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============================
KERNEL KEY RETENTION SERVICE
============================
This service allows cryptographic keys, authentication tokens, cross-domain
user mappings, and similar to be cached in the kernel for the use of
filesystems and other kernel services.
Keyrings are permitted; these are a special type of key that can hold links to
other keys. Processes each have three standard keyring subscriptions that a
kernel service can search for relevant keys.
The key service can be configured on by enabling:
"Security options"/"Enable access key retention support" (CONFIG_KEYS)
This document has the following sections:
- Key overview
- Key service overview
- Key access permissions
- SELinux support
- New procfs files
- Userspace system call interface
- Kernel services
- Notes on accessing payload contents
- Defining a key type
- Request-key callback service
- Garbage collection
============
KEY OVERVIEW
============
In this context, keys represent units of cryptographic data, authentication
tokens, keyrings, etc.. These are represented in the kernel by struct key.
Each key has a number of attributes:
- A serial number.
- A type.
- A description (for matching a key in a search).
- Access control information.
- An expiry time.
- A payload.
- State.
(*) Each key is issued a serial number of type key_serial_t that is unique for
the lifetime of that key. All serial numbers are positive non-zero 32-bit
integers.
Userspace programs can use a key's serial numbers as a way to gain access
to it, subject to permission checking.
(*) Each key is of a defined "type". Types must be registered inside the
kernel by a kernel service (such as a filesystem) before keys of that type
can be added or used. Userspace programs cannot define new types directly.
Key types are represented in the kernel by struct key_type. This defines a
number of operations that can be performed on a key of that type.
Should a type be removed from the system, all the keys of that type will
be invalidated.
(*) Each key has a description. This should be a printable string. The key
type provides an operation to perform a match between the description on a
key and a criterion string.
(*) Each key has an owner user ID, a group ID and a permissions mask. These
are used to control what a process may do to a key from userspace, and
whether a kernel service will be able to find the key.
(*) Each key can be set to expire at a specific time by the key type's
instantiation function. Keys can also be immortal.
(*) Each key can have a payload. This is a quantity of data that represent the
actual "key". In the case of a keyring, this is a list of keys to which
the keyring links; in the case of a user-defined key, it's an arbitrary
blob of data.
Having a payload is not required; and the payload can, in fact, just be a
value stored in the struct key itself.
When a key is instantiated, the key type's instantiation function is
called with a blob of data, and that then creates the key's payload in
some way.
Similarly, when userspace wants to read back the contents of the key, if
permitted, another key type operation will be called to convert the key's
attached payload back into a blob of data.
(*) Each key can be in one of a number of basic states:
(*) Uninstantiated. The key exists, but does not have any data attached.
Keys being requested from userspace will be in this state.
(*) Instantiated. This is the normal state. The key is fully formed, and
has data attached.
(*) Negative. This is a relatively short-lived state. The key acts as a
note saying that a previous call out to userspace failed, and acts as
a throttle on key lookups. A negative key can be updated to a normal
state.
(*) Expired. Keys can have lifetimes set. If their lifetime is exceeded,
they traverse to this state. An expired key can be updated back to a
normal state.
(*) Revoked. A key is put in this state by userspace action. It can't be
found or operated upon (apart from by unlinking it).
(*) Dead. The key's type was unregistered, and so the key is now useless.
Keys in the last three states are subject to garbage collection. See the
section on "Garbage collection".
====================
KEY SERVICE OVERVIEW
====================
The key service provides a number of features besides keys:
(*) The key service defines three special key types:
(+) "keyring"
Keyrings are special keys that contain a list of other keys. Keyring
lists can be modified using various system calls. Keyrings should not
be given a payload when created.
(+) "user"
A key of this type has a description and a payload that are arbitrary
blobs of data. These can be created, updated and read by userspace,
and aren't intended for use by kernel services.
(+) "logon"
Like a "user" key, a "logon" key has a payload that is an arbitrary
blob of data. It is intended as a place to store secrets which are
accessible to the kernel but not to userspace programs.
The description can be arbitrary, but must be prefixed with a non-zero
length string that describes the key "subclass". The subclass is
separated from the rest of the description by a ':'. "logon" keys can
be created and updated from userspace, but the payload is only
readable from kernel space.
(*) Each process subscribes to three keyrings: a thread-specific keyring, a
process-specific keyring, and a session-specific keyring.
The thread-specific keyring is discarded from the child when any sort of
clone, fork, vfork or execve occurs. A new keyring is created only when
required.
The process-specific keyring is replaced with an empty one in the child on
clone, fork, vfork unless CLONE_THREAD is supplied, in which case it is
shared. execve also discards the process's process keyring and creates a
new one.
The session-specific keyring is persistent across clone, fork, vfork and
execve, even when the latter executes a set-UID or set-GID binary. A
process can, however, replace its current session keyring with a new one
by using PR_JOIN_SESSION_KEYRING. It is permitted to request an anonymous
new one, or to attempt to create or join one of a specific name.
The ownership of the thread keyring changes when the real UID and GID of
the thread changes.
(*) Each user ID resident in the system holds two special keyrings: a user
specific keyring and a default user session keyring. The default session
keyring is initialised with a link to the user-specific keyring.
When a process changes its real UID, if it used to have no session key, it
will be subscribed to the default session key for the new UID.
If a process attempts to access its session key when it doesn't have one,
it will be subscribed to the default for its current UID.
(*) Each user has two quotas against which the keys they own are tracked. One
limits the total number of keys and keyrings, the other limits the total
amount of description and payload space that can be consumed.
The user can view information on this and other statistics through procfs
files. The root user may also alter the quota limits through sysctl files
(see the section "New procfs files").
Process-specific and thread-specific keyrings are not counted towards a
user's quota.
If a system call that modifies a key or keyring in some way would put the
user over quota, the operation is refused and error EDQUOT is returned.
(*) There's a system call interface by which userspace programs can create and
manipulate keys and keyrings.
(*) There's a kernel interface by which services can register types and search
for keys.
(*) There's a way for the a search done from the kernel to call back to
userspace to request a key that can't be found in a process's keyrings.
(*) An optional filesystem is available through which the key database can be
viewed and manipulated.
======================
KEY ACCESS PERMISSIONS
======================
Keys have an owner user ID, a group access ID, and a permissions mask. The mask
has up to eight bits each for possessor, user, group and other access. Only
six of each set of eight bits are defined. These permissions granted are:
(*) View
This permits a key or keyring's attributes to be viewed - including key
type and description.
(*) Read
This permits a key's payload to be viewed or a keyring's list of linked
keys.
(*) Write
This permits a key's payload to be instantiated or updated, or it allows a
link to be added to or removed from a keyring.
(*) Search
This permits keyrings to be searched and keys to be found. Searches can
only recurse into nested keyrings that have search permission set.
(*) Link
This permits a key or keyring to be linked to. To create a link from a
keyring to a key, a process must have Write permission on the keyring and
Link permission on the key.
(*) Set Attribute
This permits a key's UID, GID and permissions mask to be changed.
For changing the ownership, group ID or permissions mask, being the owner of
the key or having the sysadmin capability is sufficient.
===============
SELINUX SUPPORT
===============
The security class "key" has been added to SELinux so that mandatory access
controls can be applied to keys created within various contexts. This support
is preliminary, and is likely to change quite significantly in the near future.
Currently, all of the basic permissions explained above are provided in SELinux
as well; SELinux is simply invoked after all basic permission checks have been
performed.
The value of the file /proc/self/attr/keycreate influences the labeling of
newly-created keys. If the contents of that file correspond to an SELinux
security context, then the key will be assigned that context. Otherwise, the
key will be assigned the current context of the task that invoked the key
creation request. Tasks must be granted explicit permission to assign a
particular context to newly-created keys, using the "create" permission in the
key security class.
The default keyrings associated with users will be labeled with the default
context of the user if and only if the login programs have been instrumented to
properly initialize keycreate during the login process. Otherwise, they will
be labeled with the context of the login program itself.
Note, however, that the default keyrings associated with the root user are
labeled with the default kernel context, since they are created early in the
boot process, before root has a chance to log in.
The keyrings associated with new threads are each labeled with the context of
their associated thread, and both session and process keyrings are handled
similarly.
================
NEW PROCFS FILES
================
Two files have been added to procfs by which an administrator can find out
about the status of the key service:
(*) /proc/keys
This lists the keys that are currently viewable by the task reading the
file, giving information about their type, description and permissions.
It is not possible to view the payload of the key this way, though some
information about it may be given.
The only keys included in the list are those that grant View permission to
the reading process whether or not it possesses them. Note that LSM
security checks are still performed, and may further filter out keys that
the current process is not authorised to view.
The contents of the file look like this:
SERIAL FLAGS USAGE EXPY PERM UID GID TYPE DESCRIPTION: SUMMARY
00000001 I----- 39 perm 1f3f0000 0 0 keyring _uid_ses.0: 1/4
00000002 I----- 2 perm 1f3f0000 0 0 keyring _uid.0: empty
00000007 I----- 1 perm 1f3f0000 0 0 keyring _pid.1: empty
0000018d I----- 1 perm 1f3f0000 0 0 keyring _pid.412: empty
000004d2 I--Q-- 1 perm 1f3f0000 32 -1 keyring _uid.32: 1/4
000004d3 I--Q-- 3 perm 1f3f0000 32 -1 keyring _uid_ses.32: empty
00000892 I--QU- 1 perm 1f000000 0 0 user metal:copper: 0
00000893 I--Q-N 1 35s 1f3f0000 0 0 user metal:silver: 0
00000894 I--Q-- 1 10h 003f0000 0 0 user metal:gold: 0
The flags are:
I Instantiated
R Revoked
D Dead
Q Contributes to user's quota
U Under construction by callback to userspace
N Negative key
This file must be enabled at kernel configuration time as it allows anyone
to list the keys database.
(*) /proc/key-users
This file lists the tracking data for each user that has at least one key
on the system. Such data includes quota information and statistics:
[root@andromeda root]# cat /proc/key-users
0: 46 45/45 1/100 13/10000
29: 2 2/2 2/100 40/10000
32: 2 2/2 2/100 40/10000
38: 2 2/2 2/100 40/10000
The format of each line is
<UID>: User ID to which this applies
<usage> Structure refcount
<inst>/<keys> Total number of keys and number instantiated
<keys>/<max> Key count quota
<bytes>/<max> Key size quota
Four new sysctl files have been added also for the purpose of controlling the
quota limits on keys:
(*) /proc/sys/kernel/keys/root_maxkeys
/proc/sys/kernel/keys/root_maxbytes
These files hold the maximum number of keys that root may have and the
maximum total number of bytes of data that root may have stored in those
keys.
(*) /proc/sys/kernel/keys/maxkeys
/proc/sys/kernel/keys/maxbytes
These files hold the maximum number of keys that each non-root user may
have and the maximum total number of bytes of data that each of those
users may have stored in their keys.
Root may alter these by writing each new limit as a decimal number string to
the appropriate file.
===============================
USERSPACE SYSTEM CALL INTERFACE
===============================
Userspace can manipulate keys directly through three new syscalls: add_key,
request_key and keyctl. The latter provides a number of functions for
manipulating keys.
When referring to a key directly, userspace programs should use the key's
serial number (a positive 32-bit integer). However, there are some special
values available for referring to special keys and keyrings that relate to the
process making the call:
CONSTANT VALUE KEY REFERENCED
============================== ====== ===========================
KEY_SPEC_THREAD_KEYRING -1 thread-specific keyring
KEY_SPEC_PROCESS_KEYRING -2 process-specific keyring
KEY_SPEC_SESSION_KEYRING -3 session-specific keyring
KEY_SPEC_USER_KEYRING -4 UID-specific keyring
KEY_SPEC_USER_SESSION_KEYRING -5 UID-session keyring
KEY_SPEC_GROUP_KEYRING -6 GID-specific keyring
KEY_SPEC_REQKEY_AUTH_KEY -7 assumed request_key()
authorisation key
The main syscalls are:
(*) Create a new key of given type, description and payload and add it to the
nominated keyring:
key_serial_t add_key(const char *type, const char *desc,
const void *payload, size_t plen,
key_serial_t keyring);
If a key of the same type and description as that proposed already exists
in the keyring, this will try to update it with the given payload, or it
will return error EEXIST if that function is not supported by the key
type. The process must also have permission to write to the key to be able
to update it. The new key will have all user permissions granted and no
group or third party permissions.
Otherwise, this will attempt to create a new key of the specified type and
description, and to instantiate it with the supplied payload and attach it
to the keyring. In this case, an error will be generated if the process
does not have permission to write to the keyring.
If the key type supports it, if the description is NULL or an empty
string, the key type will try and generate a description from the content
of the payload.
The payload is optional, and the pointer can be NULL if not required by
the type. The payload is plen in size, and plen can be zero for an empty
payload.
A new keyring can be generated by setting type "keyring", the keyring name
as the description (or NULL) and setting the payload to NULL.
User defined keys can be created by specifying type "user". It is
recommended that a user defined key's description by prefixed with a type
ID and a colon, such as "krb5tgt:" for a Kerberos 5 ticket granting
ticket.
Any other type must have been registered with the kernel in advance by a
kernel service such as a filesystem.
The ID of the new or updated key is returned if successful.
(*) Search the process's keyrings for a key, potentially calling out to
userspace to create it.
key_serial_t request_key(const char *type, const char *description,
const char *callout_info,
key_serial_t dest_keyring);
This function searches all the process's keyrings in the order thread,
process, session for a matching key. This works very much like
KEYCTL_SEARCH, including the optional attachment of the discovered key to
a keyring.
If a key cannot be found, and if callout_info is not NULL, then
/sbin/request-key will be invoked in an attempt to obtain a key. The
callout_info string will be passed as an argument to the program.
See also Documentation/security/keys-request-key.txt.
The keyctl syscall functions are:
(*) Map a special key ID to a real key ID for this process:
key_serial_t keyctl(KEYCTL_GET_KEYRING_ID, key_serial_t id,
int create);
The special key specified by "id" is looked up (with the key being created
if necessary) and the ID of the key or keyring thus found is returned if
it exists.
If the key does not yet exist, the key will be created if "create" is
non-zero; and the error ENOKEY will be returned if "create" is zero.
(*) Replace the session keyring this process subscribes to with a new one:
key_serial_t keyctl(KEYCTL_JOIN_SESSION_KEYRING, const char *name);
If name is NULL, an anonymous keyring is created attached to the process
as its session keyring, displacing the old session keyring.
If name is not NULL, if a keyring of that name exists, the process
attempts to attach it as the session keyring, returning an error if that
is not permitted; otherwise a new keyring of that name is created and
attached as the session keyring.
To attach to a named keyring, the keyring must have search permission for
the process's ownership.
The ID of the new session keyring is returned if successful.
(*) Update the specified key:
long keyctl(KEYCTL_UPDATE, key_serial_t key, const void *payload,
size_t plen);
This will try to update the specified key with the given payload, or it
will return error EOPNOTSUPP if that function is not supported by the key
type. The process must also have permission to write to the key to be able
to update it.
The payload is of length plen, and may be absent or empty as for
add_key().
(*) Revoke a key:
long keyctl(KEYCTL_REVOKE, key_serial_t key);
This makes a key unavailable for further operations. Further attempts to
use the key will be met with error EKEYREVOKED, and the key will no longer
be findable.
(*) Change the ownership of a key:
long keyctl(KEYCTL_CHOWN, key_serial_t key, uid_t uid, gid_t gid);
This function permits a key's owner and group ID to be changed. Either one
of uid or gid can be set to -1 to suppress that change.
Only the superuser can change a key's owner to something other than the
key's current owner. Similarly, only the superuser can change a key's
group ID to something other than the calling process's group ID or one of
its group list members.
(*) Change the permissions mask on a key:
long keyctl(KEYCTL_SETPERM, key_serial_t key, key_perm_t perm);
This function permits the owner of a key or the superuser to change the
permissions mask on a key.
Only bits the available bits are permitted; if any other bits are set,
error EINVAL will be returned.
(*) Describe a key:
long keyctl(KEYCTL_DESCRIBE, key_serial_t key, char *buffer,
size_t buflen);
This function returns a summary of the key's attributes (but not its
payload data) as a string in the buffer provided.
Unless there's an error, it always returns the amount of data it could
produce, even if that's too big for the buffer, but it won't copy more
than requested to userspace. If the buffer pointer is NULL then no copy
will take place.
A process must have view permission on the key for this function to be
successful.
If successful, a string is placed in the buffer in the following format:
<type>;<uid>;<gid>;<perm>;<description>
Where type and description are strings, uid and gid are decimal, and perm
is hexadecimal. A NUL character is included at the end of the string if
the buffer is sufficiently big.
This can be parsed with
sscanf(buffer, "%[^;];%d;%d;%o;%s", type, &uid, &gid, &mode, desc);
(*) Clear out a keyring:
long keyctl(KEYCTL_CLEAR, key_serial_t keyring);
This function clears the list of keys attached to a keyring. The calling
process must have write permission on the keyring, and it must be a
keyring (or else error ENOTDIR will result).
This function can also be used to clear special kernel keyrings if they
are appropriately marked if the user has CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability. The
DNS resolver cache keyring is an example of this.
(*) Link a key into a keyring:
long keyctl(KEYCTL_LINK, key_serial_t keyring, key_serial_t key);
This function creates a link from the keyring to the key. The process must
have write permission on the keyring and must have link permission on the
key.
Should the keyring not be a keyring, error ENOTDIR will result; and if the
keyring is full, error ENFILE will result.
The link procedure checks the nesting of the keyrings, returning ELOOP if
it appears too deep or EDEADLK if the link would introduce a cycle.
Any links within the keyring to keys that match the new key in terms of
type and description will be discarded from the keyring as the new one is
added.
(*) Unlink a key or keyring from another keyring:
long keyctl(KEYCTL_UNLINK, key_serial_t keyring, key_serial_t key);
This function looks through the keyring for the first link to the
specified key, and removes it if found. Subsequent links to that key are
ignored. The process must have write permission on the keyring.
If the keyring is not a keyring, error ENOTDIR will result; and if the key
is not present, error ENOENT will be the result.
(*) Search a keyring tree for a key:
key_serial_t keyctl(KEYCTL_SEARCH, key_serial_t keyring,
const char *type, const char *description,
key_serial_t dest_keyring);
This searches the keyring tree headed by the specified keyring until a key
is found that matches the type and description criteria. Each keyring is
checked for keys before recursion into its children occurs.
The process must have search permission on the top level keyring, or else
error EACCES will result. Only keyrings that the process has search
permission on will be recursed into, and only keys and keyrings for which
a process has search permission can be matched. If the specified keyring
is not a keyring, ENOTDIR will result.
If the search succeeds, the function will attempt to link the found key
into the destination keyring if one is supplied (non-zero ID). All the
constraints applicable to KEYCTL_LINK apply in this case too.
Error ENOKEY, EKEYREVOKED or EKEYEXPIRED will be returned if the search
fails. On success, the resulting key ID will be returned.
(*) Read the payload data from a key:
long keyctl(KEYCTL_READ, key_serial_t keyring, char *buffer,
size_t buflen);
This function attempts to read the payload data from the specified key
into the buffer. The process must have read permission on the key to
succeed.
The returned data will be processed for presentation by the key type. For
instance, a keyring will return an array of key_serial_t entries
representing the IDs of all the keys to which it is subscribed. The user
defined key type will return its data as is. If a key type does not
implement this function, error EOPNOTSUPP will result.
As much of the data as can be fitted into the buffer will be copied to
userspace if the buffer pointer is not NULL.
On a successful return, the function will always return the amount of data
available rather than the amount copied.
(*) Instantiate a partially constructed key.
long keyctl(KEYCTL_INSTANTIATE, key_serial_t key,
const void *payload, size_t plen,
key_serial_t keyring);
long keyctl(KEYCTL_INSTANTIATE_IOV, key_serial_t key,
const struct iovec *payload_iov, unsigned ioc,
key_serial_t keyring);
If the kernel calls back to userspace to complete the instantiation of a
key, userspace should use this call to supply data for the key before the
invoked process returns, or else the key will be marked negative
automatically.
The process must have write access on the key to be able to instantiate
it, and the key must be uninstantiated.
If a keyring is specified (non-zero), the key will also be linked into
that keyring, however all the constraints applying in KEYCTL_LINK apply in
this case too.
The payload and plen arguments describe the payload data as for add_key().
The payload_iov and ioc arguments describe the payload data in an iovec
array instead of a single buffer.
(*) Negatively instantiate a partially constructed key.
long keyctl(KEYCTL_NEGATE, key_serial_t key,
unsigned timeout, key_serial_t keyring);
long keyctl(KEYCTL_REJECT, key_serial_t key,
unsigned timeout, unsigned error, key_serial_t keyring);
If the kernel calls back to userspace to complete the instantiation of a
key, userspace should use this call mark the key as negative before the
invoked process returns if it is unable to fulfill the request.
The process must have write access on the key to be able to instantiate
it, and the key must be uninstantiated.
If a keyring is specified (non-zero), the key will also be linked into
that keyring, however all the constraints applying in KEYCTL_LINK apply in
this case too.
If the key is rejected, future searches for it will return the specified
error code until the rejected key expires. Negating the key is the same
as rejecting the key with ENOKEY as the error code.
(*) Set the default request-key destination keyring.
long keyctl(KEYCTL_SET_REQKEY_KEYRING, int reqkey_defl);
This sets the default keyring to which implicitly requested keys will be
attached for this thread. reqkey_defl should be one of these constants:
CONSTANT VALUE NEW DEFAULT KEYRING
====================================== ====== =======================
KEY_REQKEY_DEFL_NO_CHANGE -1 No change
KEY_REQKEY_DEFL_DEFAULT 0 Default[1]
KEY_REQKEY_DEFL_THREAD_KEYRING 1 Thread keyring
KEY_REQKEY_DEFL_PROCESS_KEYRING 2 Process keyring
KEY_REQKEY_DEFL_SESSION_KEYRING 3 Session keyring
KEY_REQKEY_DEFL_USER_KEYRING 4 User keyring
KEY_REQKEY_DEFL_USER_SESSION_KEYRING 5 User session keyring
KEY_REQKEY_DEFL_GROUP_KEYRING 6 Group keyring
The old default will be returned if successful and error EINVAL will be
returned if reqkey_defl is not one of the above values.
The default keyring can be overridden by the keyring indicated to the
request_key() system call.
Note that this setting is inherited across fork/exec.
[1] The default is: the thread keyring if there is one, otherwise
the process keyring if there is one, otherwise the session keyring if
there is one, otherwise the user default session keyring.
(*) Set the timeout on a key.
long keyctl(KEYCTL_SET_TIMEOUT, key_serial_t key, unsigned timeout);
This sets or clears the timeout on a key. The timeout can be 0 to clear
the timeout or a number of seconds to set the expiry time that far into
the future.
The process must have attribute modification access on a key to set its
timeout. Timeouts may not be set with this function on negative, revoked
or expired keys.
(*) Assume the authority granted to instantiate a key
long keyctl(KEYCTL_ASSUME_AUTHORITY, key_serial_t key);
This assumes or divests the authority required to instantiate the
specified key. Authority can only be assumed if the thread has the
authorisation key associated with the specified key in its keyrings
somewhere.
Once authority is assumed, searches for keys will also search the
requester's keyrings using the requester's security label, UID, GID and
groups.
If the requested authority is unavailable, error EPERM will be returned,
likewise if the authority has been revoked because the target key is
already instantiated.
If the specified key is 0, then any assumed authority will be divested.
The assumed authoritative key is inherited across fork and exec.
(*) Get the LSM security context attached to a key.
long keyctl(KEYCTL_GET_SECURITY, key_serial_t key, char *buffer,
size_t buflen)
This function returns a string that represents the LSM security context
attached to a key in the buffer provided.
Unless there's an error, it always returns the amount of data it could
produce, even if that's too big for the buffer, but it won't copy more
than requested to userspace. If the buffer pointer is NULL then no copy
will take place.
A NUL character is included at the end of the string if the buffer is
sufficiently big. This is included in the returned count. If no LSM is
in force then an empty string will be returned.
A process must have view permission on the key for this function to be
successful.
(*) Install the calling process's session keyring on its parent.
long keyctl(KEYCTL_SESSION_TO_PARENT);
This functions attempts to install the calling process's session keyring
on to the calling process's parent, replacing the parent's current session
keyring.
The calling process must have the same ownership as its parent, the
keyring must have the same ownership as the calling process, the calling
process must have LINK permission on the keyring and the active LSM module
mustn't deny permission, otherwise error EPERM will be returned.
Error ENOMEM will be returned if there was insufficient memory to complete
the operation, otherwise 0 will be returned to indicate success.
The keyring will be replaced next time the parent process leaves the
kernel and resumes executing userspace.
(*) Invalidate a key.
long keyctl(KEYCTL_INVALIDATE, key_serial_t key);
This function marks a key as being invalidated and then wakes up the
garbage collector. The garbage collector immediately removes invalidated
keys from all keyrings and deletes the key when its reference count
reaches zero.
Keys that are marked invalidated become invisible to normal key operations
immediately, though they are still visible in /proc/keys until deleted
(they're marked with an 'i' flag).
A process must have search permission on the key for this function to be
successful.
===============
KERNEL SERVICES
===============
The kernel services for key management are fairly simple to deal with. They can
be broken down into two areas: keys and key types.
Dealing with keys is fairly straightforward. Firstly, the kernel service
registers its type, then it searches for a key of that type. It should retain
the key as long as it has need of it, and then it should release it. For a
filesystem or device file, a search would probably be performed during the open
call, and the key released upon close. How to deal with conflicting keys due to
two different users opening the same file is left to the filesystem author to
solve.
To access the key manager, the following header must be #included:
<linux/key.h>
Specific key types should have a header file under include/keys/ that should be
used to access that type. For keys of type "user", for example, that would be:
<keys/user-type.h>
Note that there are two different types of pointers to keys that may be
encountered:
(*) struct key *
This simply points to the key structure itself. Key structures will be at
least four-byte aligned.
(*) key_ref_t
This is equivalent to a struct key *, but the least significant bit is set
if the caller "possesses" the key. By "possession" it is meant that the
calling processes has a searchable link to the key from one of its
keyrings. There are three functions for dealing with these:
key_ref_t make_key_ref(const struct key *key, bool possession);
struct key *key_ref_to_ptr(const key_ref_t key_ref);
bool is_key_possessed(const key_ref_t key_ref);
The first function constructs a key reference from a key pointer and
possession information (which must be true or false).
The second function retrieves the key pointer from a reference and the
third retrieves the possession flag.
When accessing a key's payload contents, certain precautions must be taken to
prevent access vs modification races. See the section "Notes on accessing
payload contents" for more information.
(*) To search for a key, call:
struct key *request_key(const struct key_type *type,
const char *description,
const char *callout_info);
This is used to request a key or keyring with a description that matches
the description specified according to the key type's match function. This
permits approximate matching to occur. If callout_string is not NULL, then
/sbin/request-key will be invoked in an attempt to obtain the key from
userspace. In that case, callout_string will be passed as an argument to
the program.
Should the function fail error ENOKEY, EKEYEXPIRED or EKEYREVOKED will be
returned.
If successful, the key will have been attached to the default keyring for
implicitly obtained request-key keys, as set by KEYCTL_SET_REQKEY_KEYRING.
See also Documentation/security/keys-request-key.txt.
(*) To search for a key, passing auxiliary data to the upcaller, call:
struct key *request_key_with_auxdata(const struct key_type *type,
const char *description,
const void *callout_info,
size_t callout_len,
void *aux);
This is identical to request_key(), except that the auxiliary data is
passed to the key_type->request_key() op if it exists, and the callout_info
is a blob of length callout_len, if given (the length may be 0).
(*) A key can be requested asynchronously by calling one of:
struct key *request_key_async(const struct key_type *type,
const char *description,
const void *callout_info,
size_t callout_len);
or:
struct key *request_key_async_with_auxdata(const struct key_type *type,
const char *description,
const char *callout_info,
size_t callout_len,
void *aux);
which are asynchronous equivalents of request_key() and
request_key_with_auxdata() respectively.
These two functions return with the key potentially still under
construction. To wait for construction completion, the following should be
called:
int wait_for_key_construction(struct key *key, bool intr);
The function will wait for the key to finish being constructed and then
invokes key_validate() to return an appropriate value to indicate the state
of the key (0 indicates the key is usable).
If intr is true, then the wait can be interrupted by a signal, in which
case error ERESTARTSYS will be returned.
(*) When it is no longer required, the key should be released using:
void key_put(struct key *key);
Or:
void key_ref_put(key_ref_t key_ref);
These can be called from interrupt context. If CONFIG_KEYS is not set then
the argument will not be parsed.
(*) Extra references can be made to a key by calling one of the following
functions:
struct key *__key_get(struct key *key);
struct key *key_get(struct key *key);
Keys so references will need to be disposed of by calling key_put() when
they've been finished with. The key pointer passed in will be returned.
In the case of key_get(), if the pointer is NULL or CONFIG_KEYS is not set
then the key will not be dereferenced and no increment will take place.
(*) A key's serial number can be obtained by calling:
key_serial_t key_serial(struct key *key);
If key is NULL or if CONFIG_KEYS is not set then 0 will be returned (in the
latter case without parsing the argument).
(*) If a keyring was found in the search, this can be further searched by:
key_ref_t keyring_search(key_ref_t keyring_ref,
const struct key_type *type,
const char *description)
This searches the keyring tree specified for a matching key. Error ENOKEY
is returned upon failure (use IS_ERR/PTR_ERR to determine). If successful,
the returned key will need to be released.
The possession attribute from the keyring reference is used to control
access through the permissions mask and is propagated to the returned key
reference pointer if successful.
(*) A keyring can be created by:
struct key *keyring_alloc(const char *description, uid_t uid, gid_t gid,
const struct cred *cred,
key_perm_t perm,
unsigned long flags,
struct key *dest);
This creates a keyring with the given attributes and returns it. If dest
is not NULL, the new keyring will be linked into the keyring to which it
points. No permission checks are made upon the destination keyring.
Error EDQUOT can be returned if the keyring would overload the quota (pass
KEY_ALLOC_NOT_IN_QUOTA in flags if the keyring shouldn't be accounted
towards the user's quota). Error ENOMEM can also be returned.
(*) To check the validity of a key, this function can be called:
int validate_key(struct key *key);
This checks that the key in question hasn't expired or and hasn't been
revoked. Should the key be invalid, error EKEYEXPIRED or EKEYREVOKED will
be returned. If the key is NULL or if CONFIG_KEYS is not set then 0 will be
returned (in the latter case without parsing the argument).
(*) To register a key type, the following function should be called:
int register_key_type(struct key_type *type);
This will return error EEXIST if a type of the same name is already
present.
(*) To unregister a key type, call:
void unregister_key_type(struct key_type *type);
Under some circumstances, it may be desirable to deal with a bundle of keys.
The facility provides access to the keyring type for managing such a bundle:
struct key_type key_type_keyring;
This can be used with a function such as request_key() to find a specific
keyring in a process's keyrings. A keyring thus found can then be searched
with keyring_search(). Note that it is not possible to use request_key() to
search a specific keyring, so using keyrings in this way is of limited utility.
===================================
NOTES ON ACCESSING PAYLOAD CONTENTS
===================================
The simplest payload is just a number in key->payload.value. In this case,
there's no need to indulge in RCU or locking when accessing the payload.
More complex payload contents must be allocated and a pointer to them set in
key->payload.data. One of the following ways must be selected to access the
data:
(1) Unmodifiable key type.
If the key type does not have a modify method, then the key's payload can
be accessed without any form of locking, provided that it's known to be
instantiated (uninstantiated keys cannot be "found").
(2) The key's semaphore.
The semaphore could be used to govern access to the payload and to control
the payload pointer. It must be write-locked for modifications and would
have to be read-locked for general access. The disadvantage of doing this
is that the accessor may be required to sleep.
(3) RCU.
RCU must be used when the semaphore isn't already held; if the semaphore
is held then the contents can't change under you unexpectedly as the
semaphore must still be used to serialise modifications to the key. The
key management code takes care of this for the key type.
However, this means using:
rcu_read_lock() ... rcu_dereference() ... rcu_read_unlock()
to read the pointer, and:
rcu_dereference() ... rcu_assign_pointer() ... call_rcu()
to set the pointer and dispose of the old contents after a grace period.
Note that only the key type should ever modify a key's payload.
Furthermore, an RCU controlled payload must hold a struct rcu_head for the
use of call_rcu() and, if the payload is of variable size, the length of
the payload. key->datalen cannot be relied upon to be consistent with the
payload just dereferenced if the key's semaphore is not held.
===================
DEFINING A KEY TYPE
===================
A kernel service may want to define its own key type. For instance, an AFS
filesystem might want to define a Kerberos 5 ticket key type. To do this, it
author fills in a key_type struct and registers it with the system.
Source files that implement key types should include the following header file:
<linux/key-type.h>
The structure has a number of fields, some of which are mandatory:
(*) const char *name
The name of the key type. This is used to translate a key type name
supplied by userspace into a pointer to the structure.
(*) size_t def_datalen
This is optional - it supplies the default payload data length as
contributed to the quota. If the key type's payload is always or almost
always the same size, then this is a more efficient way to do things.
The data length (and quota) on a particular key can always be changed
during instantiation or update by calling:
int key_payload_reserve(struct key *key, size_t datalen);
With the revised data length. Error EDQUOT will be returned if this is not
viable.
(*) int (*vet_description)(const char *description);
This optional method is called to vet a key description. If the key type
doesn't approve of the key description, it may return an error, otherwise
it should return 0.
(*) int (*preparse)(struct key_preparsed_payload *prep);
This optional method permits the key type to attempt to parse payload
before a key is created (add key) or the key semaphore is taken (update or
instantiate key). The structure pointed to by prep looks like:
struct key_preparsed_payload {
char *description;
void *type_data[2];
void *payload;
const void *data;
size_t datalen;
size_t quotalen;
time_t expiry;
};
Before calling the method, the caller will fill in data and datalen with
the payload blob parameters; quotalen will be filled in with the default
quota size from the key type; expiry will be set to TIME_T_MAX and the
rest will be cleared.
If a description can be proposed from the payload contents, that should be
attached as a string to the description field. This will be used for the
key description if the caller of add_key() passes NULL or "".
The method can attach anything it likes to type_data[] and payload. These
are merely passed along to the instantiate() or update() operations. If
set, the expiry time will be applied to the key if it is instantiated from
this data.
The method should return 0 if successful or a negative error code
otherwise.
(*) void (*free_preparse)(struct key_preparsed_payload *prep);
This method is only required if the preparse() method is provided,
otherwise it is unused. It cleans up anything attached to the
description, type_data and payload fields of the key_preparsed_payload
struct as filled in by the preparse() method. It will always be called
after preparse() returns successfully, even if instantiate() or update()
succeed.
(*) int (*instantiate)(struct key *key, struct key_preparsed_payload *prep);
This method is called to attach a payload to a key during construction.
The payload attached need not bear any relation to the data passed to this
function.
The prep->data and prep->datalen fields will define the original payload
blob. If preparse() was supplied then other fields may be filled in also.
If the amount of data attached to the key differs from the size in
keytype->def_datalen, then key_payload_reserve() should be called.
This method does not have to lock the key in order to attach a payload.
The fact that KEY_FLAG_INSTANTIATED is not set in key->flags prevents
anything else from gaining access to the key.
It is safe to sleep in this method.
(*) int (*update)(struct key *key, const void *data, size_t datalen);
If this type of key can be updated, then this method should be provided.
It is called to update a key's payload from the blob of data provided.
The prep->data and prep->datalen fields will define the original payload
blob. If preparse() was supplied then other fields may be filled in also.
key_payload_reserve() should be called if the data length might change
before any changes are actually made. Note that if this succeeds, the type
is committed to changing the key because it's already been altered, so all
memory allocation must be done first.
The key will have its semaphore write-locked before this method is called,
but this only deters other writers; any changes to the key's payload must
be made under RCU conditions, and call_rcu() must be used to dispose of
the old payload.
key_payload_reserve() should be called before the changes are made, but
after all allocations and other potentially failing function calls are
made.
It is safe to sleep in this method.
(*) int (*match)(const struct key *key, const void *desc);
This method is called to match a key against a description. It should
return non-zero if the two match, zero if they don't.
This method should not need to lock the key in any way. The type and
description can be considered invariant, and the payload should not be
accessed (the key may not yet be instantiated).
It is not safe to sleep in this method; the caller may hold spinlocks.
(*) void (*revoke)(struct key *key);
This method is optional. It is called to discard part of the payload
data upon a key being revoked. The caller will have the key semaphore
write-locked.
It is safe to sleep in this method, though care should be taken to avoid
a deadlock against the key semaphore.
(*) void (*destroy)(struct key *key);
This method is optional. It is called to discard the payload data on a key
when it is being destroyed.
This method does not need to lock the key to access the payload; it can
consider the key as being inaccessible at this time. Note that the key's
type may have been changed before this function is called.
It is not safe to sleep in this method; the caller may hold spinlocks.
(*) void (*describe)(const struct key *key, struct seq_file *p);
This method is optional. It is called during /proc/keys reading to
summarise a key's description and payload in text form.
This method will be called with the RCU read lock held. rcu_dereference()
should be used to read the payload pointer if the payload is to be
accessed. key->datalen cannot be trusted to stay consistent with the
contents of the payload.
The description will not change, though the key's state may.
It is not safe to sleep in this method; the RCU read lock is held by the
caller.
(*) long (*read)(const struct key *key, char __user *buffer, size_t buflen);
This method is optional. It is called by KEYCTL_READ to translate the
key's payload into something a blob of data for userspace to deal with.
Ideally, the blob should be in the same format as that passed in to the
instantiate and update methods.
If successful, the blob size that could be produced should be returned
rather than the size copied.
This method will be called with the key's semaphore read-locked. This will
prevent the key's payload changing. It is not necessary to use RCU locking
when accessing the key's payload. It is safe to sleep in this method, such
as might happen when the userspace buffer is accessed.
(*) int (*request_key)(struct key_construction *cons, const char *op,
void *aux);
This method is optional. If provided, request_key() and friends will
invoke this function rather than upcalling to /sbin/request-key to operate
upon a key of this type.
The aux parameter is as passed to request_key_async_with_auxdata() and
similar or is NULL otherwise. Also passed are the construction record for
the key to be operated upon and the operation type (currently only
"create").
This method is permitted to return before the upcall is complete, but the
following function must be called under all circumstances to complete the
instantiation process, whether or not it succeeds, whether or not there's
an error:
void complete_request_key(struct key_construction *cons, int error);
The error parameter should be 0 on success, -ve on error. The
construction record is destroyed by this action and the authorisation key
will be revoked. If an error is indicated, the key under construction
will be negatively instantiated if it wasn't already instantiated.
If this method returns an error, that error will be returned to the
caller of request_key*(). complete_request_key() must be called prior to
returning.
The key under construction and the authorisation key can be found in the
key_construction struct pointed to by cons:
(*) struct key *key;
The key under construction.
(*) struct key *authkey;
The authorisation key.
============================
REQUEST-KEY CALLBACK SERVICE
============================
To create a new key, the kernel will attempt to execute the following command
line:
/sbin/request-key create <key> <uid> <gid> \
<threadring> <processring> <sessionring> <callout_info>
<key> is the key being constructed, and the three keyrings are the process
keyrings from the process that caused the search to be issued. These are
included for two reasons:
(1) There may be an authentication token in one of the keyrings that is
required to obtain the key, eg: a Kerberos Ticket-Granting Ticket.
(2) The new key should probably be cached in one of these rings.
This program should set it UID and GID to those specified before attempting to
access any more keys. It may then look around for a user specific process to
hand the request off to (perhaps a path held in placed in another key by, for
example, the KDE desktop manager).
The program (or whatever it calls) should finish construction of the key by
calling KEYCTL_INSTANTIATE or KEYCTL_INSTANTIATE_IOV, which also permits it to
cache the key in one of the keyrings (probably the session ring) before
returning. Alternatively, the key can be marked as negative with KEYCTL_NEGATE
or KEYCTL_REJECT; this also permits the key to be cached in one of the
keyrings.
If it returns with the key remaining in the unconstructed state, the key will
be marked as being negative, it will be added to the session keyring, and an
error will be returned to the key requestor.
Supplementary information may be provided from whoever or whatever invoked this
service. This will be passed as the <callout_info> parameter. If no such
information was made available, then "-" will be passed as this parameter
instead.
Similarly, the kernel may attempt to update an expired or a soon to expire key
by executing:
/sbin/request-key update <key> <uid> <gid> \
<threadring> <processring> <sessionring>
In this case, the program isn't required to actually attach the key to a ring;
the rings are provided for reference.
==================
GARBAGE COLLECTION
==================
Dead keys (for which the type has been removed) will be automatically unlinked
from those keyrings that point to them and deleted as soon as possible by a
background garbage collector.
Similarly, revoked and expired keys will be garbage collected, but only after a
certain amount of time has passed. This time is set as a number of seconds in:
/proc/sys/kernel/keys/gc_delay