tests/net_test/iproute.py

#!/usr/bin/python
#
# Copyright 2014 The Android Open Source Project
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

"""Partial Python implementation of iproute functionality."""

# pylint: disable=g-bad-todo

import errno
import os
import socket
import struct
import sys

import cstruct


### Base netlink constants. See include/uapi/linux/netlink.h.
NETLINK_ROUTE = 0

# Request constants.
NLM_F_REQUEST = 1
NLM_F_ACK = 4
NLM_F_EXCL = 0x200
NLM_F_CREATE = 0x400
NLM_F_DUMP = 0x300

# Message types.
NLMSG_ERROR = 2
NLMSG_DONE = 3

# Data structure formats.
# These aren't constants, they're classes. So, pylint: disable=invalid-name
NLMsgHdr = cstruct.Struct("NLMsgHdr", "=LHHLL", "length type flags seq pid")
NLMsgErr = cstruct.Struct("NLMsgErr", "=i", "error")
NLAttr = cstruct.Struct("NLAttr", "=HH", "nla_len nla_type")

# Alignment / padding.
NLA_ALIGNTO = 4


### rtnetlink constants. See include/uapi/linux/rtnetlink.h.
# Message types.
RTM_NEWLINK = 16
RTM_DELLINK = 17
RTM_GETLINK = 18
RTM_NEWADDR = 20
RTM_DELADDR = 21
RTM_GETADDR = 22
RTM_NEWROUTE = 24
RTM_DELROUTE = 25
RTM_GETROUTE = 26
RTM_NEWNEIGH = 28
RTM_DELNEIGH = 29
RTM_NEWRULE = 32
RTM_DELRULE = 33
RTM_GETRULE = 34

# Routing message type values (rtm_type).
RTN_UNSPEC = 0
RTN_UNICAST = 1
RTN_UNREACHABLE = 7

# Routing protocol values (rtm_protocol).
RTPROT_UNSPEC = 0
RTPROT_STATIC = 4

# Route scope values (rtm_scope).
RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE = 0
RT_SCOPE_LINK = 253

# Named routing tables.
RT_TABLE_UNSPEC = 0

# Routing attributes.
RTA_DST = 1
RTA_SRC = 2
RTA_OIF = 4
RTA_GATEWAY = 5
RTA_PRIORITY = 6
RTA_PREFSRC = 7
RTA_METRICS = 8
RTA_CACHEINFO = 12
RTA_TABLE = 15
RTA_MARK = 16
RTA_UID = 18

# Route metric attributes.
RTAX_MTU = 2

# Data structure formats.
IfinfoMsg = cstruct.Struct(
    "IfinfoMsg", "=BBHiII", "family pad type index flags change")
RTMsg = cstruct.Struct(
    "RTMsg", "=BBBBBBBBI",
    "family dst_len src_len tos table protocol scope type flags")
RTACacheinfo = cstruct.Struct(
    "RTACacheinfo", "=IIiiI", "clntref lastuse expires error used")


### Interface address constants. See include/uapi/linux/if_addr.h.
# Interface address attributes.
IFA_ADDRESS = 1
IFA_LOCAL = 2
IFA_CACHEINFO = 6

# Address flags.
IFA_F_SECONDARY = 0x01
IFA_F_TEMPORARY = IFA_F_SECONDARY
IFA_F_NODAD = 0x02
IFA_F_OPTIMISTIC = 0x04
IFA_F_DADFAILED = 0x08
IFA_F_HOMEADDRESS = 0x10
IFA_F_DEPRECATED = 0x20
IFA_F_TENTATIVE = 0x40
IFA_F_PERMANENT = 0x80

# Data structure formats.
IfAddrMsg = cstruct.Struct(
    "IfAddrMsg", "=BBBBI",
    "family prefixlen flags scope index")
IFACacheinfo = cstruct.Struct(
    "IFACacheinfo", "=IIII", "prefered valid cstamp tstamp")


### Neighbour table entry constants. See include/uapi/linux/neighbour.h.
# Neighbour cache entry attributes.
NDA_DST = 1
NDA_LLADDR = 2

# Neighbour cache entry states.
NUD_PERMANENT = 0x80

# Data structure formats.
NdMsg = cstruct.Struct(
    "NdMsg", "=BxxxiHBB",
    "family ifindex state flags type")


### FIB rule constants. See include/uapi/linux/fib_rules.h.
FRA_IIFNAME = 3
FRA_PRIORITY = 6
FRA_FWMARK = 10
FRA_SUPPRESS_PREFIXLEN = 14
FRA_TABLE = 15
FRA_OIFNAME = 17
FRA_UID_START = 18
FRA_UID_END = 19


# Link constants. See include/uapi/linux/if_link.h.
IFLA_ADDRESS = 1
IFLA_BROADCAST = 2
IFLA_IFNAME = 3
IFLA_MTU = 4
IFLA_QDISC = 6
IFLA_STATS = 7
IFLA_TXQLEN = 13
IFLA_MAP = 14
IFLA_OPERSTATE = 16
IFLA_LINKMODE = 17
IFLA_STATS64 = 23
IFLA_AF_SPEC = 26
IFLA_GROUP = 27
IFLA_EXT_MASK = 29
IFLA_PROMISCUITY = 30
IFLA_NUM_TX_QUEUES = 31
IFLA_NUM_RX_QUEUES = 32
IFLA_CARRIER = 33

def CommandVerb(command):
  return ["NEW", "DEL", "GET", "SET"][command % 4]


def CommandSubject(command):
  return ["LINK", "ADDR", "ROUTE", "NEIGH", "RULE"][(command - 16) / 4]


def CommandName(command):
  try:
    return "RTM_%s%s" % (CommandVerb(command), CommandSubject(command))
  except KeyError:
    return "RTM_%d" % command


def PaddedLength(length):
  # TODO: This padding is probably overly simplistic.
  return NLA_ALIGNTO * ((length / NLA_ALIGNTO) + (length % NLA_ALIGNTO != 0))


class IPRoute(object):

  """Provides a tiny subset of iproute functionality."""

  BUFSIZE = 65536
  DEBUG = False
  # List of netlink messages to print, e.g., [], ["NEIGH", "ROUTE"], or ["ALL"]
  NL_DEBUG = []

  def _Debug(self, s):
    if self.DEBUG:
      print s

  def _NlAttr(self, nla_type, data):
    datalen = len(data)
    # Pad the data if it's not a multiple of NLA_ALIGNTO bytes long.
    padding = "\x00" * (PaddedLength(datalen) - datalen)
    nla_len = datalen + len(NLAttr)
    return NLAttr((nla_len, nla_type)).Pack() + data + padding

  def _NlAttrU32(self, nla_type, value):
    return self._NlAttr(nla_type, struct.pack("=I", value))

  def _NlAttrIPAddress(self, nla_type, family, address):
    return self._NlAttr(nla_type, socket.inet_pton(family, address))

  def _NlAttrInterfaceName(self, nla_type, interface):
    return self._NlAttr(nla_type, interface + "\x00")

  def _GetConstantName(self, value, prefix):
    thismodule = sys.modules[__name__]
    for name in dir(thismodule):
      if (name.startswith(prefix) and
          not name.startswith(prefix + "F_") and
          name.isupper() and
          getattr(thismodule, name) == value):
        return name
    return value

  def _Decode(self, command, family, nla_type, nla_data):
    """Decodes netlink attributes to Python types.

    Values for which the code knows the type (e.g., the fwmark ID in a
    RTM_NEWRULE command) are decoded to Python integers, strings, etc. Values
    of unknown type are returned as raw byte strings.

    Args:
      command: An integer.
        - If positive, the number of the rtnetlink command being carried out.
          This is used to interpret the attributes. For example, for an
          RTM_NEWROUTE command, attribute type 3 is the incoming interface and
          is an integer, but for a RTM_NEWRULE command, attribute type 3 is the
          incoming interface name and is a string.
        - If negative, one of the following (negative) values:
          - RTA_METRICS: Interpret as nested route metrics.
      family: The address family. Used to convert IP addresses into strings.
      nla_type: An integer, then netlink attribute type.
      nla_data: A byte string, the netlink attribute data.

    Returns:
      A tuple (name, data):
       - name is a string (e.g., "FRA_PRIORITY") if we understood the attribute,
         or an integer if we didn't.
       - data can be an integer, a string, a nested dict of attributes as
         returned by _ParseAttributes (e.g., for RTA_METRICS), a cstruct.Struct
         (e.g., RTACacheinfo), etc. If we didn't understand the attribute, it
         will be the raw byte string.
    """
    if command == -RTA_METRICS:
      if nla_type == RTAX_MTU:
        return ("RTAX_MTU", struct.unpack("=I", nla_data)[0])

    if command == -RTA_METRICS:
      name = self._GetConstantName(nla_type, "RTAX_")
    elif CommandSubject(command) == "ADDR":
      name = self._GetConstantName(nla_type, "IFA_")
    elif CommandSubject(command) == "LINK":
      name = self._GetConstantName(nla_type, "IFLA_")
    elif CommandSubject(command) == "RULE":
      name = self._GetConstantName(nla_type, "FRA_")
    elif CommandSubject(command) == "ROUTE":
      name = self._GetConstantName(nla_type, "RTA_")
    elif CommandSubject(command) == "NEIGH":
      name = self._GetConstantName(nla_type, "NDA_")
    else:
      # Don't know what this is. Leave it as an integer.
      name = nla_type

    if name in ["FRA_PRIORITY", "FRA_FWMARK", "FRA_TABLE",
                "FRA_UID_START", "FRA_UID_END",
                "RTA_OIF", "RTA_PRIORITY", "RTA_TABLE", "RTA_MARK",
                "IFLA_MTU", "IFLA_TXQLEN", "IFLA_GROUP", "IFLA_EXT_MASK",
                "IFLA_PROMISCUITY", "IFLA_NUM_RX_QUEUES",
                "IFLA_NUM_TX_QUEUES"]:
      data = struct.unpack("=I", nla_data)[0]
    elif name == "FRA_SUPPRESS_PREFIXLEN":
      data = struct.unpack("=i", nla_data)[0]
    elif name in ["IFLA_LINKMODE", "IFLA_OPERSTATE", "IFLA_CARRIER"]:
      data = ord(nla_data)
    elif name in ["IFA_ADDRESS", "IFA_LOCAL", "RTA_DST", "RTA_SRC",
                  "RTA_GATEWAY", "RTA_PREFSRC", "RTA_UID",
                  "NDA_DST"]:
      data = socket.inet_ntop(family, nla_data)
    elif name in ["FRA_IIFNAME", "FRA_OIFNAME", "IFLA_IFNAME", "IFLA_QDISC"]:
      data = nla_data.strip("\x00")
    elif name == "RTA_METRICS":
      data = self._ParseAttributes(-RTA_METRICS, family, nla_data)
    elif name == "RTA_CACHEINFO":
      data = RTACacheinfo(nla_data)
    elif name == "IFA_CACHEINFO":
      data = IFACacheinfo(nla_data)
    elif name in ["NDA_LLADDR", "IFLA_ADDRESS"]:
      data = ":".join(x.encode("hex") for x in nla_data)
    else:
      data = nla_data

    return name, data

  def _ParseAttributes(self, command, family, data):
    """Parses and decodes netlink attributes.

    Takes a block of NLAttr data structures, decodes them using Decode, and
    returns the result in a dict keyed by attribute number.

    Args:
      command: An integer, the rtnetlink command being carried out.
      family: The address family.
      data: A byte string containing a sequence of NLAttr data structures.

    Returns:
      A dictionary mapping attribute types (integers) to decoded values.

    Raises:
      ValueError: There was a duplicate attribute type.
    """
    attributes = {}
    while data:
      # Read the nlattr header.
      nla, data = cstruct.Read(data, NLAttr)

      # Read the data.
      datalen = nla.nla_len - len(nla)
      padded_len = PaddedLength(nla.nla_len) - len(nla)
      nla_data, data = data[:datalen], data[padded_len:]

      # If it's an attribute we know about, try to decode it.
      nla_name, nla_data = self._Decode(command, family, nla.nla_type, nla_data)

      # We only support unique attributes for now.
      if nla_name in attributes:
        raise ValueError("Duplicate attribute %d" % nla_name)

      attributes[nla_name] = nla_data
      self._Debug("      %s" % str((nla_name, nla_data)))

    return attributes

  def __init__(self):
    # Global sequence number.
    self.seq = 0
    self.sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_NETLINK, socket.SOCK_RAW,
                              socket.NETLINK_ROUTE)
    self.sock.connect((0, 0))  # The kernel.
    self.pid = self.sock.getsockname()[1]

  def _Send(self, msg):
    # self._Debug(msg.encode("hex"))
    self.seq += 1
    self.sock.send(msg)

  def _Recv(self):
    data = self.sock.recv(self.BUFSIZE)
    # self._Debug(data.encode("hex"))
    return data

  def _ExpectDone(self):
    response = self._Recv()
    hdr = NLMsgHdr(response)
    if hdr.type != NLMSG_DONE:
      raise ValueError("Expected DONE, got type %d" % hdr.type)

  def _ParseAck(self, response):
    # Find the error code.
    hdr, data = cstruct.Read(response, NLMsgHdr)
    if hdr.type == NLMSG_ERROR:
      error = NLMsgErr(data).error
      if error:
        raise IOError(error, os.strerror(-error))
    else:
      raise ValueError("Expected ACK, got type %d" % hdr.type)

  def _ExpectAck(self):
    response = self._Recv()
    self._ParseAck(response)

  def _AddressFamily(self, version):
    return {4: socket.AF_INET, 6: socket.AF_INET6}[version]

  def _SendNlRequest(self, command, data):
    """Sends a netlink request and expects an ack."""
    flags = NLM_F_REQUEST
    if CommandVerb(command) != "GET":
      flags |= NLM_F_ACK
    if CommandVerb(command) == "NEW":
      flags |= (NLM_F_EXCL | NLM_F_CREATE)

    length = len(NLMsgHdr) + len(data)
    nlmsg = NLMsgHdr((length, command, flags, self.seq, self.pid)).Pack()

    self.MaybeDebugCommand(command, nlmsg + data)

    # Send the message.
    self._Send(nlmsg + data)

    if flags & NLM_F_ACK:
      self._ExpectAck()

  def _Rule(self, version, is_add, rule_type, table, match_nlattr, priority):
    """Python equivalent of "ip rule <add|del> <match_cond> lookup <table>".

    Args:
      version: An integer, 4 or 6.
      is_add: True to add a rule, False to delete it.
      rule_type: Type of rule, e.g., RTN_UNICAST or RTN_UNREACHABLE.
      table: If nonzero, rule looks up this table.
      match_nlattr: A blob of struct nlattrs that express the match condition.
        If None, match everything.
      priority: An integer, the priority.

    Raises:
      IOError: If the netlink request returns an error.
      ValueError: If the kernel's response could not be parsed.
    """
    # Create a struct rtmsg specifying the table and the given match attributes.
    family = self._AddressFamily(version)
    rtmsg = RTMsg((family, 0, 0, 0, RT_TABLE_UNSPEC,
                   RTPROT_STATIC, RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE, rule_type, 0)).Pack()
    rtmsg += self._NlAttrU32(FRA_PRIORITY, priority)
    if match_nlattr:
      rtmsg += match_nlattr
    if table:
      rtmsg += self._NlAttrU32(FRA_TABLE, table)

    # Create a netlink request containing the rtmsg.
    command = RTM_NEWRULE if is_add else RTM_DELRULE
    self._SendNlRequest(command, rtmsg)

  def DeleteRulesAtPriority(self, version, priority):
    family = self._AddressFamily(version)
    rtmsg = RTMsg((family, 0, 0, 0, RT_TABLE_UNSPEC,
                   RTPROT_STATIC, RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE, RTN_UNICAST, 0)).Pack()
    rtmsg += self._NlAttrU32(FRA_PRIORITY, priority)
    while True:
      try:
        self._SendNlRequest(RTM_DELRULE, rtmsg)
      except IOError, e:
        if e.errno == -errno.ENOENT:
          break
        else:
          raise

  def FwmarkRule(self, version, is_add, fwmark, table, priority):
    nlattr = self._NlAttrU32(FRA_FWMARK, fwmark)
    return self._Rule(version, is_add, RTN_UNICAST, table, nlattr, priority)

  def OifRule(self, version, is_add, oif, table, priority):
    nlattr = self._NlAttrInterfaceName(FRA_OIFNAME, oif)
    return self._Rule(version, is_add, RTN_UNICAST, table, nlattr, priority)

  def UidRangeRule(self, version, is_add, start, end, table, priority):
    nlattr = (self._NlAttrInterfaceName(FRA_IIFNAME, "lo") +
              self._NlAttrU32(FRA_UID_START, start) +
              self._NlAttrU32(FRA_UID_END, end))
    return self._Rule(version, is_add, RTN_UNICAST, table, nlattr, priority)

  def UnreachableRule(self, version, is_add, priority):
    return self._Rule(version, is_add, RTN_UNREACHABLE, None, None, priority)

  def DefaultRule(self, version, is_add, table, priority):
    return self.FwmarkRule(version, is_add, 0, table, priority)

  def _ParseNLMsg(self, data, msgtype):
    """Parses a Netlink message into a header and a dictionary of attributes."""
    nlmsghdr, data = cstruct.Read(data, NLMsgHdr)
    self._Debug("  %s" % nlmsghdr)

    if nlmsghdr.type == NLMSG_ERROR or nlmsghdr.type == NLMSG_DONE:
      print "done"
      return None, data

    nlmsg, data = cstruct.Read(data, msgtype)
    self._Debug("    %s" % nlmsg)

    # Parse the attributes in the nlmsg.
    attrlen = nlmsghdr.length - len(nlmsghdr) - len(nlmsg)
    attributes = self._ParseAttributes(nlmsghdr.type, nlmsg.family,
                                       data[:attrlen])
    data = data[attrlen:]
    return (nlmsg, attributes), data

  def _GetMsgList(self, msgtype, data, expect_done):
    out = []
    while data:
      msg, data = self._ParseNLMsg(data, msgtype)
      if msg is None:
        break
      out.append(msg)
    if expect_done:
      self._ExpectDone()
    return out

  def MaybeDebugCommand(self, command, data):
    subject = CommandSubject(command)
    if "ALL" not in self.NL_DEBUG and subject not in self.NL_DEBUG:
      return
    name = CommandName(command)
    try:
      struct_type = {
          "ADDR": IfAddrMsg,
          "LINK": IfinfoMsg,
          "NEIGH": NdMsg,
          "ROUTE": RTMsg,
          "RULE": RTMsg,
      }[subject]
      parsed = self._ParseNLMsg(data, struct_type)
      print "%s %s" % (name, str(parsed))
    except KeyError:
      raise ValueError("Don't know how to print command type %s" % name)

  def MaybeDebugMessage(self, message):
    hdr = NLMsgHdr(message)
    self.MaybeDebugCommand(hdr.type, message)

  def _Dump(self, command, msg, msgtype):
    """Sends a dump request and returns a list of decoded messages."""
    # Create a netlink dump request containing the msg.
    flags = NLM_F_DUMP | NLM_F_REQUEST
    length = len(NLMsgHdr) + len(msg)
    nlmsghdr = NLMsgHdr((length, command, flags, self.seq, self.pid))

    # Send the request.
    self._Send(nlmsghdr.Pack() + msg.Pack())

    # Keep reading netlink messages until we get a NLMSG_DONE.
    out = []
    while True:
      data = self._Recv()
      response_type = NLMsgHdr(data).type
      if response_type == NLMSG_DONE:
        break
      out.extend(self._GetMsgList(msgtype, data, False))

    return out

  def DumpRules(self, version):
    """Returns the IP rules for the specified IP version."""
    # Create a struct rtmsg specifying the table and the given match attributes.
    family = self._AddressFamily(version)
    rtmsg = RTMsg((family, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
    return self._Dump(RTM_GETRULE, rtmsg, RTMsg)

  def DumpLinks(self):
    ifinfomsg = IfinfoMsg((0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
    return self._Dump(RTM_GETLINK, ifinfomsg, IfinfoMsg)

  def _Address(self, version, command, addr, prefixlen, flags, scope, ifindex):
    """Adds or deletes an IP address."""
    family = self._AddressFamily(version)
    ifaddrmsg = IfAddrMsg((family, prefixlen, flags, scope, ifindex)).Pack()
    ifaddrmsg += self._NlAttrIPAddress(IFA_ADDRESS, family, addr)
    if version == 4:
      ifaddrmsg += self._NlAttrIPAddress(IFA_LOCAL, family, addr)
    self._SendNlRequest(command, ifaddrmsg)

  def AddAddress(self, address, prefixlen, ifindex):
    self._Address(6 if ":" in address else 4,
                  RTM_NEWADDR, address, prefixlen,
                  IFA_F_PERMANENT, RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE, ifindex)

  def DelAddress(self, address, prefixlen, ifindex):
    self._Address(6 if ":" in address else 4,
                  RTM_DELADDR, address, prefixlen, 0, 0, ifindex)

  def GetAddress(self, address, ifindex=0):
    """Returns an ifaddrmsg for the requested address."""
    if ":" not in address:
      # The address is likely an IPv4 address.  RTM_GETADDR without the
      # NLM_F_DUMP flag is not supported by the kernel.  We do not currently
      # implement parsing dump results.
      raise NotImplementedError("IPv4 RTM_GETADDR not implemented.")
    self._Address(6, RTM_GETADDR, address, 0, 0, RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE, ifindex)
    data = self._Recv()
    if NLMsgHdr(data).type == NLMSG_ERROR:
      self._ParseAck(data)
    return self._ParseNLMsg(data, IfAddrMsg)[0]

  def _Route(self, version, command, table, dest, prefixlen, nexthop, dev,
             mark, uid):
    """Adds, deletes, or queries a route."""
    family = self._AddressFamily(version)
    scope = RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE if nexthop else RT_SCOPE_LINK
    rtmsg = RTMsg((family, prefixlen, 0, 0, RT_TABLE_UNSPEC,
                   RTPROT_STATIC, scope, RTN_UNICAST, 0)).Pack()
    if command == RTM_NEWROUTE and not table:
      # Don't allow setting routes in table 0, since its behaviour is confusing
      # and differs between IPv4 and IPv6.
      raise ValueError("Cowardly refusing to add a route to table 0")
    if table:
      rtmsg += self._NlAttrU32(FRA_TABLE, table)
    if dest != "default":  # The default is the default route.
      rtmsg += self._NlAttrIPAddress(RTA_DST, family, dest)
    if nexthop:
      rtmsg += self._NlAttrIPAddress(RTA_GATEWAY, family, nexthop)
    if dev:
      rtmsg += self._NlAttrU32(RTA_OIF, dev)
    if mark is not None:
      rtmsg += self._NlAttrU32(RTA_MARK, mark)
    if uid is not None:
      rtmsg += self._NlAttrU32(RTA_UID, uid)
    self._SendNlRequest(command, rtmsg)

  def AddRoute(self, version, table, dest, prefixlen, nexthop, dev):
    self._Route(version, RTM_NEWROUTE, table, dest, prefixlen, nexthop, dev,
                None, None)

  def DelRoute(self, version, table, dest, prefixlen, nexthop, dev):
    self._Route(version, RTM_DELROUTE, table, dest, prefixlen, nexthop, dev,
                None, None)

  def GetRoutes(self, dest, oif, mark, uid):
    version = 6 if ":" in dest else 4
    prefixlen = {4: 32, 6: 128}[version]
    self._Route(version, RTM_GETROUTE, 0, dest, prefixlen, None, oif, mark, uid)
    data = self._Recv()
    # The response will either be an error or a list of routes.
    if NLMsgHdr(data).type == NLMSG_ERROR:
      self._ParseAck(data)
    routes = self._GetMsgList(RTMsg, data, False)
    return routes

  def _Neighbour(self, version, is_add, addr, lladdr, dev, state):
    """Adds or deletes a neighbour cache entry."""
    family = self._AddressFamily(version)

    # Convert the link-layer address to a raw byte string.
    if is_add:
      lladdr = lladdr.split(":")
      if len(lladdr) != 6:
        raise ValueError("Invalid lladdr %s" % ":".join(lladdr))
      lladdr = "".join(chr(int(hexbyte, 16)) for hexbyte in lladdr)

    ndmsg = NdMsg((family, dev, state, 0, RTN_UNICAST)).Pack()
    ndmsg += self._NlAttrIPAddress(NDA_DST, family, addr)
    if is_add:
      ndmsg += self._NlAttr(NDA_LLADDR, lladdr)
    command = RTM_NEWNEIGH if is_add else RTM_DELNEIGH
    self._SendNlRequest(command, ndmsg)

  def AddNeighbour(self, version, addr, lladdr, dev):
    self._Neighbour(version, True, addr, lladdr, dev, NUD_PERMANENT)

  def DelNeighbour(self, version, addr, lladdr, dev):
    self._Neighbour(version, False, addr, lladdr, dev, 0)


if __name__ == "__main__":
  iproute = IPRoute()
  iproute.DEBUG = True
  iproute.DumpRules(6)
  iproute.DumpLinks()
  print iproute.GetRoutes("2001:4860:4860::8888", 0, 0, None)