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Paul Moore8802f612006-08-03 16:45:49 -07001IETF CIPSO Working Group
216 July, 1992
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6 COMMERCIAL IP SECURITY OPTION (CIPSO 2.2)
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101. Status
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12This Internet Draft provides the high level specification for a Commercial
13IP Security Option (CIPSO). This draft reflects the version as approved by
14the CIPSO IETF Working Group. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
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16This document is an Internet Draft. Internet Drafts are working documents
17of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its Areas, and its Working
18Groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as
19Internet Drafts.
20
21Internet Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months.
22Internet Drafts may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents
23at any time. It is not appropriate to use Internet Drafts as reference
24material or to cite them other than as a "working draft" or "work in
25progress."
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27Please check the I-D abstract listing contained in each Internet Draft
28directory to learn the current status of this or any other Internet Draft.
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332. Background
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35Currently the Internet Protocol includes two security options. One of
36these options is the DoD Basic Security Option (BSO) (Type 130) which allows
37IP datagrams to be labeled with security classifications. This option
38provides sixteen security classifications and a variable number of handling
39restrictions. To handle additional security information, such as security
40categories or compartments, another security option (Type 133) exists and
41is referred to as the DoD Extended Security Option (ESO). The values for
42the fixed fields within these two options are administered by the Defense
43Information Systems Agency (DISA).
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45Computer vendors are now building commercial operating systems with
46mandatory access controls and multi-level security. These systems are
47no longer built specifically for a particular group in the defense or
48intelligence communities. They are generally available commercial systems
49for use in a variety of government and civil sector environments.
50
51The small number of ESO format codes can not support all the possible
52applications of a commercial security option. The BSO and ESO were
53designed to only support the United States DoD. CIPSO has been designed
54to support multiple security policies. This Internet Draft provides the
55format and procedures required to support a Mandatory Access Control
56security policy. Support for additional security policies shall be
57defined in future RFCs.
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713. CIPSO Format
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73Option type: 134 (Class 0, Number 6, Copy on Fragmentation)
74Option length: Variable
75
76This option permits security related information to be passed between
77systems within a single Domain of Interpretation (DOI). A DOI is a
78collection of systems which agree on the meaning of particular values
79in the security option. An authority that has been assigned a DOI
80identifier will define a mapping between appropriate CIPSO field values
81and their human readable equivalent. This authority will distribute that
82mapping to hosts within the authority's domain. These mappings may be
83sensitive, therefore a DOI authority is not required to make these
84mappings available to anyone other than the systems that are included in
85the DOI.
86
87This option MUST be copied on fragmentation. This option appears at most
88once in a datagram. All multi-octet fields in the option are defined to be
89transmitted in network byte order. The format of this option is as follows:
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91+----------+----------+------//------+-----------//---------+
92| 10000110 | LLLLLLLL | DDDDDDDDDDDD | TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT |
93+----------+----------+------//------+-----------//---------+
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95 TYPE=134 OPTION DOMAIN OF TAGS
96 LENGTH INTERPRETATION
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98
99 Figure 1. CIPSO Format
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101
1023.1 Type
103
104This field is 1 octet in length. Its value is 134.
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1073.2 Length
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109This field is 1 octet in length. It is the total length of the option
110including the type and length fields. With the current IP header length
111restriction of 40 octets the value of this field MUST not exceed 40.
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1143.3 Domain of Interpretation Identifier
115
116This field is an unsigned 32 bit integer. The value 0 is reserved and MUST
117not appear as the DOI identifier in any CIPSO option. Implementations
118should assume that the DOI identifier field is not aligned on any particular
119byte boundary.
120
121To conserve space in the protocol, security levels and categories are
122represented by numbers rather than their ASCII equivalent. This requires
123a mapping table within CIPSO hosts to map these numbers to their
124corresponding ASCII representations. Non-related groups of systems may
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136have their own unique mappings. For example, one group of systems may
137use the number 5 to represent Unclassified while another group may use the
138number 1 to represent that same security level. The DOI identifier is used
139to identify which mapping was used for the values within the option.
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1423.4 Tag Types
143
144A common format for passing security related information is necessary
145for interoperability. CIPSO uses sets of "tags" to contain the security
146information relevant to the data in the IP packet. Each tag begins with
147a tag type identifier followed by the length of the tag and ends with the
148actual security information to be passed. All multi-octet fields in a tag
149are defined to be transmitted in network byte order. Like the DOI
150identifier field in the CIPSO header, implementations should assume that
151all tags, as well as fields within a tag, are not aligned on any particular
152octet boundary. The tag types defined in this document contain alignment
153bytes to assist alignment of some information, however alignment can not
154be guaranteed if CIPSO is not the first IP option.
155
156CIPSO tag types 0 through 127 are reserved for defining standard tag
157formats. Their definitions will be published in RFCs. Tag types whose
158identifiers are greater than 127 are defined by the DOI authority and may
159only be meaningful in certain Domains of Interpretation. For these tag
160types, implementations will require the DOI identifier as well as the tag
161number to determine the security policy and the format associated with the
162tag. Use of tag types above 127 are restricted to closed networks where
163interoperability with other networks will not be an issue. Implementations
164that support a tag type greater than 127 MUST support at least one DOI that
165requires only tag types 1 to 127.
166
167Tag type 0 is reserved. Tag types 1, 2, and 5 are defined in this
168Internet Draft. Types 3 and 4 are reserved for work in progress.
169The standard format for all current and future CIPSO tags is shown below:
170
171+----------+----------+--------//--------+
172| TTTTTTTT | LLLLLLLL | IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII |
173+----------+----------+--------//--------+
174 TAG TAG TAG
175 TYPE LENGTH INFORMATION
176
177 Figure 2: Standard Tag Format
178
179In the three tag types described in this document, the length and count
180restrictions are based on the current IP limitation of 40 octets for all
181IP options. If the IP header is later expanded, then the length and count
182restrictions specified in this document may increase to use the full area
183provided for IP options.
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185
1863.4.1 Tag Type Classes
187
188Tag classes consist of tag types that have common processing requirements
189and support the same security policy. The three tags defined in this
190Internet Draft belong to the Mandatory Access Control (MAC) Sensitivity
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202class and support the MAC Sensitivity security policy.
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2053.4.2 Tag Type 1
206
207This is referred to as the "bit-mapped" tag type. Tag type 1 is included
208in the MAC Sensitivity tag type class. The format of this tag type is as
209follows:
210
211+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------//---------+
212| 00000001 | LLLLLLLL | 00000000 | LLLLLLLL | CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC |
213+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------//---------+
214
215 TAG TAG ALIGNMENT SENSITIVITY BIT MAP OF
216 TYPE LENGTH OCTET LEVEL CATEGORIES
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218 Figure 3. Tag Type 1 Format
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2213.4.2.1 Tag Type
222
223This field is 1 octet in length and has a value of 1.
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2263.4.2.2 Tag Length
227
228This field is 1 octet in length. It is the total length of the tag type
229including the type and length fields. With the current IP header length
230restriction of 40 bytes the value within this field is between 4 and 34.
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2333.4.2.3 Alignment Octet
234
235This field is 1 octet in length and always has the value of 0. Its purpose
236is to align the category bitmap field on an even octet boundary. This will
237speed many implementations including router implementations.
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2403.4.2.4 Sensitivity Level
241
242This field is 1 octet in length. Its value is from 0 to 255. The values
243are ordered with 0 being the minimum value and 255 representing the maximum
244value.
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2473.4.2.5 Bit Map of Categories
248
249The length of this field is variable and ranges from 0 to 30 octets. This
250provides representation of categories 0 to 239. The ordering of the bits
251is left to right or MSB to LSB. For example category 0 is represented by
252the most significant bit of the first byte and category 15 is represented
253by the least significant bit of the second byte. Figure 4 graphically
254shows this ordering. Bit N is binary 1 if category N is part of the label
255for the datagram, and bit N is binary 0 if category N is not part of the
256label. Except for the optimized tag 1 format described in the next section,
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268minimal encoding SHOULD be used resulting in no trailing zero octets in the
269category bitmap.
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271 octet 0 octet 1 octet 2 octet 3 octet 4 octet 5
272 XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX . . .
273bit 01234567 89111111 11112222 22222233 33333333 44444444
274number 012345 67890123 45678901 23456789 01234567
275
276 Figure 4. Ordering of Bits in Tag 1 Bit Map
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2793.4.2.6 Optimized Tag 1 Format
280
281Routers work most efficiently when processing fixed length fields. To
282support these routers there is an optimized form of tag type 1. The format
283does not change. The only change is to the category bitmap which is set to
284a constant length of 10 octets. Trailing octets required to fill out the 10
285octets are zero filled. Ten octets, allowing for 80 categories, was chosen
286because it makes the total length of the CIPSO option 20 octets. If CIPSO
287is the only option then the option will be full word aligned and additional
288filler octets will not be required.
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2913.4.3 Tag Type 2
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293This is referred to as the "enumerated" tag type. It is used to describe
294large but sparsely populated sets of categories. Tag type 2 is in the MAC
295Sensitivity tag type class. The format of this tag type is as follows:
296
297+----------+----------+----------+----------+-------------//-------------+
298| 00000010 | LLLLLLLL | 00000000 | LLLLLLLL | CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC |
299+----------+----------+----------+----------+-------------//-------------+
300
301 TAG TAG ALIGNMENT SENSITIVITY ENUMERATED
302 TYPE LENGTH OCTET LEVEL CATEGORIES
303
304 Figure 5. Tag Type 2 Format
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3073.4.3.1 Tag Type
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309This field is one octet in length and has a value of 2.
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3123.4.3.2 Tag Length
313
314This field is 1 octet in length. It is the total length of the tag type
315including the type and length fields. With the current IP header length
316restriction of 40 bytes the value within this field is between 4 and 34.
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3193.4.3.3 Alignment Octet
320
321This field is 1 octet in length and always has the value of 0. Its purpose
322is to align the category field on an even octet boundary. This will
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3373.4.3.4 Sensitivity Level
338
339This field is 1 octet in length. Its value is from 0 to 255. The values
340are ordered with 0 being the minimum value and 255 representing the
341maximum value.
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3443.4.3.5 Enumerated Categories
345
346In this tag, categories are represented by their actual value rather than
347by their position within a bit field. The length of each category is 2
348octets. Up to 15 categories may be represented by this tag. Valid values
349for categories are 0 to 65534. Category 65535 is not a valid category
350value. The categories MUST be listed in ascending order within the tag.
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3533.4.4 Tag Type 5
354
355This is referred to as the "range" tag type. It is used to represent
356labels where all categories in a range, or set of ranges, are included
357in the sensitivity label. Tag type 5 is in the MAC Sensitivity tag type
358class. The format of this tag type is as follows:
359
360+----------+----------+----------+----------+------------//-------------+
361| 00000101 | LLLLLLLL | 00000000 | LLLLLLLL | Top/Bottom | Top/Bottom |
362+----------+----------+----------+----------+------------//-------------+
363
364 TAG TAG ALIGNMENT SENSITIVITY CATEGORY RANGES
365 TYPE LENGTH OCTET LEVEL
366
367 Figure 6. Tag Type 5 Format
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3703.4.4.1 Tag Type
371
372This field is one octet in length and has a value of 5.
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3753.4.4.2 Tag Length
376
377This field is 1 octet in length. It is the total length of the tag type
378including the type and length fields. With the current IP header length
379restriction of 40 bytes the value within this field is between 4 and 34.
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381
3823.4.4.3 Alignment Octet
383
384This field is 1 octet in length and always has the value of 0. Its purpose
385is to align the category range field on an even octet boundary. This will
386speed many implementations including router implementations.
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4003.4.4.4 Sensitivity Level
401
402This field is 1 octet in length. Its value is from 0 to 255. The values
403are ordered with 0 being the minimum value and 255 representing the maximum
404value.
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406
4073.4.4.5 Category Ranges
408
409A category range is a 4 octet field comprised of the 2 octet index of the
410highest numbered category followed by the 2 octet index of the lowest
411numbered category. These range endpoints are inclusive within the range of
412categories. All categories within a range are included in the sensitivity
413label. This tag may contain a maximum of 7 category pairs. The bottom
414category endpoint for the last pair in the tag MAY be omitted and SHOULD be
415assumed to be 0. The ranges MUST be non-overlapping and be listed in
416descending order. Valid values for categories are 0 to 65534. Category
41765535 is not a valid category value.
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4203.4.5 Minimum Requirements
421
422A CIPSO implementation MUST be capable of generating at least tag type 1 in
423the non-optimized form. In addition, a CIPSO implementation MUST be able
424to receive any valid tag type 1 even those using the optimized tag type 1
425format.
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427
4284. Configuration Parameters
429
430The configuration parameters defined below are required for all CIPSO hosts,
431gateways, and routers that support multiple sensitivity labels. A CIPSO
432host is defined to be the origination or destination system for an IP
433datagram. A CIPSO gateway provides IP routing services between two or more
434IP networks and may be required to perform label translations between
435networks. A CIPSO gateway may be an enhanced CIPSO host or it may just
436provide gateway services with no end system CIPSO capabilities. A CIPSO
437router is a dedicated IP router that routes IP datagrams between two or more
438IP networks.
439
440An implementation of CIPSO on a host MUST have the capability to reject a
441datagram for reasons that the information contained can not be adequately
442protected by the receiving host or if acceptance may result in violation of
443the host or network security policy. In addition, a CIPSO gateway or router
444MUST be able to reject datagrams going to networks that can not provide
445adequate protection or may violate the network's security policy. To
446provide this capability the following minimal set of configuration
447parameters are required for CIPSO implementations:
448
449HOST_LABEL_MAX - This parameter contains the maximum sensitivity label that
450a CIPSO host is authorized to handle. All datagrams that have a label
451greater than this maximum MUST be rejected by the CIPSO host. This
452parameter does not apply to CIPSO gateways or routers. This parameter need
453not be defined explicitly as it can be implicitly derived from the
454PORT_LABEL_MAX parameters for the associated interfaces.
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467HOST_LABEL_MIN - This parameter contains the minimum sensitivity label that
468a CIPSO host is authorized to handle. All datagrams that have a label less
469than this minimum MUST be rejected by the CIPSO host. This parameter does
470not apply to CIPSO gateways or routers. This parameter need not be defined
471explicitly as it can be implicitly derived from the PORT_LABEL_MIN
472parameters for the associated interfaces.
473
474PORT_LABEL_MAX - This parameter contains the maximum sensitivity label for
475all datagrams that may exit a particular network interface port. All
476outgoing datagrams that have a label greater than this maximum MUST be
477rejected by the CIPSO system. The label within this parameter MUST be
478less than or equal to the label within the HOST_LABEL_MAX parameter. This
479parameter does not apply to CIPSO hosts that support only one network port.
480
481PORT_LABEL_MIN - This parameter contains the minimum sensitivity label for
482all datagrams that may exit a particular network interface port. All
483outgoing datagrams that have a label less than this minimum MUST be
484rejected by the CIPSO system. The label within this parameter MUST be
485greater than or equal to the label within the HOST_LABEL_MIN parameter.
486This parameter does not apply to CIPSO hosts that support only one network
487port.
488
489PORT_DOI - This parameter is used to assign a DOI identifier value to a
490particular network interface port. All CIPSO labels within datagrams
491going out this port MUST use the specified DOI identifier. All CIPSO
492hosts and gateways MUST support either this parameter, the NET_DOI
493parameter, or the HOST_DOI parameter.
494
495NET_DOI - This parameter is used to assign a DOI identifier value to a
496particular IP network address. All CIPSO labels within datagrams destined
497for the particular IP network MUST use the specified DOI identifier. All
498CIPSO hosts and gateways MUST support either this parameter, the PORT_DOI
499parameter, or the HOST_DOI parameter.
500
501HOST_DOI - This parameter is used to assign a DOI identifier value to a
502particular IP host address. All CIPSO labels within datagrams destined for
503the particular IP host will use the specified DOI identifier. All CIPSO
504hosts and gateways MUST support either this parameter, the PORT_DOI
505parameter, or the NET_DOI parameter.
506
507This list represents the minimal set of configuration parameters required
508to be compliant. Implementors are encouraged to add to this list to
509provide enhanced functionality and control. For example, many security
510policies may require both incoming and outgoing datagrams be checked against
511the port and host label ranges.
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513
5144.1 Port Range Parameters
515
516The labels represented by the PORT_LABEL_MAX and PORT_LABEL_MIN parameters
517MAY be in CIPSO or local format. Some CIPSO systems, such as routers, may
518want to have the range parameters expressed in CIPSO format so that incoming
519labels do not have to be converted to a local format before being compared
520against the range. If multiple DOIs are supported by one of these CIPSO
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532systems then multiple port range parameters would be needed, one set for
533each DOI supported on a particular port.
534
535The port range will usually represent the total set of labels that may
536exist on the logical network accessed through the corresponding network
537interface. It may, however, represent a subset of these labels that are
538allowed to enter the CIPSO system.
539
540
5414.2 Single Label CIPSO Hosts
542
543CIPSO implementations that support only one label are not required to
544support the parameters described above. These limited implementations are
545only required to support a NET_LABEL parameter. This parameter contains
546the CIPSO label that may be inserted in datagrams that exit the host. In
547addition, the host MUST reject any incoming datagram that has a label which
548is not equivalent to the NET_LABEL parameter.
549
550
5515. Handling Procedures
552
553This section describes the processing requirements for incoming and
554outgoing IP datagrams. Just providing the correct CIPSO label format
555is not enough. Assumptions will be made by one system on how a
556receiving system will handle the CIPSO label. Wrong assumptions may
557lead to non-interoperability or even a security incident. The
558requirements described below represent the minimal set needed for
559interoperability and that provide users some level of confidence.
560Many other requirements could be added to increase user confidence,
561however at the risk of restricting creativity and limiting vendor
562participation.
563
564
5655.1 Input Procedures
566
567All datagrams received through a network port MUST have a security label
568associated with them, either contained in the datagram or assigned to the
569receiving port. Without this label the host, gateway, or router will not
570have the information it needs to make security decisions. This security
571label will be obtained from the CIPSO if the option is present in the
572datagram. See section 4.1.2 for handling procedures for unlabeled
573datagrams. This label will be compared against the PORT (if appropriate)
574and HOST configuration parameters defined in section 3.
575
576If any field within the CIPSO option, such as the DOI identifier, is not
577recognized the IP datagram is discarded and an ICMP "parameter problem"
578(type 12) is generated and returned. The ICMP code field is set to "bad
579parameter" (code 0) and the pointer is set to the start of the CIPSO field
580that is unrecognized.
581
582If the contents of the CIPSO are valid but the security label is
583outside of the configured host or port label range, the datagram is
584discarded and an ICMP "destination unreachable" (type 3) is generated
585and returned. The code field of the ICMP is set to "communication with
586destination network administratively prohibited" (code 9) or to
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598"communication with destination host administratively prohibited"
599(code 10). The value of the code field used is dependent upon whether
600the originator of the ICMP message is acting as a CIPSO host or a CIPSO
601gateway. The recipient of the ICMP message MUST be able to handle either
602value. The same procedure is performed if a CIPSO can not be added to an
603IP packet because it is too large to fit in the IP options area.
604
605If the error is triggered by receipt of an ICMP message, the message
606is discarded and no response is permitted (consistent with general ICMP
607processing rules).
608
609
6105.1.1 Unrecognized tag types
611
612The default condition for any CIPSO implementation is that an
613unrecognized tag type MUST be treated as a "parameter problem" and
614handled as described in section 4.1. A CIPSO implementation MAY allow
615the system administrator to identify tag types that may safely be
616ignored. This capability is an allowable enhancement, not a
617requirement.
618
619
6205.1.2 Unlabeled Packets
621
622A network port may be configured to not require a CIPSO label for all
623incoming datagrams. For this configuration a CIPSO label must be
624assigned to that network port and associated with all unlabeled IP
625datagrams. This capability might be used for single level networks or
626networks that have CIPSO and non-CIPSO hosts and the non-CIPSO hosts
627all operate at the same label.
628
629If a CIPSO option is required and none is found, the datagram is
630discarded and an ICMP "parameter problem" (type 12) is generated and
631returned to the originator of the datagram. The code field of the ICMP
632is set to "option missing" (code 1) and the ICMP pointer is set to 134
633(the value of the option type for the missing CIPSO option).
634
635
6365.2 Output Procedures
637
638A CIPSO option MUST appear only once in a datagram. Only one tag type
639from the MAC Sensitivity class MAY be included in a CIPSO option. Given
640the current set of defined tag types, this means that CIPSO labels at
641first will contain only one tag.
642
643All datagrams leaving a CIPSO system MUST meet the following condition:
644
645 PORT_LABEL_MIN <= CIPSO label <= PORT_LABEL_MAX
646
647If this condition is not satisfied the datagram MUST be discarded.
648If the CIPSO system only supports one port, the HOST_LABEL_MIN and the
649HOST_LABEL_MAX parameters MAY be substituted for the PORT parameters in
650the above condition.
651
652The DOI identifier to be used for all outgoing datagrams is configured by
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664the administrator. If port level DOI identifier assignment is used, then
665the PORT_DOI configuration parameter MUST contain the DOI identifier to
666use. If network level DOI assignment is used, then the NET_DOI parameter
667MUST contain the DOI identifier to use. And if host level DOI assignment
668is employed, then the HOST_DOI parameter MUST contain the DOI identifier
669to use. A CIPSO implementation need only support one level of DOI
670assignment.
671
672
6735.3 DOI Processing Requirements
674
675A CIPSO implementation MUST support at least one DOI and SHOULD support
676multiple DOIs. System and network administrators are cautioned to
677ensure that at least one DOI is common within an IP network to allow for
678broadcasting of IP datagrams.
679
680CIPSO gateways MUST be capable of translating a CIPSO option from one
681DOI to another when forwarding datagrams between networks. For
682efficiency purposes this capability is only a desired feature for CIPSO
683routers.
684
685
6865.4 Label of ICMP Messages
687
688The CIPSO label to be used on all outgoing ICMP messages MUST be equivalent
689to the label of the datagram that caused the ICMP message. If the ICMP was
690generated due to a problem associated with the original CIPSO label then the
691following responses are allowed:
692
693 a. Use the CIPSO label of the original IP datagram
694 b. Drop the original datagram with no return message generated
695
696In most cases these options will have the same effect. If you can not
697interpret the label or if it is outside the label range of your host or
698interface then an ICMP message with the same label will probably not be
699able to exit the system.
700
701
7026. Assignment of DOI Identifier Numbers =
703
704Requests for assignment of a DOI identifier number should be addressed to
705the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
706
707
7087. Acknowledgements
709
710Much of the material in this RFC is based on (and copied from) work
711done by Gary Winiger of Sun Microsystems and published as Commercial
712IP Security Option at the INTEROP 89, Commercial IPSO Workshop.
713
714
7158. Author's Address
716
717To submit mail for distribution to members of the IETF CIPSO Working
718Group, send mail to: cipso@wdl1.wdl.loral.com.
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731To be added to or deleted from this distribution, send mail to:
732cipso-request@wdl1.wdl.loral.com.
733
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7359. References
736
737RFC 1038, "Draft Revised IP Security Option", M. St. Johns, IETF, January
7381988.
739
740RFC 1108, "U.S. Department of Defense Security Options
741for the Internet Protocol", Stephen Kent, IAB, 1 March, 1991.
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788Internet Draft, Expires 15 Jan 93 [PAGE 12]
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