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Stephen Hemminger9d7bcfc2005-06-23 12:22:36 -07001TCP protocol
2============
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -07003
Matti Linnanvuori32b90fc2008-02-17 22:21:04 -08004Last updated: 9 February 2008
Stephen Hemminger9d7bcfc2005-06-23 12:22:36 -07005
6Contents
7========
8
9- Congestion control
10- How the new TCP output machine [nyi] works
11
12Congestion control
13==================
14
15The following variables are used in the tcp_sock for congestion control:
16snd_cwnd The size of the congestion window
17snd_ssthresh Slow start threshold. We are in slow start if
18 snd_cwnd is less than this.
19snd_cwnd_cnt A counter used to slow down the rate of increase
20 once we exceed slow start threshold.
21snd_cwnd_clamp This is the maximum size that snd_cwnd can grow to.
22snd_cwnd_stamp Timestamp for when congestion window last validated.
23snd_cwnd_used Used as a highwater mark for how much of the
24 congestion window is in use. It is used to adjust
25 snd_cwnd down when the link is limited by the
26 application rather than the network.
27
28As of 2.6.13, Linux supports pluggable congestion control algorithms.
29A congestion control mechanism can be registered through functions in
30tcp_cong.c. The functions used by the congestion control mechanism are
31registered via passing a tcp_congestion_ops struct to
32tcp_register_congestion_control. As a minimum name, ssthresh,
Stanislav Fomichev45f74352014-02-12 17:35:21 +040033cong_avoid must be valid.
Stephen Hemminger9d7bcfc2005-06-23 12:22:36 -070034
35Private data for a congestion control mechanism is stored in tp->ca_priv.
36tcp_ca(tp) returns a pointer to this space. This is preallocated space - it
37is important to check the size of your private data will fit this space, or
38alternatively space could be allocated elsewhere and a pointer to it could
39be stored here.
40
41There are three kinds of congestion control algorithms currently: The
42simplest ones are derived from TCP reno (highspeed, scalable) and just
43provide an alternative the congestion window calculation. More complex
44ones like BIC try to look at other events to provide better
45heuristics. There are also round trip time based algorithms like
46Vegas and Westwood+.
47
48Good TCP congestion control is a complex problem because the algorithm
49needs to maintain fairness and performance. Please review current
50research and RFC's before developing new modules.
51
52The method that is used to determine which congestion control mechanism is
53determined by the setting of the sysctl net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control.
54The default congestion control will be the last one registered (LIFO);
Matti Linnanvuori32b90fc2008-02-17 22:21:04 -080055so if you built everything as modules, the default will be reno. If you
56build with the defaults from Kconfig, then CUBIC will be builtin (not a
57module) and it will end up the default.
Stephen Hemminger9d7bcfc2005-06-23 12:22:36 -070058
59If you really want a particular default value then you will need
60to set it with the sysctl. If you use a sysctl, the module will be autoloaded
61if needed and you will get the expected protocol. If you ask for an
62unknown congestion method, then the sysctl attempt will fail.
63
64If you remove a tcp congestion control module, then you will get the next
Matt LaPlante84eb8d02006-10-03 22:53:09 +020065available one. Since reno cannot be built as a module, and cannot be
Stephen Hemminger9d7bcfc2005-06-23 12:22:36 -070066deleted, it will always be available.
67
68How the new TCP output machine [nyi] works.
69===========================================
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070070
71Data is kept on a single queue. The skb->users flag tells us if the frame is
72one that has been queued already. To add a frame we throw it on the end. Ack
73walks down the list from the start.
74
75We keep a set of control flags
76
77
78 sk->tcp_pend_event
79
80 TCP_PEND_ACK Ack needed
81 TCP_ACK_NOW Needed now
82 TCP_WINDOW Window update check
83 TCP_WINZERO Zero probing
84
85
86 sk->transmit_queue The transmission frame begin
87 sk->transmit_new First new frame pointer
88 sk->transmit_end Where to add frames
89
90 sk->tcp_last_tx_ack Last ack seen
91 sk->tcp_dup_ack Dup ack count for fast retransmit
92
93
94Frames are queued for output by tcp_write. We do our best to send the frames
95off immediately if possible, but otherwise queue and compute the body
96checksum in the copy.
97
98When a write is done we try to clear any pending events and piggy back them.
99If the window is full we queue full sized frames. On the first timeout in
100zero window we split this.
101
102On a timer we walk the retransmit list to send any retransmits, update the
103backoff timers etc. A change of route table stamp causes a change of header
104and recompute. We add any new tcp level headers and refinish the checksum
105before sending.
106