Documentation/memory-hotplug.txt - kernel/msm-4.9 - Gitiles

 ==============
 Memory Hotplug
 ==============

 Created:					Jul 28 2007
 Add description of notifier of memory hotplug	Oct 11 2007

 This document is about memory hotplug including how-to-use and current status.
 Because Memory Hotplug is still under development, contents of this text will
 be changed often.

 1. Introduction
   1.1 purpose of memory hotplug
   1.2. Phases of memory hotplug
   1.3. Unit of Memory online/offline operation
 2. Kernel Configuration
 3. sysfs files for memory hotplug
 4. Physical memory hot-add phase
   4.1 Hardware(Firmware) Support
   4.2 Notify memory hot-add event by hand
 5. Logical Memory hot-add phase
   5.1. State of memory
   5.2. How to online memory
 6. Logical memory remove
   6.1 Memory offline and ZONE_MOVABLE
   6.2. How to offline memory
 7. Physical memory remove
 8. Memory hotplug event notifier
 9. Future Work List

 Note(1): x86_64's has special implementation for memory hotplug.
          This text does not describe it.
 Note(2): This text assumes that sysfs is mounted at /sys.


 ---------------
 1. Introduction
 ---------------

 1.1 purpose of memory hotplug
 ------------
 Memory Hotplug allows users to increase/decrease the amount of memory.
 Generally, there are two purposes.

 (A) For changing the amount of memory.
     This is to allow a feature like capacity on demand.
 (B) For installing/removing DIMMs or NUMA-nodes physically.
     This is to exchange DIMMs/NUMA-nodes, reduce power consumption, etc.

 (A) is required by highly virtualized environments and (B) is required by
 hardware which supports memory power management.

 Linux memory hotplug is designed for both purpose.


 1.2. Phases of memory hotplug
 ---------------
 There are 2 phases in Memory Hotplug.
   1) Physical Memory Hotplug phase
   2) Logical Memory Hotplug phase.

 The First phase is to communicate hardware/firmware and make/erase
 environment for hotplugged memory. Basically, this phase is necessary
 for the purpose (B), but this is good phase for communication between
 highly virtualized environments too.

 When memory is hotplugged, the kernel recognizes new memory, makes new memory
 management tables, and makes sysfs files for new memory's operation.

 If firmware supports notification of connection of new memory to OS,
 this phase is triggered automatically. ACPI can notify this event. If not,
 "probe" operation by system administration is used instead.
 (see Section 4.).

 Logical Memory Hotplug phase is to change memory state into
 available/unavailable for users. Amount of memory from user's view is
 changed by this phase. The kernel makes all memory in it as free pages
 when a memory range is available.

 In this document, this phase is described as online/offline.

 Logical Memory Hotplug phase is triggered by write of sysfs file by system
 administrator. For the hot-add case, it must be executed after Physical Hotplug
 phase by hand.
 (However, if you writes udev's hotplug scripts for memory hotplug, these
  phases can be execute in seamless way.)


 1.3. Unit of Memory online/offline operation
 ------------
 Memory hotplug uses SPARSEMEM memory model which allows memory to be divided
 into chunks of the same size. These chunks are called "sections". The size of
 a memory section is architecture dependent. For example, power uses 16MiB, ia64
 uses 1GiB.

 Memory sections are combined into chunks referred to as "memory blocks". The
 size of a memory block is architecture dependent and represents the logical
 unit upon which memory online/offline operations are to be performed. The
 default size of a memory block is the same as memory section size unless an
 architecture specifies otherwise. (see Section 3.)

 To determine the size (in bytes) of a memory block please read this file:

 /sys/devices/system/memory/block_size_bytes


 -----------------------
 2. Kernel Configuration
 -----------------------
 To use memory hotplug feature, kernel must be compiled with following
 config options.

 - For all memory hotplug
     Memory model -> Sparse Memory  (CONFIG_SPARSEMEM)
     Allow for memory hot-add       (CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG)

 - To enable memory removal, the followings are also necessary
     Allow for memory hot remove    (CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTREMOVE)
     Page Migration                 (CONFIG_MIGRATION)

 - For ACPI memory hotplug, the followings are also necessary
     Memory hotplug (under ACPI Support menu) (CONFIG_ACPI_HOTPLUG_MEMORY)
     This option can be kernel module.

 - As a related configuration, if your box has a feature of NUMA-node hotplug
   via ACPI, then this option is necessary too.
     ACPI0004,PNP0A05 and PNP0A06 Container Driver (under ACPI Support menu)
     (CONFIG_ACPI_CONTAINER).
     This option can be kernel module too.


 --------------------------------
 3 sysfs files for memory hotplug
 --------------------------------
 All memory blocks have their device information in sysfs.  Each memory block
 is described under /sys/devices/system/memory as

 /sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX
 (XXX is the memory block id.)

 For the memory block covered by the sysfs directory.  It is expected that all
 memory sections in this range are present and no memory holes exist in the
 range. Currently there is no way to determine if there is a memory hole, but
 the existence of one should not affect the hotplug capabilities of the memory
 block.

 For example, assume 1GiB memory block size. A device for a memory starting at
 0x100000000 is /sys/device/system/memory/memory4
 (0x100000000 / 1Gib = 4)
 This device covers address range [0x100000000 ... 0x140000000)

 Under each memory block, you can see 5 files:

 /sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX/phys_index
 /sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX/phys_device
 /sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX/state
 /sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX/removable
 /sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX/valid_zones

 'phys_index'      : read-only and contains memory block id, same as XXX.
 'state'           : read-write
                     at read:  contains online/offline state of memory.
                     at write: user can specify "online_kernel",
                     "online_movable", "online", "offline" command
                     which will be performed on all sections in the block.
 'phys_device'     : read-only: designed to show the name of physical memory
                     device.  This is not well implemented now.
 'removable'       : read-only: contains an integer value indicating
                     whether the memory block is removable or not
                     removable.  A value of 1 indicates that the memory
                     block is removable and a value of 0 indicates that
                     it is not removable. A memory block is removable only if
                     every section in the block is removable.
 'valid_zones'     : read-only: designed to show which zones this memory block
 		    can be onlined to.
 		    The first column shows it's default zone.
 		    "memory6/valid_zones: Normal Movable" shows this memoryblock
 		    can be onlined to ZONE_NORMAL by default and to ZONE_MOVABLE
 		    by online_movable.
 		    "memory7/valid_zones: Movable Normal" shows this memoryblock
 		    can be onlined to ZONE_MOVABLE by default and to ZONE_NORMAL
 		    by online_kernel.

 NOTE:
   These directories/files appear after physical memory hotplug phase.

 If CONFIG_NUMA is enabled the memoryXXX/ directories can also be accessed
 via symbolic links located in the /sys/devices/system/node/node* directories.

 For example:
 /sys/devices/system/node/node0/memory9 -> ../../memory/memory9

 A backlink will also be created:
 /sys/devices/system/memory/memory9/node0 -> ../../node/node0


 --------------------------------
 4. Physical memory hot-add phase
 --------------------------------

 4.1 Hardware(Firmware) Support
 ------------
 On x86_64/ia64 platform, memory hotplug by ACPI is supported.

 In general, the firmware (ACPI) which supports memory hotplug defines
 memory class object of _HID "PNP0C80". When a notify is asserted to PNP0C80,
 Linux's ACPI handler does hot-add memory to the system and calls a hotplug udev
 script. This will be done automatically.

 But scripts for memory hotplug are not contained in generic udev package(now).
 You may have to write it by yourself or online/offline memory by hand.
 Please see "How to online memory", "How to offline memory" in this text.

 If firmware supports NUMA-node hotplug, and defines an object _HID "ACPI0004",
 "PNP0A05", or "PNP0A06", notification is asserted to it, and ACPI handler
 calls hotplug code for all of objects which are defined in it.
 If memory device is found, memory hotplug code will be called.


 4.2 Notify memory hot-add event by hand
 ------------
 On some architectures, the firmware may not notify the kernel of a memory
 hotplug event.  Therefore, the memory "probe" interface is supported to
 explicitly notify the kernel.  This interface depends on
 CONFIG_ARCH_MEMORY_PROBE and can be configured on powerpc, sh, and x86
 if hotplug is supported, although for x86 this should be handled by ACPI
 notification.

 Probe interface is located at
 /sys/devices/system/memory/probe

 You can tell the physical address of new memory to the kernel by

 % echo start_address_of_new_memory > /sys/devices/system/memory/probe

 Then, [start_address_of_new_memory, start_address_of_new_memory +
 memory_block_size] memory range is hot-added. In this case, hotplug script is
 not called (in current implementation). You'll have to online memory by
 yourself.  Please see "How to online memory" in this text.


 ------------------------------
 5. Logical Memory hot-add phase
 ------------------------------

 5.1. State of memory
 ------------
 To see (online/offline) state of a memory block, read 'state' file.

 % cat /sys/device/system/memory/memoryXXX/state


 If the memory block is online, you'll read "online".
 If the memory block is offline, you'll read "offline".


 5.2. How to online memory
 ------------
 Even if the memory is hot-added, it is not at ready-to-use state.
 For using newly added memory, you have to "online" the memory block.

 For onlining, you have to write "online" to the memory block's state file as:

 % echo online > /sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX/state

 This onlining will not change the ZONE type of the target memory block,
 If the memory block is in ZONE_NORMAL, you can change it to ZONE_MOVABLE:

 % echo online_movable > /sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX/state
 (NOTE: current limit: this memory block must be adjacent to ZONE_MOVABLE)

 And if the memory block is in ZONE_MOVABLE, you can change it to ZONE_NORMAL:

 % echo online_kernel > /sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX/state
 (NOTE: current limit: this memory block must be adjacent to ZONE_NORMAL)

 After this, memory block XXX's state will be 'online' and the amount of
 available memory will be increased.

 Currently, newly added memory is added as ZONE_NORMAL (for powerpc, ZONE_DMA).
 This may be changed in future.


 ------------------------
 6. Logical memory remove
 ------------------------

 6.1 Memory offline and ZONE_MOVABLE
 ------------
 Memory offlining is more complicated than memory online. Because memory offline
 has to make the whole memory block be unused, memory offline can fail if
 the memory block includes memory which cannot be freed.

 In general, memory offline can use 2 techniques.

 (1) reclaim and free all memory in the memory block.
 (2) migrate all pages in the memory block.

 In the current implementation, Linux's memory offline uses method (2), freeing
 all  pages in the memory block by page migration. But not all pages are
 migratable. Under current Linux, migratable pages are anonymous pages and
 page caches. For offlining a memory block by migration, the kernel has to
 guarantee that the memory block contains only migratable pages.

 Now, a boot option for making a memory block which consists of migratable pages
 is supported. By specifying "kernelcore=" or "movablecore=" boot option, you can
 create ZONE_MOVABLE...a zone which is just used for movable pages.
 (See also Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt)

 Assume the system has "TOTAL" amount of memory at boot time, this boot option
 creates ZONE_MOVABLE as following.

 1) When kernelcore=YYYY boot option is used,
   Size of memory not for movable pages (not for offline) is YYYY.
   Size of memory for movable pages (for offline) is TOTAL-YYYY.

 2) When movablecore=ZZZZ boot option is used,
   Size of memory not for movable pages (not for offline) is TOTAL - ZZZZ.
   Size of memory for movable pages (for offline) is ZZZZ.


 Note: Unfortunately, there is no information to show which memory block belongs
 to ZONE_MOVABLE. This is TBD.


 6.2. How to offline memory
 ------------
 You can offline a memory block by using the same sysfs interface that was used
 in memory onlining.

 % echo offline > /sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX/state

 If offline succeeds, the state of the memory block is changed to be "offline".
 If it fails, some error core (like -EBUSY) will be returned by the kernel.
 Even if a memory block does not belong to ZONE_MOVABLE, you can try to offline
 it.  If it doesn't contain 'unmovable' memory, you'll get success.

 A memory block under ZONE_MOVABLE is considered to be able to be offlined
 easily.  But under some busy state, it may return -EBUSY. Even if a memory
 block cannot be offlined due to -EBUSY, you can retry offlining it and may be
 able to offline it (or not). (For example, a page is referred to by some kernel
 internal call and released soon.)

 Consideration:
 Memory hotplug's design direction is to make the possibility of memory offlining
 higher and to guarantee unplugging memory under any situation. But it needs
 more work. Returning -EBUSY under some situation may be good because the user
 can decide to retry more or not by himself. Currently, memory offlining code
 does some amount of retry with 120 seconds timeout.

 -------------------------
 7. Physical memory remove
 -------------------------
 Need more implementation yet....
  - Notification completion of remove works by OS to firmware.
  - Guard from remove if not yet.

 --------------------------------
 8. Memory hotplug event notifier
 --------------------------------
 Hotplugging events are sent to a notification queue.

 There are six types of notification defined in include/linux/memory.h:

 MEM_GOING_ONLINE
   Generated before new memory becomes available in order to be able to
   prepare subsystems to handle memory. The page allocator is still unable
   to allocate from the new memory.

 MEM_CANCEL_ONLINE
   Generated if MEMORY_GOING_ONLINE fails.

 MEM_ONLINE
   Generated when memory has successfully brought online. The callback may
   allocate pages from the new memory.

 MEM_GOING_OFFLINE
   Generated to begin the process of offlining memory. Allocations are no
   longer possible from the memory but some of the memory to be offlined
   is still in use. The callback can be used to free memory known to a
   subsystem from the indicated memory block.

 MEM_CANCEL_OFFLINE
   Generated if MEMORY_GOING_OFFLINE fails. Memory is available again from
   the memory block that we attempted to offline.

 MEM_OFFLINE
   Generated after offlining memory is complete.

 A callback routine can be registered by calling

   hotplug_memory_notifier(callback_func, priority)

 Callback functions with higher values of priority are called before callback
 functions with lower values.

 A callback function must have the following prototype:

   int callback_func(
     struct notifier_block *self, unsigned long action, void *arg);

 The first argument of the callback function (self) is a pointer to the block
 of the notifier chain that points to the callback function itself.
 The second argument (action) is one of the event types described above.
 The third argument (arg) passes a pointer of struct memory_notify.

 struct memory_notify {
        unsigned long start_pfn;
        unsigned long nr_pages;
        int status_change_nid_normal;
        int status_change_nid_high;
        int status_change_nid;
 }

 start_pfn is start_pfn of online/offline memory.
 nr_pages is # of pages of online/offline memory.
 status_change_nid_normal is set node id when N_NORMAL_MEMORY of nodemask
 is (will be) set/clear, if this is -1, then nodemask status is not changed.
 status_change_nid_high is set node id when N_HIGH_MEMORY of nodemask
 is (will be) set/clear, if this is -1, then nodemask status is not changed.
 status_change_nid is set node id when N_MEMORY of nodemask is (will be)
 set/clear. It means a new(memoryless) node gets new memory by online and a
 node loses all memory. If this is -1, then nodemask status is not changed.
 If status_changed_nid* >= 0, callback should create/discard structures for the
 node if necessary.

 The callback routine shall return one of the values
 NOTIFY_DONE, NOTIFY_OK, NOTIFY_BAD, NOTIFY_STOP
 defined in include/linux/notifier.h

 NOTIFY_DONE and NOTIFY_OK have no effect on the further processing.

 NOTIFY_BAD is used as response to the MEM_GOING_ONLINE, MEM_GOING_OFFLINE,
 MEM_ONLINE, or MEM_OFFLINE action to cancel hotplugging. It stops
 further processing of the notification queue.

 NOTIFY_STOP stops further processing of the notification queue.

 --------------
 9. Future Work
 --------------
   - allowing memory hot-add to ZONE_MOVABLE. maybe we need some switch like
     sysctl or new control file.
   - showing memory block and physical device relationship.
   - test and make it better memory offlining.
   - support HugeTLB page migration and offlining.
   - memmap removing at memory offline.
   - physical remove memory.
	==============
	Memory Hotplug
	==============

	Created: Jul 28 2007
	Add description of notifier of memory hotplug Oct 11 2007

	This document is about memory hotplug including how-to-use and current status.
	Because Memory Hotplug is still under development, contents of this text will
	be changed often.

	1. Introduction
	1.1 purpose of memory hotplug
	1.2. Phases of memory hotplug
	1.3. Unit of Memory online/offline operation
	2. Kernel Configuration
	3. sysfs files for memory hotplug
	4. Physical memory hot-add phase
	4.1 Hardware(Firmware) Support
	4.2 Notify memory hot-add event by hand
	5. Logical Memory hot-add phase
	5.1. State of memory
	5.2. How to online memory
	6. Logical memory remove
	6.1 Memory offline and ZONE_MOVABLE
	6.2. How to offline memory
	7. Physical memory remove
	8. Memory hotplug event notifier
	9. Future Work List

	Note(1): x86_64's has special implementation for memory hotplug.
	This text does not describe it.
	Note(2): This text assumes that sysfs is mounted at /sys.


	---------------
	1. Introduction
	---------------

	1.1 purpose of memory hotplug
	------------
	Memory Hotplug allows users to increase/decrease the amount of memory.
	Generally, there are two purposes.

	(A) For changing the amount of memory.
	This is to allow a feature like capacity on demand.
	(B) For installing/removing DIMMs or NUMA-nodes physically.
	This is to exchange DIMMs/NUMA-nodes, reduce power consumption, etc.

	(A) is required by highly virtualized environments and (B) is required by
	hardware which supports memory power management.

	Linux memory hotplug is designed for both purpose.


	1.2. Phases of memory hotplug
	---------------
	There are 2 phases in Memory Hotplug.
	1) Physical Memory Hotplug phase
	2) Logical Memory Hotplug phase.

	The First phase is to communicate hardware/firmware and make/erase
	environment for hotplugged memory. Basically, this phase is necessary
	for the purpose (B), but this is good phase for communication between
	highly virtualized environments too.

	When memory is hotplugged, the kernel recognizes new memory, makes new memory
	management tables, and makes sysfs files for new memory's operation.

	If firmware supports notification of connection of new memory to OS,
	this phase is triggered automatically. ACPI can notify this event. If not,
	"probe" operation by system administration is used instead.
	(see Section 4.).

	Logical Memory Hotplug phase is to change memory state into
	available/unavailable for users. Amount of memory from user's view is
	changed by this phase. The kernel makes all memory in it as free pages
	when a memory range is available.

	In this document, this phase is described as online/offline.

	Logical Memory Hotplug phase is triggered by write of sysfs file by system
	administrator. For the hot-add case, it must be executed after Physical Hotplug
	phase by hand.
	(However, if you writes udev's hotplug scripts for memory hotplug, these
	phases can be execute in seamless way.)


	1.3. Unit of Memory online/offline operation
	------------
	Memory hotplug uses SPARSEMEM memory model which allows memory to be divided
	into chunks of the same size. These chunks are called "sections". The size of
	a memory section is architecture dependent. For example, power uses 16MiB, ia64
	uses 1GiB.

	Memory sections are combined into chunks referred to as "memory blocks". The
	size of a memory block is architecture dependent and represents the logical
	unit upon which memory online/offline operations are to be performed. The
	default size of a memory block is the same as memory section size unless an
	architecture specifies otherwise. (see Section 3.)

	To determine the size (in bytes) of a memory block please read this file:

	/sys/devices/system/memory/block_size_bytes


	-----------------------
	2. Kernel Configuration
	-----------------------
	To use memory hotplug feature, kernel must be compiled with following
	config options.

	- For all memory hotplug
	Memory model -> Sparse Memory (CONFIG_SPARSEMEM)
	Allow for memory hot-add (CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG)

	- To enable memory removal, the followings are also necessary
	Allow for memory hot remove (CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTREMOVE)
	Page Migration (CONFIG_MIGRATION)

	- For ACPI memory hotplug, the followings are also necessary
	Memory hotplug (under ACPI Support menu) (CONFIG_ACPI_HOTPLUG_MEMORY)
	This option can be kernel module.

	- As a related configuration, if your box has a feature of NUMA-node hotplug
	via ACPI, then this option is necessary too.
	ACPI0004,PNP0A05 and PNP0A06 Container Driver (under ACPI Support menu)
	(CONFIG_ACPI_CONTAINER).
	This option can be kernel module too.


	--------------------------------
	3 sysfs files for memory hotplug
	--------------------------------
	All memory blocks have their device information in sysfs. Each memory block
	is described under /sys/devices/system/memory as

	/sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX
	(XXX is the memory block id.)

	For the memory block covered by the sysfs directory. It is expected that all
	memory sections in this range are present and no memory holes exist in the
	range. Currently there is no way to determine if there is a memory hole, but
	the existence of one should not affect the hotplug capabilities of the memory
	block.

	For example, assume 1GiB memory block size. A device for a memory starting at
	0x100000000 is /sys/device/system/memory/memory4
	(0x100000000 / 1Gib = 4)
	This device covers address range [0x100000000 ... 0x140000000)

	Under each memory block, you can see 5 files:

	/sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX/phys_index
	/sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX/phys_device
	/sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX/state
	/sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX/removable
	/sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX/valid_zones

	'phys_index' : read-only and contains memory block id, same as XXX.
	'state' : read-write
	at read: contains online/offline state of memory.
	at write: user can specify "online_kernel",
	"online_movable", "online", "offline" command
	which will be performed on all sections in the block.
	'phys_device' : read-only: designed to show the name of physical memory
	device. This is not well implemented now.
	'removable' : read-only: contains an integer value indicating
	whether the memory block is removable or not
	removable. A value of 1 indicates that the memory
	block is removable and a value of 0 indicates that
	it is not removable. A memory block is removable only if
	every section in the block is removable.
	'valid_zones' : read-only: designed to show which zones this memory block
	can be onlined to.
	The first column shows it's default zone.
	"memory6/valid_zones: Normal Movable" shows this memoryblock
	can be onlined to ZONE_NORMAL by default and to ZONE_MOVABLE
	by online_movable.
	"memory7/valid_zones: Movable Normal" shows this memoryblock
	can be onlined to ZONE_MOVABLE by default and to ZONE_NORMAL
	by online_kernel.

	NOTE:
	These directories/files appear after physical memory hotplug phase.

	If CONFIG_NUMA is enabled the memoryXXX/ directories can also be accessed
	via symbolic links located in the /sys/devices/system/node/node* directories.

	For example:
	/sys/devices/system/node/node0/memory9 -> ../../memory/memory9

	A backlink will also be created:
	/sys/devices/system/memory/memory9/node0 -> ../../node/node0


	--------------------------------
	4. Physical memory hot-add phase
	--------------------------------

	4.1 Hardware(Firmware) Support
	------------
	On x86_64/ia64 platform, memory hotplug by ACPI is supported.

	In general, the firmware (ACPI) which supports memory hotplug defines
	memory class object of _HID "PNP0C80". When a notify is asserted to PNP0C80,
	Linux's ACPI handler does hot-add memory to the system and calls a hotplug udev
	script. This will be done automatically.

	But scripts for memory hotplug are not contained in generic udev package(now).
	You may have to write it by yourself or online/offline memory by hand.
	Please see "How to online memory", "How to offline memory" in this text.

	If firmware supports NUMA-node hotplug, and defines an object _HID "ACPI0004",
	"PNP0A05", or "PNP0A06", notification is asserted to it, and ACPI handler
	calls hotplug code for all of objects which are defined in it.
	If memory device is found, memory hotplug code will be called.


	4.2 Notify memory hot-add event by hand
	------------
	On some architectures, the firmware may not notify the kernel of a memory
	hotplug event. Therefore, the memory "probe" interface is supported to
	explicitly notify the kernel. This interface depends on
	CONFIG_ARCH_MEMORY_PROBE and can be configured on powerpc, sh, and x86
	if hotplug is supported, although for x86 this should be handled by ACPI
	notification.

	Probe interface is located at
	/sys/devices/system/memory/probe

	You can tell the physical address of new memory to the kernel by

	% echo start_address_of_new_memory > /sys/devices/system/memory/probe

	Then, [start_address_of_new_memory, start_address_of_new_memory +
	memory_block_size] memory range is hot-added. In this case, hotplug script is
	not called (in current implementation). You'll have to online memory by
	yourself. Please see "How to online memory" in this text.


	------------------------------
	5. Logical Memory hot-add phase
	------------------------------

	5.1. State of memory
	------------
	To see (online/offline) state of a memory block, read 'state' file.

	% cat /sys/device/system/memory/memoryXXX/state


	If the memory block is online, you'll read "online".
	If the memory block is offline, you'll read "offline".


	5.2. How to online memory
	------------
	Even if the memory is hot-added, it is not at ready-to-use state.
	For using newly added memory, you have to "online" the memory block.

	For onlining, you have to write "online" to the memory block's state file as:

	% echo online > /sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX/state

	This onlining will not change the ZONE type of the target memory block,
	If the memory block is in ZONE_NORMAL, you can change it to ZONE_MOVABLE:

	% echo online_movable > /sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX/state
	(NOTE: current limit: this memory block must be adjacent to ZONE_MOVABLE)

	And if the memory block is in ZONE_MOVABLE, you can change it to ZONE_NORMAL:

	% echo online_kernel > /sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX/state
	(NOTE: current limit: this memory block must be adjacent to ZONE_NORMAL)

	After this, memory block XXX's state will be 'online' and the amount of
	available memory will be increased.

	Currently, newly added memory is added as ZONE_NORMAL (for powerpc, ZONE_DMA).
	This may be changed in future.



	------------------------
	6. Logical memory remove
	------------------------

	6.1 Memory offline and ZONE_MOVABLE
	------------
	Memory offlining is more complicated than memory online. Because memory offline
	has to make the whole memory block be unused, memory offline can fail if
	the memory block includes memory which cannot be freed.

	In general, memory offline can use 2 techniques.

	(1) reclaim and free all memory in the memory block.
	(2) migrate all pages in the memory block.

	In the current implementation, Linux's memory offline uses method (2), freeing
	all pages in the memory block by page migration. But not all pages are
	migratable. Under current Linux, migratable pages are anonymous pages and
	page caches. For offlining a memory block by migration, the kernel has to
	guarantee that the memory block contains only migratable pages.

	Now, a boot option for making a memory block which consists of migratable pages
	is supported. By specifying "kernelcore=" or "movablecore=" boot option, you can
	create ZONE_MOVABLE...a zone which is just used for movable pages.
	(See also Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt)

	Assume the system has "TOTAL" amount of memory at boot time, this boot option
	creates ZONE_MOVABLE as following.

	1) When kernelcore=YYYY boot option is used,
	Size of memory not for movable pages (not for offline) is YYYY.
	Size of memory for movable pages (for offline) is TOTAL-YYYY.

	2) When movablecore=ZZZZ boot option is used,
	Size of memory not for movable pages (not for offline) is TOTAL - ZZZZ.
	Size of memory for movable pages (for offline) is ZZZZ.


	Note: Unfortunately, there is no information to show which memory block belongs
	to ZONE_MOVABLE. This is TBD.


	6.2. How to offline memory
	------------
	You can offline a memory block by using the same sysfs interface that was used
	in memory onlining.

	% echo offline > /sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX/state

	If offline succeeds, the state of the memory block is changed to be "offline".
	If it fails, some error core (like -EBUSY) will be returned by the kernel.
	Even if a memory block does not belong to ZONE_MOVABLE, you can try to offline
	it. If it doesn't contain 'unmovable' memory, you'll get success.

	A memory block under ZONE_MOVABLE is considered to be able to be offlined
	easily. But under some busy state, it may return -EBUSY. Even if a memory
	block cannot be offlined due to -EBUSY, you can retry offlining it and may be
	able to offline it (or not). (For example, a page is referred to by some kernel
	internal call and released soon.)

	Consideration:
	Memory hotplug's design direction is to make the possibility of memory offlining
	higher and to guarantee unplugging memory under any situation. But it needs
	more work. Returning -EBUSY under some situation may be good because the user
	can decide to retry more or not by himself. Currently, memory offlining code
	does some amount of retry with 120 seconds timeout.

	-------------------------
	7. Physical memory remove
	-------------------------
	Need more implementation yet....
	- Notification completion of remove works by OS to firmware.
	- Guard from remove if not yet.

	--------------------------------
	8. Memory hotplug event notifier
	--------------------------------
	Hotplugging events are sent to a notification queue.

	There are six types of notification defined in include/linux/memory.h:

	MEM_GOING_ONLINE
	Generated before new memory becomes available in order to be able to
	prepare subsystems to handle memory. The page allocator is still unable
	to allocate from the new memory.

	MEM_CANCEL_ONLINE
	Generated if MEMORY_GOING_ONLINE fails.

	MEM_ONLINE
	Generated when memory has successfully brought online. The callback may
	allocate pages from the new memory.

	MEM_GOING_OFFLINE
	Generated to begin the process of offlining memory. Allocations are no
	longer possible from the memory but some of the memory to be offlined
	is still in use. The callback can be used to free memory known to a
	subsystem from the indicated memory block.

	MEM_CANCEL_OFFLINE
	Generated if MEMORY_GOING_OFFLINE fails. Memory is available again from
	the memory block that we attempted to offline.

	MEM_OFFLINE
	Generated after offlining memory is complete.

	A callback routine can be registered by calling

	hotplug_memory_notifier(callback_func, priority)

	Callback functions with higher values of priority are called before callback
	functions with lower values.

	A callback function must have the following prototype:

	int callback_func(
	struct notifier_block self, unsigned long action, void arg);

	The first argument of the callback function (self) is a pointer to the block
	of the notifier chain that points to the callback function itself.
	The second argument (action) is one of the event types described above.
	The third argument (arg) passes a pointer of struct memory_notify.

	struct memory_notify {
	unsigned long start_pfn;
	unsigned long nr_pages;
	int status_change_nid_normal;
	int status_change_nid_high;
	int status_change_nid;
	}

	start_pfn is start_pfn of online/offline memory.
	nr_pages is # of pages of online/offline memory.
	status_change_nid_normal is set node id when N_NORMAL_MEMORY of nodemask
	is (will be) set/clear, if this is -1, then nodemask status is not changed.
	status_change_nid_high is set node id when N_HIGH_MEMORY of nodemask
	is (will be) set/clear, if this is -1, then nodemask status is not changed.
	status_change_nid is set node id when N_MEMORY of nodemask is (will be)
	set/clear. It means a new(memoryless) node gets new memory by online and a
	node loses all memory. If this is -1, then nodemask status is not changed.
	If status_changed_nid* >= 0, callback should create/discard structures for the
	node if necessary.

	The callback routine shall return one of the values
	NOTIFY_DONE, NOTIFY_OK, NOTIFY_BAD, NOTIFY_STOP
	defined in include/linux/notifier.h

	NOTIFY_DONE and NOTIFY_OK have no effect on the further processing.

	NOTIFY_BAD is used as response to the MEM_GOING_ONLINE, MEM_GOING_OFFLINE,
	MEM_ONLINE, or MEM_OFFLINE action to cancel hotplugging. It stops
	further processing of the notification queue.

	NOTIFY_STOP stops further processing of the notification queue.

	--------------
	9. Future Work
	--------------
	- allowing memory hot-add to ZONE_MOVABLE. maybe we need some switch like
	sysctl or new control file.
	- showing memory block and physical device relationship.
	- test and make it better memory offlining.
	- support HugeTLB page migration and offlining.
	- memmap removing at memory offline.
	- physical remove memory.