mm/mmap.c

/*
 * mm/mmap.c
 *
 * Written by obz.
 *
 * Address space accounting code	<alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk>
 */

#define pr_fmt(fmt) KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt

#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/backing-dev.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/vmacache.h>
#include <linux/shm.h>
#include <linux/mman.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/swap.h>
#include <linux/syscalls.h>
#include <linux/capability.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/file.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/personality.h>
#include <linux/security.h>
#include <linux/hugetlb.h>
#include <linux/shmem_fs.h>
#include <linux/profile.h>
#include <linux/export.h>
#include <linux/mount.h>
#include <linux/mempolicy.h>
#include <linux/rmap.h>
#include <linux/mmu_notifier.h>
#include <linux/mmdebug.h>
#include <linux/perf_event.h>
#include <linux/audit.h>
#include <linux/khugepaged.h>
#include <linux/uprobes.h>
#include <linux/rbtree_augmented.h>
#include <linux/notifier.h>
#include <linux/memory.h>
#include <linux/printk.h>
#include <linux/userfaultfd_k.h>
#include <linux/moduleparam.h>
#include <linux/pkeys.h>
#include <linux/oom.h>

#include <asm/uaccess.h>
#include <asm/cacheflush.h>
#include <asm/tlb.h>
#include <asm/mmu_context.h>

#include "internal.h"

#ifndef arch_mmap_check
#define arch_mmap_check(addr, len, flags)	(0)
#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_MMAP_RND_BITS
const int mmap_rnd_bits_min = CONFIG_ARCH_MMAP_RND_BITS_MIN;
const int mmap_rnd_bits_max = CONFIG_ARCH_MMAP_RND_BITS_MAX;
int mmap_rnd_bits __read_mostly = CONFIG_ARCH_MMAP_RND_BITS;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_MMAP_RND_COMPAT_BITS
const int mmap_rnd_compat_bits_min = CONFIG_ARCH_MMAP_RND_COMPAT_BITS_MIN;
const int mmap_rnd_compat_bits_max = CONFIG_ARCH_MMAP_RND_COMPAT_BITS_MAX;
int mmap_rnd_compat_bits __read_mostly = CONFIG_ARCH_MMAP_RND_COMPAT_BITS;
#endif

static bool ignore_rlimit_data;
core_param(ignore_rlimit_data, ignore_rlimit_data, bool, 0644);

static void unmap_region(struct mm_struct *mm,
		struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct vm_area_struct *prev,
		unsigned long start, unsigned long end);

/* description of effects of mapping type and prot in current implementation.
 * this is due to the limited x86 page protection hardware.  The expected
 * behavior is in parens:
 *
 * map_type	prot
 *		PROT_NONE	PROT_READ	PROT_WRITE	PROT_EXEC
 * MAP_SHARED	r: (no) no	r: (yes) yes	r: (no) yes	r: (no) yes
 *		w: (no) no	w: (no) no	w: (yes) yes	w: (no) no
 *		x: (no) no	x: (no) yes	x: (no) yes	x: (yes) yes
 *
 * MAP_PRIVATE	r: (no) no	r: (yes) yes	r: (no) yes	r: (no) yes
 *		w: (no) no	w: (no) no	w: (copy) copy	w: (no) no
 *		x: (no) no	x: (no) yes	x: (no) yes	x: (yes) yes
 *
 * On arm64, PROT_EXEC has the following behaviour for both MAP_SHARED and
 * MAP_PRIVATE:
 *								r: (no) no
 *								w: (no) no
 *								x: (yes) yes
 */
pgprot_t protection_map[16] = {
	__P000, __P001, __P010, __P011, __P100, __P101, __P110, __P111,
	__S000, __S001, __S010, __S011, __S100, __S101, __S110, __S111
};

pgprot_t vm_get_page_prot(unsigned long vm_flags)
{
	return __pgprot(pgprot_val(protection_map[vm_flags &
				(VM_READ|VM_WRITE|VM_EXEC|VM_SHARED)]) |
			pgprot_val(arch_vm_get_page_prot(vm_flags)));
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vm_get_page_prot);

static pgprot_t vm_pgprot_modify(pgprot_t oldprot, unsigned long vm_flags)
{
	return pgprot_modify(oldprot, vm_get_page_prot(vm_flags));
}

/* Update vma->vm_page_prot to reflect vma->vm_flags. */
void vma_set_page_prot(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
	unsigned long vm_flags = vma->vm_flags;
	pgprot_t vm_page_prot;

	vm_page_prot = vm_pgprot_modify(vma->vm_page_prot, vm_flags);
	if (vma_wants_writenotify(vma, vm_page_prot)) {
		vm_flags &= ~VM_SHARED;
		vm_page_prot = vm_pgprot_modify(vm_page_prot, vm_flags);
	}
	/* remove_protection_ptes reads vma->vm_page_prot without mmap_sem */
	WRITE_ONCE(vma->vm_page_prot, vm_page_prot);
}

/*
 * Requires inode->i_mapping->i_mmap_rwsem
 */
static void __remove_shared_vm_struct(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
		struct file *file, struct address_space *mapping)
{
	if (vma->vm_flags & VM_DENYWRITE)
		atomic_inc(&file_inode(file)->i_writecount);
	if (vma->vm_flags & VM_SHARED)
		mapping_unmap_writable(mapping);

	flush_dcache_mmap_lock(mapping);
	vma_interval_tree_remove(vma, &mapping->i_mmap);
	flush_dcache_mmap_unlock(mapping);
}

/*
 * Unlink a file-based vm structure from its interval tree, to hide
 * vma from rmap and vmtruncate before freeing its page tables.
 */
void unlink_file_vma(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
	struct file *file = vma->vm_file;

	if (file) {
		struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;
		i_mmap_lock_write(mapping);
		__remove_shared_vm_struct(vma, file, mapping);
		i_mmap_unlock_write(mapping);
	}
}

/*
 * Close a vm structure and free it, returning the next.
 */
static struct vm_area_struct *remove_vma(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
	struct vm_area_struct *next = vma->vm_next;

	might_sleep();
	if (vma->vm_ops && vma->vm_ops->close)
		vma->vm_ops->close(vma);
	if (vma->vm_file)
		fput(vma->vm_file);
	mpol_put(vma_policy(vma));
	kmem_cache_free(vm_area_cachep, vma);
	return next;
}

static int do_brk(unsigned long addr, unsigned long len);

SYSCALL_DEFINE1(brk, unsigned long, brk)
{
	unsigned long retval;
	unsigned long newbrk, oldbrk;
	struct mm_struct *mm = current->mm;
	struct vm_area_struct *next;
	unsigned long min_brk;
	bool populate;

	if (down_write_killable(&mm->mmap_sem))
		return -EINTR;

#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK
	/*
	 * CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK can still be overridden by setting
	 * randomize_va_space to 2, which will still cause mm->start_brk
	 * to be arbitrarily shifted
	 */
	if (current->brk_randomized)
		min_brk = mm->start_brk;
	else
		min_brk = mm->end_data;
#else
	min_brk = mm->start_brk;
#endif
	if (brk < min_brk)
		goto out;

	/*
	 * Check against rlimit here. If this check is done later after the test
	 * of oldbrk with newbrk then it can escape the test and let the data
	 * segment grow beyond its set limit the in case where the limit is
	 * not page aligned -Ram Gupta
	 */
	if (check_data_rlimit(rlimit(RLIMIT_DATA), brk, mm->start_brk,
			      mm->end_data, mm->start_data))
		goto out;

	newbrk = PAGE_ALIGN(brk);
	oldbrk = PAGE_ALIGN(mm->brk);
	if (oldbrk == newbrk)
		goto set_brk;

	/* Always allow shrinking brk. */
	if (brk <= mm->brk) {
		if (!do_munmap(mm, newbrk, oldbrk-newbrk))
			goto set_brk;
		goto out;
	}

	/* Check against existing mmap mappings. */
	next = find_vma(mm, oldbrk);
	if (next && newbrk + PAGE_SIZE > vm_start_gap(next))
		goto out;

	/* Ok, looks good - let it rip. */
	if (do_brk(oldbrk, newbrk-oldbrk) < 0)
		goto out;

set_brk:
	mm->brk = brk;
	populate = newbrk > oldbrk && (mm->def_flags & VM_LOCKED) != 0;
	up_write(&mm->mmap_sem);
	if (populate)
		mm_populate(oldbrk, newbrk - oldbrk);
	return brk;

out:
	retval = mm->brk;
	up_write(&mm->mmap_sem);
	return retval;
}

static long vma_compute_subtree_gap(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
	unsigned long max, prev_end, subtree_gap;

	/*
	 * Note: in the rare case of a VM_GROWSDOWN above a VM_GROWSUP, we
	 * allow two stack_guard_gaps between them here, and when choosing
	 * an unmapped area; whereas when expanding we only require one.
	 * That's a little inconsistent, but keeps the code here simpler.
	 */
	max = vm_start_gap(vma);
	if (vma->vm_prev) {
		prev_end = vm_end_gap(vma->vm_prev);
		if (max > prev_end)
			max -= prev_end;
		else
			max = 0;
	}
	if (vma->vm_rb.rb_left) {
		subtree_gap = rb_entry(vma->vm_rb.rb_left,
				struct vm_area_struct, vm_rb)->rb_subtree_gap;
		if (subtree_gap > max)
			max = subtree_gap;
	}
	if (vma->vm_rb.rb_right) {
		subtree_gap = rb_entry(vma->vm_rb.rb_right,
				struct vm_area_struct, vm_rb)->rb_subtree_gap;
		if (subtree_gap > max)
			max = subtree_gap;
	}
	return max;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_VM_RB
static int browse_rb(struct mm_struct *mm)
{
	struct rb_root *root = &mm->mm_rb;
	int i = 0, j, bug = 0;
	struct rb_node *nd, *pn = NULL;
	unsigned long prev = 0, pend = 0;

	for (nd = rb_first(root); nd; nd = rb_next(nd)) {
		struct vm_area_struct *vma;
		vma = rb_entry(nd, struct vm_area_struct, vm_rb);
		if (vma->vm_start < prev) {
			pr_emerg("vm_start %lx < prev %lx\n",
				  vma->vm_start, prev);
			bug = 1;
		}
		if (vma->vm_start < pend) {
			pr_emerg("vm_start %lx < pend %lx\n",
				  vma->vm_start, pend);
			bug = 1;
		}
		if (vma->vm_start > vma->vm_end) {
			pr_emerg("vm_start %lx > vm_end %lx\n",
				  vma->vm_start, vma->vm_end);
			bug = 1;
		}
		spin_lock(&mm->page_table_lock);
		if (vma->rb_subtree_gap != vma_compute_subtree_gap(vma)) {
			pr_emerg("free gap %lx, correct %lx\n",
			       vma->rb_subtree_gap,
			       vma_compute_subtree_gap(vma));
			bug = 1;
		}
		spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
		i++;
		pn = nd;
		prev = vma->vm_start;
		pend = vma->vm_end;
	}
	j = 0;
	for (nd = pn; nd; nd = rb_prev(nd))
		j++;
	if (i != j) {
		pr_emerg("backwards %d, forwards %d\n", j, i);
		bug = 1;
	}
	return bug ? -1 : i;
}

static void validate_mm_rb(struct rb_root *root, struct vm_area_struct *ignore)
{
	struct rb_node *nd;

	for (nd = rb_first(root); nd; nd = rb_next(nd)) {
		struct vm_area_struct *vma;
		vma = rb_entry(nd, struct vm_area_struct, vm_rb);
		VM_BUG_ON_VMA(vma != ignore &&
			vma->rb_subtree_gap != vma_compute_subtree_gap(vma),
			vma);
	}
}

static void validate_mm(struct mm_struct *mm)
{
	int bug = 0;
	int i = 0;
	unsigned long highest_address = 0;
	struct vm_area_struct *vma = mm->mmap;

	while (vma) {
		struct anon_vma *anon_vma = vma->anon_vma;
		struct anon_vma_chain *avc;

		if (anon_vma) {
			anon_vma_lock_read(anon_vma);
			list_for_each_entry(avc, &vma->anon_vma_chain, same_vma)
				anon_vma_interval_tree_verify(avc);
			anon_vma_unlock_read(anon_vma);
		}

		highest_address = vm_end_gap(vma);
		vma = vma->vm_next;
		i++;
	}
	if (i != mm->map_count) {
		pr_emerg("map_count %d vm_next %d\n", mm->map_count, i);
		bug = 1;
	}
	if (highest_address != mm->highest_vm_end) {
		pr_emerg("mm->highest_vm_end %lx, found %lx\n",
			  mm->highest_vm_end, highest_address);
		bug = 1;
	}
	i = browse_rb(mm);
	if (i != mm->map_count) {
		if (i != -1)
			pr_emerg("map_count %d rb %d\n", mm->map_count, i);
		bug = 1;
	}
	VM_BUG_ON_MM(bug, mm);
}
#else
#define validate_mm_rb(root, ignore) do { } while (0)
#define validate_mm(mm) do { } while (0)
#endif

RB_DECLARE_CALLBACKS(static, vma_gap_callbacks, struct vm_area_struct, vm_rb,
		     unsigned long, rb_subtree_gap, vma_compute_subtree_gap)

/*
 * Update augmented rbtree rb_subtree_gap values after vma->vm_start or
 * vma->vm_prev->vm_end values changed, without modifying the vma's position
 * in the rbtree.
 */
static void vma_gap_update(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
	/*
	 * As it turns out, RB_DECLARE_CALLBACKS() already created a callback
	 * function that does exacltly what we want.
	 */
	vma_gap_callbacks_propagate(&vma->vm_rb, NULL);
}

static inline void vma_rb_insert(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
				 struct rb_root *root)
{
	/* All rb_subtree_gap values must be consistent prior to insertion */
	validate_mm_rb(root, NULL);

	rb_insert_augmented(&vma->vm_rb, root, &vma_gap_callbacks);
}

static void __vma_rb_erase(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct rb_root *root)
{
	/*
	 * Note rb_erase_augmented is a fairly large inline function,
	 * so make sure we instantiate it only once with our desired
	 * augmented rbtree callbacks.
	 */
	rb_erase_augmented(&vma->vm_rb, root, &vma_gap_callbacks);
}

static __always_inline void vma_rb_erase_ignore(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
						struct rb_root *root,
						struct vm_area_struct *ignore)
{
	/*
	 * All rb_subtree_gap values must be consistent prior to erase,
	 * with the possible exception of the "next" vma being erased if
	 * next->vm_start was reduced.
	 */
	validate_mm_rb(root, ignore);

	__vma_rb_erase(vma, root);
}

static __always_inline void vma_rb_erase(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
					 struct rb_root *root)
{
	/*
	 * All rb_subtree_gap values must be consistent prior to erase,
	 * with the possible exception of the vma being erased.
	 */
	validate_mm_rb(root, vma);

	__vma_rb_erase(vma, root);
}

/*
 * vma has some anon_vma assigned, and is already inserted on that
 * anon_vma's interval trees.
 *
 * Before updating the vma's vm_start / vm_end / vm_pgoff fields, the
 * vma must be removed from the anon_vma's interval trees using
 * anon_vma_interval_tree_pre_update_vma().
 *
 * After the update, the vma will be reinserted using
 * anon_vma_interval_tree_post_update_vma().
 *
 * The entire update must be protected by exclusive mmap_sem and by
 * the root anon_vma's mutex.
 */
static inline void
anon_vma_interval_tree_pre_update_vma(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
	struct anon_vma_chain *avc;

	list_for_each_entry(avc, &vma->anon_vma_chain, same_vma)
		anon_vma_interval_tree_remove(avc, &avc->anon_vma->rb_root);
}

static inline void
anon_vma_interval_tree_post_update_vma(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
	struct anon_vma_chain *avc;

	list_for_each_entry(avc, &vma->anon_vma_chain, same_vma)
		anon_vma_interval_tree_insert(avc, &avc->anon_vma->rb_root);
}

static int find_vma_links(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long addr,
		unsigned long end, struct vm_area_struct **pprev,
		struct rb_node ***rb_link, struct rb_node **rb_parent)
{
	struct rb_node **__rb_link, *__rb_parent, *rb_prev;

	__rb_link = &mm->mm_rb.rb_node;
	rb_prev = __rb_parent = NULL;

	while (*__rb_link) {
		struct vm_area_struct *vma_tmp;

		__rb_parent = *__rb_link;
		vma_tmp = rb_entry(__rb_parent, struct vm_area_struct, vm_rb);

		if (vma_tmp->vm_end > addr) {
			/* Fail if an existing vma overlaps the area */
			if (vma_tmp->vm_start < end)
				return -ENOMEM;
			__rb_link = &__rb_parent->rb_left;
		} else {
			rb_prev = __rb_parent;
			__rb_link = &__rb_parent->rb_right;
		}
	}

	*pprev = NULL;
	if (rb_prev)
		*pprev = rb_entry(rb_prev, struct vm_area_struct, vm_rb);
	*rb_link = __rb_link;
	*rb_parent = __rb_parent;
	return 0;
}

static unsigned long count_vma_pages_range(struct mm_struct *mm,
		unsigned long addr, unsigned long end)
{
	unsigned long nr_pages = 0;
	struct vm_area_struct *vma;

	/* Find first overlaping mapping */
	vma = find_vma_intersection(mm, addr, end);
	if (!vma)
		return 0;

	nr_pages = (min(end, vma->vm_end) -
		max(addr, vma->vm_start)) >> PAGE_SHIFT;

	/* Iterate over the rest of the overlaps */
	for (vma = vma->vm_next; vma; vma = vma->vm_next) {
		unsigned long overlap_len;

		if (vma->vm_start > end)
			break;

		overlap_len = min(end, vma->vm_end) - vma->vm_start;
		nr_pages += overlap_len >> PAGE_SHIFT;
	}

	return nr_pages;
}

void __vma_link_rb(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
		struct rb_node **rb_link, struct rb_node *rb_parent)
{
	/* Update tracking information for the gap following the new vma. */
	if (vma->vm_next)
		vma_gap_update(vma->vm_next);
	else
		mm->highest_vm_end = vm_end_gap(vma);

	/*
	 * vma->vm_prev wasn't known when we followed the rbtree to find the
	 * correct insertion point for that vma. As a result, we could not
	 * update the vma vm_rb parents rb_subtree_gap values on the way down.
	 * So, we first insert the vma with a zero rb_subtree_gap value
	 * (to be consistent with what we did on the way down), and then
	 * immediately update the gap to the correct value. Finally we
	 * rebalance the rbtree after all augmented values have been set.
	 */
	rb_link_node(&vma->vm_rb, rb_parent, rb_link);
	vma->rb_subtree_gap = 0;
	vma_gap_update(vma);
	vma_rb_insert(vma, &mm->mm_rb);
}

static void __vma_link_file(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
	struct file *file;

	file = vma->vm_file;
	if (file) {
		struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;

		if (vma->vm_flags & VM_DENYWRITE)
			atomic_dec(&file_inode(file)->i_writecount);
		if (vma->vm_flags & VM_SHARED)
			atomic_inc(&mapping->i_mmap_writable);

		flush_dcache_mmap_lock(mapping);
		vma_interval_tree_insert(vma, &mapping->i_mmap);
		flush_dcache_mmap_unlock(mapping);
	}
}

static void
__vma_link(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
	struct vm_area_struct *prev, struct rb_node **rb_link,
	struct rb_node *rb_parent)
{
	__vma_link_list(mm, vma, prev, rb_parent);
	__vma_link_rb(mm, vma, rb_link, rb_parent);
}

static void vma_link(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
			struct vm_area_struct *prev, struct rb_node **rb_link,
			struct rb_node *rb_parent)
{
	struct address_space *mapping = NULL;

	if (vma->vm_file) {
		mapping = vma->vm_file->f_mapping;
		i_mmap_lock_write(mapping);
	}

	__vma_link(mm, vma, prev, rb_link, rb_parent);
	__vma_link_file(vma);

	if (mapping)
		i_mmap_unlock_write(mapping);

	mm->map_count++;
	validate_mm(mm);
}

/*
 * Helper for vma_adjust() in the split_vma insert case: insert a vma into the
 * mm's list and rbtree.  It has already been inserted into the interval tree.
 */
static void __insert_vm_struct(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
	struct vm_area_struct *prev;
	struct rb_node **rb_link, *rb_parent;

	if (find_vma_links(mm, vma->vm_start, vma->vm_end,
			   &prev, &rb_link, &rb_parent))
		BUG();
	__vma_link(mm, vma, prev, rb_link, rb_parent);
	mm->map_count++;
}

static __always_inline void __vma_unlink_common(struct mm_struct *mm,
						struct vm_area_struct *vma,
						struct vm_area_struct *prev,
						bool has_prev,
						struct vm_area_struct *ignore)
{
	struct vm_area_struct *next;

	vma_rb_erase_ignore(vma, &mm->mm_rb, ignore);
	next = vma->vm_next;
	if (has_prev)
		prev->vm_next = next;
	else {
		prev = vma->vm_prev;
		if (prev)
			prev->vm_next = next;
		else
			mm->mmap = next;
	}
	if (next)
		next->vm_prev = prev;

	/* Kill the cache */
	vmacache_invalidate(mm);
}

static inline void __vma_unlink_prev(struct mm_struct *mm,
				     struct vm_area_struct *vma,
				     struct vm_area_struct *prev)
{
	__vma_unlink_common(mm, vma, prev, true, vma);
}

/*
 * We cannot adjust vm_start, vm_end, vm_pgoff fields of a vma that
 * is already present in an i_mmap tree without adjusting the tree.
 * The following helper function should be used when such adjustments
 * are necessary.  The "insert" vma (if any) is to be inserted
 * before we drop the necessary locks.
 */
int __vma_adjust(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long start,
	unsigned long end, pgoff_t pgoff, struct vm_area_struct *insert,
	struct vm_area_struct *expand)
{
	struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
	struct vm_area_struct *next = vma->vm_next, *orig_vma = vma;
	struct address_space *mapping = NULL;
	struct rb_root *root = NULL;
	struct anon_vma *anon_vma = NULL;
	struct file *file = vma->vm_file;
	bool start_changed = false, end_changed = false;
	long adjust_next = 0;
	int remove_next = 0;

	if (next && !insert) {
		struct vm_area_struct *exporter = NULL, *importer = NULL;

		if (end >= next->vm_end) {
			/*
			 * vma expands, overlapping all the next, and
			 * perhaps the one after too (mprotect case 6).
			 * The only other cases that gets here are
			 * case 1, case 7 and case 8.
			 */
			if (next == expand) {
				/*
				 * The only case where we don't expand "vma"
				 * and we expand "next" instead is case 8.
				 */
				VM_WARN_ON(end != next->vm_end);
				/*
				 * remove_next == 3 means we're
				 * removing "vma" and that to do so we
				 * swapped "vma" and "next".
				 */
				remove_next = 3;
				VM_WARN_ON(file != next->vm_file);
				swap(vma, next);
			} else {
				VM_WARN_ON(expand != vma);
				/*
				 * case 1, 6, 7, remove_next == 2 is case 6,
				 * remove_next == 1 is case 1 or 7.
				 */
				remove_next = 1 + (end > next->vm_end);
				VM_WARN_ON(remove_next == 2 &&
					   end != next->vm_next->vm_end);
				VM_WARN_ON(remove_next == 1 &&
					   end != next->vm_end);
				/* trim end to next, for case 6 first pass */
				end = next->vm_end;
			}

			exporter = next;
			importer = vma;

			/*
			 * If next doesn't have anon_vma, import from vma after
			 * next, if the vma overlaps with it.
			 */
			if (remove_next == 2 && !next->anon_vma)
				exporter = next->vm_next;

		} else if (end > next->vm_start) {
			/*
			 * vma expands, overlapping part of the next:
			 * mprotect case 5 shifting the boundary up.
			 */
			adjust_next = (end - next->vm_start) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
			exporter = next;
			importer = vma;
			VM_WARN_ON(expand != importer);
		} else if (end < vma->vm_end) {
			/*
			 * vma shrinks, and !insert tells it's not
			 * split_vma inserting another: so it must be
			 * mprotect case 4 shifting the boundary down.
			 */
			adjust_next = -((vma->vm_end - end) >> PAGE_SHIFT);
			exporter = vma;
			importer = next;
			VM_WARN_ON(expand != importer);
		}

		/*
		 * Easily overlooked: when mprotect shifts the boundary,
		 * make sure the expanding vma has anon_vma set if the
		 * shrinking vma had, to cover any anon pages imported.
		 */
		if (exporter && exporter->anon_vma && !importer->anon_vma) {
			int error;

			importer->anon_vma = exporter->anon_vma;
			error = anon_vma_clone(importer, exporter);
			if (error)
				return error;
		}
	}
again:
	vma_adjust_trans_huge(orig_vma, start, end, adjust_next);

	if (file) {
		mapping = file->f_mapping;
		root = &mapping->i_mmap;
		uprobe_munmap(vma, vma->vm_start, vma->vm_end);

		if (adjust_next)
			uprobe_munmap(next, next->vm_start, next->vm_end);

		i_mmap_lock_write(mapping);
		if (insert) {
			/*
			 * Put into interval tree now, so instantiated pages
			 * are visible to arm/parisc __flush_dcache_page
			 * throughout; but we cannot insert into address
			 * space until vma start or end is updated.
			 */
			__vma_link_file(insert);
		}
	}

	anon_vma = vma->anon_vma;
	if (!anon_vma && adjust_next)
		anon_vma = next->anon_vma;
	if (anon_vma) {
		VM_WARN_ON(adjust_next && next->anon_vma &&
			   anon_vma != next->anon_vma);
		anon_vma_lock_write(anon_vma);
		anon_vma_interval_tree_pre_update_vma(vma);
		if (adjust_next)
			anon_vma_interval_tree_pre_update_vma(next);
	}

	if (root) {
		flush_dcache_mmap_lock(mapping);
		vma_interval_tree_remove(vma, root);
		if (adjust_next)
			vma_interval_tree_remove(next, root);
	}

	if (start != vma->vm_start) {
		vma->vm_start = start;
		start_changed = true;
	}
	if (end != vma->vm_end) {
		vma->vm_end = end;
		end_changed = true;
	}
	vma->vm_pgoff = pgoff;
	if (adjust_next) {
		next->vm_start += adjust_next << PAGE_SHIFT;
		next->vm_pgoff += adjust_next;
	}

	if (root) {
		if (adjust_next)
			vma_interval_tree_insert(next, root);
		vma_interval_tree_insert(vma, root);
		flush_dcache_mmap_unlock(mapping);
	}

	if (remove_next) {
		/*
		 * vma_merge has merged next into vma, and needs
		 * us to remove next before dropping the locks.
		 */
		if (remove_next != 3)
			__vma_unlink_prev(mm, next, vma);
		else
			/*
			 * vma is not before next if they've been
			 * swapped.
			 *
			 * pre-swap() next->vm_start was reduced so
			 * tell validate_mm_rb to ignore pre-swap()
			 * "next" (which is stored in post-swap()
			 * "vma").
			 */
			__vma_unlink_common(mm, next, NULL, false, vma);
		if (file)
			__remove_shared_vm_struct(next, file, mapping);
	} else if (insert) {
		/*
		 * split_vma has split insert from vma, and needs
		 * us to insert it before dropping the locks
		 * (it may either follow vma or precede it).
		 */
		__insert_vm_struct(mm, insert);
	} else {
		if (start_changed)
			vma_gap_update(vma);
		if (end_changed) {
			if (!next)
				mm->highest_vm_end = vm_end_gap(vma);
			else if (!adjust_next)
				vma_gap_update(next);
		}
	}

	if (anon_vma) {
		anon_vma_interval_tree_post_update_vma(vma);
		if (adjust_next)
			anon_vma_interval_tree_post_update_vma(next);
		anon_vma_unlock_write(anon_vma);
	}
	if (mapping)
		i_mmap_unlock_write(mapping);

	if (root) {
		uprobe_mmap(vma);

		if (adjust_next)
			uprobe_mmap(next);
	}

	if (remove_next) {
		if (file) {
			uprobe_munmap(next, next->vm_start, next->vm_end);
			fput(file);
		}
		if (next->anon_vma)
			anon_vma_merge(vma, next);
		mm->map_count--;
		mpol_put(vma_policy(next));
		kmem_cache_free(vm_area_cachep, next);
		/*
		 * In mprotect's case 6 (see comments on vma_merge),
		 * we must remove another next too. It would clutter
		 * up the code too much to do both in one go.
		 */
		if (remove_next != 3) {
			/*
			 * If "next" was removed and vma->vm_end was
			 * expanded (up) over it, in turn
			 * "next->vm_prev->vm_end" changed and the
			 * "vma->vm_next" gap must be updated.
			 */
			next = vma->vm_next;
		} else {
			/*
			 * For the scope of the comment "next" and
			 * "vma" considered pre-swap(): if "vma" was
			 * removed, next->vm_start was expanded (down)
			 * over it and the "next" gap must be updated.
			 * Because of the swap() the post-swap() "vma"
			 * actually points to pre-swap() "next"
			 * (post-swap() "next" as opposed is now a
			 * dangling pointer).
			 */
			next = vma;
		}
		if (remove_next == 2) {
			remove_next = 1;
			end = next->vm_end;
			goto again;
		}
		else if (next)
			vma_gap_update(next);
		else {
			/*
			 * If remove_next == 2 we obviously can't
			 * reach this path.
			 *
			 * If remove_next == 3 we can't reach this
			 * path because pre-swap() next is always not
			 * NULL. pre-swap() "next" is not being
			 * removed and its next->vm_end is not altered
			 * (and furthermore "end" already matches
			 * next->vm_end in remove_next == 3).
			 *
			 * We reach this only in the remove_next == 1
			 * case if the "next" vma that was removed was
			 * the highest vma of the mm. However in such
			 * case next->vm_end == "end" and the extended
			 * "vma" has vma->vm_end == next->vm_end so
			 * mm->highest_vm_end doesn't need any update
			 * in remove_next == 1 case.
			 */
			VM_WARN_ON(mm->highest_vm_end != vm_end_gap(vma));
		}
	}
	if (insert && file)
		uprobe_mmap(insert);

	validate_mm(mm);

	return 0;
}

/*
 * If the vma has a ->close operation then the driver probably needs to release
 * per-vma resources, so we don't attempt to merge those.
 */
static inline int is_mergeable_vma(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
				struct file *file, unsigned long vm_flags,
				struct vm_userfaultfd_ctx vm_userfaultfd_ctx,
				const char __user *anon_name)
{
	/*
	 * VM_SOFTDIRTY should not prevent from VMA merging, if we
	 * match the flags but dirty bit -- the caller should mark
	 * merged VMA as dirty. If dirty bit won't be excluded from
	 * comparison, we increase pressue on the memory system forcing
	 * the kernel to generate new VMAs when old one could be
	 * extended instead.
	 */
	if ((vma->vm_flags ^ vm_flags) & ~VM_SOFTDIRTY)
		return 0;
	if (vma->vm_file != file)
		return 0;
	if (vma->vm_ops && vma->vm_ops->close)
		return 0;
	if (!is_mergeable_vm_userfaultfd_ctx(vma, vm_userfaultfd_ctx))
		return 0;
	if (vma_get_anon_name(vma) != anon_name)
		return 0;
	return 1;
}

static inline int is_mergeable_anon_vma(struct anon_vma *anon_vma1,
					struct anon_vma *anon_vma2,
					struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
	/*
	 * The list_is_singular() test is to avoid merging VMA cloned from
	 * parents. This can improve scalability caused by anon_vma lock.
	 */
	if ((!anon_vma1 || !anon_vma2) && (!vma ||
		list_is_singular(&vma->anon_vma_chain)))
		return 1;
	return anon_vma1 == anon_vma2;
}

/*
 * Return true if we can merge this (vm_flags,anon_vma,file,vm_pgoff)
 * in front of (at a lower virtual address and file offset than) the vma.
 *
 * We cannot merge two vmas if they have differently assigned (non-NULL)
 * anon_vmas, nor if same anon_vma is assigned but offsets incompatible.
 *
 * We don't check here for the merged mmap wrapping around the end of pagecache
 * indices (16TB on ia32) because do_mmap_pgoff() does not permit mmap's which
 * wrap, nor mmaps which cover the final page at index -1UL.
 */
static int
can_vma_merge_before(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long vm_flags,
		     struct anon_vma *anon_vma, struct file *file,
		     pgoff_t vm_pgoff,
		     struct vm_userfaultfd_ctx vm_userfaultfd_ctx,
		     const char __user *anon_name)
{
	if (is_mergeable_vma(vma, file, vm_flags, vm_userfaultfd_ctx, anon_name) &&
	    is_mergeable_anon_vma(anon_vma, vma->anon_vma, vma)) {
		if (vma->vm_pgoff == vm_pgoff)
			return 1;
	}
	return 0;
}

/*
 * Return true if we can merge this (vm_flags,anon_vma,file,vm_pgoff)
 * beyond (at a higher virtual address and file offset than) the vma.
 *
 * We cannot merge two vmas if they have differently assigned (non-NULL)
 * anon_vmas, nor if same anon_vma is assigned but offsets incompatible.
 */
static int
can_vma_merge_after(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long vm_flags,
		    struct anon_vma *anon_vma, struct file *file,
		    pgoff_t vm_pgoff,
		    struct vm_userfaultfd_ctx vm_userfaultfd_ctx,
		    const char __user *anon_name)
{
	if (is_mergeable_vma(vma, file, vm_flags, vm_userfaultfd_ctx, anon_name) &&
	    is_mergeable_anon_vma(anon_vma, vma->anon_vma, vma)) {
		pgoff_t vm_pglen;
		vm_pglen = vma_pages(vma);
		if (vma->vm_pgoff + vm_pglen == vm_pgoff)
			return 1;
	}
	return 0;
}

/*
 * Given a mapping request (addr,end,vm_flags,file,pgoff,anon_name),
 * figure out whether that can be merged with its predecessor or its
 * successor.  Or both (it neatly fills a hole).
 *
 * In most cases - when called for mmap, brk or mremap - [addr,end) is
 * certain not to be mapped by the time vma_merge is called; but when
 * called for mprotect, it is certain to be already mapped (either at
 * an offset within prev, or at the start of next), and the flags of
 * this area are about to be changed to vm_flags - and the no-change
 * case has already been eliminated.
 *
 * The following mprotect cases have to be considered, where AAAA is
 * the area passed down from mprotect_fixup, never extending beyond one
 * vma, PPPPPP is the prev vma specified, and NNNNNN the next vma after:
 *
 *     AAAA             AAAA                AAAA          AAAA
 *    PPPPPPNNNNNN    PPPPPPNNNNNN    PPPPPPNNNNNN    PPPPNNNNXXXX
 *    cannot merge    might become    might become    might become
 *                    PPNNNNNNNNNN    PPPPPPPPPPNN    PPPPPPPPPPPP 6 or
 *    mmap, brk or    case 4 below    case 5 below    PPPPPPPPXXXX 7 or
 *    mremap move:                                    PPPPXXXXXXXX 8
 *        AAAA
 *    PPPP    NNNN    PPPPPPPPPPPP    PPPPPPPPNNNN    PPPPNNNNNNNN
 *    might become    case 1 below    case 2 below    case 3 below
 *
 * It is important for case 8 that the the vma NNNN overlapping the
 * region AAAA is never going to extended over XXXX. Instead XXXX must
 * be extended in region AAAA and NNNN must be removed. This way in
 * all cases where vma_merge succeeds, the moment vma_adjust drops the
 * rmap_locks, the properties of the merged vma will be already
 * correct for the whole merged range. Some of those properties like
 * vm_page_prot/vm_flags may be accessed by rmap_walks and they must
 * be correct for the whole merged range immediately after the
 * rmap_locks are released. Otherwise if XXXX would be removed and
 * NNNN would be extended over the XXXX range, remove_migration_ptes
 * or other rmap walkers (if working on addresses beyond the "end"
 * parameter) may establish ptes with the wrong permissions of NNNN
 * instead of the right permissions of XXXX.
 */
struct vm_area_struct *vma_merge(struct mm_struct *mm,
			struct vm_area_struct *prev, unsigned long addr,
			unsigned long end, unsigned long vm_flags,
			struct anon_vma *anon_vma, struct file *file,
			pgoff_t pgoff, struct mempolicy *policy,
			struct vm_userfaultfd_ctx vm_userfaultfd_ctx,
			const char __user *anon_name)
{
	pgoff_t pglen = (end - addr) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
	struct vm_area_struct *area, *next;
	int err;

	/*
	 * We later require that vma->vm_flags == vm_flags,
	 * so this tests vma->vm_flags & VM_SPECIAL, too.
	 */
	if (vm_flags & VM_SPECIAL)
		return NULL;

	if (prev)
		next = prev->vm_next;
	else
		next = mm->mmap;
	area = next;
	if (area && area->vm_end == end)		/* cases 6, 7, 8 */
		next = next->vm_next;

	/* verify some invariant that must be enforced by the caller */
	VM_WARN_ON(prev && addr <= prev->vm_start);
	VM_WARN_ON(area && end > area->vm_end);
	VM_WARN_ON(addr >= end);

	/*
	 * Can it merge with the predecessor?
	 */
	if (prev && prev->vm_end == addr &&
			mpol_equal(vma_policy(prev), policy) &&
			can_vma_merge_after(prev, vm_flags,
					    anon_vma, file, pgoff,
					    vm_userfaultfd_ctx,
					    anon_name)) {
		/*
		 * OK, it can.  Can we now merge in the successor as well?
		 */
		if (next && end == next->vm_start &&
				mpol_equal(policy, vma_policy(next)) &&
				can_vma_merge_before(next, vm_flags,
						     anon_vma, file,
						     pgoff+pglen,
						     vm_userfaultfd_ctx,
						     anon_name) &&
				is_mergeable_anon_vma(prev->anon_vma,
						      next->anon_vma, NULL)) {
							/* cases 1, 6 */
			err = __vma_adjust(prev, prev->vm_start,
					 next->vm_end, prev->vm_pgoff, NULL,
					 prev);
		} else					/* cases 2, 5, 7 */
			err = __vma_adjust(prev, prev->vm_start,
					 end, prev->vm_pgoff, NULL, prev);
		if (err)
			return NULL;
		khugepaged_enter_vma_merge(prev, vm_flags);
		return prev;
	}

	/*
	 * Can this new request be merged in front of next?
	 */
	if (next && end == next->vm_start &&
			mpol_equal(policy, vma_policy(next)) &&
			can_vma_merge_before(next, vm_flags,
					     anon_vma, file, pgoff+pglen,
					     vm_userfaultfd_ctx,
					     anon_name)) {
		if (prev && addr < prev->vm_end)	/* case 4 */
			err = __vma_adjust(prev, prev->vm_start,
					 addr, prev->vm_pgoff, NULL, next);
		else {					/* cases 3, 8 */
			err = __vma_adjust(area, addr, next->vm_end,
					 next->vm_pgoff - pglen, NULL, next);
			/*
			 * In case 3 area is already equal to next and
			 * this is a noop, but in case 8 "area" has
			 * been removed and next was expanded over it.
			 */
			area = next;
		}
		if (err)
			return NULL;
		khugepaged_enter_vma_merge(area, vm_flags);
		return area;
	}

	return NULL;
}

/*
 * Rough compatbility check to quickly see if it's even worth looking
 * at sharing an anon_vma.
 *
 * They need to have the same vm_file, and the flags can only differ
 * in things that mprotect may change.
 *
 * NOTE! The fact that we share an anon_vma doesn't _have_ to mean that
 * we can merge the two vma's. For example, we refuse to merge a vma if
 * there is a vm_ops->close() function, because that indicates that the
 * driver is doing some kind of reference counting. But that doesn't
 * really matter for the anon_vma sharing case.
 */
static int anon_vma_compatible(struct vm_area_struct *a, struct vm_area_struct *b)
{
	return a->vm_end == b->vm_start &&
		mpol_equal(vma_policy(a), vma_policy(b)) &&
		a->vm_file == b->vm_file &&
		!((a->vm_flags ^ b->vm_flags) & ~(VM_READ|VM_WRITE|VM_EXEC|VM_SOFTDIRTY)) &&
		b->vm_pgoff == a->vm_pgoff + ((b->vm_start - a->vm_start) >> PAGE_SHIFT);
}

/*
 * Do some basic sanity checking to see if we can re-use the anon_vma
 * from 'old'. The 'a'/'b' vma's are in VM order - one of them will be
 * the same as 'old', the other will be the new one that is trying
 * to share the anon_vma.
 *
 * NOTE! This runs with mm_sem held for reading, so it is possible that
 * the anon_vma of 'old' is concurrently in the process of being set up
 * by another page fault trying to merge _that_. But that's ok: if it
 * is being set up, that automatically means that it will be a singleton
 * acceptable for merging, so we can do all of this optimistically. But
 * we do that READ_ONCE() to make sure that we never re-load the pointer.
 *
 * IOW: that the "list_is_singular()" test on the anon_vma_chain only
 * matters for the 'stable anon_vma' case (ie the thing we want to avoid
 * is to return an anon_vma that is "complex" due to having gone through
 * a fork).
 *
 * We also make sure that the two vma's are compatible (adjacent,
 * and with the same memory policies). That's all stable, even with just
 * a read lock on the mm_sem.
 */
static struct anon_vma *reusable_anon_vma(struct vm_area_struct *old, struct vm_area_struct *a, struct vm_area_struct *b)
{
	if (anon_vma_compatible(a, b)) {
		struct anon_vma *anon_vma = READ_ONCE(old->anon_vma);

		if (anon_vma && list_is_singular(&old->anon_vma_chain))
			return anon_vma;
	}
	return NULL;
}

/*
 * find_mergeable_anon_vma is used by anon_vma_prepare, to check
 * neighbouring vmas for a suitable anon_vma, before it goes off
 * to allocate a new anon_vma.  It checks because a repetitive
 * sequence of mprotects and faults may otherwise lead to distinct
 * anon_vmas being allocated, preventing vma merge in subsequent
 * mprotect.
 */
struct anon_vma *find_mergeable_anon_vma(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
	struct anon_vma *anon_vma;
	struct vm_area_struct *near;

	near = vma->vm_next;
	if (!near)
		goto try_prev;

	anon_vma = reusable_anon_vma(near, vma, near);
	if (anon_vma)
		return anon_vma;
try_prev:
	near = vma->vm_prev;
	if (!near)
		goto none;

	anon_vma = reusable_anon_vma(near, near, vma);
	if (anon_vma)
		return anon_vma;
none:
	/*
	 * There's no absolute need to look only at touching neighbours:
	 * we could search further afield for "compatible" anon_vmas.
	 * But it would probably just be a waste of time searching,
	 * or lead to too many vmas hanging off the same anon_vma.
	 * We're trying to allow mprotect remerging later on,
	 * not trying to minimize memory used for anon_vmas.
	 */
	return NULL;
}

/*
 * If a hint addr is less than mmap_min_addr change hint to be as
 * low as possible but still greater than mmap_min_addr
 */
static inline unsigned long round_hint_to_min(unsigned long hint)
{
	hint &= PAGE_MASK;
	if (((void *)hint != NULL) &&
	    (hint < mmap_min_addr))
		return PAGE_ALIGN(mmap_min_addr);
	return hint;
}

static inline int mlock_future_check(struct mm_struct *mm,
				     unsigned long flags,
				     unsigned long len)
{
	unsigned long locked, lock_limit;

	/*  mlock MCL_FUTURE? */
	if (flags & VM_LOCKED) {
		locked = len >> PAGE_SHIFT;
		locked += mm->locked_vm;
		lock_limit = rlimit(RLIMIT_MEMLOCK);
		lock_limit >>= PAGE_SHIFT;
		if (locked > lock_limit && !capable(CAP_IPC_LOCK))
			return -EAGAIN;
	}
	return 0;
}

/*
 * The caller must hold down_write(&current->mm->mmap_sem).
 */
unsigned long do_mmap(struct file *file, unsigned long addr,
			unsigned long len, unsigned long prot,
			unsigned long flags, vm_flags_t vm_flags,
			unsigned long pgoff, unsigned long *populate)
{
	struct mm_struct *mm = current->mm;
	int pkey = 0;

	*populate = 0;

	if (!len)
		return -EINVAL;

	/*
	 * Does the application expect PROT_READ to imply PROT_EXEC?
	 *
	 * (the exception is when the underlying filesystem is noexec
	 *  mounted, in which case we dont add PROT_EXEC.)
	 */
	if ((prot & PROT_READ) && (current->personality & READ_IMPLIES_EXEC))
		if (!(file && path_noexec(&file->f_path)))
			prot |= PROT_EXEC;

	if (!(flags & MAP_FIXED))
		addr = round_hint_to_min(addr);

	/* Careful about overflows.. */
	len = PAGE_ALIGN(len);
	if (!len)
		return -ENOMEM;

	/* offset overflow? */
	if ((pgoff + (len >> PAGE_SHIFT)) < pgoff)
		return -EOVERFLOW;

	/* Too many mappings? */
	if (mm->map_count > sysctl_max_map_count)
		return -ENOMEM;

	/* Obtain the address to map to. we verify (or select) it and ensure
	 * that it represents a valid section of the address space.
	 */
	addr = get_unmapped_area(file, addr, len, pgoff, flags);
	if (offset_in_page(addr))
		return addr;

	if (prot == PROT_EXEC) {
		pkey = execute_only_pkey(mm);
		if (pkey < 0)
			pkey = 0;
	}

	/* Do simple checking here so the lower-level routines won't have
	 * to. we assume access permissions have been handled by the open
	 * of the memory object, so we don't do any here.
	 */
	vm_flags |= calc_vm_prot_bits(prot, pkey) | calc_vm_flag_bits(flags) |
			mm->def_flags | VM_MAYREAD | VM_MAYWRITE | VM_MAYEXEC;

	if (flags & MAP_LOCKED)
		if (!can_do_mlock())
			return -EPERM;

	if (mlock_future_check(mm, vm_flags, len))
		return -EAGAIN;

	if (file) {
		struct inode *inode = file_inode(file);

		switch (flags & MAP_TYPE) {
		case MAP_SHARED:
			if ((prot&PROT_WRITE) && !(file->f_mode&FMODE_WRITE))
				return -EACCES;

			/*
			 * Make sure we don't allow writing to an append-only
			 * file..
			 */
			if (IS_APPEND(inode) && (file->f_mode & FMODE_WRITE))
				return -EACCES;

			/*
			 * Make sure there are no mandatory locks on the file.
			 */
			if (locks_verify_locked(file))
				return -EAGAIN;

			vm_flags |= VM_SHARED | VM_MAYSHARE;
			if (!(file->f_mode & FMODE_WRITE))
				vm_flags &= ~(VM_MAYWRITE | VM_SHARED);

			/* fall through */
		case MAP_PRIVATE:
			if (!(file->f_mode & FMODE_READ))
				return -EACCES;
			if (path_noexec(&file->f_path)) {
				if (vm_flags & VM_EXEC)
					return -EPERM;
				vm_flags &= ~VM_MAYEXEC;
			}

			if (!file->f_op->mmap)
				return -ENODEV;
			if (vm_flags & (VM_GROWSDOWN|VM_GROWSUP))
				return -EINVAL;
			break;

		default:
			return -EINVAL;
		}
	} else {
		switch (flags & MAP_TYPE) {
		case MAP_SHARED:
			if (vm_flags & (VM_GROWSDOWN|VM_GROWSUP))
				return -EINVAL;
			/*
			 * Ignore pgoff.
			 */
			pgoff = 0;
			vm_flags |= VM_SHARED | VM_MAYSHARE;
			break;
		case MAP_PRIVATE:
			/*
			 * Set pgoff according to addr for anon_vma.
			 */
			pgoff = addr >> PAGE_SHIFT;
			break;
		default:
			return -EINVAL;
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Set 'VM_NORESERVE' if we should not account for the
	 * memory use of this mapping.
	 */
	if (flags & MAP_NORESERVE) {
		/* We honor MAP_NORESERVE if allowed to overcommit */
		if (sysctl_overcommit_memory != OVERCOMMIT_NEVER)
			vm_flags |= VM_NORESERVE;

		/* hugetlb applies strict overcommit unless MAP_NORESERVE */
		if (file && is_file_hugepages(file))
			vm_flags |= VM_NORESERVE;
	}

	addr = mmap_region(file, addr, len, vm_flags, pgoff);
	if (!IS_ERR_VALUE(addr) &&
	    ((vm_flags & VM_LOCKED) ||
	     (flags & (MAP_POPULATE | MAP_NONBLOCK)) == MAP_POPULATE))
		*populate = len;
	return addr;
}

SYSCALL_DEFINE6(mmap_pgoff, unsigned long, addr, unsigned long, len,
		unsigned long, prot, unsigned long, flags,
		unsigned long, fd, unsigned long, pgoff)
{
	struct file *file = NULL;
	unsigned long retval;

	if (!(flags & MAP_ANONYMOUS)) {
		audit_mmap_fd(fd, flags);
		file = fget(fd);
		if (!file)
			return -EBADF;
		if (is_file_hugepages(file))
			len = ALIGN(len, huge_page_size(hstate_file(file)));
		retval = -EINVAL;
		if (unlikely(flags & MAP_HUGETLB && !is_file_hugepages(file)))
			goto out_fput;
	} else if (flags & MAP_HUGETLB) {
		struct user_struct *user = NULL;
		struct hstate *hs;

		hs = hstate_sizelog((flags >> MAP_HUGE_SHIFT) & SHM_HUGE_MASK);
		if (!hs)
			return -EINVAL;

		len = ALIGN(len, huge_page_size(hs));
		/*
		 * VM_NORESERVE is used because the reservations will be
		 * taken when vm_ops->mmap() is called
		 * A dummy user value is used because we are not locking
		 * memory so no accounting is necessary
		 */
		file = hugetlb_file_setup(HUGETLB_ANON_FILE, len,
				VM_NORESERVE,
				&user, HUGETLB_ANONHUGE_INODE,
				(flags >> MAP_HUGE_SHIFT) & MAP_HUGE_MASK);
		if (IS_ERR(file))
			return PTR_ERR(file);
	}

	flags &= ~(MAP_EXECUTABLE | MAP_DENYWRITE);

	retval = vm_mmap_pgoff(file, addr, len, prot, flags, pgoff);
out_fput:
	if (file)
		fput(file);
	return retval;
}

#ifdef __ARCH_WANT_SYS_OLD_MMAP
struct mmap_arg_struct {
	unsigned long addr;
	unsigned long len;
	unsigned long prot;
	unsigned long flags;
	unsigned long fd;
	unsigned long offset;
};

SYSCALL_DEFINE1(old_mmap, struct mmap_arg_struct __user *, arg)
{
	struct mmap_arg_struct a;

	if (copy_from_user(&a, arg, sizeof(a)))
		return -EFAULT;
	if (offset_in_page(a.offset))
		return -EINVAL;

	return sys_mmap_pgoff(a.addr, a.len, a.prot, a.flags, a.fd,
			      a.offset >> PAGE_SHIFT);
}
#endif /* __ARCH_WANT_SYS_OLD_MMAP */

/*
 * Some shared mappigns will want the pages marked read-only
 * to track write events. If so, we'll downgrade vm_page_prot
 * to the private version (using protection_map[] without the
 * VM_SHARED bit).
 */
int vma_wants_writenotify(struct vm_area_struct *vma, pgprot_t vm_page_prot)
{
	vm_flags_t vm_flags = vma->vm_flags;
	const struct vm_operations_struct *vm_ops = vma->vm_ops;

	/* If it was private or non-writable, the write bit is already clear */
	if ((vm_flags & (VM_WRITE|VM_SHARED)) != ((VM_WRITE|VM_SHARED)))
		return 0;

	/* The backer wishes to know when pages are first written to? */
	if (vm_ops && (vm_ops->page_mkwrite || vm_ops->pfn_mkwrite))
		return 1;

	/* The open routine did something to the protections that pgprot_modify
	 * won't preserve? */
	if (pgprot_val(vm_page_prot) !=
	    pgprot_val(vm_pgprot_modify(vm_page_prot, vm_flags)))
		return 0;

	/* Do we need to track softdirty? */
	if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_MEM_SOFT_DIRTY) && !(vm_flags & VM_SOFTDIRTY))
		return 1;

	/* Specialty mapping? */
	if (vm_flags & VM_PFNMAP)
		return 0;

	/* Can the mapping track the dirty pages? */
	return vma->vm_file && vma->vm_file->f_mapping &&
		mapping_cap_account_dirty(vma->vm_file->f_mapping);
}

/*
 * We account for memory if it's a private writeable mapping,
 * not hugepages and VM_NORESERVE wasn't set.
 */
static inline int accountable_mapping(struct file *file, vm_flags_t vm_flags)
{
	/*
	 * hugetlb has its own accounting separate from the core VM
	 * VM_HUGETLB may not be set yet so we cannot check for that flag.
	 */
	if (file && is_file_hugepages(file))
		return 0;

	return (vm_flags & (VM_NORESERVE | VM_SHARED | VM_WRITE)) == VM_WRITE;
}

unsigned long mmap_region(struct file *file, unsigned long addr,
		unsigned long len, vm_flags_t vm_flags, unsigned long pgoff)
{
	struct mm_struct *mm = current->mm;
	struct vm_area_struct *vma, *prev;
	int error;
	struct rb_node **rb_link, *rb_parent;
	unsigned long charged = 0;

	/* Check against address space limit. */
	if (!may_expand_vm(mm, vm_flags, len >> PAGE_SHIFT)) {
		unsigned long nr_pages;

		/*
		 * MAP_FIXED may remove pages of mappings that intersects with
		 * requested mapping. Account for the pages it would unmap.
		 */
		nr_pages = count_vma_pages_range(mm, addr, addr + len);

		if (!may_expand_vm(mm, vm_flags,
					(len >> PAGE_SHIFT) - nr_pages))
			return -ENOMEM;
	}

	/* Clear old maps */
	while (find_vma_links(mm, addr, addr + len, &prev, &rb_link,
			      &rb_parent)) {
		if (do_munmap(mm, addr, len))
			return -ENOMEM;
	}

	/*
	 * Private writable mapping: check memory availability
	 */
	if (accountable_mapping(file, vm_flags)) {
		charged = len >> PAGE_SHIFT;
		if (security_vm_enough_memory_mm(mm, charged))
			return -ENOMEM;
		vm_flags |= VM_ACCOUNT;
	}

	/*
	 * Can we just expand an old mapping?
	 */
	vma = vma_merge(mm, prev, addr, addr + len, vm_flags,
			NULL, file, pgoff, NULL, NULL_VM_UFFD_CTX, NULL);
	if (vma)
		goto out;

	/*
	 * Determine the object being mapped and call the appropriate
	 * specific mapper. the address has already been validated, but
	 * not unmapped, but the maps are removed from the list.
	 */
	vma = kmem_cache_zalloc(vm_area_cachep, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!vma) {
		error = -ENOMEM;
		goto unacct_error;
	}

	vma->vm_mm = mm;
	vma->vm_start = addr;
	vma->vm_end = addr + len;
	vma->vm_flags = vm_flags;
	vma->vm_page_prot = vm_get_page_prot(vm_flags);
	vma->vm_pgoff = pgoff;
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&vma->anon_vma_chain);

	if (file) {
		if (vm_flags & VM_DENYWRITE) {
			error = deny_write_access(file);
			if (error)
				goto free_vma;
		}
		if (vm_flags & VM_SHARED) {
			error = mapping_map_writable(file->f_mapping);
			if (error)
				goto allow_write_and_free_vma;
		}

		/* ->mmap() can change vma->vm_file, but must guarantee that
		 * vma_link() below can deny write-access if VM_DENYWRITE is set
		 * and map writably if VM_SHARED is set. This usually means the
		 * new file must not have been exposed to user-space, yet.
		 */
		vma->vm_file = get_file(file);
		error = file->f_op->mmap(file, vma);
		if (error)
			goto unmap_and_free_vma;

		/* Can addr have changed??
		 *
		 * Answer: Yes, several device drivers can do it in their
		 *         f_op->mmap method. -DaveM
		 * Bug: If addr is changed, prev, rb_link, rb_parent should
		 *      be updated for vma_link()
		 */
		WARN_ON_ONCE(addr != vma->vm_start);

		addr = vma->vm_start;
		vm_flags = vma->vm_flags;
	} else if (vm_flags & VM_SHARED) {
		error = shmem_zero_setup(vma);
		if (error)
			goto free_vma;
	}

	vma_link(mm, vma, prev, rb_link, rb_parent);
	/* Once vma denies write, undo our temporary denial count */
	if (file) {
		if (vm_flags & VM_SHARED)
			mapping_unmap_writable(file->f_mapping);
		if (vm_flags & VM_DENYWRITE)
			allow_write_access(file);
	}
	file = vma->vm_file;
out:
	perf_event_mmap(vma);

	vm_stat_account(mm, vm_flags, len >> PAGE_SHIFT);
	if (vm_flags & VM_LOCKED) {
		if (!((vm_flags & VM_SPECIAL) || is_vm_hugetlb_page(vma) ||
					vma == get_gate_vma(current->mm)))
			mm->locked_vm += (len >> PAGE_SHIFT);
		else
			vma->vm_flags &= VM_LOCKED_CLEAR_MASK;
	}

	if (file)
		uprobe_mmap(vma);

	/*
	 * New (or expanded) vma always get soft dirty status.
	 * Otherwise user-space soft-dirty page tracker won't
	 * be able to distinguish situation when vma area unmapped,
	 * then new mapped in-place (which must be aimed as
	 * a completely new data area).
	 */
	vma->vm_flags |= VM_SOFTDIRTY;

	vma_set_page_prot(vma);

	return addr;

unmap_and_free_vma:
	vma->vm_file = NULL;
	fput(file);

	/* Undo any partial mapping done by a device driver. */
	unmap_region(mm, vma, prev, vma->vm_start, vma->vm_end);
	charged = 0;
	if (vm_flags & VM_SHARED)
		mapping_unmap_writable(file->f_mapping);
allow_write_and_free_vma:
	if (vm_flags & VM_DENYWRITE)
		allow_write_access(file);
free_vma:
	kmem_cache_free(vm_area_cachep, vma);
unacct_error:
	if (charged)
		vm_unacct_memory(charged);
	return error;
}

unsigned long unmapped_area(struct vm_unmapped_area_info *info)
{
	/*
	 * We implement the search by looking for an rbtree node that
	 * immediately follows a suitable gap. That is,
	 * - gap_start = vma->vm_prev->vm_end <= info->high_limit - length;
	 * - gap_end   = vma->vm_start        >= info->low_limit  + length;
	 * - gap_end - gap_start >= length
	 */

	struct mm_struct *mm = current->mm;
	struct vm_area_struct *vma;
	unsigned long length, low_limit, high_limit, gap_start, gap_end;

	/* Adjust search length to account for worst case alignment overhead */
	length = info->length + info->align_mask;
	if (length < info->length)
		return -ENOMEM;

	/* Adjust search limits by the desired length */
	if (info->high_limit < length)
		return -ENOMEM;
	high_limit = info->high_limit - length;

	if (info->low_limit > high_limit)
		return -ENOMEM;
	low_limit = info->low_limit + length;

	/* Check if rbtree root looks promising */
	if (RB_EMPTY_ROOT(&mm->mm_rb))
		goto check_highest;
	vma = rb_entry(mm->mm_rb.rb_node, struct vm_area_struct, vm_rb);
	if (vma->rb_subtree_gap < length)
		goto check_highest;

	while (true) {
		/* Visit left subtree if it looks promising */
		gap_end = vm_start_gap(vma);
		if (gap_end >= low_limit && vma->vm_rb.rb_left) {
			struct vm_area_struct *left =
				rb_entry(vma->vm_rb.rb_left,
					 struct vm_area_struct, vm_rb);
			if (left->rb_subtree_gap >= length) {
				vma = left;
				continue;
			}
		}

		gap_start = vma->vm_prev ? vm_end_gap(vma->vm_prev) : 0;
check_current:
		/* Check if current node has a suitable gap */
		if (gap_start > high_limit)
			return -ENOMEM;
		if (gap_end >= low_limit &&
		    gap_end > gap_start && gap_end - gap_start >= length)
			goto found;

		/* Visit right subtree if it looks promising */
		if (vma->vm_rb.rb_right) {
			struct vm_area_struct *right =
				rb_entry(vma->vm_rb.rb_right,
					 struct vm_area_struct, vm_rb);
			if (right->rb_subtree_gap >= length) {
				vma = right;
				continue;
			}
		}

		/* Go back up the rbtree to find next candidate node */
		while (true) {
			struct rb_node *prev = &vma->vm_rb;
			if (!rb_parent(prev))
				goto check_highest;
			vma = rb_entry(rb_parent(prev),
				       struct vm_area_struct, vm_rb);
			if (prev == vma->vm_rb.rb_left) {
				gap_start = vm_end_gap(vma->vm_prev);
				gap_end = vm_start_gap(vma);
				goto check_current;
			}
		}
	}

check_highest:
	/* Check highest gap, which does not precede any rbtree node */
	gap_start = mm->highest_vm_end;
	gap_end = ULONG_MAX;  /* Only for VM_BUG_ON below */
	if (gap_start > high_limit)
		return -ENOMEM;

found:
	/* We found a suitable gap. Clip it with the original low_limit. */
	if (gap_start < info->low_limit)
		gap_start = info->low_limit;

	/* Adjust gap address to the desired alignment */
	gap_start += (info->align_offset - gap_start) & info->align_mask;

	VM_BUG_ON(gap_start + info->length > info->high_limit);
	VM_BUG_ON(gap_start + info->length > gap_end);
	return gap_start;
}

unsigned long unmapped_area_topdown(struct vm_unmapped_area_info *info)
{
	struct mm_struct *mm = current->mm;
	struct vm_area_struct *vma;
	unsigned long length, low_limit, high_limit, gap_start, gap_end;

	/* Adjust search length to account for worst case alignment overhead */
	length = info->length + info->align_mask;
	if (length < info->length)
		return -ENOMEM;

	/*
	 * Adjust search limits by the desired length.
	 * See implementation comment at top of unmapped_area().
	 */
	gap_end = info->high_limit;
	if (gap_end < length)
		return -ENOMEM;
	high_limit = gap_end - length;

	if (info->low_limit > high_limit)
		return -ENOMEM;
	low_limit = info->low_limit + length;

	/* Check highest gap, which does not precede any rbtree node */
	gap_start = mm->highest_vm_end;
	if (gap_start <= high_limit)
		goto found_highest;

	/* Check if rbtree root looks promising */
	if (RB_EMPTY_ROOT(&mm->mm_rb))
		return -ENOMEM;
	vma = rb_entry(mm->mm_rb.rb_node, struct vm_area_struct, vm_rb);
	if (vma->rb_subtree_gap < length)
		return -ENOMEM;

	while (true) {
		/* Visit right subtree if it looks promising */
		gap_start = vma->vm_prev ? vm_end_gap(vma->vm_prev) : 0;
		if (gap_start <= high_limit && vma->vm_rb.rb_right) {
			struct vm_area_struct *right =
				rb_entry(vma->vm_rb.rb_right,
					 struct vm_area_struct, vm_rb);
			if (right->rb_subtree_gap >= length) {
				vma = right;
				continue;
			}
		}

check_current:
		/* Check if current node has a suitable gap */
		gap_end = vm_start_gap(vma);
		if (gap_end < low_limit)
			return -ENOMEM;
		if (gap_start <= high_limit &&
		    gap_end > gap_start && gap_end - gap_start >= length)
			goto found;

		/* Visit left subtree if it looks promising */
		if (vma->vm_rb.rb_left) {
			struct vm_area_struct *left =
				rb_entry(vma->vm_rb.rb_left,
					 struct vm_area_struct, vm_rb);
			if (left->rb_subtree_gap >= length) {
				vma = left;
				continue;
			}
		}

		/* Go back up the rbtree to find next candidate node */
		while (true) {
			struct rb_node *prev = &vma->vm_rb;
			if (!rb_parent(prev))
				return -ENOMEM;
			vma = rb_entry(rb_parent(prev),
				       struct vm_area_struct, vm_rb);
			if (prev == vma->vm_rb.rb_right) {
				gap_start = vma->vm_prev ?
					vm_end_gap(vma->vm_prev) : 0;
				goto check_current;
			}
		}
	}

found:
	/* We found a suitable gap. Clip it with the original high_limit. */
	if (gap_end > info->high_limit)
		gap_end = info->high_limit;

found_highest:
	/* Compute highest gap address at the desired alignment */
	gap_end -= info->length;
	gap_end -= (gap_end - info->align_offset) & info->align_mask;

	VM_BUG_ON(gap_end < info->low_limit);
	VM_BUG_ON(gap_end < gap_start);
	return gap_end;
}

/* Get an address range which is currently unmapped.
 * For shmat() with addr=0.
 *
 * Ugly calling convention alert:
 * Return value with the low bits set means error value,
 * ie
 *	if (ret & ~PAGE_MASK)
 *		error = ret;
 *
 * This function "knows" that -ENOMEM has the bits set.
 */
#ifndef HAVE_ARCH_UNMAPPED_AREA
unsigned long
arch_get_unmapped_area(struct file *filp, unsigned long addr,
		unsigned long len, unsigned long pgoff, unsigned long flags)
{
	struct mm_struct *mm = current->mm;
	struct vm_area_struct *vma, *prev;
	struct vm_unmapped_area_info info;

	if (len > TASK_SIZE - mmap_min_addr)
		return -ENOMEM;

	if (flags & MAP_FIXED)
		return addr;

	if (addr) {
		addr = PAGE_ALIGN(addr);
		vma = find_vma_prev(mm, addr, &prev);
		if (TASK_SIZE - len >= addr && addr >= mmap_min_addr &&
		    (!vma || addr + len <= vm_start_gap(vma)) &&
		    (!prev || addr >= vm_end_gap(prev)))
			return addr;
	}

	info.flags = 0;
	info.length = len;
	info.low_limit = mm->mmap_base;
	info.high_limit = TASK_SIZE;
	info.align_mask = 0;
	return vm_unmapped_area(&info);
}
#endif

/*
 * This mmap-allocator allocates new areas top-down from below the
 * stack's low limit (the base):
 */
#ifndef HAVE_ARCH_UNMAPPED_AREA_TOPDOWN
unsigned long
arch_get_unmapped_area_topdown(struct file *filp, const unsigned long addr0,
			  const unsigned long len, const unsigned long pgoff,
			  const unsigned long flags)
{
	struct vm_area_struct *vma, *prev;
	struct mm_struct *mm = current->mm;
	unsigned long addr = addr0;
	struct vm_unmapped_area_info info;

	/* requested length too big for entire address space */
	if (len > TASK_SIZE - mmap_min_addr)
		return -ENOMEM;

	if (flags & MAP_FIXED)
		return addr;

	/* requesting a specific address */
	if (addr) {
		addr = PAGE_ALIGN(addr);
		vma = find_vma_prev(mm, addr, &prev);
		if (TASK_SIZE - len >= addr && addr >= mmap_min_addr &&
				(!vma || addr + len <= vm_start_gap(vma)) &&
				(!prev || addr >= vm_end_gap(prev)))
			return addr;
	}

	info.flags = VM_UNMAPPED_AREA_TOPDOWN;
	info.length = len;
	info.low_limit = max(PAGE_SIZE, mmap_min_addr);
	info.high_limit = mm->mmap_base;
	info.align_mask = 0;
	addr = vm_unmapped_area(&info);

	/*
	 * A failed mmap() very likely causes application failure,
	 * so fall back to the bottom-up function here. This scenario
	 * can happen with large stack limits and large mmap()
	 * allocations.
	 */
	if (offset_in_page(addr)) {
		VM_BUG_ON(addr != -ENOMEM);
		info.flags = 0;
		info.low_limit = TASK_UNMAPPED_BASE;
		info.high_limit = TASK_SIZE;
		addr = vm_unmapped_area(&info);
	}

	return addr;
}
#endif

unsigned long
get_unmapped_area(struct file *file, unsigned long addr, unsigned long len,
		unsigned long pgoff, unsigned long flags)
{
	unsigned long (*get_area)(struct file *, unsigned long,
				  unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long);

	unsigned long error = arch_mmap_check(addr, len, flags);
	if (error)
		return error;

	/* Careful about overflows.. */
	if (len > TASK_SIZE)
		return -ENOMEM;

	get_area = current->mm->get_unmapped_area;
	if (file) {
		if (file->f_op->get_unmapped_area)
			get_area = file->f_op->get_unmapped_area;
	} else if (flags & MAP_SHARED) {
		/*
		 * mmap_region() will call shmem_zero_setup() to create a file,
		 * so use shmem's get_unmapped_area in case it can be huge.
		 * do_mmap_pgoff() will clear pgoff, so match alignment.
		 */
		pgoff = 0;
		get_area = shmem_get_unmapped_area;
	}

	addr = get_area(file, addr, len, pgoff, flags);
	if (IS_ERR_VALUE(addr))
		return addr;

	if (addr > TASK_SIZE - len)
		return -ENOMEM;
	if (offset_in_page(addr))
		return -EINVAL;

	error = security_mmap_addr(addr);
	return error ? error : addr;
}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(get_unmapped_area);

/* Look up the first VMA which satisfies  addr < vm_end,  NULL if none. */
struct vm_area_struct *find_vma(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long addr)
{
	struct rb_node *rb_node;
	struct vm_area_struct *vma;

	/* Check the cache first. */
	vma = vmacache_find(mm, addr);
	if (likely(vma))
		return vma;

	rb_node = mm->mm_rb.rb_node;

	while (rb_node) {
		struct vm_area_struct *tmp;

		tmp = rb_entry(rb_node, struct vm_area_struct, vm_rb);

		if (tmp->vm_end > addr) {
			vma = tmp;
			if (tmp->vm_start <= addr)
				break;
			rb_node = rb_node->rb_left;
		} else
			rb_node = rb_node->rb_right;
	}

	if (vma)
		vmacache_update(addr, vma);
	return vma;
}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(find_vma);

/*
 * Same as find_vma, but also return a pointer to the previous VMA in *pprev.
 */
struct vm_area_struct *
find_vma_prev(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long addr,
			struct vm_area_struct **pprev)
{
	struct vm_area_struct *vma;

	vma = find_vma(mm, addr);
	if (vma) {
		*pprev = vma->vm_prev;
	} else {
		struct rb_node *rb_node = mm->mm_rb.rb_node;
		*pprev = NULL;
		while (rb_node) {
			*pprev = rb_entry(rb_node, struct vm_area_struct, vm_rb);
			rb_node = rb_node->rb_right;
		}
	}
	return vma;
}

/*
 * Verify that the stack growth is acceptable and
 * update accounting. This is shared with both the
 * grow-up and grow-down cases.
 */
static int acct_stack_growth(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
			     unsigned long size, unsigned long grow)
{
	struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
	struct rlimit *rlim = current->signal->rlim;
	unsigned long new_start;

	/* address space limit tests */
	if (!may_expand_vm(mm, vma->vm_flags, grow))
		return -ENOMEM;

	/* Stack limit test */
	if (size > READ_ONCE(rlim[RLIMIT_STACK].rlim_cur))
		return -ENOMEM;

	/* mlock limit tests */
	if (vma->vm_flags & VM_LOCKED) {
		unsigned long locked;
		unsigned long limit;
		locked = mm->locked_vm + grow;
		limit = READ_ONCE(rlim[RLIMIT_MEMLOCK].rlim_cur);
		limit >>= PAGE_SHIFT;
		if (locked > limit && !capable(CAP_IPC_LOCK))
			return -ENOMEM;
	}

	/* Check to ensure the stack will not grow into a hugetlb-only region */
	new_start = (vma->vm_flags & VM_GROWSUP) ? vma->vm_start :
			vma->vm_end - size;
	if (is_hugepage_only_range(vma->vm_mm, new_start, size))
		return -EFAULT;

	/*
	 * Overcommit..  This must be the final test, as it will
	 * update security statistics.
	 */
	if (security_vm_enough_memory_mm(mm, grow))
		return -ENOMEM;

	return 0;
}

#if defined(CONFIG_STACK_GROWSUP) || defined(CONFIG_IA64)
/*
 * PA-RISC uses this for its stack; IA64 for its Register Backing Store.
 * vma is the last one with address > vma->vm_end.  Have to extend vma.
 */
int expand_upwards(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address)
{
	struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
	struct vm_area_struct *next;
	unsigned long gap_addr;
	int error = 0;

	if (!(vma->vm_flags & VM_GROWSUP))
		return -EFAULT;

	/* Guard against exceeding limits of the address space. */
	address &= PAGE_MASK;
	if (address >= (TASK_SIZE & PAGE_MASK))
		return -ENOMEM;
	address += PAGE_SIZE;

	/* Enforce stack_guard_gap */
	gap_addr = address + stack_guard_gap;

	/* Guard against overflow */
	if (gap_addr < address || gap_addr > TASK_SIZE)
		gap_addr = TASK_SIZE;

	next = vma->vm_next;
	if (next && next->vm_start < gap_addr &&
			(next->vm_flags & (VM_WRITE|VM_READ|VM_EXEC))) {
		if (!(next->vm_flags & VM_GROWSUP))
			return -ENOMEM;
		/* Check that both stack segments have the same anon_vma? */
	}

	/* We must make sure the anon_vma is allocated. */
	if (unlikely(anon_vma_prepare(vma)))
		return -ENOMEM;

	/*
	 * vma->vm_start/vm_end cannot change under us because the caller
	 * is required to hold the mmap_sem in read mode.  We need the
	 * anon_vma lock to serialize against concurrent expand_stacks.
	 */
	anon_vma_lock_write(vma->anon_vma);

	/* Somebody else might have raced and expanded it already */
	if (address > vma->vm_end) {
		unsigned long size, grow;

		size = address - vma->vm_start;
		grow = (address - vma->vm_end) >> PAGE_SHIFT;

		error = -ENOMEM;
		if (vma->vm_pgoff + (size >> PAGE_SHIFT) >= vma->vm_pgoff) {
			error = acct_stack_growth(vma, size, grow);
			if (!error) {
				/*
				 * vma_gap_update() doesn't support concurrent
				 * updates, but we only hold a shared mmap_sem
				 * lock here, so we need to protect against
				 * concurrent vma expansions.
				 * anon_vma_lock_write() doesn't help here, as
				 * we don't guarantee that all growable vmas
				 * in a mm share the same root anon vma.
				 * So, we reuse mm->page_table_lock to guard
				 * against concurrent vma expansions.
				 */
				spin_lock(&mm->page_table_lock);
				if (vma->vm_flags & VM_LOCKED)
					mm->locked_vm += grow;
				vm_stat_account(mm, vma->vm_flags, grow);
				anon_vma_interval_tree_pre_update_vma(vma);
				vma->vm_end = address;
				anon_vma_interval_tree_post_update_vma(vma);
				if (vma->vm_next)
					vma_gap_update(vma->vm_next);
				else
					mm->highest_vm_end = vm_end_gap(vma);
				spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);

				perf_event_mmap(vma);
			}
		}
	}
	anon_vma_unlock_write(vma->anon_vma);
	khugepaged_enter_vma_merge(vma, vma->vm_flags);
	validate_mm(mm);
	return error;
}
#endif /* CONFIG_STACK_GROWSUP || CONFIG_IA64 */

/*
 * vma is the first one with address < vma->vm_start.  Have to extend vma.
 */
int expand_downwards(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
				   unsigned long address)
{
	struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
	struct vm_area_struct *prev;
	unsigned long gap_addr;
	int error;

	address &= PAGE_MASK;
	error = security_mmap_addr(address);
	if (error)
		return error;

	/* Enforce stack_guard_gap */
	gap_addr = address - stack_guard_gap;
	if (gap_addr > address)
		return -ENOMEM;
	prev = vma->vm_prev;
	if (prev && prev->vm_end > gap_addr &&
			(prev->vm_flags & (VM_WRITE|VM_READ|VM_EXEC))) {
		if (!(prev->vm_flags & VM_GROWSDOWN))
			return -ENOMEM;
		/* Check that both stack segments have the same anon_vma? */
	}

	/* We must make sure the anon_vma is allocated. */
	if (unlikely(anon_vma_prepare(vma)))
		return -ENOMEM;

	/*
	 * vma->vm_start/vm_end cannot change under us because the caller
	 * is required to hold the mmap_sem in read mode.  We need the
	 * anon_vma lock to serialize against concurrent expand_stacks.
	 */
	anon_vma_lock_write(vma->anon_vma);

	/* Somebody else might have raced and expanded it already */
	if (address < vma->vm_start) {
		unsigned long size, grow;

		size = vma->vm_end - address;
		grow = (vma->vm_start - address) >> PAGE_SHIFT;

		error = -ENOMEM;
		if (grow <= vma->vm_pgoff) {
			error = acct_stack_growth(vma, size, grow);
			if (!error) {
				/*
				 * vma_gap_update() doesn't support concurrent
				 * updates, but we only hold a shared mmap_sem
				 * lock here, so we need to protect against
				 * concurrent vma expansions.
				 * anon_vma_lock_write() doesn't help here, as
				 * we don't guarantee that all growable vmas
				 * in a mm share the same root anon vma.
				 * So, we reuse mm->page_table_lock to guard
				 * against concurrent vma expansions.
				 */
				spin_lock(&mm->page_table_lock);
				if (vma->vm_flags & VM_LOCKED)
					mm->locked_vm += grow;
				vm_stat_account(mm, vma->vm_flags, grow);
				anon_vma_interval_tree_pre_update_vma(vma);
				vma->vm_start = address;
				vma->vm_pgoff -= grow;
				anon_vma_interval_tree_post_update_vma(vma);
				vma_gap_update(vma);
				spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);

				perf_event_mmap(vma);
			}
		}
	}
	anon_vma_unlock_write(vma->anon_vma);
	khugepaged_enter_vma_merge(vma, vma->vm_flags);
	validate_mm(mm);
	return error;
}

/* enforced gap between the expanding stack and other mappings. */
unsigned long stack_guard_gap = 256UL<<PAGE_SHIFT;

static int __init cmdline_parse_stack_guard_gap(char *p)
{
	unsigned long val;
	char *endptr;

	val = simple_strtoul(p, &endptr, 10);
	if (!*endptr)
		stack_guard_gap = val << PAGE_SHIFT;

	return 0;
}
__setup("stack_guard_gap=", cmdline_parse_stack_guard_gap);

#ifdef CONFIG_STACK_GROWSUP
int expand_stack(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address)
{
	return expand_upwards(vma, address);
}

struct vm_area_struct *
find_extend_vma(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long addr)
{
	struct vm_area_struct *vma, *prev;

	addr &= PAGE_MASK;
	vma = find_vma_prev(mm, addr, &prev);
	if (vma && (vma->vm_start <= addr))
		return vma;
	if (!prev || expand_stack(prev, addr))
		return NULL;
	if (prev->vm_flags & VM_LOCKED)
		populate_vma_page_range(prev, addr, prev->vm_end, NULL);
	return prev;
}
#else
int expand_stack(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address)
{
	return expand_downwards(vma, address);
}

struct vm_area_struct *
find_extend_vma(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long addr)
{
	struct vm_area_struct *vma;
	unsigned long start;

	addr &= PAGE_MASK;
	vma = find_vma(mm, addr);
	if (!vma)
		return NULL;
	if (vma->vm_start <= addr)
		return vma;
	if (!(vma->vm_flags & VM_GROWSDOWN))
		return NULL;
	start = vma->vm_start;
	if (expand_stack(vma, addr))
		return NULL;
	if (vma->vm_flags & VM_LOCKED)
		populate_vma_page_range(vma, addr, start, NULL);
	return vma;
}
#endif

EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(find_extend_vma);

/*
 * Ok - we have the memory areas we should free on the vma list,
 * so release them, and do the vma updates.
 *
 * Called with the mm semaphore held.
 */
static void remove_vma_list(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
	unsigned long nr_accounted = 0;

	/* Update high watermark before we lower total_vm */
	update_hiwater_vm(mm);
	do {
		long nrpages = vma_pages(vma);

		if (vma->vm_flags & VM_ACCOUNT)
			nr_accounted += nrpages;
		vm_stat_account(mm, vma->vm_flags, -nrpages);
		vma = remove_vma(vma);
	} while (vma);
	vm_unacct_memory(nr_accounted);
	validate_mm(mm);
}

/*
 * Get rid of page table information in the indicated region.
 *
 * Called with the mm semaphore held.
 */
static void unmap_region(struct mm_struct *mm,
		struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct vm_area_struct *prev,
		unsigned long start, unsigned long end)
{
	struct vm_area_struct *next = prev ? prev->vm_next : mm->mmap;
	struct mmu_gather tlb;

	lru_add_drain();
	tlb_gather_mmu(&tlb, mm, start, end);
	update_hiwater_rss(mm);
	unmap_vmas(&tlb, vma, start, end);
	free_pgtables(&tlb, vma, prev ? prev->vm_end : FIRST_USER_ADDRESS,
				 next ? next->vm_start : USER_PGTABLES_CEILING);
	tlb_finish_mmu(&tlb, start, end);
}

/*
 * Create a list of vma's touched by the unmap, removing them from the mm's
 * vma list as we go..
 */
static void
detach_vmas_to_be_unmapped(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
	struct vm_area_struct *prev, unsigned long end)
{
	struct vm_area_struct **insertion_point;
	struct vm_area_struct *tail_vma = NULL;

	insertion_point = (prev ? &prev->vm_next : &mm->mmap);
	vma->vm_prev = NULL;
	do {
		vma_rb_erase(vma, &mm->mm_rb);
		mm->map_count--;
		tail_vma = vma;
		vma = vma->vm_next;
	} while (vma && vma->vm_start < end);
	*insertion_point = vma;
	if (vma) {
		vma->vm_prev = prev;
		vma_gap_update(vma);
	} else
		mm->highest_vm_end = prev ? vm_end_gap(prev) : 0;
	tail_vma->vm_next = NULL;

	/* Kill the cache */
	vmacache_invalidate(mm);
}

/*
 * __split_vma() bypasses sysctl_max_map_count checking.  We use this on the
 * munmap path where it doesn't make sense to fail.
 */
static int __split_vma(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
	      unsigned long addr, int new_below)
{
	struct vm_area_struct *new;
	int err;

	if (vma->vm_ops && vma->vm_ops->split) {
		err = vma->vm_ops->split(vma, addr);
		if (err)
			return err;
	}

	new = kmem_cache_alloc(vm_area_cachep, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!new)
		return -ENOMEM;

	/* most fields are the same, copy all, and then fixup */
	*new = *vma;

	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&new->anon_vma_chain);

	if (new_below)
		new->vm_end = addr;
	else {
		new->vm_start = addr;
		new->vm_pgoff += ((addr - vma->vm_start) >> PAGE_SHIFT);
	}

	err = vma_dup_policy(vma, new);
	if (err)
		goto out_free_vma;

	err = anon_vma_clone(new, vma);
	if (err)
		goto out_free_mpol;

	if (new->vm_file)
		get_file(new->vm_file);

	if (new->vm_ops && new->vm_ops->open)
		new->vm_ops->open(new);

	if (new_below)
		err = vma_adjust(vma, addr, vma->vm_end, vma->vm_pgoff +
			((addr - new->vm_start) >> PAGE_SHIFT), new);
	else
		err = vma_adjust(vma, vma->vm_start, addr, vma->vm_pgoff, new);

	/* Success. */
	if (!err)
		return 0;

	/* Clean everything up if vma_adjust failed. */
	if (new->vm_ops && new->vm_ops->close)
		new->vm_ops->close(new);
	if (new->vm_file)
		fput(new->vm_file);
	unlink_anon_vmas(new);
 out_free_mpol:
	mpol_put(vma_policy(new));
 out_free_vma:
	kmem_cache_free(vm_area_cachep, new);
	return err;
}

/*
 * Split a vma into two pieces at address 'addr', a new vma is allocated
 * either for the first part or the tail.
 */
int split_vma(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
	      unsigned long addr, int new_below)
{
	if (mm->map_count >= sysctl_max_map_count)
		return -ENOMEM;

	return __split_vma(mm, vma, addr, new_below);
}

/* Munmap is split into 2 main parts -- this part which finds
 * what needs doing, and the areas themselves, which do the
 * work.  This now handles partial unmappings.
 * Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@goop.org>
 */
int do_munmap(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long start, size_t len)
{
	unsigned long end;
	struct vm_area_struct *vma, *prev, *last;

	if ((offset_in_page(start)) || start > TASK_SIZE || len > TASK_SIZE-start)
		return -EINVAL;

	len = PAGE_ALIGN(len);
	if (len == 0)
		return -EINVAL;

	/* Find the first overlapping VMA */
	vma = find_vma(mm, start);
	if (!vma)
		return 0;
	prev = vma->vm_prev;
	/* we have  start < vma->vm_end  */

	/* if it doesn't overlap, we have nothing.. */
	end = start + len;
	if (vma->vm_start >= end)
		return 0;

	/*
	 * If we need to split any vma, do it now to save pain later.
	 *
	 * Note: mremap's move_vma VM_ACCOUNT handling assumes a partially
	 * unmapped vm_area_struct will remain in use: so lower split_vma
	 * places tmp vma above, and higher split_vma places tmp vma below.
	 */
	if (start > vma->vm_start) {
		int error;

		/*
		 * Make sure that map_count on return from munmap() will
		 * not exceed its limit; but let map_count go just above
		 * its limit temporarily, to help free resources as expected.
		 */
		if (end < vma->vm_end && mm->map_count >= sysctl_max_map_count)
			return -ENOMEM;

		error = __split_vma(mm, vma, start, 0);
		if (error)
			return error;
		prev = vma;
	}

	/* Does it split the last one? */
	last = find_vma(mm, end);
	if (last && end > last->vm_start) {
		int error = __split_vma(mm, last, end, 1);
		if (error)
			return error;
	}
	vma = prev ? prev->vm_next : mm->mmap;

	/*
	 * unlock any mlock()ed ranges before detaching vmas
	 */
	if (mm->locked_vm) {
		struct vm_area_struct *tmp = vma;
		while (tmp && tmp->vm_start < end) {
			if (tmp->vm_flags & VM_LOCKED) {
				mm->locked_vm -= vma_pages(tmp);
				munlock_vma_pages_all(tmp);
			}
			tmp = tmp->vm_next;
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Remove the vma's, and unmap the actual pages
	 */
	detach_vmas_to_be_unmapped(mm, vma, prev, end);
	unmap_region(mm, vma, prev, start, end);

	arch_unmap(mm, vma, start, end);

	/* Fix up all other VM information */
	remove_vma_list(mm, vma);

	return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(do_munmap);

int vm_munmap(unsigned long start, size_t len)
{
	int ret;
	struct mm_struct *mm = current->mm;

	if (down_write_killable(&mm->mmap_sem))
		return -EINTR;

	ret = do_munmap(mm, start, len);
	up_write(&mm->mmap_sem);
	return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vm_munmap);

SYSCALL_DEFINE2(munmap, unsigned long, addr, size_t, len)
{
	int ret;
	struct mm_struct *mm = current->mm;

	profile_munmap(addr);
	if (down_write_killable(&mm->mmap_sem))
		return -EINTR;
	ret = do_munmap(mm, addr, len);
	up_write(&mm->mmap_sem);
	return ret;
}


/*
 * Emulation of deprecated remap_file_pages() syscall.
 */
SYSCALL_DEFINE5(remap_file_pages, unsigned long, start, unsigned long, size,
		unsigned long, prot, unsigned long, pgoff, unsigned long, flags)
{

	struct mm_struct *mm = current->mm;
	struct vm_area_struct *vma;
	unsigned long populate = 0;
	unsigned long ret = -EINVAL;
	struct file *file;

	pr_warn_once("%s (%d) uses deprecated remap_file_pages() syscall. See Documentation/vm/remap_file_pages.txt.\n",
		     current->comm, current->pid);

	if (prot)
		return ret;
	start = start & PAGE_MASK;
	size = size & PAGE_MASK;

	if (start + size <= start)
		return ret;

	/* Does pgoff wrap? */
	if (pgoff + (size >> PAGE_SHIFT) < pgoff)
		return ret;

	if (down_write_killable(&mm->mmap_sem))
		return -EINTR;

	vma = find_vma(mm, start);

	if (!vma || !(vma->vm_flags & VM_SHARED))
		goto out;

	if (start < vma->vm_start)
		goto out;

	if (start + size > vma->vm_end) {
		struct vm_area_struct *next;

		for (next = vma->vm_next; next; next = next->vm_next) {
			/* hole between vmas ? */
			if (next->vm_start != next->vm_prev->vm_end)
				goto out;

			if (next->vm_file != vma->vm_file)
				goto out;

			if (next->vm_flags != vma->vm_flags)
				goto out;

			if (start + size <= next->vm_end)
				break;
		}

		if (!next)
			goto out;
	}

	prot |= vma->vm_flags & VM_READ ? PROT_READ : 0;
	prot |= vma->vm_flags & VM_WRITE ? PROT_WRITE : 0;
	prot |= vma->vm_flags & VM_EXEC ? PROT_EXEC : 0;

	flags &= MAP_NONBLOCK;
	flags |= MAP_SHARED | MAP_FIXED | MAP_POPULATE;
	if (vma->vm_flags & VM_LOCKED) {
		struct vm_area_struct *tmp;
		flags |= MAP_LOCKED;

		/* drop PG_Mlocked flag for over-mapped range */
		for (tmp = vma; tmp->vm_start >= start + size;
				tmp = tmp->vm_next) {
			/*
			 * Split pmd and munlock page on the border
			 * of the range.
			 */
			vma_adjust_trans_huge(tmp, start, start + size, 0);

			munlock_vma_pages_range(tmp,
					max(tmp->vm_start, start),
					min(tmp->vm_end, start + size));
		}
	}

	file = get_file(vma->vm_file);
	ret = do_mmap_pgoff(vma->vm_file, start, size,
			prot, flags, pgoff, &populate);
	fput(file);
out:
	up_write(&mm->mmap_sem);
	if (populate)
		mm_populate(ret, populate);
	if (!IS_ERR_VALUE(ret))
		ret = 0;
	return ret;
}

static inline void verify_mm_writelocked(struct mm_struct *mm)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_VM
	if (unlikely(down_read_trylock(&mm->mmap_sem))) {
		WARN_ON(1);
		up_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
	}
#endif
}

/*
 *  this is really a simplified "do_mmap".  it only handles
 *  anonymous maps.  eventually we may be able to do some
 *  brk-specific accounting here.
 */
static int do_brk(unsigned long addr, unsigned long request)
{
	struct mm_struct *mm = current->mm;
	struct vm_area_struct *vma, *prev;
	unsigned long flags, len;
	struct rb_node **rb_link, *rb_parent;
	pgoff_t pgoff = addr >> PAGE_SHIFT;
	int error;

	len = PAGE_ALIGN(request);
	if (len < request)
		return -ENOMEM;
	if (!len)
		return 0;

	flags = VM_DATA_DEFAULT_FLAGS | VM_ACCOUNT | mm->def_flags;

	error = get_unmapped_area(NULL, addr, len, 0, MAP_FIXED);
	if (offset_in_page(error))
		return error;

	error = mlock_future_check(mm, mm->def_flags, len);
	if (error)
		return error;

	/*
	 * mm->mmap_sem is required to protect against another thread
	 * changing the mappings in case we sleep.
	 */
	verify_mm_writelocked(mm);

	/*
	 * Clear old maps.  this also does some error checking for us
	 */
	while (find_vma_links(mm, addr, addr + len, &prev, &rb_link,
			      &rb_parent)) {
		if (do_munmap(mm, addr, len))
			return -ENOMEM;
	}

	/* Check against address space limits *after* clearing old maps... */
	if (!may_expand_vm(mm, flags, len >> PAGE_SHIFT))
		return -ENOMEM;

	if (mm->map_count > sysctl_max_map_count)
		return -ENOMEM;

	if (security_vm_enough_memory_mm(mm, len >> PAGE_SHIFT))
		return -ENOMEM;

	/* Can we just expand an old private anonymous mapping? */
	vma = vma_merge(mm, prev, addr, addr + len, flags,
			NULL, NULL, pgoff, NULL, NULL_VM_UFFD_CTX, NULL);
	if (vma)
		goto out;

	/*
	 * create a vma struct for an anonymous mapping
	 */
	vma = kmem_cache_zalloc(vm_area_cachep, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!vma) {
		vm_unacct_memory(len >> PAGE_SHIFT);
		return -ENOMEM;
	}

	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&vma->anon_vma_chain);
	vma->vm_mm = mm;
	vma->vm_start = addr;
	vma->vm_end = addr + len;
	vma->vm_pgoff = pgoff;
	vma->vm_flags = flags;
	vma->vm_page_prot = vm_get_page_prot(flags);
	vma_link(mm, vma, prev, rb_link, rb_parent);
out:
	perf_event_mmap(vma);
	mm->total_vm += len >> PAGE_SHIFT;
	mm->data_vm += len >> PAGE_SHIFT;
	if (flags & VM_LOCKED)
		mm->locked_vm += (len >> PAGE_SHIFT);
	vma->vm_flags |= VM_SOFTDIRTY;
	return 0;
}

int vm_brk(unsigned long addr, unsigned long len)
{
	struct mm_struct *mm = current->mm;
	int ret;
	bool populate;

	if (down_write_killable(&mm->mmap_sem))
		return -EINTR;

	ret = do_brk(addr, len);
	populate = ((mm->def_flags & VM_LOCKED) != 0);
	up_write(&mm->mmap_sem);
	if (populate && !ret)
		mm_populate(addr, len);
	return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vm_brk);

/* Release all mmaps. */
void exit_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm)
{
	struct mmu_gather tlb;
	struct vm_area_struct *vma;
	unsigned long nr_accounted = 0;

	/* mm's last user has gone, and its about to be pulled down */
	mmu_notifier_release(mm);

	if (mm->locked_vm) {
		vma = mm->mmap;
		while (vma) {
			if (vma->vm_flags & VM_LOCKED)
				munlock_vma_pages_all(vma);
			vma = vma->vm_next;
		}
	}

	arch_exit_mmap(mm);

	vma = mm->mmap;
	if (!vma)	/* Can happen if dup_mmap() received an OOM */
		return;

	lru_add_drain();
	flush_cache_mm(mm);
	tlb_gather_mmu(&tlb, mm, 0, -1);
	/* update_hiwater_rss(mm) here? but nobody should be looking */
	/* Use -1 here to ensure all VMAs in the mm are unmapped */
	unmap_vmas(&tlb, vma, 0, -1);

	if (unlikely(mm_is_oom_victim(mm))) {
		/*
		 * Wait for oom_reap_task() to stop working on this
		 * mm. Because MMF_OOM_SKIP is already set before
		 * calling down_read(), oom_reap_task() will not run
		 * on this "mm" post up_write().
		 *
		 * mm_is_oom_victim() cannot be set from under us
		 * either because victim->mm is already set to NULL
		 * under task_lock before calling mmput and oom_mm is
		 * set not NULL by the OOM killer only if victim->mm
		 * is found not NULL while holding the task_lock.
		 */
		set_bit(MMF_OOM_SKIP, &mm->flags);
		down_write(&mm->mmap_sem);
		up_write(&mm->mmap_sem);
	}
	free_pgtables(&tlb, vma, FIRST_USER_ADDRESS, USER_PGTABLES_CEILING);
	tlb_finish_mmu(&tlb, 0, -1);

	/*
	 * Walk the list again, actually closing and freeing it,
	 * with preemption enabled, without holding any MM locks.
	 */
	while (vma) {
		if (vma->vm_flags & VM_ACCOUNT)
			nr_accounted += vma_pages(vma);
		vma = remove_vma(vma);
	}
	vm_unacct_memory(nr_accounted);
}

/* Insert vm structure into process list sorted by address
 * and into the inode's i_mmap tree.  If vm_file is non-NULL
 * then i_mmap_rwsem is taken here.
 */
int insert_vm_struct(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
	struct vm_area_struct *prev;
	struct rb_node **rb_link, *rb_parent;

	if (find_vma_links(mm, vma->vm_start, vma->vm_end,
			   &prev, &rb_link, &rb_parent))
		return -ENOMEM;
	if ((vma->vm_flags & VM_ACCOUNT) &&
	     security_vm_enough_memory_mm(mm, vma_pages(vma)))
		return -ENOMEM;

	/*
	 * The vm_pgoff of a purely anonymous vma should be irrelevant
	 * until its first write fault, when page's anon_vma and index
	 * are set.  But now set the vm_pgoff it will almost certainly
	 * end up with (unless mremap moves it elsewhere before that
	 * first wfault), so /proc/pid/maps tells a consistent story.
	 *
	 * By setting it to reflect the virtual start address of the
	 * vma, merges and splits can happen in a seamless way, just
	 * using the existing file pgoff checks and manipulations.
	 * Similarly in do_mmap_pgoff and in do_brk.
	 */
	if (vma_is_anonymous(vma)) {
		BUG_ON(vma->anon_vma);
		vma->vm_pgoff = vma->vm_start >> PAGE_SHIFT;
	}

	vma_link(mm, vma, prev, rb_link, rb_parent);
	return 0;
}

/*
 * Copy the vma structure to a new location in the same mm,
 * prior to moving page table entries, to effect an mremap move.
 */
struct vm_area_struct *copy_vma(struct vm_area_struct **vmap,
	unsigned long addr, unsigned long len, pgoff_t pgoff,
	bool *need_rmap_locks)
{
	struct vm_area_struct *vma = *vmap;
	unsigned long vma_start = vma->vm_start;
	struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
	struct vm_area_struct *new_vma, *prev;
	struct rb_node **rb_link, *rb_parent;
	bool faulted_in_anon_vma = true;

	/*
	 * If anonymous vma has not yet been faulted, update new pgoff
	 * to match new location, to increase its chance of merging.
	 */
	if (unlikely(vma_is_anonymous(vma) && !vma->anon_vma)) {
		pgoff = addr >> PAGE_SHIFT;
		faulted_in_anon_vma = false;
	}

	if (find_vma_links(mm, addr, addr + len, &prev, &rb_link, &rb_parent))
		return NULL;	/* should never get here */
	new_vma = vma_merge(mm, prev, addr, addr + len, vma->vm_flags,
			    vma->anon_vma, vma->vm_file, pgoff, vma_policy(vma),
			    vma->vm_userfaultfd_ctx, vma_get_anon_name(vma));
	if (new_vma) {
		/*
		 * Source vma may have been merged into new_vma
		 */
		if (unlikely(vma_start >= new_vma->vm_start &&
			     vma_start < new_vma->vm_end)) {
			/*
			 * The only way we can get a vma_merge with
			 * self during an mremap is if the vma hasn't
			 * been faulted in yet and we were allowed to
			 * reset the dst vma->vm_pgoff to the
			 * destination address of the mremap to allow
			 * the merge to happen. mremap must change the
			 * vm_pgoff linearity between src and dst vmas
			 * (in turn preventing a vma_merge) to be
			 * safe. It is only safe to keep the vm_pgoff
			 * linear if there are no pages mapped yet.
			 */
			VM_BUG_ON_VMA(faulted_in_anon_vma, new_vma);
			*vmap = vma = new_vma;
		}
		*need_rmap_locks = (new_vma->vm_pgoff <= vma->vm_pgoff);
	} else {
		new_vma = kmem_cache_alloc(vm_area_cachep, GFP_KERNEL);
		if (!new_vma)
			goto out;
		*new_vma = *vma;
		new_vma->vm_start = addr;
		new_vma->vm_end = addr + len;
		new_vma->vm_pgoff = pgoff;
		if (vma_dup_policy(vma, new_vma))
			goto out_free_vma;
		INIT_LIST_HEAD(&new_vma->anon_vma_chain);
		if (anon_vma_clone(new_vma, vma))
			goto out_free_mempol;
		if (new_vma->vm_file)
			get_file(new_vma->vm_file);
		if (new_vma->vm_ops && new_vma->vm_ops->open)
			new_vma->vm_ops->open(new_vma);
		vma_link(mm, new_vma, prev, rb_link, rb_parent);
		*need_rmap_locks = false;
	}
	return new_vma;

out_free_mempol:
	mpol_put(vma_policy(new_vma));
out_free_vma:
	kmem_cache_free(vm_area_cachep, new_vma);
out:
	return NULL;
}

/*
 * Return true if the calling process may expand its vm space by the passed
 * number of pages
 */
bool may_expand_vm(struct mm_struct *mm, vm_flags_t flags, unsigned long npages)
{
	if (mm->total_vm + npages > rlimit(RLIMIT_AS) >> PAGE_SHIFT)
		return false;

	if (is_data_mapping(flags) &&
	    mm->data_vm + npages > rlimit(RLIMIT_DATA) >> PAGE_SHIFT) {
		/* Workaround for Valgrind */
		if (rlimit(RLIMIT_DATA) == 0 &&
		    mm->data_vm + npages <= rlimit_max(RLIMIT_DATA) >> PAGE_SHIFT)
			return true;
		if (!ignore_rlimit_data) {
			pr_warn_once("%s (%d): VmData %lu exceed data ulimit %lu. Update limits or use boot option ignore_rlimit_data.\n",
				     current->comm, current->pid,
				     (mm->data_vm + npages) << PAGE_SHIFT,
				     rlimit(RLIMIT_DATA));
			return false;
		}
	}

	return true;
}

void vm_stat_account(struct mm_struct *mm, vm_flags_t flags, long npages)
{
	mm->total_vm += npages;

	if (is_exec_mapping(flags))
		mm->exec_vm += npages;
	else if (is_stack_mapping(flags))
		mm->stack_vm += npages;
	else if (is_data_mapping(flags))
		mm->data_vm += npages;
}

static int special_mapping_fault(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
				 struct vm_fault *vmf);

/*
 * Having a close hook prevents vma merging regardless of flags.
 */
static void special_mapping_close(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
}

static const char *special_mapping_name(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
	return ((struct vm_special_mapping *)vma->vm_private_data)->name;
}

static int special_mapping_mremap(struct vm_area_struct *new_vma)
{
	struct vm_special_mapping *sm = new_vma->vm_private_data;

	if (sm->mremap)
		return sm->mremap(sm, new_vma);
	return 0;
}

static const struct vm_operations_struct special_mapping_vmops = {
	.close = special_mapping_close,
	.fault = special_mapping_fault,
	.mremap = special_mapping_mremap,
	.name = special_mapping_name,
};

static const struct vm_operations_struct legacy_special_mapping_vmops = {
	.close = special_mapping_close,
	.fault = special_mapping_fault,
};

static int special_mapping_fault(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
				struct vm_fault *vmf)
{
	pgoff_t pgoff;
	struct page **pages;

	if (vma->vm_ops == &legacy_special_mapping_vmops) {
		pages = vma->vm_private_data;
	} else {
		struct vm_special_mapping *sm = vma->vm_private_data;

		if (sm->fault)
			return sm->fault(sm, vma, vmf);

		pages = sm->pages;
	}

	for (pgoff = vmf->pgoff; pgoff && *pages; ++pages)
		pgoff--;

	if (*pages) {
		struct page *page = *pages;
		get_page(page);
		vmf->page = page;
		return 0;
	}

	return VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;
}

static struct vm_area_struct *__install_special_mapping(
	struct mm_struct *mm,
	unsigned long addr, unsigned long len,
	unsigned long vm_flags, void *priv,
	const struct vm_operations_struct *ops)
{
	int ret;
	struct vm_area_struct *vma;

	vma = kmem_cache_zalloc(vm_area_cachep, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (unlikely(vma == NULL))
		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&vma->anon_vma_chain);
	vma->vm_mm = mm;
	vma->vm_start = addr;
	vma->vm_end = addr + len;

	vma->vm_flags = vm_flags | mm->def_flags | VM_DONTEXPAND | VM_SOFTDIRTY;
	vma->vm_page_prot = vm_get_page_prot(vma->vm_flags);

	vma->vm_ops = ops;
	vma->vm_private_data = priv;

	ret = insert_vm_struct(mm, vma);
	if (ret)
		goto out;

	vm_stat_account(mm, vma->vm_flags, len >> PAGE_SHIFT);

	perf_event_mmap(vma);

	return vma;

out:
	kmem_cache_free(vm_area_cachep, vma);
	return ERR_PTR(ret);
}

bool vma_is_special_mapping(const struct vm_area_struct *vma,
	const struct vm_special_mapping *sm)
{
	return vma->vm_private_data == sm &&
		(vma->vm_ops == &special_mapping_vmops ||
		 vma->vm_ops == &legacy_special_mapping_vmops);
}

/*
 * Called with mm->mmap_sem held for writing.
 * Insert a new vma covering the given region, with the given flags.
 * Its pages are supplied by the given array of struct page *.
 * The array can be shorter than len >> PAGE_SHIFT if it's null-terminated.
 * The region past the last page supplied will always produce SIGBUS.
 * The array pointer and the pages it points to are assumed to stay alive
 * for as long as this mapping might exist.
 */
struct vm_area_struct *_install_special_mapping(
	struct mm_struct *mm,
	unsigned long addr, unsigned long len,
	unsigned long vm_flags, const struct vm_special_mapping *spec)
{
	return __install_special_mapping(mm, addr, len, vm_flags, (void *)spec,
					&special_mapping_vmops);
}

int install_special_mapping(struct mm_struct *mm,
			    unsigned long addr, unsigned long len,
			    unsigned long vm_flags, struct page **pages)
{
	struct vm_area_struct *vma = __install_special_mapping(
		mm, addr, len, vm_flags, (void *)pages,
		&legacy_special_mapping_vmops);

	return PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(vma);
}

static DEFINE_MUTEX(mm_all_locks_mutex);

static void vm_lock_anon_vma(struct mm_struct *mm, struct anon_vma *anon_vma)
{
	if (!test_bit(0, (unsigned long *) &anon_vma->root->rb_root.rb_node)) {
		/*
		 * The LSB of head.next can't change from under us
		 * because we hold the mm_all_locks_mutex.
		 */
		down_write_nest_lock(&anon_vma->root->rwsem, &mm->mmap_sem);
		/*
		 * We can safely modify head.next after taking the
		 * anon_vma->root->rwsem. If some other vma in this mm shares
		 * the same anon_vma we won't take it again.
		 *
		 * No need of atomic instructions here, head.next
		 * can't change from under us thanks to the
		 * anon_vma->root->rwsem.
		 */
		if (__test_and_set_bit(0, (unsigned long *)
				       &anon_vma->root->rb_root.rb_node))
			BUG();
	}
}

static void vm_lock_mapping(struct mm_struct *mm, struct address_space *mapping)
{
	if (!test_bit(AS_MM_ALL_LOCKS, &mapping->flags)) {
		/*
		 * AS_MM_ALL_LOCKS can't change from under us because
		 * we hold the mm_all_locks_mutex.
		 *
		 * Operations on ->flags have to be atomic because
		 * even if AS_MM_ALL_LOCKS is stable thanks to the
		 * mm_all_locks_mutex, there may be other cpus
		 * changing other bitflags in parallel to us.
		 */
		if (test_and_set_bit(AS_MM_ALL_LOCKS, &mapping->flags))
			BUG();
		down_write_nest_lock(&mapping->i_mmap_rwsem, &mm->mmap_sem);
	}
}

/*
 * This operation locks against the VM for all pte/vma/mm related
 * operations that could ever happen on a certain mm. This includes
 * vmtruncate, try_to_unmap, and all page faults.
 *
 * The caller must take the mmap_sem in write mode before calling
 * mm_take_all_locks(). The caller isn't allowed to release the
 * mmap_sem until mm_drop_all_locks() returns.
 *
 * mmap_sem in write mode is required in order to block all operations
 * that could modify pagetables and free pages without need of
 * altering the vma layout. It's also needed in write mode to avoid new
 * anon_vmas to be associated with existing vmas.
 *
 * A single task can't take more than one mm_take_all_locks() in a row
 * or it would deadlock.
 *
 * The LSB in anon_vma->rb_root.rb_node and the AS_MM_ALL_LOCKS bitflag in
 * mapping->flags avoid to take the same lock twice, if more than one
 * vma in this mm is backed by the same anon_vma or address_space.
 *
 * We take locks in following order, accordingly to comment at beginning
 * of mm/rmap.c:
 *   - all hugetlbfs_i_mmap_rwsem_key locks (aka mapping->i_mmap_rwsem for
 *     hugetlb mapping);
 *   - all i_mmap_rwsem locks;
 *   - all anon_vma->rwseml
 *
 * We can take all locks within these types randomly because the VM code
 * doesn't nest them and we protected from parallel mm_take_all_locks() by
 * mm_all_locks_mutex.
 *
 * mm_take_all_locks() and mm_drop_all_locks are expensive operations
 * that may have to take thousand of locks.
 *
 * mm_take_all_locks() can fail if it's interrupted by signals.
 */
int mm_take_all_locks(struct mm_struct *mm)
{
	struct vm_area_struct *vma;
	struct anon_vma_chain *avc;

	BUG_ON(down_read_trylock(&mm->mmap_sem));

	mutex_lock(&mm_all_locks_mutex);

	for (vma = mm->mmap; vma; vma = vma->vm_next) {
		if (signal_pending(current))
			goto out_unlock;
		if (vma->vm_file && vma->vm_file->f_mapping &&
				is_vm_hugetlb_page(vma))
			vm_lock_mapping(mm, vma->vm_file->f_mapping);
	}

	for (vma = mm->mmap; vma; vma = vma->vm_next) {
		if (signal_pending(current))
			goto out_unlock;
		if (vma->vm_file && vma->vm_file->f_mapping &&
				!is_vm_hugetlb_page(vma))
			vm_lock_mapping(mm, vma->vm_file->f_mapping);
	}

	for (vma = mm->mmap; vma; vma = vma->vm_next) {
		if (signal_pending(current))
			goto out_unlock;
		if (vma->anon_vma)
			list_for_each_entry(avc, &vma->anon_vma_chain, same_vma)
				vm_lock_anon_vma(mm, avc->anon_vma);
	}

	return 0;

out_unlock:
	mm_drop_all_locks(mm);
	return -EINTR;
}

static void vm_unlock_anon_vma(struct anon_vma *anon_vma)
{
	if (test_bit(0, (unsigned long *) &anon_vma->root->rb_root.rb_node)) {
		/*
		 * The LSB of head.next can't change to 0 from under
		 * us because we hold the mm_all_locks_mutex.
		 *
		 * We must however clear the bitflag before unlocking
		 * the vma so the users using the anon_vma->rb_root will
		 * never see our bitflag.
		 *
		 * No need of atomic instructions here, head.next
		 * can't change from under us until we release the
		 * anon_vma->root->rwsem.
		 */
		if (!__test_and_clear_bit(0, (unsigned long *)
					  &anon_vma->root->rb_root.rb_node))
			BUG();
		anon_vma_unlock_write(anon_vma);
	}
}

static void vm_unlock_mapping(struct address_space *mapping)
{
	if (test_bit(AS_MM_ALL_LOCKS, &mapping->flags)) {
		/*
		 * AS_MM_ALL_LOCKS can't change to 0 from under us
		 * because we hold the mm_all_locks_mutex.
		 */
		i_mmap_unlock_write(mapping);
		if (!test_and_clear_bit(AS_MM_ALL_LOCKS,
					&mapping->flags))
			BUG();
	}
}

/*
 * The mmap_sem cannot be released by the caller until
 * mm_drop_all_locks() returns.
 */
void mm_drop_all_locks(struct mm_struct *mm)
{
	struct vm_area_struct *vma;
	struct anon_vma_chain *avc;

	BUG_ON(down_read_trylock(&mm->mmap_sem));
	BUG_ON(!mutex_is_locked(&mm_all_locks_mutex));

	for (vma = mm->mmap; vma; vma = vma->vm_next) {
		if (vma->anon_vma)
			list_for_each_entry(avc, &vma->anon_vma_chain, same_vma)
				vm_unlock_anon_vma(avc->anon_vma);
		if (vma->vm_file && vma->vm_file->f_mapping)
			vm_unlock_mapping(vma->vm_file->f_mapping);
	}

	mutex_unlock(&mm_all_locks_mutex);
}

/*
 * initialise the VMA slab
 */
void __init mmap_init(void)
{
	int ret;

	ret = percpu_counter_init(&vm_committed_as, 0, GFP_KERNEL);
	VM_BUG_ON(ret);
}

/*
 * Initialise sysctl_user_reserve_kbytes.
 *
 * This is intended to prevent a user from starting a single memory hogging
 * process, such that they cannot recover (kill the hog) in OVERCOMMIT_NEVER
 * mode.
 *
 * The default value is min(3% of free memory, 128MB)
 * 128MB is enough to recover with sshd/login, bash, and top/kill.
 */
static int init_user_reserve(void)
{
	unsigned long free_kbytes;

	free_kbytes = global_page_state(NR_FREE_PAGES) << (PAGE_SHIFT - 10);

	sysctl_user_reserve_kbytes = min(free_kbytes / 32, 1UL << 17);
	return 0;
}
subsys_initcall(init_user_reserve);

/*
 * Initialise sysctl_admin_reserve_kbytes.
 *
 * The purpose of sysctl_admin_reserve_kbytes is to allow the sys admin
 * to log in and kill a memory hogging process.
 *
 * Systems with more than 256MB will reserve 8MB, enough to recover
 * with sshd, bash, and top in OVERCOMMIT_GUESS. Smaller systems will
 * only reserve 3% of free pages by default.
 */
static int init_admin_reserve(void)
{
	unsigned long free_kbytes;

	free_kbytes = global_page_state(NR_FREE_PAGES) << (PAGE_SHIFT - 10);

	sysctl_admin_reserve_kbytes = min(free_kbytes / 32, 1UL << 13);
	return 0;
}
subsys_initcall(init_admin_reserve);

/*
 * Reinititalise user and admin reserves if memory is added or removed.
 *
 * The default user reserve max is 128MB, and the default max for the
 * admin reserve is 8MB. These are usually, but not always, enough to
 * enable recovery from a memory hogging process using login/sshd, a shell,
 * and tools like top. It may make sense to increase or even disable the
 * reserve depending on the existence of swap or variations in the recovery
 * tools. So, the admin may have changed them.
 *
 * If memory is added and the reserves have been eliminated or increased above
 * the default max, then we'll trust the admin.
 *
 * If memory is removed and there isn't enough free memory, then we
 * need to reset the reserves.
 *
 * Otherwise keep the reserve set by the admin.
 */
static int reserve_mem_notifier(struct notifier_block *nb,
			     unsigned long action, void *data)
{
	unsigned long tmp, free_kbytes;

	switch (action) {
	case MEM_ONLINE:
		/* Default max is 128MB. Leave alone if modified by operator. */
		tmp = sysctl_user_reserve_kbytes;
		if (0 < tmp && tmp < (1UL << 17))
			init_user_reserve();

		/* Default max is 8MB.  Leave alone if modified by operator. */
		tmp = sysctl_admin_reserve_kbytes;
		if (0 < tmp && tmp < (1UL << 13))
			init_admin_reserve();

		break;
	case MEM_OFFLINE:
		free_kbytes = global_page_state(NR_FREE_PAGES) << (PAGE_SHIFT - 10);

		if (sysctl_user_reserve_kbytes > free_kbytes) {
			init_user_reserve();
			pr_info("vm.user_reserve_kbytes reset to %lu\n",
				sysctl_user_reserve_kbytes);
		}

		if (sysctl_admin_reserve_kbytes > free_kbytes) {
			init_admin_reserve();
			pr_info("vm.admin_reserve_kbytes reset to %lu\n",
				sysctl_admin_reserve_kbytes);
		}
		break;
	default:
		break;
	}
	return NOTIFY_OK;
}

static struct notifier_block reserve_mem_nb = {
	.notifier_call = reserve_mem_notifier,
};

static int __meminit init_reserve_notifier(void)
{
	if (register_hotmemory_notifier(&reserve_mem_nb))
		pr_err("Failed registering memory add/remove notifier for admin reserve\n");

	return 0;
}
subsys_initcall(init_reserve_notifier);