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Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -07001 CPUSETS
2 -------
3
4Copyright (C) 2004 BULL SA.
5Written by Simon.Derr@bull.net
6
Christoph Lameterb4fb3762006-03-14 19:50:20 -08007Portions Copyright (c) 2004-2006 Silicon Graphics, Inc.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -07008Modified by Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Christoph Lameterb4fb3762006-03-14 19:50:20 -08009Modified by Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Paul Menage8793d852007-10-18 23:39:39 -070010Modified by Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Hidetoshi Seto4d5f3552008-04-15 14:03:17 +090011Modified by Hidetoshi Seto <seto.hidetoshi@jp.fujitsu.com>
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070012
13CONTENTS:
14=========
15
161. Cpusets
17 1.1 What are cpusets ?
18 1.2 Why are cpusets needed ?
19 1.3 How are cpusets implemented ?
Paul Jacksonbd5e09c2006-01-08 01:01:50 -080020 1.4 What are exclusive cpusets ?
Paul Menage8793d852007-10-18 23:39:39 -070021 1.5 What is memory_pressure ?
22 1.6 What is memory spread ?
Paul Jackson029190c2007-10-18 23:40:20 -070023 1.7 What is sched_load_balance ?
Hidetoshi Seto4d5f3552008-04-15 14:03:17 +090024 1.8 What is sched_relax_domain_level ?
25 1.9 How do I use cpusets ?
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700262. Usage Examples and Syntax
27 2.1 Basic Usage
28 2.2 Adding/removing cpus
29 2.3 Setting flags
30 2.4 Attaching processes
313. Questions
324. Contact
33
341. Cpusets
35==========
36
371.1 What are cpusets ?
38----------------------
39
40Cpusets provide a mechanism for assigning a set of CPUs and Memory
Christoph Lameter0e1e7c72007-10-16 01:25:38 -070041Nodes to a set of tasks. In this document "Memory Node" refers to
42an on-line node that contains memory.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070043
44Cpusets constrain the CPU and Memory placement of tasks to only
Greg Thelen5239c4f2010-03-24 14:48:30 -070045the resources within a task's current cpuset. They form a nested
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070046hierarchy visible in a virtual file system. These are the essential
47hooks, beyond what is already present, required to manage dynamic
48job placement on large systems.
49
Paul Menage8793d852007-10-18 23:39:39 -070050Cpusets use the generic cgroup subsystem described in
Matt Helsleybde5ab62008-10-18 20:27:24 -070051Documentation/cgroups/cgroups.txt.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070052
Paul Menage8793d852007-10-18 23:39:39 -070053Requests by a task, using the sched_setaffinity(2) system call to
54include CPUs in its CPU affinity mask, and using the mbind(2) and
55set_mempolicy(2) system calls to include Memory Nodes in its memory
Greg Thelen5239c4f2010-03-24 14:48:30 -070056policy, are both filtered through that task's cpuset, filtering out any
Paul Menage8793d852007-10-18 23:39:39 -070057CPUs or Memory Nodes not in that cpuset. The scheduler will not
58schedule a task on a CPU that is not allowed in its cpus_allowed
59vector, and the kernel page allocator will not allocate a page on a
Greg Thelen5239c4f2010-03-24 14:48:30 -070060node that is not allowed in the requesting task's mems_allowed vector.
Paul Menage8793d852007-10-18 23:39:39 -070061
62User level code may create and destroy cpusets by name in the cgroup
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070063virtual file system, manage the attributes and permissions of these
64cpusets and which CPUs and Memory Nodes are assigned to each cpuset,
65specify and query to which cpuset a task is assigned, and list the
66task pids assigned to a cpuset.
67
68
691.2 Why are cpusets needed ?
70----------------------------
71
72The management of large computer systems, with many processors (CPUs),
73complex memory cache hierarchies and multiple Memory Nodes having
74non-uniform access times (NUMA) presents additional challenges for
75the efficient scheduling and memory placement of processes.
76
77Frequently more modest sized systems can be operated with adequate
78efficiency just by letting the operating system automatically share
79the available CPU and Memory resources amongst the requesting tasks.
80
81But larger systems, which benefit more from careful processor and
82memory placement to reduce memory access times and contention,
83and which typically represent a larger investment for the customer,
Jean Delvare33430dc2005-10-30 15:02:20 -080084can benefit from explicitly placing jobs on properly sized subsets of
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070085the system.
86
87This can be especially valuable on:
88
89 * Web Servers running multiple instances of the same web application,
90 * Servers running different applications (for instance, a web server
91 and a database), or
92 * NUMA systems running large HPC applications with demanding
93 performance characteristics.
94
95These subsets, or "soft partitions" must be able to be dynamically
96adjusted, as the job mix changes, without impacting other concurrently
Christoph Lameterb4fb3762006-03-14 19:50:20 -080097executing jobs. The location of the running jobs pages may also be moved
98when the memory locations are changed.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -070099
100The kernel cpuset patch provides the minimum essential kernel
101mechanisms required to efficiently implement such subsets. It
102leverages existing CPU and Memory Placement facilities in the Linux
103kernel to avoid any additional impact on the critical scheduler or
104memory allocator code.
105
106
1071.3 How are cpusets implemented ?
108---------------------------------
109
Christoph Lameterb4fb3762006-03-14 19:50:20 -0800110Cpusets provide a Linux kernel mechanism to constrain which CPUs and
111Memory Nodes are used by a process or set of processes.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700112
113The Linux kernel already has a pair of mechanisms to specify on which
114CPUs a task may be scheduled (sched_setaffinity) and on which Memory
115Nodes it may obtain memory (mbind, set_mempolicy).
116
117Cpusets extends these two mechanisms as follows:
118
119 - Cpusets are sets of allowed CPUs and Memory Nodes, known to the
120 kernel.
121 - Each task in the system is attached to a cpuset, via a pointer
Paul Menage8793d852007-10-18 23:39:39 -0700122 in the task structure to a reference counted cgroup structure.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700123 - Calls to sched_setaffinity are filtered to just those CPUs
Greg Thelen5239c4f2010-03-24 14:48:30 -0700124 allowed in that task's cpuset.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700125 - Calls to mbind and set_mempolicy are filtered to just
Greg Thelen5239c4f2010-03-24 14:48:30 -0700126 those Memory Nodes allowed in that task's cpuset.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700127 - The root cpuset contains all the systems CPUs and Memory
128 Nodes.
129 - For any cpuset, one can define child cpusets containing a subset
130 of the parents CPU and Memory Node resources.
131 - The hierarchy of cpusets can be mounted at /dev/cpuset, for
132 browsing and manipulation from user space.
133 - A cpuset may be marked exclusive, which ensures that no other
Chris Samuelcaa790b2009-01-17 00:01:18 +1100134 cpuset (except direct ancestors and descendants) may contain
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700135 any overlapping CPUs or Memory Nodes.
136 - You can list all the tasks (by pid) attached to any cpuset.
137
138The implementation of cpusets requires a few, simple hooks
139into the rest of the kernel, none in performance critical paths:
140
Paul Jackson864913f2006-01-11 02:01:38 +0100141 - in init/main.c, to initialize the root cpuset at system boot.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700142 - in fork and exit, to attach and detach a task from its cpuset.
143 - in sched_setaffinity, to mask the requested CPUs by what's
Greg Thelen5239c4f2010-03-24 14:48:30 -0700144 allowed in that task's cpuset.
Li Zefan3fd076d2009-02-20 15:38:48 -0800145 - in sched.c migrate_live_tasks(), to keep migrating tasks within
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700146 the CPUs allowed by their cpuset, if possible.
147 - in the mbind and set_mempolicy system calls, to mask the requested
Greg Thelen5239c4f2010-03-24 14:48:30 -0700148 Memory Nodes by what's allowed in that task's cpuset.
Paul Jackson864913f2006-01-11 02:01:38 +0100149 - in page_alloc.c, to restrict memory to allowed nodes.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700150 - in vmscan.c, to restrict page recovery to the current cpuset.
151
Paul Menage8793d852007-10-18 23:39:39 -0700152You should mount the "cgroup" filesystem type in order to enable
153browsing and modifying the cpusets presently known to the kernel. No
154new system calls are added for cpusets - all support for querying and
155modifying cpusets is via this cpuset file system.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700156
Paul Jackson985ee7f2008-07-04 10:00:01 -0700157The /proc/<pid>/status file for each task has four added lines,
Greg Thelen5239c4f2010-03-24 14:48:30 -0700158displaying the task's cpus_allowed (on which CPUs it may be scheduled)
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700159and mems_allowed (on which Memory Nodes it may obtain memory),
Paul Jackson985ee7f2008-07-04 10:00:01 -0700160in the two formats seen in the following example:
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700161
162 Cpus_allowed: ffffffff,ffffffff,ffffffff,ffffffff
Paul Jackson985ee7f2008-07-04 10:00:01 -0700163 Cpus_allowed_list: 0-127
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700164 Mems_allowed: ffffffff,ffffffff
Paul Jackson985ee7f2008-07-04 10:00:01 -0700165 Mems_allowed_list: 0-63
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700166
Paul Menage8793d852007-10-18 23:39:39 -0700167Each cpuset is represented by a directory in the cgroup file system
168containing (on top of the standard cgroup files) the following
169files describing that cpuset:
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700170
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100171 - cpuset.cpus: list of CPUs in that cpuset
172 - cpuset.mems: list of Memory Nodes in that cpuset
173 - cpuset.memory_migrate flag: if set, move pages to cpusets nodes
174 - cpuset.cpu_exclusive flag: is cpu placement exclusive?
175 - cpuset.mem_exclusive flag: is memory placement exclusive?
176 - cpuset.mem_hardwall flag: is memory allocation hardwalled
177 - cpuset.memory_pressure: measure of how much paging pressure in cpuset
178 - cpuset.memory_spread_page flag: if set, spread page cache evenly on allowed nodes
179 - cpuset.memory_spread_slab flag: if set, spread slab cache evenly on allowed nodes
180 - cpuset.sched_load_balance flag: if set, load balance within CPUs on that cpuset
181 - cpuset.sched_relax_domain_level: the searching range when migrating tasks
Paul Jacksonbd5e09c2006-01-08 01:01:50 -0800182
183In addition, the root cpuset only has the following file:
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100184 - cpuset.memory_pressure_enabled flag: compute memory_pressure?
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700185
186New cpusets are created using the mkdir system call or shell
187command. The properties of a cpuset, such as its flags, allowed
188CPUs and Memory Nodes, and attached tasks, are modified by writing
189to the appropriate file in that cpusets directory, as listed above.
190
191The named hierarchical structure of nested cpusets allows partitioning
192a large system into nested, dynamically changeable, "soft-partitions".
193
194The attachment of each task, automatically inherited at fork by any
195children of that task, to a cpuset allows organizing the work load
196on a system into related sets of tasks such that each set is constrained
197to using the CPUs and Memory Nodes of a particular cpuset. A task
198may be re-attached to any other cpuset, if allowed by the permissions
199on the necessary cpuset file system directories.
200
201Such management of a system "in the large" integrates smoothly with
202the detailed placement done on individual tasks and memory regions
203using the sched_setaffinity, mbind and set_mempolicy system calls.
204
205The following rules apply to each cpuset:
206
207 - Its CPUs and Memory Nodes must be a subset of its parents.
Miao Xie6a7d68e2008-06-05 22:45:54 -0700208 - It can't be marked exclusive unless its parent is.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700209 - If its cpu or memory is exclusive, they may not overlap any sibling.
210
211These rules, and the natural hierarchy of cpusets, enable efficient
212enforcement of the exclusive guarantee, without having to scan all
213cpusets every time any of them change to ensure nothing overlaps a
214exclusive cpuset. Also, the use of a Linux virtual file system (vfs)
215to represent the cpuset hierarchy provides for a familiar permission
216and name space for cpusets, with a minimum of additional kernel code.
217
Paul Jackson38837fc2006-09-29 02:01:16 -0700218The cpus and mems files in the root (top_cpuset) cpuset are
219read-only. The cpus file automatically tracks the value of
220cpu_online_map using a CPU hotplug notifier, and the mems file
KOSAKI Motohiro0b720372008-02-23 15:23:41 -0800221automatically tracks the value of node_states[N_HIGH_MEMORY]--i.e.,
Christoph Lameter0e1e7c72007-10-16 01:25:38 -0700222nodes with memory--using the cpuset_track_online_nodes() hook.
Paul Jackson4c4d50f2006-08-27 01:23:51 -0700223
Paul Jacksonbd5e09c2006-01-08 01:01:50 -0800224
2251.4 What are exclusive cpusets ?
226--------------------------------
227
228If a cpuset is cpu or mem exclusive, no other cpuset, other than
Chris Samuelcaa790b2009-01-17 00:01:18 +1100229a direct ancestor or descendant, may share any of the same CPUs or
Paul Jacksonbd5e09c2006-01-08 01:01:50 -0800230Memory Nodes.
231
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100232A cpuset that is cpuset.mem_exclusive *or* cpuset.mem_hardwall is "hardwalled",
Paul Menage78608362008-04-29 01:00:26 -0700233i.e. it restricts kernel allocations for page, buffer and other data
234commonly shared by the kernel across multiple users. All cpusets,
235whether hardwalled or not, restrict allocations of memory for user
236space. This enables configuring a system so that several independent
237jobs can share common kernel data, such as file system pages, while
238isolating each job's user allocation in its own cpuset. To do this,
239construct a large mem_exclusive cpuset to hold all the jobs, and
240construct child, non-mem_exclusive cpusets for each individual job.
241Only a small amount of typical kernel memory, such as requests from
242interrupt handlers, is allowed to be taken outside even a
243mem_exclusive cpuset.
Paul Jacksonbd5e09c2006-01-08 01:01:50 -0800244
245
Paul Menage8793d852007-10-18 23:39:39 -07002461.5 What is memory_pressure ?
Paul Jacksonbd5e09c2006-01-08 01:01:50 -0800247-----------------------------
248The memory_pressure of a cpuset provides a simple per-cpuset metric
249of the rate that the tasks in a cpuset are attempting to free up in
250use memory on the nodes of the cpuset to satisfy additional memory
251requests.
252
253This enables batch managers monitoring jobs running in dedicated
254cpusets to efficiently detect what level of memory pressure that job
255is causing.
256
257This is useful both on tightly managed systems running a wide mix of
258submitted jobs, which may choose to terminate or re-prioritize jobs that
Li Zefan3fd076d2009-02-20 15:38:48 -0800259are trying to use more memory than allowed on the nodes assigned to them,
Paul Jacksonbd5e09c2006-01-08 01:01:50 -0800260and with tightly coupled, long running, massively parallel scientific
261computing jobs that will dramatically fail to meet required performance
262goals if they start to use more memory than allowed to them.
263
264This mechanism provides a very economical way for the batch manager
265to monitor a cpuset for signs of memory pressure. It's up to the
266batch manager or other user code to decide what to do about it and
267take action.
268
269==> Unless this feature is enabled by writing "1" to the special file
270 /dev/cpuset/memory_pressure_enabled, the hook in the rebalance
271 code of __alloc_pages() for this metric reduces to simply noticing
272 that the cpuset_memory_pressure_enabled flag is zero. So only
273 systems that enable this feature will compute the metric.
274
275Why a per-cpuset, running average:
276
277 Because this meter is per-cpuset, rather than per-task or mm,
278 the system load imposed by a batch scheduler monitoring this
279 metric is sharply reduced on large systems, because a scan of
280 the tasklist can be avoided on each set of queries.
281
282 Because this meter is a running average, instead of an accumulating
283 counter, a batch scheduler can detect memory pressure with a
284 single read, instead of having to read and accumulate results
285 for a period of time.
286
287 Because this meter is per-cpuset rather than per-task or mm,
288 the batch scheduler can obtain the key information, memory
289 pressure in a cpuset, with a single read, rather than having to
290 query and accumulate results over all the (dynamically changing)
291 set of tasks in the cpuset.
292
293A per-cpuset simple digital filter (requires a spinlock and 3 words
294of data per-cpuset) is kept, and updated by any task attached to that
295cpuset, if it enters the synchronous (direct) page reclaim code.
296
297A per-cpuset file provides an integer number representing the recent
298(half-life of 10 seconds) rate of direct page reclaims caused by
299the tasks in the cpuset, in units of reclaims attempted per second,
300times 1000.
301
302
Paul Menage8793d852007-10-18 23:39:39 -07003031.6 What is memory spread ?
Paul Jackson825a46a2006-03-24 03:16:03 -0800304---------------------------
305There are two boolean flag files per cpuset that control where the
306kernel allocates pages for the file system buffers and related in
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100307kernel data structures. They are called 'cpuset.memory_spread_page' and
308'cpuset.memory_spread_slab'.
Paul Jackson825a46a2006-03-24 03:16:03 -0800309
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100310If the per-cpuset boolean flag file 'cpuset.memory_spread_page' is set, then
Paul Jackson825a46a2006-03-24 03:16:03 -0800311the kernel will spread the file system buffers (page cache) evenly
312over all the nodes that the faulting task is allowed to use, instead
313of preferring to put those pages on the node where the task is running.
314
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100315If the per-cpuset boolean flag file 'cpuset.memory_spread_slab' is set,
Paul Jackson825a46a2006-03-24 03:16:03 -0800316then the kernel will spread some file system related slab caches,
317such as for inodes and dentries evenly over all the nodes that the
318faulting task is allowed to use, instead of preferring to put those
319pages on the node where the task is running.
320
321The setting of these flags does not affect anonymous data segment or
322stack segment pages of a task.
323
324By default, both kinds of memory spreading are off, and memory
325pages are allocated on the node local to where the task is running,
Greg Thelen5239c4f2010-03-24 14:48:30 -0700326except perhaps as modified by the task's NUMA mempolicy or cpuset
Paul Jackson825a46a2006-03-24 03:16:03 -0800327configuration, so long as sufficient free memory pages are available.
328
329When new cpusets are created, they inherit the memory spread settings
330of their parent.
331
332Setting memory spreading causes allocations for the affected page
Greg Thelen5239c4f2010-03-24 14:48:30 -0700333or slab caches to ignore the task's NUMA mempolicy and be spread
Paul Jackson825a46a2006-03-24 03:16:03 -0800334instead. Tasks using mbind() or set_mempolicy() calls to set NUMA
335mempolicies will not notice any change in these calls as a result of
Greg Thelen5239c4f2010-03-24 14:48:30 -0700336their containing task's memory spread settings. If memory spreading
Paul Jackson825a46a2006-03-24 03:16:03 -0800337is turned off, then the currently specified NUMA mempolicy once again
338applies to memory page allocations.
339
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100340Both 'cpuset.memory_spread_page' and 'cpuset.memory_spread_slab' are boolean flag
Paul Jackson825a46a2006-03-24 03:16:03 -0800341files. By default they contain "0", meaning that the feature is off
342for that cpuset. If a "1" is written to that file, then that turns
343the named feature on.
344
345The implementation is simple.
346
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100347Setting the flag 'cpuset.memory_spread_page' turns on a per-process flag
Paul Jackson825a46a2006-03-24 03:16:03 -0800348PF_SPREAD_PAGE for each task that is in that cpuset or subsequently
349joins that cpuset. The page allocation calls for the page cache
350is modified to perform an inline check for this PF_SPREAD_PAGE task
351flag, and if set, a call to a new routine cpuset_mem_spread_node()
352returns the node to prefer for the allocation.
353
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100354Similarly, setting 'cpuset.memory_spread_slab' turns on the flag
Paul Jackson825a46a2006-03-24 03:16:03 -0800355PF_SPREAD_SLAB, and appropriately marked slab caches will allocate
356pages from the node returned by cpuset_mem_spread_node().
357
358The cpuset_mem_spread_node() routine is also simple. It uses the
359value of a per-task rotor cpuset_mem_spread_rotor to select the next
Greg Thelen5239c4f2010-03-24 14:48:30 -0700360node in the current task's mems_allowed to prefer for the allocation.
Paul Jackson825a46a2006-03-24 03:16:03 -0800361
362This memory placement policy is also known (in other contexts) as
363round-robin or interleave.
364
365This policy can provide substantial improvements for jobs that need
366to place thread local data on the corresponding node, but that need
367to access large file system data sets that need to be spread across
368the several nodes in the jobs cpuset in order to fit. Without this
369policy, especially for jobs that might have one thread reading in the
370data set, the memory allocation across the nodes in the jobs cpuset
371can become very uneven.
372
Paul Jackson029190c2007-10-18 23:40:20 -07003731.7 What is sched_load_balance ?
374--------------------------------
Paul Jackson825a46a2006-03-24 03:16:03 -0800375
Paul Jackson029190c2007-10-18 23:40:20 -0700376The kernel scheduler (kernel/sched.c) automatically load balances
377tasks. If one CPU is underutilized, kernel code running on that
378CPU will look for tasks on other more overloaded CPUs and move those
379tasks to itself, within the constraints of such placement mechanisms
380as cpusets and sched_setaffinity.
381
382The algorithmic cost of load balancing and its impact on key shared
383kernel data structures such as the task list increases more than
384linearly with the number of CPUs being balanced. So the scheduler
Li Zefan3fd076d2009-02-20 15:38:48 -0800385has support to partition the systems CPUs into a number of sched
Paul Jackson029190c2007-10-18 23:40:20 -0700386domains such that it only load balances within each sched domain.
387Each sched domain covers some subset of the CPUs in the system;
388no two sched domains overlap; some CPUs might not be in any sched
389domain and hence won't be load balanced.
390
391Put simply, it costs less to balance between two smaller sched domains
392than one big one, but doing so means that overloads in one of the
393two domains won't be load balanced to the other one.
394
395By default, there is one sched domain covering all CPUs, except those
396marked isolated using the kernel boot time "isolcpus=" argument.
397
398This default load balancing across all CPUs is not well suited for
399the following two situations:
400 1) On large systems, load balancing across many CPUs is expensive.
401 If the system is managed using cpusets to place independent jobs
402 on separate sets of CPUs, full load balancing is unnecessary.
403 2) Systems supporting realtime on some CPUs need to minimize
404 system overhead on those CPUs, including avoiding task load
405 balancing if that is not needed.
406
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100407When the per-cpuset flag "cpuset.sched_load_balance" is enabled (the default
408setting), it requests that all the CPUs in that cpusets allowed 'cpuset.cpus'
Paul Jackson029190c2007-10-18 23:40:20 -0700409be contained in a single sched domain, ensuring that load balancing
410can move a task (not otherwised pinned, as by sched_setaffinity)
411from any CPU in that cpuset to any other.
412
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100413When the per-cpuset flag "cpuset.sched_load_balance" is disabled, then the
Paul Jackson029190c2007-10-18 23:40:20 -0700414scheduler will avoid load balancing across the CPUs in that cpuset,
415--except-- in so far as is necessary because some overlapping cpuset
416has "sched_load_balance" enabled.
417
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100418So, for example, if the top cpuset has the flag "cpuset.sched_load_balance"
Paul Jackson029190c2007-10-18 23:40:20 -0700419enabled, then the scheduler will have one sched domain covering all
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100420CPUs, and the setting of the "cpuset.sched_load_balance" flag in any other
Paul Jackson029190c2007-10-18 23:40:20 -0700421cpusets won't matter, as we're already fully load balancing.
422
423Therefore in the above two situations, the top cpuset flag
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100424"cpuset.sched_load_balance" should be disabled, and only some of the smaller,
Paul Jackson029190c2007-10-18 23:40:20 -0700425child cpusets have this flag enabled.
426
427When doing this, you don't usually want to leave any unpinned tasks in
428the top cpuset that might use non-trivial amounts of CPU, as such tasks
429may be artificially constrained to some subset of CPUs, depending on
Chris Samuelcaa790b2009-01-17 00:01:18 +1100430the particulars of this flag setting in descendant cpusets. Even if
Paul Jackson029190c2007-10-18 23:40:20 -0700431such a task could use spare CPU cycles in some other CPUs, the kernel
432scheduler might not consider the possibility of load balancing that
433task to that underused CPU.
434
435Of course, tasks pinned to a particular CPU can be left in a cpuset
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100436that disables "cpuset.sched_load_balance" as those tasks aren't going anywhere
Paul Jackson029190c2007-10-18 23:40:20 -0700437else anyway.
438
439There is an impedance mismatch here, between cpusets and sched domains.
440Cpusets are hierarchical and nest. Sched domains are flat; they don't
441overlap and each CPU is in at most one sched domain.
442
443It is necessary for sched domains to be flat because load balancing
444across partially overlapping sets of CPUs would risk unstable dynamics
445that would be beyond our understanding. So if each of two partially
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100446overlapping cpusets enables the flag 'cpuset.sched_load_balance', then we
Paul Jackson029190c2007-10-18 23:40:20 -0700447form a single sched domain that is a superset of both. We won't move
448a task to a CPU outside it cpuset, but the scheduler load balancing
449code might waste some compute cycles considering that possibility.
450
451This mismatch is why there is not a simple one-to-one relation
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100452between which cpusets have the flag "cpuset.sched_load_balance" enabled,
Paul Jackson029190c2007-10-18 23:40:20 -0700453and the sched domain configuration. If a cpuset enables the flag, it
454will get balancing across all its CPUs, but if it disables the flag,
455it will only be assured of no load balancing if no other overlapping
456cpuset enables the flag.
457
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100458If two cpusets have partially overlapping 'cpuset.cpus' allowed, and only
Paul Jackson029190c2007-10-18 23:40:20 -0700459one of them has this flag enabled, then the other may find its
460tasks only partially load balanced, just on the overlapping CPUs.
461This is just the general case of the top_cpuset example given a few
462paragraphs above. In the general case, as in the top cpuset case,
463don't leave tasks that might use non-trivial amounts of CPU in
464such partially load balanced cpusets, as they may be artificially
465constrained to some subset of the CPUs allowed to them, for lack of
466load balancing to the other CPUs.
467
4681.7.1 sched_load_balance implementation details.
469------------------------------------------------
470
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100471The per-cpuset flag 'cpuset.sched_load_balance' defaults to enabled (contrary
Paul Jackson029190c2007-10-18 23:40:20 -0700472to most cpuset flags.) When enabled for a cpuset, the kernel will
473ensure that it can load balance across all the CPUs in that cpuset
474(makes sure that all the CPUs in the cpus_allowed of that cpuset are
475in the same sched domain.)
476
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100477If two overlapping cpusets both have 'cpuset.sched_load_balance' enabled,
Paul Jackson029190c2007-10-18 23:40:20 -0700478then they will be (must be) both in the same sched domain.
479
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100480If, as is the default, the top cpuset has 'cpuset.sched_load_balance' enabled,
Paul Jackson029190c2007-10-18 23:40:20 -0700481then by the above that means there is a single sched domain covering
482the whole system, regardless of any other cpuset settings.
483
484The kernel commits to user space that it will avoid load balancing
485where it can. It will pick as fine a granularity partition of sched
486domains as it can while still providing load balancing for any set
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100487of CPUs allowed to a cpuset having 'cpuset.sched_load_balance' enabled.
Paul Jackson029190c2007-10-18 23:40:20 -0700488
489The internal kernel cpuset to scheduler interface passes from the
490cpuset code to the scheduler code a partition of the load balanced
491CPUs in the system. This partition is a set of subsets (represented
Li Zefan3fd076d2009-02-20 15:38:48 -0800492as an array of struct cpumask) of CPUs, pairwise disjoint, that cover
493all the CPUs that must be load balanced.
Paul Jackson029190c2007-10-18 23:40:20 -0700494
Li Zefan3fd076d2009-02-20 15:38:48 -0800495The cpuset code builds a new such partition and passes it to the
496scheduler sched domain setup code, to have the sched domains rebuilt
497as necessary, whenever:
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100498 - the 'cpuset.sched_load_balance' flag of a cpuset with non-empty CPUs changes,
Li Zefan3fd076d2009-02-20 15:38:48 -0800499 - or CPUs come or go from a cpuset with this flag enabled,
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100500 - or 'cpuset.sched_relax_domain_level' value of a cpuset with non-empty CPUs
Li Zefan3fd076d2009-02-20 15:38:48 -0800501 and with this flag enabled changes,
502 - or a cpuset with non-empty CPUs and with this flag enabled is removed,
503 - or a cpu is offlined/onlined.
Paul Jackson029190c2007-10-18 23:40:20 -0700504
505This partition exactly defines what sched domains the scheduler should
Li Zefan3fd076d2009-02-20 15:38:48 -0800506setup - one sched domain for each element (struct cpumask) in the
507partition.
Paul Jackson029190c2007-10-18 23:40:20 -0700508
509The scheduler remembers the currently active sched domain partitions.
510When the scheduler routine partition_sched_domains() is invoked from
511the cpuset code to update these sched domains, it compares the new
512partition requested with the current, and updates its sched domains,
513removing the old and adding the new, for each change.
514
Hidetoshi Seto4d5f3552008-04-15 14:03:17 +0900515
5161.8 What is sched_relax_domain_level ?
517--------------------------------------
518
519In sched domain, the scheduler migrates tasks in 2 ways; periodic load
520balance on tick, and at time of some schedule events.
521
522When a task is woken up, scheduler try to move the task on idle CPU.
523For example, if a task A running on CPU X activates another task B
524on the same CPU X, and if CPU Y is X's sibling and performing idle,
525then scheduler migrate task B to CPU Y so that task B can start on
526CPU Y without waiting task A on CPU X.
527
528And if a CPU run out of tasks in its runqueue, the CPU try to pull
529extra tasks from other busy CPUs to help them before it is going to
530be idle.
531
532Of course it takes some searching cost to find movable tasks and/or
533idle CPUs, the scheduler might not search all CPUs in the domain
Chris Samuelcaa790b2009-01-17 00:01:18 +1100534every time. In fact, in some architectures, the searching ranges on
Hidetoshi Seto4d5f3552008-04-15 14:03:17 +0900535events are limited in the same socket or node where the CPU locates,
Chris Samuelcaa790b2009-01-17 00:01:18 +1100536while the load balance on tick searches all.
Hidetoshi Seto4d5f3552008-04-15 14:03:17 +0900537
538For example, assume CPU Z is relatively far from CPU X. Even if CPU Z
539is idle while CPU X and the siblings are busy, scheduler can't migrate
540woken task B from X to Z since it is out of its searching range.
541As the result, task B on CPU X need to wait task A or wait load balance
542on the next tick. For some applications in special situation, waiting
5431 tick may be too long.
544
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100545The 'cpuset.sched_relax_domain_level' file allows you to request changing
Hidetoshi Seto4d5f3552008-04-15 14:03:17 +0900546this searching range as you like. This file takes int value which
547indicates size of searching range in levels ideally as follows,
548otherwise initial value -1 that indicates the cpuset has no request.
549
550 -1 : no request. use system default or follow request of others.
551 0 : no search.
552 1 : search siblings (hyperthreads in a core).
553 2 : search cores in a package.
554 3 : search cpus in a node [= system wide on non-NUMA system]
555 ( 4 : search nodes in a chunk of node [on NUMA system] )
Li Zefan30e0e172008-05-13 10:27:17 +0800556 ( 5 : search system wide [on NUMA system] )
Hidetoshi Seto4d5f3552008-04-15 14:03:17 +0900557
Paul Jackson46b6d942008-07-04 10:00:09 -0700558The system default is architecture dependent. The system default
559can be changed using the relax_domain_level= boot parameter.
560
Hidetoshi Seto4d5f3552008-04-15 14:03:17 +0900561This file is per-cpuset and affect the sched domain where the cpuset
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100562belongs to. Therefore if the flag 'cpuset.sched_load_balance' of a cpuset
563is disabled, then 'cpuset.sched_relax_domain_level' have no effect since
Hidetoshi Seto4d5f3552008-04-15 14:03:17 +0900564there is no sched domain belonging the cpuset.
565
566If multiple cpusets are overlapping and hence they form a single sched
567domain, the largest value among those is used. Be careful, if one
568requests 0 and others are -1 then 0 is used.
569
570Note that modifying this file will have both good and bad effects,
Li Zefan3fd076d2009-02-20 15:38:48 -0800571and whether it is acceptable or not depends on your situation.
Hidetoshi Seto4d5f3552008-04-15 14:03:17 +0900572Don't modify this file if you are not sure.
573
574If your situation is:
575 - The migration costs between each cpu can be assumed considerably
576 small(for you) due to your special application's behavior or
577 special hardware support for CPU cache etc.
578 - The searching cost doesn't have impact(for you) or you can make
579 the searching cost enough small by managing cpuset to compact etc.
580 - The latency is required even it sacrifices cache hit rate etc.
581then increasing 'sched_relax_domain_level' would benefit you.
582
583
5841.9 How do I use cpusets ?
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700585--------------------------
586
587In order to minimize the impact of cpusets on critical kernel
588code, such as the scheduler, and due to the fact that the kernel
589does not support one task updating the memory placement of another
590task directly, the impact on a task of changing its cpuset CPU
591or Memory Node placement, or of changing to which cpuset a task
592is attached, is subtle.
593
594If a cpuset has its Memory Nodes modified, then for each task attached
595to that cpuset, the next time that the kernel attempts to allocate
596a page of memory for that task, the kernel will notice the change
Greg Thelen5239c4f2010-03-24 14:48:30 -0700597in the task's cpuset, and update its per-task memory placement to
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700598remain within the new cpusets memory placement. If the task was using
599mempolicy MPOL_BIND, and the nodes to which it was bound overlap with
600its new cpuset, then the task will continue to use whatever subset
601of MPOL_BIND nodes are still allowed in the new cpuset. If the task
602was using MPOL_BIND and now none of its MPOL_BIND nodes are allowed
603in the new cpuset, then the task will be essentially treated as if it
Chris Samuelcaa790b2009-01-17 00:01:18 +1100604was MPOL_BIND bound to the new cpuset (even though its NUMA placement,
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700605as queried by get_mempolicy(), doesn't change). If a task is moved
Greg Thelen5239c4f2010-03-24 14:48:30 -0700606from one cpuset to another, then the kernel will adjust the task's
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700607memory placement, as above, the next time that the kernel attempts
608to allocate a page of memory for that task.
609
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100610If a cpuset has its 'cpuset.cpus' modified, then each task in that cpuset
Paul Jackson8f5aa262008-02-07 00:14:48 -0800611will have its allowed CPU placement changed immediately. Similarly,
Greg Thelen5239c4f2010-03-24 14:48:30 -0700612if a task's pid is written to another cpusets 'cpuset.tasks' file, then its
Li Zefan3fd076d2009-02-20 15:38:48 -0800613allowed CPU placement is changed immediately. If such a task had been
614bound to some subset of its cpuset using the sched_setaffinity() call,
615the task will be allowed to run on any CPU allowed in its new cpuset,
616negating the effect of the prior sched_setaffinity() call.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700617
618In summary, the memory placement of a task whose cpuset is changed is
619updated by the kernel, on the next allocation of a page for that task,
Li Zefan3fd076d2009-02-20 15:38:48 -0800620and the processor placement is updated immediately.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700621
Paul Jackson45b07ef2006-01-08 01:00:56 -0800622Normally, once a page is allocated (given a physical page
623of main memory) then that page stays on whatever node it
624was allocated, so long as it remains allocated, even if the
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100625cpusets memory placement policy 'cpuset.mems' subsequently changes.
626If the cpuset flag file 'cpuset.memory_migrate' is set true, then when
Paul Jackson45b07ef2006-01-08 01:00:56 -0800627tasks are attached to that cpuset, any pages that task had
628allocated to it on nodes in its previous cpuset are migrated
Greg Thelen5239c4f2010-03-24 14:48:30 -0700629to the task's new cpuset. The relative placement of the page within
Christoph Lameterb4fb3762006-03-14 19:50:20 -0800630the cpuset is preserved during these migration operations if possible.
631For example if the page was on the second valid node of the prior cpuset
632then the page will be placed on the second valid node of the new cpuset.
633
Greg Thelen5239c4f2010-03-24 14:48:30 -0700634Also if 'cpuset.memory_migrate' is set true, then if that cpuset's
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100635'cpuset.mems' file is modified, pages allocated to tasks in that
636cpuset, that were on nodes in the previous setting of 'cpuset.mems',
Christoph Lameterb4fb3762006-03-14 19:50:20 -0800637will be moved to nodes in the new setting of 'mems.'
Greg Thelen5239c4f2010-03-24 14:48:30 -0700638Pages that were not in the task's prior cpuset, or in the cpuset's
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100639prior 'cpuset.mems' setting, will not be moved.
Paul Jackson45b07ef2006-01-08 01:00:56 -0800640
Tobias Klauserd533f672005-09-10 00:26:46 -0700641There is an exception to the above. If hotplug functionality is used
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700642to remove all the CPUs that are currently assigned to a cpuset,
Li Zefan02499432008-09-13 02:33:09 -0700643then all the tasks in that cpuset will be moved to the nearest ancestor
644with non-empty cpus. But the moving of some (or all) tasks might fail if
645cpuset is bound with another cgroup subsystem which has some restrictions
646on task attaching. In this failing case, those tasks will stay
647in the original cpuset, and the kernel will automatically update
648their cpus_allowed to allow all online CPUs. When memory hotplug
649functionality for removing Memory Nodes is available, a similar exception
650is expected to apply there as well. In general, the kernel prefers to
651violate cpuset placement, over starving a task that has had all
652its allowed CPUs or Memory Nodes taken offline.
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700653
654There is a second exception to the above. GFP_ATOMIC requests are
655kernel internal allocations that must be satisfied, immediately.
656The kernel may drop some request, in rare cases even panic, if a
657GFP_ATOMIC alloc fails. If the request cannot be satisfied within
Greg Thelen5239c4f2010-03-24 14:48:30 -0700658the current task's cpuset, then we relax the cpuset, and look for
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700659memory anywhere we can find it. It's better to violate the cpuset
660than stress the kernel.
661
662To start a new job that is to be contained within a cpuset, the steps are:
663
664 1) mkdir /dev/cpuset
Paul Menage8793d852007-10-18 23:39:39 -0700665 2) mount -t cgroup -ocpuset cpuset /dev/cpuset
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700666 3) Create the new cpuset by doing mkdir's and write's (or echo's) in
667 the /dev/cpuset virtual file system.
668 4) Start a task that will be the "founding father" of the new job.
669 5) Attach that task to the new cpuset by writing its pid to the
670 /dev/cpuset tasks file for that cpuset.
671 6) fork, exec or clone the job tasks from this founding father task.
672
673For example, the following sequence of commands will setup a cpuset
674named "Charlie", containing just CPUs 2 and 3, and Memory Node 1,
675and then start a subshell 'sh' in that cpuset:
676
Paul Menage8793d852007-10-18 23:39:39 -0700677 mount -t cgroup -ocpuset cpuset /dev/cpuset
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700678 cd /dev/cpuset
679 mkdir Charlie
680 cd Charlie
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100681 /bin/echo 2-3 > cpuset.cpus
682 /bin/echo 1 > cpuset.mems
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700683 /bin/echo $$ > tasks
684 sh
685 # The subshell 'sh' is now running in cpuset Charlie
686 # The next line should display '/Charlie'
687 cat /proc/self/cpuset
688
Li Zefan3fd076d2009-02-20 15:38:48 -0800689There are ways to query or modify cpusets:
690 - via the cpuset file system directly, using the various cd, mkdir, echo,
691 cat, rmdir commands from the shell, or their equivalent from C.
692 - via the C library libcpuset.
693 - via the C library libcgroup.
Justin P. Mattock0ea6e612010-07-23 20:51:24 -0700694 (http://sourceforge.net/projects/libcg/)
Li Zefan3fd076d2009-02-20 15:38:48 -0800695 - via the python application cset.
696 (http://developer.novell.com/wiki/index.php/Cpuset)
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700697
698The sched_setaffinity calls can also be done at the shell prompt using
699SGI's runon or Robert Love's taskset. The mbind and set_mempolicy
700calls can be done at the shell prompt using the numactl command
701(part of Andi Kleen's numa package).
702
7032. Usage Examples and Syntax
704============================
705
7062.1 Basic Usage
707---------------
708
709Creating, modifying, using the cpusets can be done through the cpuset
710virtual filesystem.
711
712To mount it, type:
Paul Menage8793d852007-10-18 23:39:39 -0700713# mount -t cgroup -o cpuset cpuset /dev/cpuset
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700714
715Then under /dev/cpuset you can find a tree that corresponds to the
716tree of the cpusets in the system. For instance, /dev/cpuset
717is the cpuset that holds the whole system.
718
719If you want to create a new cpuset under /dev/cpuset:
720# cd /dev/cpuset
721# mkdir my_cpuset
722
723Now you want to do something with this cpuset.
724# cd my_cpuset
725
726In this directory you can find several files:
727# ls
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100728cpuset.cpu_exclusive cpuset.memory_spread_slab
729cpuset.cpus cpuset.mems
730cpuset.mem_exclusive cpuset.sched_load_balance
731cpuset.mem_hardwall cpuset.sched_relax_domain_level
732cpuset.memory_migrate notify_on_release
733cpuset.memory_pressure tasks
734cpuset.memory_spread_page
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700735
736Reading them will give you information about the state of this cpuset:
737the CPUs and Memory Nodes it can use, the processes that are using
738it, its properties. By writing to these files you can manipulate
739the cpuset.
740
741Set some flags:
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100742# /bin/echo 1 > cpuset.cpu_exclusive
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700743
744Add some cpus:
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100745# /bin/echo 0-7 > cpuset.cpus
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700746
Simon Horman2400ff72007-04-01 23:49:40 -0700747Add some mems:
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100748# /bin/echo 0-7 > cpuset.mems
Simon Horman2400ff72007-04-01 23:49:40 -0700749
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700750Now attach your shell to this cpuset:
751# /bin/echo $$ > tasks
752
753You can also create cpusets inside your cpuset by using mkdir in this
754directory.
755# mkdir my_sub_cs
756
757To remove a cpuset, just use rmdir:
758# rmdir my_sub_cs
759This will fail if the cpuset is in use (has cpusets inside, or has
760processes attached).
761
Paul Menage8793d852007-10-18 23:39:39 -0700762Note that for legacy reasons, the "cpuset" filesystem exists as a
763wrapper around the cgroup filesystem.
764
765The command
766
767mount -t cpuset X /dev/cpuset
768
769is equivalent to
770
Li Zefan3fd076d2009-02-20 15:38:48 -0800771mount -t cgroup -ocpuset,noprefix X /dev/cpuset
Paul Menage8793d852007-10-18 23:39:39 -0700772echo "/sbin/cpuset_release_agent" > /dev/cpuset/release_agent
773
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -07007742.2 Adding/removing cpus
775------------------------
776
777This is the syntax to use when writing in the cpus or mems files
778in cpuset directories:
779
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100780# /bin/echo 1-4 > cpuset.cpus -> set cpus list to cpus 1,2,3,4
781# /bin/echo 1,2,3,4 > cpuset.cpus -> set cpus list to cpus 1,2,3,4
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700782
Nikanth Karthikesanb37f2d42009-06-30 11:41:36 -0700783To add a CPU to a cpuset, write the new list of CPUs including the
784CPU to be added. To add 6 to the above cpuset:
785
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100786# /bin/echo 1-4,6 > cpuset.cpus -> set cpus list to cpus 1,2,3,4,6
Nikanth Karthikesanb37f2d42009-06-30 11:41:36 -0700787
788Similarly to remove a CPU from a cpuset, write the new list of CPUs
789without the CPU to be removed.
790
791To remove all the CPUs:
792
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100793# /bin/echo "" > cpuset.cpus -> clear cpus list
Nikanth Karthikesanb37f2d42009-06-30 11:41:36 -0700794
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -07007952.3 Setting flags
796-----------------
797
798The syntax is very simple:
799
GeunSik Lime21a05c2010-02-24 11:06:39 +0100800# /bin/echo 1 > cpuset.cpu_exclusive -> set flag 'cpuset.cpu_exclusive'
801# /bin/echo 0 > cpuset.cpu_exclusive -> unset flag 'cpuset.cpu_exclusive'
Linus Torvalds1da177e2005-04-16 15:20:36 -0700802
8032.4 Attaching processes
804-----------------------
805
806# /bin/echo PID > tasks
807
808Note that it is PID, not PIDs. You can only attach ONE task at a time.
809If you have several tasks to attach, you have to do it one after another:
810
811# /bin/echo PID1 > tasks
812# /bin/echo PID2 > tasks
813 ...
814# /bin/echo PIDn > tasks
815
816
8173. Questions
818============
819
820Q: what's up with this '/bin/echo' ?
821A: bash's builtin 'echo' command does not check calls to write() against
822 errors. If you use it in the cpuset file system, you won't be
823 able to tell whether a command succeeded or failed.
824
825Q: When I attach processes, only the first of the line gets really attached !
826A: We can only return one error code per call to write(). So you should also
827 put only ONE pid.
828
8294. Contact
830==========
831
832Web: http://www.bullopensource.org/cpuset