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Keith Owens8ee9e232005-09-16 14:49:14 +10001An ad-hoc collection of notes on IA64 MCA and INIT processing. Feel
2free to update it with notes about any area that is not clear.
3
4---
5
6MCA/INIT are completely asynchronous. They can occur at any time, when
7the OS is in any state. Including when one of the cpus is already
8holding a spinlock. Trying to get any lock from MCA/INIT state is
9asking for deadlock. Also the state of structures that are protected
10by locks is indeterminate, including linked lists.
11
12---
13
14The complicated ia64 MCA process. All of this is mandated by Intel's
Paolo Ornati670e9f32006-10-03 22:57:56 +020015specification for ia64 SAL, error recovery and unwind, it is not as
Keith Owens8ee9e232005-09-16 14:49:14 +100016if we have a choice here.
17
18* MCA occurs on one cpu, usually due to a double bit memory error.
19 This is the monarch cpu.
20
21* SAL sends an MCA rendezvous interrupt (which is a normal interrupt)
22 to all the other cpus, the slaves.
23
24* Slave cpus that receive the MCA interrupt call down into SAL, they
25 end up spinning disabled while the MCA is being serviced.
26
27* If any slave cpu was already spinning disabled when the MCA occurred
28 then it cannot service the MCA interrupt. SAL waits ~20 seconds then
29 sends an unmaskable INIT event to the slave cpus that have not
30 already rendezvoused.
31
32* Because MCA/INIT can be delivered at any time, including when the cpu
33 is down in PAL in physical mode, the registers at the time of the
34 event are _completely_ undefined. In particular the MCA/INIT
35 handlers cannot rely on the thread pointer, PAL physical mode can
36 (and does) modify TP. It is allowed to do that as long as it resets
37 TP on return. However MCA/INIT events expose us to these PAL
38 internal TP changes. Hence curr_task().
39
40* If an MCA/INIT event occurs while the kernel was running (not user
41 space) and the kernel has called PAL then the MCA/INIT handler cannot
42 assume that the kernel stack is in a fit state to be used. Mainly
43 because PAL may or may not maintain the stack pointer internally.
44 Because the MCA/INIT handlers cannot trust the kernel stack, they
45 have to use their own, per-cpu stacks. The MCA/INIT stacks are
46 preformatted with just enough task state to let the relevant handlers
47 do their job.
48
49* Unlike most other architectures, the ia64 struct task is embedded in
50 the kernel stack[1]. So switching to a new kernel stack means that
51 we switch to a new task as well. Because various bits of the kernel
52 assume that current points into the struct task, switching to a new
53 stack also means a new value for current.
54
55* Once all slaves have rendezvoused and are spinning disabled, the
56 monarch is entered. The monarch now tries to diagnose the problem
57 and decide if it can recover or not.
58
59* Part of the monarch's job is to look at the state of all the other
60 tasks. The only way to do that on ia64 is to call the unwinder,
61 as mandated by Intel.
62
63* The starting point for the unwind depends on whether a task is
64 running or not. That is, whether it is on a cpu or is blocked. The
65 monarch has to determine whether or not a task is on a cpu before it
66 knows how to start unwinding it. The tasks that received an MCA or
67 INIT event are no longer running, they have been converted to blocked
68 tasks. But (and its a big but), the cpus that received the MCA
69 rendezvous interrupt are still running on their normal kernel stacks!
70
71* To distinguish between these two cases, the monarch must know which
72 tasks are on a cpu and which are not. Hence each slave cpu that
73 switches to an MCA/INIT stack, registers its new stack using
74 set_curr_task(), so the monarch can tell that the _original_ task is
75 no longer running on that cpu. That gives us a decent chance of
76 getting a valid backtrace of the _original_ task.
77
78* MCA/INIT can be nested, to a depth of 2 on any cpu. In the case of a
79 nested error, we want diagnostics on the MCA/INIT handler that
80 failed, not on the task that was originally running. Again this
81 requires set_curr_task() so the MCA/INIT handlers can register their
82 own stack as running on that cpu. Then a recursive error gets a
83 trace of the failing handler's "task".
84
85[1] My (Keith Owens) original design called for ia64 to separate its
86 struct task and the kernel stacks. Then the MCA/INIT data would be
87 chained stacks like i386 interrupt stacks. But that required
88 radical surgery on the rest of ia64, plus extra hard wired TLB
89 entries with its associated performance degradation. David
90 Mosberger vetoed that approach. Which meant that separate kernel
91 stacks meant separate "tasks" for the MCA/INIT handlers.
92
93---
94
95INIT is less complicated than MCA. Pressing the nmi button or using
96the equivalent command on the management console sends INIT to all
Paolo Ornati670e9f32006-10-03 22:57:56 +020097cpus. SAL picks one of the cpus as the monarch and the rest are
Keith Owens8ee9e232005-09-16 14:49:14 +100098slaves. All the OS INIT handlers are entered at approximately the same
99time. The OS monarch prints the state of all tasks and returns, after
100which the slaves return and the system resumes.
101
102At least that is what is supposed to happen. Alas there are broken
103versions of SAL out there. Some drive all the cpus as monarchs. Some
104drive them all as slaves. Some drive one cpu as monarch, wait for that
105cpu to return from the OS then drive the rest as slaves. Some versions
106of SAL cannot even cope with returning from the OS, they spin inside
107SAL on resume. The OS INIT code has workarounds for some of these
108broken SAL symptoms, but some simply cannot be fixed from the OS side.
109
110---
111
112The scheduler hooks used by ia64 (curr_task, set_curr_task) are layer
113violations. Unfortunately MCA/INIT start off as massive layer
114violations (can occur at _any_ time) and they build from there.
115
116At least ia64 makes an attempt at recovering from hardware errors, but
117it is a difficult problem because of the asynchronous nature of these
118errors. When processing an unmaskable interrupt we sometimes need
119special code to cope with our inability to take any locks.
120
121---
122
123How is ia64 MCA/INIT different from x86 NMI?
124
125* x86 NMI typically gets delivered to one cpu. MCA/INIT gets sent to
126 all cpus.
127
128* x86 NMI cannot be nested. MCA/INIT can be nested, to a depth of 2
129 per cpu.
130
131* x86 has a separate struct task which points to one of multiple kernel
132 stacks. ia64 has the struct task embedded in the single kernel
133 stack, so switching stack means switching task.
134
135* x86 does not call the BIOS so the NMI handler does not have to worry
136 about any registers having changed. MCA/INIT can occur while the cpu
137 is in PAL in physical mode, with undefined registers and an undefined
138 kernel stack.
139
140* i386 backtrace is not very sensitive to whether a process is running
141 or not. ia64 unwind is very, very sensitive to whether a process is
142 running or not.
143
144---
145
146What happens when MCA/INIT is delivered what a cpu is running user
147space code?
148
149The user mode registers are stored in the RSE area of the MCA/INIT on
150entry to the OS and are restored from there on return to SAL, so user
151mode registers are preserved across a recoverable MCA/INIT. Since the
152OS has no idea what unwind data is available for the user space stack,
153MCA/INIT never tries to backtrace user space. Which means that the OS
154does not bother making the user space process look like a blocked task,
155i.e. the OS does not copy pt_regs and switch_stack to the user space
156stack. Also the OS has no idea how big the user space RSE and memory
157stacks are, which makes it too risky to copy the saved state to a user
158mode stack.
159
160---
161
162How do we get a backtrace on the tasks that were running when MCA/INIT
163was delivered?
164
165mca.c:::ia64_mca_modify_original_stack(). That identifies and
166verifies the original kernel stack, copies the dirty registers from
167the MCA/INIT stack's RSE to the original stack's RSE, copies the
168skeleton struct pt_regs and switch_stack to the original stack, fills
169in the skeleton structures from the PAL minstate area and updates the
170original stack's thread.ksp. That makes the original stack look
171exactly like any other blocked task, i.e. it now appears to be
172sleeping. To get a backtrace, just start with thread.ksp for the
173original task and unwind like any other sleeping task.
174
175---
176
177How do we identify the tasks that were running when MCA/INIT was
178delivered?
179
180If the previous task has been verified and converted to a blocked
181state, then sos->prev_task on the MCA/INIT stack is updated to point to
182the previous task. You can look at that field in dumps or debuggers.
183To help distinguish between the handler and the original tasks,
184handlers have _TIF_MCA_INIT set in thread_info.flags.
185
186The sos data is always in the MCA/INIT handler stack, at offset
187MCA_SOS_OFFSET. You can get that value from mca_asm.h or calculate it
188as KERNEL_STACK_SIZE - sizeof(struct pt_regs) - sizeof(struct
189ia64_sal_os_state), with 16 byte alignment for all structures.
190
191Also the comm field of the MCA/INIT task is modified to include the pid
192of the original task, for humans to use. For example, a comm field of
193'MCA 12159' means that pid 12159 was running when the MCA was
194delivered.