {
Format(instr, "'memop'cond'sign'h 'rd, ['rn, -'rm]'w");
} else {
Format(instr, "'memop'cond'sign'h 'rd, ['rn, #-'off8]'w");
}
break;
}
case 3: {
if (instr->Bit(22) == 0) {
Format(instr, "'memop'cond'sign'h 'rd, ['rn, +'rm]'w");
} else {
Format(instr, "'memop'cond'sign'h 'rd, ['rn, #+'off8]'w");
}
break;
}
default: {
// The PU field is a 2-bit field.
UNREACHABLE();
break;
}
}
return;
}
} else {
switch (instr->OpcodeField()) {
case AND: {
Format(instr, "and'cond's 'rd, 'rn, 'shift_rm");
break;
}
case EOR: {
Format(instr, "eor'cond's 'rd, 'rn, 'shift_rm");
break;
}
case SUB: {
Format(instr, "sub'cond's 'rd, 'rn, 'shift_rm");
break;
}
case RSB: {
Format(instr, "rsb'cond's 'rd, 'rn, 'shift_rm");
break;
}
case ADD: {
Format(instr, "add'cond's 'rd, 'rn, 'shift_rm");
break;
}
case ADC: {
Format(instr, "adc'cond's 'rd, 'rn, 'shift_rm");
break;
}
case SBC: {
Format(instr, "sbc'cond's 'rd, 'rn, 'shift_rm");
break;
}
case RSC: {
Format(instr, "rsc'cond's 'rd, 'rn, 'shift_rm");
break;
}
case TST: {
if (instr->HasS()) {
Format(instr, "tst'cond 'rn, 'shift_rm");
} else {
Unknown(instr); // not used by V8
return;
}
break;
}
case TEQ: {
if (instr->HasS()) {
Format(instr, "teq'cond 'rn, 'shift_rm");
} else {
Unknown(instr); // not used by V8
return;
}
break;
}
case CMP: {
if (instr->HasS()) {
Format(instr, "cmp'cond 'rn, 'shift_rm");
} else {
Unknown(instr); // not used by V8
return;
}
break;
}
case CMN: {
if (instr->HasS()) {
Format(instr, "cmn'cond 'rn, 'shift_rm");
} else {
Unknown(instr); // not used by V8
return;
}
break;
}
case ORR: {
Format(instr, "orr'cond's 'rd, 'rn, 'shift_rm");
break;
}
case MOV: {
Format(instr, "mov'cond's 'rd, 'shift_rm");
break;
}
case BIC: {
Format(instr, "bic'cond's 'rd, 'rn, 'shift_rm");
break;
}
case MVN: {
Format(instr, "mvn'cond's 'rd, 'shift_rm");
break;
}
default: {
// The Opcode field is a 4-bit field.
UNREACHABLE();
break;
}
}
}
}
void Decoder::DecodeType1(Instr* instr) {
switch (instr->OpcodeField()) {
case AND: {
Format(instr, "and'cond's 'rd, 'rn, 'imm");
break;
}
case EOR: {
Format(instr, "eor'cond's 'rd, 'rn, 'imm");
break;
}
case SUB: {
Format(instr, "sub'cond's 'rd, 'rn, 'imm");
break;
}
case RSB: {
Format(instr, "rsb'cond's 'rd, 'rn, 'imm");
break;
}
case ADD: {
Format(instr, "add'cond's 'rd, 'rn, 'imm");
break;
}
case ADC: {
Format(instr, "adc'cond's 'rd, 'rn, 'imm");
break;
}
case SBC: {
Format(instr, "sbc'cond's 'rd, 'rn, 'imm");
break;
}
case RSC: {
Format(instr, "rsc'cond's 'rd, 'rn, 'imm");
break;
}
case TST: {
if (instr->HasS()) {
Format(instr, "tst'cond 'rn, 'imm");
} else {
Unknown(instr); // not used by V8
return;
}
break;
}
case TEQ: {
if (instr->HasS()) {
Format(instr, "teq'cond 'rn, 'imm");
} else {
Unknown(instr); // not used by V8
return;
}
break;
}
case CMP: {
if (instr->HasS()) {
Format(instr, "cmp'cond 'rn, 'imm");
} else {
Unknown(instr); // not used by V8
return;
}
break;
}
case CMN: {
if (instr->HasS()) {
Format(instr, "cmn'cond 'rn, 'imm");
} else {
Unknown(instr); // not used by V8
return;
}
break;
}
case ORR: {
Format(instr, "orr'cond's 'rd, 'rn, 'imm");
break;
}
case MOV: {
Format(instr, "mov'cond's 'rd, 'imm");
break;
}
case BIC: {
Format(instr, "bic'cond's 'rd, 'rn, 'imm");
break;
}
case MVN: {
Format(instr, "mvn'cond's 'rd, 'imm");
break;
}
default: {
// The Opcode field is a 4-bit field.
UNREACHABLE();
break;
}
}
}
void Decoder::DecodeType2(Instr* instr) {
switch (instr->PUField()) {
case 0: {
if (instr->HasW()) {
Unknown(instr); // not used in V8
return;
}
Format(instr, "'memop'cond'b 'rd, ['rn], #-'off12");
break;
}
case 1: {
if (instr->HasW()) {
Unknown(instr); // not used in V8
return;
}
Format(instr, "'memop'cond'b 'rd, ['rn], #+'off12");
break;
}
case 2: {
Format(instr, "'memop'cond'b 'rd, ['rn, #-'off12]'w");
break;
}
case 3: {
Format(instr, "'memop'cond'b 'rd, ['rn, #+'off12]'w");
break;
}
default: {
// The PU field is a 2-bit field.
UNREACHABLE();
break;
}
}
}
void Decoder::DecodeType3(Instr* instr) {
switch (instr->PUField()) {
case 0: {
ASSERT(!instr->HasW());
Format(instr, "'memop'cond'b 'rd, ['rn], -'shift_rm");
break;
}
case 1: {
ASSERT(!instr->HasW());
Format(instr, "'memop'cond'b 'rd, ['rn], +'shift_rm");
break;
}
case 2: {
Format(instr, "'memop'cond'b 'rd, ['rn, -'shift_rm]'w");
break;
}
case 3: {
Format(instr, "'memop'cond'b 'rd, ['rn, +'shift_rm]'w");
break;
}
default: {
// The PU field is a 2-bit field.
UNREACHABLE();
break;
}
}
}
void Decoder::DecodeType4(Instr* instr) {
ASSERT(instr->Bit(22) == 0); // Privileged mode currently not supported.
if (instr->HasL()) {
Format(instr, "ldm'cond'pu 'rn'w, 'rlist");
} else {
Format(instr, "stm'cond'pu 'rn'w, 'rlist");
}
}
void Decoder::DecodeType5(Instr* instr) {
Format(instr, "b'l'cond 'target");
}
void Decoder::DecodeType6(Instr* instr) {
// Coprocessor instructions currently not supported.
Unknown(instr);
}
void Decoder::DecodeType7(Instr* instr) {
if (instr->Bit(24) == 1) {
Format(instr, "swi'cond 'swi");
} else {
// Coprocessor instructions currently not supported.
Unknown(instr);
}
}
// Disassemble the instruction at *instr_ptr into the output buffer.
int Decoder::InstructionDecode(byte* instr_ptr) {
Instr* instr = Instr::At(instr_ptr);
if (instr->ConditionField() == special_condition) {
Format(instr, "break 'msg");
return Instr::kInstrSize;
}
switch (instr->TypeField()) {
case 0: {
DecodeType0(instr);
break;
}
case 1: {
DecodeType1(instr);
break;
}
case 2: {
DecodeType2(instr);
break;
}
case 3: {
DecodeType3(instr);
break;
}
case 4: {
DecodeType4(instr);
break;
}
case 5: {
DecodeType5(instr);
break;
}
case 6: {
DecodeType6(instr);
break;
}
case 7: {
DecodeType7(instr);
break;
}
default: {
// The type field is 3-bits in the ARM encoding.
UNREACHABLE();
break;
}
}
return Instr::kInstrSize;
}
} } // namespace assembler::arm
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
namespace disasm {
static const char* reg_names[16] = {
"r0", "r1", "r2" , "r3" , "r4" , "r5" , "r6" , "r7" ,
"r8", "r9", "sl", "fp", "ip", "sp", "lr", "pc",
};
const char* NameConverter::NameOfAddress(byte* addr) const {
static char tmp_buffer[32];
#ifdef WIN32
_snprintf(tmp_buffer, sizeof tmp_buffer, "%p", addr);
#else
snprintf(tmp_buffer, sizeof tmp_buffer, "%p", addr);
#endif
return tmp_buffer;
}
const char* NameConverter::NameOfConstant(byte* addr) const {
return NameOfAddress(addr);
}
const char* NameConverter::NameOfCPURegister(int reg) const {
const char* result;
if ((0 <= reg) && (reg < 16)) {
result = reg_names[reg];
} else {
result = "noreg";
}
return result;
}
const char* NameConverter::NameOfXMMRegister(int reg) const {
UNREACHABLE(); // ARM does not have any XMM registers
return "noxmmreg";
}
const char* NameConverter::NameInCode(byte* addr) const {
// The default name converter is called for unknown code. So we will not try
// to access any memory.
return "";
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
static NameConverter defaultConverter;
Disassembler::Disassembler() : converter_(defaultConverter) {}
Disassembler::Disassembler(const NameConverter& converter)
: converter_(converter) {}
Disassembler::~Disassembler() {}
int Disassembler::InstructionDecode(char* buffer, const int buffer_size,
byte* instruction) {
assembler::arm::Decoder d(converter_, buffer, buffer_size);
return d.InstructionDecode(instruction);
}
void Disassembler::Disassemble(FILE* f, byte* begin, byte* end) {
Disassembler d;
for (byte* pc = begin; pc < end;) {
char buffer[128];
buffer[0] = '\0';
byte* prev_pc = pc;
pc += d.InstructionDecode(buffer, sizeof buffer, pc);
fprintf(f, "%p", prev_pc);
fprintf(f, " ");
for (byte* bp = prev_pc; bp < pc; bp++) {
fprintf(f, "%02x", *bp);
}
for (int i = 6 - (pc - prev_pc); i >= 0; i--) {
fprintf(f, " ");
}
fprintf(f, " %s\n", buffer);
}
}
} // namespace disasm