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<html><head><title>CommandLine 2.0 Library Manual</title></head>
<body bgcolor=white>
<table width="100%" bgcolor="#330077" border=0 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0>
<tr><td>&nbsp; <font size=+4 color="#EEEEFF" face="Georgia,Palatino,Times,Roman"><b>CommandLine 2.0 Library Manual</b></font></td>
</tr></table>
<ol>
<li><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
<li><a href="#quickstart">Quick Start Guide</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#bool">Boolean Arguments</a>
<li><a href="#alias">Argument Aliases</a>
<li><a href="#onealternative">Selecting an alternative from a set of possibilities</a>
<li><a href="#namedalternatives">Named alternatives</a>
<li><a href="#list">Parsing a list of options</a>
</ol>
<li><a href="#referenceguide">Reference Guide</a>
<ol>
<li>Option Modifiers:
<ul>
<li>Controlling whether or not the option is shown by <tt>--help</tt>
<li>Controlling the number of occurances required and allowed
<li>Controlling whether or not a value must be specified
<li>Controlling other formatting options
</ul>
<li>Positional Arguments
<li>Internal vs External Storage
<li>The option classes
<ul>
<li>The <tt>opt&lt;&gt;</tt> class
<li>The <tt>list&lt;&gt;</tt> class
<li>The <tt>alias</tt> class
</ul>
</ol>
<li><a href="#extensionguide">Extension Guide</a>
<ol>
<li>Writing a custom parser
<li>Exploiting external storage
<li>Dynamically adding command line options
</ol>
</ol><p>
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<tr><td align=center><font color="#EEEEFF" size=+2 face="Georgia,Palatino"><b>
<a name="introduction">Introduction
</b></font></td></tr></table><ul>
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This document describes the CommandLine argument processing library. It will
show you how to use it, and what it can do.<p>
Although there are a <b>lot</b> of command line argument parsing libraries out
there in many different languages, none of them fit well with what I needed. By
looking at the features and problems of other libraries, I designed the
CommandLine library to have the following features:<p>
<ol>
<li>Speed: The CommandLine library is very quick and uses little resources. The
parsing time of the library is directly proportional to the number of arguments
parsed, not the the number of options recognized. Additionally, command line
argument values are captured transparently into user defined variables, which
can be accessed like any other variable (and with the same performance).<p>
<li>Type Safe: As a user of CommandLine, you don't have to worry about
remembering the type of arguments that you want (is it an int? a string? a
bool? an enum?) and keep casting it around. Not only does this help prevent
error prone constructs, it also leads to dramatically cleaner source code.<p>
<li>No subclasses required: To use CommandLine, you instantiate variables that
correspond to the arguments that you would like to capture, you don't subclass a
parser. This leads to much less boilerplate code.<p>
<li>Globally accessible: Libraries can specify command line arguments that are
automatically enabled in any tool that links to the library. This is possible
because the application doesn't have to keep a "list" of arguments to pass to
the parser.<p>
<li>More Clean: CommandLine supports enum types directly, meaning that there is
less error and more security built into the library. You don't have to worry
about whether your integral command line argument accidentally got assigned a
value that is not valid for your enum type.<p>
<li>Powerful: The CommandLine library supports many different types of
arguments, from simple boolean flags to scalars arguments (strings, integers,
enums, doubles), to lists of arguments. This is possible because CommandLine
is...<p>
<li>Extensible: It is very simple to add a new argument type to CommandLine.
Simply specify the parser that you want to use with the command line option when
you declare it. Custom parsers are no problem.<p>
<li>Labor Saving: The CommandLine library cuts down on the amount of grunt work
that you, the user, have to do. For example, it automatically provides a --help
option that shows the available command line options for your tool.<p>
</ol>
This document will hopefully let you jump in and start using CommandLine in your
utility quickly and painlessly. Additionally it should be a simple reference
manual to figure out how stuff works. If it is failing in some area, nag the
author, <a href="mailto:sabre@nondot.org">Chris Lattner</a>.<p>
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</ul><table width="100%" bgcolor="#330077" border=0 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0><tr><td align=center><font color="#EEEEFF" size=+2 face="Georgia,Palatino"><b>
<a name="quickstart">Quick Start Guide
</b></font></td></tr></table><ul>
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This section of the manual runs through a simple CommandLine'ification of a
basic compiler tool. This is intended to show you how to jump into using the
CommandLine library in your own program, and show you some of the cool things it
can do.<p>
To start out, you need to include the CommandLine header file into your
program:<p>
<pre>
#include "Support/CommandLine.h"
</pre><p>
Additionally, you need to add this as the first line of your main program:<p>
<pre>
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
cl::ParseCommandLineOptions(argc, argv);
...
}
</pre><p>
... which actually parses the arguments and fills in the variable
declarations.<p>
Now that you are ready to support command line arguments, we need to tell the
system which ones we want, and what type of argument they are. The CommandLine
library uses a declarative syntax to model cammand line arguments with the
variable declarations that capture the parsed values. This means that for every
command line option that you would like to support, there should be a variable
declaration to capture the result. For example, in a compiler, we would like to
support the unix standard '<tt>-o &lt;filename&gt;</tt>' option to specify where
to put the output. With the CommandLine library, this is represented like
this:<p>
<pre>
cl::opt&lt;string&gt; OutputFilename("<i>o</i>", cl::desc("<i>Specify output filename</i>"), cl::value_desc("<i>filename</i>"));
</pre><p>
This declares a variable "<tt>OutputFilename</tt>" that is used to capture the
result of the "<tt>o</tt>" argument (first parameter). We specify that this is
a simple scalar option by using the "<tt>opt&lt;&gt;</tt>" template (as opposed
to the <a href="#list">"<tt>list&lt;&gt;</tt> template</a>), and tell the
CommandLine library that the data type that we are parsing is a string.<p>
The second and third parameters (which are optional) are used to specify what to
output for the "<tt>--help</tt>" option. In this case, we get a line that looks
like this:<p>
<pre>
USAGE: compiler [options]
OPTIONS:
-help - display available options (--help-hidden for more)
-o &lt;filename&gt; - Specify output filename
</pre>
Because we specified that the command line option should parse using the
<tt>string</tt> data type, the variable declared is automatically usable as a
real string in all contexts that a normal C++ string object may be used. For
example:<p>
<pre>
...
ofstream Output(OutputFilename.c_str());
if (Out.good()) ...
...
</pre><p>
There are many different options that you can use to customize the command line
option handling library, but the above example shows the general interface to
these options. The options can be specified in any order, and are specified
with helper functions like <tt>cl::desc(...)</tt>, so there are no positional
dependencies to have to remember. We will discuss the options you can use later
in this document. Also note that if your compiler supports Koenig lookup (gcc
2.95.x doesn't), that you don't have to specify as many <tt>cl::</tt> namespace
qualifiers to use the library.<p>
Continuing the example, we would like to have our compiler take an input
filename as well as an output filename, but we do not want the input filename to
be specified with a hyphen (ie, not <tt>-filename.c</tt>). To support this
style of argument, the CommandLine library allows for positional arguments to be
specified for the program. These positional arguments are filled with command
line parameters that are not in option form. We use this feature like this:<p>
<pre>
cl::opt&lt;string&gt; InputFilename(cl::Positional, cl::desc("<i>&lt;input file&gt;</i>"), cl::init("<i>-</i>"));
</pre>
This declaration indicates that the first positional argument should be treated
as the input filename. Here we use the <tt>cl::init</tt> option to specify an
initial value for the command line option, which is used if the option is not
specified (if you do not specify a <tt>cl::init</tt> modifier for an option,
then the default constructor for the data type is used to initialize the value).
Command line options default to being optional, so if we would like to require
that the user always specify an input filename, we would add the
<tt>cl::Required</tt> flag, and we could eliminate the <tt>cl::init</tt>
modifier, like this:<p>
<pre>
cl::opt&lt;string&gt; InputFilename(cl::Positional, cl::desc("<i>&lt;input file&gt;</i>"), <b>cl::Required</b>);
</pre>
Again, the CommandLine library does not require the options to be specified in
any particular order, so the above declaration is equivalent to:<p>
<pre>
cl::opt&lt;string&gt; InputFilename(cl::Positional, cl::Required, cl::desc("<i>&lt;input file&gt;</i>"));
</pre>
By simply adding the <tt>cl::Required</tt> flag, the CommandLine library will
automatically issue an error if the argument is not specified, which shifts all
of the command line option verification code out of your application into the
library. This is just one example of how using flags can alter the default
behaviour of the library, on a per-option basis. By adding one of the
declarations above, the <tt>--help</tt> option synopsis is now extended to:<p>
<pre>
USAGE: compiler [options] &lt;input file&gt;
OPTIONS:
-help - display available options (--help-hidden for more)
-o &lt;filename&gt; - Specify output filename
</pre>
... indicating that an input filename is expected.<p>
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<a name="bool">Boolean Arguments
</b></font></td></tr></table><ul>
In addition to input and output filenames, we would like the compiler example to
support three boolean flags: "<tt>-f</tt>" to force overwriting of the output
file, "<tt>--quiet</tt>" to enable quiet mode, and "<tt>-q</tt>" for backwards
compatibility with some of our users. We can support these by declaring options
of boolean type like this:<p>
<pre>
cl::opt&lt;bool&gt; Force ("<i>f</i>", cl::desc("<i>Overwrite output files</i>"));
cl::opt&lt;bool&gt; Quiet ("<i>quiet</i>", cl::desc("<i>Don't print informational messages</i>"));
cl::opt&lt;bool&gt; Quiet2("<i>q</i>", cl::desc("<i>Don't print informational messages</i>"), cl::Hidden);
</pre><p>
This does what you would expect: it declares three boolean variables
("<tt>Force</tt>", "<tt>Quiet</tt>", and "<tt>Quiet2</tt>") to recognize these
options. Note that the "<tt>-q</tt>" option is specified with the
"<tt>cl::Hidden</tt>" flag. This modifier prevents it from being shown by the
standard "<tt>--help</tt>" output (note that it is still shown in the
"<tt>--help-hidden</tt>" output).<p>
The CommandLine library uses a different parser for different data types. For
example, in the string case, the argument passed to the option is copied
literally into the content of the string variable... we obviously cannot do that
in the boolean case, however, so we must use a smarter parser. In the case of
the boolean parser, it allows no options (in which case it assigns the value of
true to the variable), or it allows the values "<tt>true</tt>" or
"<tt>false</tt>" to be specified, allowing any of the following inputs:<p>
<pre>
compiler -f # No value, 'Force' == true
compiler -f=true # Value specified, 'Force' == true
compiler -f=TRUE # Value specified, 'Force' == true
compiler -f=FALSE # Value specified, 'Force' == false
</pre>
... you get the idea. The bool parser just turns the string values into boolean
values, and rejects things like '<tt>compiler -f=foo</tt>'. Similarly, the
float, double, and int parsers work like you would expect, using the
'<tt>strtol</tt>' and '<tt>strtod</tt>' C library calls to parse the string
value into the specified data type.<p>
With the declarations above, "<tt>compiler --help</tt>" emits this:<p>
<pre>
USAGE: compiler [options] &lt;input file&gt;
OPTIONS:
-f - Overwrite output files
-o - Override output filename
-quiet - Don't print informational messages
-help - display available options (--help-hidden for more)
</pre><p>
and "<tt>opt --help-hidden</tt>" prints this:<p>
<pre>
USAGE: opt [options] &lt;input file&gt;
OPTIONS:
-f - Overwrite output files
-o - Override output filename
-q - Don't print informational messages
-quiet - Don't print informational messages
-help - display available options (--help-hidden for more)
</pre><p>
This brief example has shown you how to use the '<tt>opt&lt;&gt;</tt>' class to
parse simple scalar command line arguments. In addition to simple scalar
arguments, the CommandLine library also provides primitives to support
CommandLine option <a href="#alias">aliases</a>, and <a href="#list">lists</a>
of options.<p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
</ul><table width="100%" bgcolor="#441188" border=0 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td width="100%">&nbsp; <font color="#EEEEFF" face="Georgia,Palatino"><b>
<a name="alias">Argument Aliases
</b></font></td></tr></table><ul>
So far, the example works well, except for the fact that we need to check the
quiet condition like this now:<p>
<pre>
...
if (!Quiet &amp;&amp; !Quiet2) printInformationalMessage(...);
...
</pre><p>
... which is a real pain! Instead of defining two values for the same
condition, we can use the "<tt>cl::alias</tt>" class to make the "<tt>-q</tt>"
option an <b>alias</b> for the "<tt>-quiet</tt>" option, instead of providing
a value itself:<p>
<pre>
cl::opt&lt;bool&gt; Force ("<i>f</i>", cl::desc("<i>Overwrite output files</i>"));
cl::opt&lt;bool&gt; Quiet ("<i>quiet</i>", cl::desc("<i>Don't print informational messages</i>"));
cl::alias QuietA("<i>q</i>", cl::desc("<i>Alias for -quiet</i>"), cl::aliasopt(Quiet));
</pre><p>
The third line (which is the only one we modified from above) defines a
"<tt>-q</tt> alias that updates the "<tt>Quiet</tt>" variable (as specified by
the <tt>cl::aliasopt</tt> modifier) whenever it is specified. Because aliases
do not hold state, the only thing the program has to query is the <tt>Quiet</tt>
variable now. Another nice feature of aliases is that they automatically hide
themselves from the <tt>-help</tt> output (although, again, they are still
visible in the <tt>--help-hidden output</tt>).<p>
Now the application code can simply use:<p>
<pre>
...
if (!Quiet) printInformationalMessage(...);
...
</pre><p>
... which is much nicer! The "<tt>cl::alias</tt>" can be used to specify an
alternative name for any variable type, and has many uses.<p>
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</ul><table width="100%" bgcolor="#441188" border=0 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td width="100%">&nbsp; <font color="#EEEEFF" face="Georgia,Palatino"><b>
<a name="onealternative">Selecting an alternative from a set of possibilities
</b></font></td></tr></table><ul>
So far, we have seen how the CommandLine library handles builtin types like
<tt>std::string</tt>, <tt>bool</tt> and <tt>int</tt>, but how does it handle
things it doesn't know about, like enums or '<tt>int*</tt>'s?<p>
The answer is that it uses a table driven generic parser (unless you specify
your own parser, as described in the <a href="#extensionguide">Extension
Guide</a>). This parser maps literal strings to whatever type is required, are
requires you to tell it what this mapping should be.<p>
Lets say that we would like to add four optimizations levels to our optimizer,
using the standard flags "<tt>-g</tt>", "<tt>-O0</tt>", "<tt>-O1</tt>", and
"<tt>-O2</tt>". We could easily implement this with boolean options like above,
but there are several problems with this strategy:<p>
<ol>
<li>A user could specify more than one of the options at a time, for example,
"<tt>opt -O3 -O2</tt>". The CommandLine library would not be able to catch this
erroneous input for us.
<li>We would have to test 4 different variables to see which ones are set.
<li>This doesn't map to the numeric levels that we want... so we cannot easily
see if some level &gt;= "<tt>-O1</tt>" is enabled.
</ol><p>
To cope with these problems, we can use an enum value, and have the CommandLine
library fill it in with the appropriate level directly, which is used like
this:<p>
<pre>
enum OptLevel {
g, O1, O2, O3
};
cl::opt&lt;OptLevel&gt; OptimizationLevel(cl::desc("<i>Choose optimization level:</i>"),
cl::values(
clEnumVal(g , "<i>No optimizations, enable debugging</i>"),
clEnumVal(O1, "<i>Enable trivial optimizations</i>"),
clEnumVal(O2, "<i>Enable default optimizations</i>"),
clEnumVal(O3, "<i>Enable expensive optimizations</i>"),
0));
...
if (OptimizationLevel &gt;= O2) doPartialRedundancyElimination(...);
...
</pre><p>
This declaration defines a variable "<tt>OptimizationLevel</tt>" of the
"<tt>OptLevel</tt>" enum type. This variable can be assigned any of the values
that are listed in the declaration (Note that the declaration list must be
terminated with the "<tt>0</tt>" argument!). The CommandLine library enforces
that the user can only specify one of the options, and it ensure that only valid
enum values can be specified. The "<tt>clEnumVal</tt>" macros ensure that the
command line arguments matche the enum values. With this option added, our help
output now is:<p>
<pre>
USAGE: compiler [options] &lt;input file&gt;
OPTIONS:
Choose optimization level:
-g - No optimizations, enable debugging
-O1 - Enable trivial optimizations
-O2 - Enable default optimizations
-O3 - Enable expensive optimizations
-f - Overwrite output files
-help - display available options (--help-hidden for more)
-o &lt;filename&gt; - Specify output filename
-quiet - Don't print informational messages
</pre>
In this case, it is sort of awkward that flag names correspond directly to enum
names, because we probably don't want a enum definition named "<tt>g</tt>" in
our program. Because of this, we can alternatively write this example like
this:<p>
<pre>
enum OptLevel {
Debug, O1, O2, O3
};
cl::opt&lt;OptLevel&gt; OptimizationLevel(cl::desc("<i>Choose optimization level:</i>"),
cl::values(
clEnumValN(Debug, "g", "<i>No optimizations, enable debugging</i>"),
clEnumVal(O1 , "<i>Enable trivial optimizations</i>"),
clEnumVal(O2 , "<i>Enable default optimizations</i>"),
clEnumVal(O3 , "<i>Enable expensive optimizations</i>"),
0));
...
if (OptimizationLevel == Debug) outputDebugInfo(...);
...
</pre><p>
By using the "<tt>clEnumValN</tt>" macro instead of "<tt>clEnumVal</tt>", we can
directly specify the name that the flag should get. In general a direct mapping
is nice, but sometimes you can't or don't want to preserve the mapping, which is
when you would use it.<p>
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<a name="namedalternatives">Named Alternatives
</b></font></td></tr></table><ul>
Another useful argument form is a named alternative style. We shall use this
style in our compiler to specify different debug levels that can be used.
Instead of each debug level being its own switch, we want to support the
following options, of which only one can be specified at a time:
"<tt>--debug-level=none</tt>", "<tt>--debug-level=quick</tt>",
"<tt>--debug-level=detailed</tt>". To do this, we use the exact same format as
our optimization level flags, but we also specify an option name. For this
case, the code looks like this:<p>
<pre>
enum DebugLev {
nodebuginfo, quick, detailed
};
// Enable Debug Options to be specified on the command line
cl::opt<DebugLev> DebugLevel("<i>debug_level</i>", cl::desc("<i>Set the debugging level:</i>"),
cl::values(
clEnumValN(nodebuginfo, "none", "<i>disable debug information</i>"),
clEnumVal(quick, "<i>enable quick debug information</i>"),
clEnumVal(detailed, "<i>enable detailed debug information</i>"),
0));
</pre>
This definition defines an enumerated command line variable of type "<tt>enum
DebugLev</tt>", which works exactly the same way as before. The difference here
is just the interface exposed to the user of your program and the help output by
the "<tt>--help</tt>" option:<p>
<pre>
USAGE: compiler [options] &lt;input file&gt;
OPTIONS:
Choose optimization level:
-g - No optimizations, enable debugging
-O1 - Enable trivial optimizations
-O2 - Enable default optimizations
-O3 - Enable expensive optimizations
-debug_level - Set the debugging level:
=none - disable debug information
=quick - enable quick debug information
=detailed - enable detailed debug information
-f - Overwrite output files
-help - display available options (--help-hidden for more)
-o &lt;filename&gt; - Specify output filename
-quiet - Don't print informational messages
</pre><p>
Again, the only structural difference between the debug level declaration and
the optimiation level declaration is that the debug level declaration includes
an option name (<tt>"debug_level"</tt>), which automatically changes how the
library processes the argument. The CommandLine library supports both forms so
that you can choose the form most appropriate for your application.<p>
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<a name="list">Parsing a list of options
</b></font></td></tr></table><ul>
Now that we have the standard run of the mill argument types out of the way,
lets get a little wild and crazy. Lets say that we want our optimizer to accept
a <b>list</b> of optimizations to perform, allowing duplicates. For example, we
might want to run: "<tt>compiler -dce -constprop -inline -dce -strip</tt>". In
this case, the order of the arguments and the number of appearances is very
important. This is what the "<tt>cl::list</tt>" template is for. First,
start by defining an enum of the optimizations that you would like to
perform:<p>
<pre>
enum Opts {
// 'inline' is a C++ keyword, so name it 'inlining'
dce, constprop, inlining, strip
};
</pre><p>
Then define your "<tt>cl::list</tt>" variable:<p>
<pre>
cl::list&lt;Opts&gt; OptimizationList(cl::desc("<i>Available Optimizations:</i>"),
cl::values(
clEnumVal(dce , "<i>Dead Code Elimination</i>"),
clEnumVal(constprop , "<i>Constant Propogation</i>"),
clEnumValN(inlining, "<i>inline</i>", "<i>Procedure Integration</i>"),
clEnumVal(strip , "<i>Strip Symbols</i>"),
0));
</pre><p>
This defines a variable that is conceptually of the type
"<tt>std::vector&lt;enum Opts&gt;</tt>". Thus, you can access it with standard
vector methods:<p>
<pre>
for (unsigned i = 0; i != OptimizationList.size(); ++i)
switch (OptimizationList[i])
...
</pre>
... to iterate through the list of options specified.<p>
Note that the "<tt>cl::list</tt>" template is completely general and may be used
with any data types or other arguments that you can use with the
"<tt>cl::opt</tt>" template. One especially useful way to use a list is to
capture all of the positional arguments together if there may be more than one
specified. In the case of a linker, for example, the linker takes several
'<tt>.o</tt>' files, and needs to capture them into a list. This is naturally
specified as:<p>
<pre>
...
cl::list&lt;std::string&gt; InputFilenames(cl::Positional, cl::desc("&lt;Input files&gt;"), cl::OneOrMore);
...
</pre><p>
This variable works just like a "<tt>vector&lt;string&gt;</tt>" object. As
such, accessing the list is simple, just like above. In this example, we used
the <tt>cl::OneOrMore</tt> modifier to inform the CommandLine library that it is
an error if the user does not specify any <tt>.o</tt> files on our command line.
Again, this just reduces the amount of checking we have to do.<p>
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</ul><table width="100%" bgcolor="#330077" border=0 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0><tr><td align=center><font color="#EEEEFF" size=+2 face="Georgia,Palatino"><b>
<a name="referenceguide">Reference Guide
</b></font></td></tr></table><ul>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
Reference Guide: TODO
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</ul><table width="100%" bgcolor="#330077" border=0 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0><tr><td align=center><font color="#EEEEFF" size=+2 face="Georgia,Palatino"><b>
<a name="extensionguide">Extension Guide
</b></font></td></tr></table><ul>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
Look at the examples classes provided. This section is a TODO.
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
</ul>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
<hr>
<font size=-1>
<address><a href="mailto:sabre@nondot.org">Chris Lattner</a></address>
<!-- Created: Tue Jan 23 15:19:28 CST 2001 -->
<!-- hhmts start -->
Last modified: Thu Jul 25 14:25:50 CDT 2002
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</font>
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