drivers/mtd/ubi/eba.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) International Business Machines Corp., 2006
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See
 * the GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
 *
 * Author: Artem Bityutskiy (Битюцкий Артём)
 */

/*
 * The UBI Eraseblock Association (EBA) unit.
 *
 * This unit is responsible for I/O to/from logical eraseblock.
 *
 * Although in this implementation the EBA table is fully kept and managed in
 * RAM, which assumes poor scalability, it might be (partially) maintained on
 * flash in future implementations.
 *
 * The EBA unit implements per-logical eraseblock locking. Before accessing a
 * logical eraseblock it is locked for reading or writing. The per-logical
 * eraseblock locking is implemented by means of the lock tree. The lock tree
 * is an RB-tree which refers all the currently locked logical eraseblocks. The
 * lock tree elements are &struct ltree_entry objects. They are indexed by
 * (@vol_id, @lnum) pairs.
 *
 * EBA also maintains the global sequence counter which is incremented each
 * time a logical eraseblock is mapped to a physical eraseblock and it is
 * stored in the volume identifier header. This means that each VID header has
 * a unique sequence number. The sequence number is only increased an we assume
 * 64 bits is enough to never overflow.
 */

#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/crc32.h>
#include <linux/err.h>
#include "ubi.h"

/**
 * struct ltree_entry - an entry in the lock tree.
 * @rb: links RB-tree nodes
 * @vol_id: volume ID of the locked logical eraseblock
 * @lnum: locked logical eraseblock number
 * @users: how many tasks are using this logical eraseblock or wait for it
 * @mutex: read/write mutex to implement read/write access serialization to
 * the (@vol_id, @lnum) logical eraseblock
 *
 * When a logical eraseblock is being locked - corresponding &struct ltree_entry
 * object is inserted to the lock tree (@ubi->ltree).
 */
struct ltree_entry {
	struct rb_node rb;
	int vol_id;
	int lnum;
	int users;
	struct rw_semaphore mutex;
};

/* Slab cache for lock-tree entries */
static struct kmem_cache *ltree_slab;

/**
 * next_sqnum - get next sequence number.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 *
 * This function returns next sequence number to use, which is just the current
 * global sequence counter value. It also increases the global sequence
 * counter.
 */
static unsigned long long next_sqnum(struct ubi_device *ubi)
{
	unsigned long long sqnum;

	spin_lock(&ubi->ltree_lock);
	sqnum = ubi->global_sqnum++;
	spin_unlock(&ubi->ltree_lock);

	return sqnum;
}

/**
 * ubi_get_compat - get compatibility flags of a volume.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @vol_id: volume ID
 *
 * This function returns compatibility flags for an internal volume. User
 * volumes have no compatibility flags, so %0 is returned.
 */
static int ubi_get_compat(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int vol_id)
{
	if (vol_id == UBI_LAYOUT_VOL_ID)
		return UBI_LAYOUT_VOLUME_COMPAT;
	return 0;
}

/**
 * ltree_lookup - look up the lock tree.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @vol_id: volume ID
 * @lnum: logical eraseblock number
 *
 * This function returns a pointer to the corresponding &struct ltree_entry
 * object if the logical eraseblock is locked and %NULL if it is not.
 * @ubi->ltree_lock has to be locked.
 */
static struct ltree_entry *ltree_lookup(struct ubi_device *ubi, int vol_id,
					int lnum)
{
	struct rb_node *p;

	p = ubi->ltree.rb_node;
	while (p) {
		struct ltree_entry *le;

		le = rb_entry(p, struct ltree_entry, rb);

		if (vol_id < le->vol_id)
			p = p->rb_left;
		else if (vol_id > le->vol_id)
			p = p->rb_right;
		else {
			if (lnum < le->lnum)
				p = p->rb_left;
			else if (lnum > le->lnum)
				p = p->rb_right;
			else
				return le;
		}
	}

	return NULL;
}

/**
 * ltree_add_entry - add new entry to the lock tree.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @vol_id: volume ID
 * @lnum: logical eraseblock number
 *
 * This function adds new entry for logical eraseblock (@vol_id, @lnum) to the
 * lock tree. If such entry is already there, its usage counter is increased.
 * Returns pointer to the lock tree entry or %-ENOMEM if memory allocation
 * failed.
 */
static struct ltree_entry *ltree_add_entry(struct ubi_device *ubi, int vol_id,
					   int lnum)
{
	struct ltree_entry *le, *le1, *le_free;

	le = kmem_cache_alloc(ltree_slab, GFP_NOFS);
	if (!le)
		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

	le->vol_id = vol_id;
	le->lnum = lnum;

	spin_lock(&ubi->ltree_lock);
	le1 = ltree_lookup(ubi, vol_id, lnum);

	if (le1) {
		/*
		 * This logical eraseblock is already locked. The newly
		 * allocated lock entry is not needed.
		 */
		le_free = le;
		le = le1;
	} else {
		struct rb_node **p, *parent = NULL;

		/*
		 * No lock entry, add the newly allocated one to the
		 * @ubi->ltree RB-tree.
		 */
		le_free = NULL;

		p = &ubi->ltree.rb_node;
		while (*p) {
			parent = *p;
			le1 = rb_entry(parent, struct ltree_entry, rb);

			if (vol_id < le1->vol_id)
				p = &(*p)->rb_left;
			else if (vol_id > le1->vol_id)
				p = &(*p)->rb_right;
			else {
				ubi_assert(lnum != le1->lnum);
				if (lnum < le1->lnum)
					p = &(*p)->rb_left;
				else
					p = &(*p)->rb_right;
			}
		}

		rb_link_node(&le->rb, parent, p);
		rb_insert_color(&le->rb, &ubi->ltree);
	}
	le->users += 1;
	spin_unlock(&ubi->ltree_lock);

	if (le_free)
		kmem_cache_free(ltree_slab, le_free);

	return le;
}

/**
 * leb_read_lock - lock logical eraseblock for reading.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @vol_id: volume ID
 * @lnum: logical eraseblock number
 *
 * This function locks a logical eraseblock for reading. Returns zero in case
 * of success and a negative error code in case of failure.
 */
static int leb_read_lock(struct ubi_device *ubi, int vol_id, int lnum)
{
	struct ltree_entry *le;

	le = ltree_add_entry(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
	if (IS_ERR(le))
		return PTR_ERR(le);
	down_read(&le->mutex);
	return 0;
}

/**
 * leb_read_unlock - unlock logical eraseblock.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @vol_id: volume ID
 * @lnum: logical eraseblock number
 */
static void leb_read_unlock(struct ubi_device *ubi, int vol_id, int lnum)
{
	int free = 0;
	struct ltree_entry *le;

	spin_lock(&ubi->ltree_lock);
	le = ltree_lookup(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
	le->users -= 1;
	ubi_assert(le->users >= 0);
	if (le->users == 0) {
		rb_erase(&le->rb, &ubi->ltree);
		free = 1;
	}
	spin_unlock(&ubi->ltree_lock);

	up_read(&le->mutex);
	if (free)
		kmem_cache_free(ltree_slab, le);
}

/**
 * leb_write_lock - lock logical eraseblock for writing.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @vol_id: volume ID
 * @lnum: logical eraseblock number
 *
 * This function locks a logical eraseblock for writing. Returns zero in case
 * of success and a negative error code in case of failure.
 */
static int leb_write_lock(struct ubi_device *ubi, int vol_id, int lnum)
{
	struct ltree_entry *le;

	le = ltree_add_entry(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
	if (IS_ERR(le))
		return PTR_ERR(le);
	down_write(&le->mutex);
	return 0;
}

/**
 * leb_write_unlock - unlock logical eraseblock.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @vol_id: volume ID
 * @lnum: logical eraseblock number
 */
static void leb_write_unlock(struct ubi_device *ubi, int vol_id, int lnum)
{
	int free;
	struct ltree_entry *le;

	spin_lock(&ubi->ltree_lock);
	le = ltree_lookup(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
	le->users -= 1;
	ubi_assert(le->users >= 0);
	if (le->users == 0) {
		rb_erase(&le->rb, &ubi->ltree);
		free = 1;
	} else
		free = 0;
	spin_unlock(&ubi->ltree_lock);

	up_write(&le->mutex);
	if (free)
		kmem_cache_free(ltree_slab, le);
}

/**
 * ubi_eba_unmap_leb - un-map logical eraseblock.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @vol_id: volume ID
 * @lnum: logical eraseblock number
 *
 * This function un-maps logical eraseblock @lnum and schedules corresponding
 * physical eraseblock for erasure. Returns zero in case of success and a
 * negative error code in case of failure.
 */
int ubi_eba_unmap_leb(struct ubi_device *ubi, int vol_id, int lnum)
{
	int idx = vol_id2idx(ubi, vol_id), err, pnum;
	struct ubi_volume *vol = ubi->volumes[idx];

	if (ubi->ro_mode)
		return -EROFS;

	err = leb_write_lock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
	if (err)
		return err;

	pnum = vol->eba_tbl[lnum];
	if (pnum < 0)
		/* This logical eraseblock is already unmapped */
		goto out_unlock;

	dbg_eba("erase LEB %d:%d, PEB %d", vol_id, lnum, pnum);

	vol->eba_tbl[lnum] = UBI_LEB_UNMAPPED;
	err = ubi_wl_put_peb(ubi, pnum, 0);

out_unlock:
	leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
	return err;
}

/**
 * ubi_eba_read_leb - read data.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @vol_id: volume ID
 * @lnum: logical eraseblock number
 * @buf: buffer to store the read data
 * @offset: offset from where to read
 * @len: how many bytes to read
 * @check: data CRC check flag
 *
 * If the logical eraseblock @lnum is unmapped, @buf is filled with 0xFF
 * bytes. The @check flag only makes sense for static volumes and forces
 * eraseblock data CRC checking.
 *
 * In case of success this function returns zero. In case of a static volume,
 * if data CRC mismatches - %-EBADMSG is returned. %-EBADMSG may also be
 * returned for any volume type if an ECC error was detected by the MTD device
 * driver. Other negative error cored may be returned in case of other errors.
 */
int ubi_eba_read_leb(struct ubi_device *ubi, int vol_id, int lnum, void *buf,
		     int offset, int len, int check)
{
	int err, pnum, scrub = 0, idx = vol_id2idx(ubi, vol_id);
	struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr;
	struct ubi_volume *vol = ubi->volumes[idx];
	uint32_t uninitialized_var(crc);

	err = leb_read_lock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
	if (err)
		return err;

	pnum = vol->eba_tbl[lnum];
	if (pnum < 0) {
		/*
		 * The logical eraseblock is not mapped, fill the whole buffer
		 * with 0xFF bytes. The exception is static volumes for which
		 * it is an error to read unmapped logical eraseblocks.
		 */
		dbg_eba("read %d bytes from offset %d of LEB %d:%d (unmapped)",
			len, offset, vol_id, lnum);
		leb_read_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
		ubi_assert(vol->vol_type != UBI_STATIC_VOLUME);
		memset(buf, 0xFF, len);
		return 0;
	}

	dbg_eba("read %d bytes from offset %d of LEB %d:%d, PEB %d",
		len, offset, vol_id, lnum, pnum);

	if (vol->vol_type == UBI_DYNAMIC_VOLUME)
		check = 0;

retry:
	if (check) {
		vid_hdr = ubi_zalloc_vid_hdr(ubi, GFP_NOFS);
		if (!vid_hdr) {
			err = -ENOMEM;
			goto out_unlock;
		}

		err = ubi_io_read_vid_hdr(ubi, pnum, vid_hdr, 1);
		if (err && err != UBI_IO_BITFLIPS) {
			if (err > 0) {
				/*
				 * The header is either absent or corrupted.
				 * The former case means there is a bug -
				 * switch to read-only mode just in case.
				 * The latter case means a real corruption - we
				 * may try to recover data. FIXME: but this is
				 * not implemented.
				 */
				if (err == UBI_IO_BAD_VID_HDR) {
					ubi_warn("bad VID header at PEB %d, LEB"
						 "%d:%d", pnum, vol_id, lnum);
					err = -EBADMSG;
				} else
					ubi_ro_mode(ubi);
			}
			goto out_free;
		} else if (err == UBI_IO_BITFLIPS)
			scrub = 1;

		ubi_assert(lnum < be32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->used_ebs));
		ubi_assert(len == be32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->data_size));

		crc = be32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->data_crc);
		ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
	}

	err = ubi_io_read_data(ubi, buf, pnum, offset, len);
	if (err) {
		if (err == UBI_IO_BITFLIPS) {
			scrub = 1;
			err = 0;
		} else if (err == -EBADMSG) {
			if (vol->vol_type == UBI_DYNAMIC_VOLUME)
				goto out_unlock;
			scrub = 1;
			if (!check) {
				ubi_msg("force data checking");
				check = 1;
				goto retry;
			}
		} else
			goto out_unlock;
	}

	if (check) {
		uint32_t crc1 = crc32(UBI_CRC32_INIT, buf, len);
		if (crc1 != crc) {
			ubi_warn("CRC error: calculated %#08x, must be %#08x",
				 crc1, crc);
			err = -EBADMSG;
			goto out_unlock;
		}
	}

	if (scrub)
		err = ubi_wl_scrub_peb(ubi, pnum);

	leb_read_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
	return err;

out_free:
	ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
out_unlock:
	leb_read_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
	return err;
}

/**
 * recover_peb - recover from write failure.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @pnum: the physical eraseblock to recover
 * @vol_id: volume ID
 * @lnum: logical eraseblock number
 * @buf: data which was not written because of the write failure
 * @offset: offset of the failed write
 * @len: how many bytes should have been written
 *
 * This function is called in case of a write failure and moves all good data
 * from the potentially bad physical eraseblock to a good physical eraseblock.
 * This function also writes the data which was not written due to the failure.
 * Returns new physical eraseblock number in case of success, and a negative
 * error code in case of failure.
 */
static int recover_peb(struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum, int vol_id, int lnum,
		       const void *buf, int offset, int len)
{
	int err, idx = vol_id2idx(ubi, vol_id), new_pnum, data_size, tries = 0;
	struct ubi_volume *vol = ubi->volumes[idx];
	struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr;

	vid_hdr = ubi_zalloc_vid_hdr(ubi, GFP_NOFS);
	if (!vid_hdr) {
		return -ENOMEM;
	}

	mutex_lock(&ubi->buf_mutex);

retry:
	new_pnum = ubi_wl_get_peb(ubi, UBI_UNKNOWN);
	if (new_pnum < 0) {
		mutex_unlock(&ubi->buf_mutex);
		ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
		return new_pnum;
	}

	ubi_msg("recover PEB %d, move data to PEB %d", pnum, new_pnum);

	err = ubi_io_read_vid_hdr(ubi, pnum, vid_hdr, 1);
	if (err && err != UBI_IO_BITFLIPS) {
		if (err > 0)
			err = -EIO;
		goto out_put;
	}

	vid_hdr->sqnum = cpu_to_be64(next_sqnum(ubi));
	err = ubi_io_write_vid_hdr(ubi, new_pnum, vid_hdr);
	if (err)
		goto write_error;

	data_size = offset + len;
	memset(ubi->peb_buf1 + offset, 0xFF, len);

	/* Read everything before the area where the write failure happened */
	if (offset > 0) {
		err = ubi_io_read_data(ubi, ubi->peb_buf1, pnum, 0, offset);
		if (err && err != UBI_IO_BITFLIPS)
			goto out_put;
	}

	memcpy(ubi->peb_buf1 + offset, buf, len);

	err = ubi_io_write_data(ubi, ubi->peb_buf1, new_pnum, 0, data_size);
	if (err)
		goto write_error;

	mutex_unlock(&ubi->buf_mutex);
	ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);

	vol->eba_tbl[lnum] = new_pnum;
	ubi_wl_put_peb(ubi, pnum, 1);

	ubi_msg("data was successfully recovered");
	return 0;

out_put:
	mutex_unlock(&ubi->buf_mutex);
	ubi_wl_put_peb(ubi, new_pnum, 1);
	ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
	return err;

write_error:
	/*
	 * Bad luck? This physical eraseblock is bad too? Crud. Let's try to
	 * get another one.
	 */
	ubi_warn("failed to write to PEB %d", new_pnum);
	ubi_wl_put_peb(ubi, new_pnum, 1);
	if (++tries > UBI_IO_RETRIES) {
		mutex_unlock(&ubi->buf_mutex);
		ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
		return err;
	}
	ubi_msg("try again");
	goto retry;
}

/**
 * ubi_eba_write_leb - write data to dynamic volume.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @vol_id: volume ID
 * @lnum: logical eraseblock number
 * @buf: the data to write
 * @offset: offset within the logical eraseblock where to write
 * @len: how many bytes to write
 * @dtype: data type
 *
 * This function writes data to logical eraseblock @lnum of a dynamic volume
 * @vol_id. Returns zero in case of success and a negative error code in case
 * of failure. In case of error, it is possible that something was still
 * written to the flash media, but may be some garbage.
 */
int ubi_eba_write_leb(struct ubi_device *ubi, int vol_id, int lnum,
		      const void *buf, int offset, int len, int dtype)
{
	int idx = vol_id2idx(ubi, vol_id), err, pnum, tries = 0;
	struct ubi_volume *vol = ubi->volumes[idx];
	struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr;

	if (ubi->ro_mode)
		return -EROFS;

	err = leb_write_lock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
	if (err)
		return err;

	pnum = vol->eba_tbl[lnum];
	if (pnum >= 0) {
		dbg_eba("write %d bytes at offset %d of LEB %d:%d, PEB %d",
			len, offset, vol_id, lnum, pnum);

		err = ubi_io_write_data(ubi, buf, pnum, offset, len);
		if (err) {
			ubi_warn("failed to write data to PEB %d", pnum);
			if (err == -EIO && ubi->bad_allowed)
				err = recover_peb(ubi, pnum, vol_id, lnum, buf, offset, len);
			if (err)
				ubi_ro_mode(ubi);
		}
		leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
		return err;
	}

	/*
	 * The logical eraseblock is not mapped. We have to get a free physical
	 * eraseblock and write the volume identifier header there first.
	 */
	vid_hdr = ubi_zalloc_vid_hdr(ubi, GFP_NOFS);
	if (!vid_hdr) {
		leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
		return -ENOMEM;
	}

	vid_hdr->vol_type = UBI_VID_DYNAMIC;
	vid_hdr->sqnum = cpu_to_be64(next_sqnum(ubi));
	vid_hdr->vol_id = cpu_to_be32(vol_id);
	vid_hdr->lnum = cpu_to_be32(lnum);
	vid_hdr->compat = ubi_get_compat(ubi, vol_id);
	vid_hdr->data_pad = cpu_to_be32(vol->data_pad);

retry:
	pnum = ubi_wl_get_peb(ubi, dtype);
	if (pnum < 0) {
		ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
		leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
		return pnum;
	}

	dbg_eba("write VID hdr and %d bytes at offset %d of LEB %d:%d, PEB %d",
		len, offset, vol_id, lnum, pnum);

	err = ubi_io_write_vid_hdr(ubi, pnum, vid_hdr);
	if (err) {
		ubi_warn("failed to write VID header to LEB %d:%d, PEB %d",
			 vol_id, lnum, pnum);
		goto write_error;
	}

	err = ubi_io_write_data(ubi, buf, pnum, offset, len);
	if (err) {
		ubi_warn("failed to write %d bytes at offset %d of LEB %d:%d, "
			 "PEB %d", len, offset, vol_id, lnum, pnum);
		goto write_error;
	}

	vol->eba_tbl[lnum] = pnum;

	leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
	ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
	return 0;

write_error:
	if (err != -EIO || !ubi->bad_allowed) {
		ubi_ro_mode(ubi);
		leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
		ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
		return err;
	}

	/*
	 * Fortunately, this is the first write operation to this physical
	 * eraseblock, so just put it and request a new one. We assume that if
	 * this physical eraseblock went bad, the erase code will handle that.
	 */
	err = ubi_wl_put_peb(ubi, pnum, 1);
	if (err || ++tries > UBI_IO_RETRIES) {
		ubi_ro_mode(ubi);
		leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
		ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
		return err;
	}

	vid_hdr->sqnum = cpu_to_be64(next_sqnum(ubi));
	ubi_msg("try another PEB");
	goto retry;
}

/**
 * ubi_eba_write_leb_st - write data to static volume.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @vol_id: volume ID
 * @lnum: logical eraseblock number
 * @buf: data to write
 * @len: how many bytes to write
 * @dtype: data type
 * @used_ebs: how many logical eraseblocks will this volume contain
 *
 * This function writes data to logical eraseblock @lnum of static volume
 * @vol_id. The @used_ebs argument should contain total number of logical
 * eraseblock in this static volume.
 *
 * When writing to the last logical eraseblock, the @len argument doesn't have
 * to be aligned to the minimal I/O unit size. Instead, it has to be equivalent
 * to the real data size, although the @buf buffer has to contain the
 * alignment. In all other cases, @len has to be aligned.
 *
 * It is prohibited to write more then once to logical eraseblocks of static
 * volumes. This function returns zero in case of success and a negative error
 * code in case of failure.
 */
int ubi_eba_write_leb_st(struct ubi_device *ubi, int vol_id, int lnum,
			 const void *buf, int len, int dtype, int used_ebs)
{
	int err, pnum, tries = 0, data_size = len;
	int idx = vol_id2idx(ubi, vol_id);
	struct ubi_volume *vol = ubi->volumes[idx];
	struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr;
	uint32_t crc;

	if (ubi->ro_mode)
		return -EROFS;

	if (lnum == used_ebs - 1)
		/* If this is the last LEB @len may be unaligned */
		len = ALIGN(data_size, ubi->min_io_size);
	else
		ubi_assert(len % ubi->min_io_size == 0);

	vid_hdr = ubi_zalloc_vid_hdr(ubi, GFP_NOFS);
	if (!vid_hdr)
		return -ENOMEM;

	err = leb_write_lock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
	if (err) {
		ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
		return err;
	}

	vid_hdr->sqnum = cpu_to_be64(next_sqnum(ubi));
	vid_hdr->vol_id = cpu_to_be32(vol_id);
	vid_hdr->lnum = cpu_to_be32(lnum);
	vid_hdr->compat = ubi_get_compat(ubi, vol_id);
	vid_hdr->data_pad = cpu_to_be32(vol->data_pad);

	crc = crc32(UBI_CRC32_INIT, buf, data_size);
	vid_hdr->vol_type = UBI_VID_STATIC;
	vid_hdr->data_size = cpu_to_be32(data_size);
	vid_hdr->used_ebs = cpu_to_be32(used_ebs);
	vid_hdr->data_crc = cpu_to_be32(crc);

retry:
	pnum = ubi_wl_get_peb(ubi, dtype);
	if (pnum < 0) {
		ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
		leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
		return pnum;
	}

	dbg_eba("write VID hdr and %d bytes at LEB %d:%d, PEB %d, used_ebs %d",
		len, vol_id, lnum, pnum, used_ebs);

	err = ubi_io_write_vid_hdr(ubi, pnum, vid_hdr);
	if (err) {
		ubi_warn("failed to write VID header to LEB %d:%d, PEB %d",
			 vol_id, lnum, pnum);
		goto write_error;
	}

	err = ubi_io_write_data(ubi, buf, pnum, 0, len);
	if (err) {
		ubi_warn("failed to write %d bytes of data to PEB %d",
			 len, pnum);
		goto write_error;
	}

	ubi_assert(vol->eba_tbl[lnum] < 0);
	vol->eba_tbl[lnum] = pnum;

	leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
	ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
	return 0;

write_error:
	if (err != -EIO || !ubi->bad_allowed) {
		/*
		 * This flash device does not admit of bad eraseblocks or
		 * something nasty and unexpected happened. Switch to read-only
		 * mode just in case.
		 */
		ubi_ro_mode(ubi);
		leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
		ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
		return err;
	}

	err = ubi_wl_put_peb(ubi, pnum, 1);
	if (err || ++tries > UBI_IO_RETRIES) {
		ubi_ro_mode(ubi);
		leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
		ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
		return err;
	}

	vid_hdr->sqnum = cpu_to_be64(next_sqnum(ubi));
	ubi_msg("try another PEB");
	goto retry;
}

/*
 * ubi_eba_atomic_leb_change - change logical eraseblock atomically.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @vol_id: volume ID
 * @lnum: logical eraseblock number
 * @buf: data to write
 * @len: how many bytes to write
 * @dtype: data type
 *
 * This function changes the contents of a logical eraseblock atomically. @buf
 * has to contain new logical eraseblock data, and @len - the length of the
 * data, which has to be aligned. This function guarantees that in case of an
 * unclean reboot the old contents is preserved. Returns zero in case of
 * success and a negative error code in case of failure.
 */
int ubi_eba_atomic_leb_change(struct ubi_device *ubi, int vol_id, int lnum,
			      const void *buf, int len, int dtype)
{
	int err, pnum, tries = 0, idx = vol_id2idx(ubi, vol_id);
	struct ubi_volume *vol = ubi->volumes[idx];
	struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr;
	uint32_t crc;

	if (ubi->ro_mode)
		return -EROFS;

	vid_hdr = ubi_zalloc_vid_hdr(ubi, GFP_NOFS);
	if (!vid_hdr)
		return -ENOMEM;

	err = leb_write_lock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
	if (err) {
		ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
		return err;
	}

	vid_hdr->sqnum = cpu_to_be64(next_sqnum(ubi));
	vid_hdr->vol_id = cpu_to_be32(vol_id);
	vid_hdr->lnum = cpu_to_be32(lnum);
	vid_hdr->compat = ubi_get_compat(ubi, vol_id);
	vid_hdr->data_pad = cpu_to_be32(vol->data_pad);

	crc = crc32(UBI_CRC32_INIT, buf, len);
	vid_hdr->vol_type = UBI_VID_DYNAMIC;
	vid_hdr->data_size = cpu_to_be32(len);
	vid_hdr->copy_flag = 1;
	vid_hdr->data_crc = cpu_to_be32(crc);

retry:
	pnum = ubi_wl_get_peb(ubi, dtype);
	if (pnum < 0) {
		ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
		leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
		return pnum;
	}

	dbg_eba("change LEB %d:%d, PEB %d, write VID hdr to PEB %d",
		vol_id, lnum, vol->eba_tbl[lnum], pnum);

	err = ubi_io_write_vid_hdr(ubi, pnum, vid_hdr);
	if (err) {
		ubi_warn("failed to write VID header to LEB %d:%d, PEB %d",
			 vol_id, lnum, pnum);
		goto write_error;
	}

	err = ubi_io_write_data(ubi, buf, pnum, 0, len);
	if (err) {
		ubi_warn("failed to write %d bytes of data to PEB %d",
			 len, pnum);
		goto write_error;
	}

	if (vol->eba_tbl[lnum] >= 0) {
		err = ubi_wl_put_peb(ubi, vol->eba_tbl[lnum], 1);
		if (err) {
			ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
			leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
			return err;
		}
	}

	vol->eba_tbl[lnum] = pnum;
	leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
	ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
	return 0;

write_error:
	if (err != -EIO || !ubi->bad_allowed) {
		/*
		 * This flash device does not admit of bad eraseblocks or
		 * something nasty and unexpected happened. Switch to read-only
		 * mode just in case.
		 */
		ubi_ro_mode(ubi);
		leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
		ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
		return err;
	}

	err = ubi_wl_put_peb(ubi, pnum, 1);
	if (err || ++tries > UBI_IO_RETRIES) {
		ubi_ro_mode(ubi);
		leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
		ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
		return err;
	}

	vid_hdr->sqnum = cpu_to_be64(next_sqnum(ubi));
	ubi_msg("try another PEB");
	goto retry;
}

/**
 * ltree_entry_ctor - lock tree entries slab cache constructor.
 * @obj: the lock-tree entry to construct
 * @cache: the lock tree entry slab cache
 * @flags: constructor flags
 */
static void ltree_entry_ctor(void *obj, struct kmem_cache *cache,
			     unsigned long flags)
{
	struct ltree_entry *le = obj;

	le->users = 0;
	init_rwsem(&le->mutex);
}

/**
 * ubi_eba_copy_leb - copy logical eraseblock.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @from: physical eraseblock number from where to copy
 * @to: physical eraseblock number where to copy
 * @vid_hdr: VID header of the @from physical eraseblock
 *
 * This function copies logical eraseblock from physical eraseblock @from to
 * physical eraseblock @to. The @vid_hdr buffer may be changed by this
 * function. Returns zero in case of success, %UBI_IO_BITFLIPS if the operation
 * was canceled because bit-flips were detected at the target PEB, and a
 * negative error code in case of failure.
 */
int ubi_eba_copy_leb(struct ubi_device *ubi, int from, int to,
		     struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr)
{
	int err, vol_id, lnum, data_size, aldata_size, pnum, idx;
	struct ubi_volume *vol;
	uint32_t crc;

	vol_id = be32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->vol_id);
	lnum = be32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->lnum);

	dbg_eba("copy LEB %d:%d, PEB %d to PEB %d", vol_id, lnum, from, to);

	if (vid_hdr->vol_type == UBI_VID_STATIC) {
		data_size = be32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->data_size);
		aldata_size = ALIGN(data_size, ubi->min_io_size);
	} else
		data_size = aldata_size =
			    ubi->leb_size - be32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->data_pad);

	/*
	 * We do not want anybody to write to this logical eraseblock while we
	 * are moving it, so we lock it.
	 */
	err = leb_write_lock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
	if (err)
		return err;

	mutex_lock(&ubi->buf_mutex);

	/*
	 * But the logical eraseblock might have been put by this time.
	 * Cancel if it is true.
	 */
	idx = vol_id2idx(ubi, vol_id);

	/*
	 * We may race with volume deletion/re-size, so we have to hold
	 * @ubi->volumes_lock.
	 */
	spin_lock(&ubi->volumes_lock);
	vol = ubi->volumes[idx];
	if (!vol) {
		dbg_eba("volume %d was removed meanwhile", vol_id);
		spin_unlock(&ubi->volumes_lock);
		goto out_unlock;
	}

	pnum = vol->eba_tbl[lnum];
	if (pnum != from) {
		dbg_eba("LEB %d:%d is no longer mapped to PEB %d, mapped to "
			"PEB %d, cancel", vol_id, lnum, from, pnum);
		spin_unlock(&ubi->volumes_lock);
		goto out_unlock;
	}
	spin_unlock(&ubi->volumes_lock);

	/* OK, now the LEB is locked and we can safely start moving it */

	dbg_eba("read %d bytes of data", aldata_size);
	err = ubi_io_read_data(ubi, ubi->peb_buf1, from, 0, aldata_size);
	if (err && err != UBI_IO_BITFLIPS) {
		ubi_warn("error %d while reading data from PEB %d",
			 err, from);
		goto out_unlock;
	}

	/*
	 * Now we have got to calculate how much data we have to to copy. In
	 * case of a static volume it is fairly easy - the VID header contains
	 * the data size. In case of a dynamic volume it is more difficult - we
	 * have to read the contents, cut 0xFF bytes from the end and copy only
	 * the first part. We must do this to avoid writing 0xFF bytes as it
	 * may have some side-effects. And not only this. It is important not
	 * to include those 0xFFs to CRC because later the they may be filled
	 * by data.
	 */
	if (vid_hdr->vol_type == UBI_VID_DYNAMIC)
		aldata_size = data_size =
			ubi_calc_data_len(ubi, ubi->peb_buf1, data_size);

	cond_resched();
	crc = crc32(UBI_CRC32_INIT, ubi->peb_buf1, data_size);
	cond_resched();

	/*
	 * It may turn out to me that the whole @from physical eraseblock
	 * contains only 0xFF bytes. Then we have to only write the VID header
	 * and do not write any data. This also means we should not set
	 * @vid_hdr->copy_flag, @vid_hdr->data_size, and @vid_hdr->data_crc.
	 */
	if (data_size > 0) {
		vid_hdr->copy_flag = 1;
		vid_hdr->data_size = cpu_to_be32(data_size);
		vid_hdr->data_crc = cpu_to_be32(crc);
	}
	vid_hdr->sqnum = cpu_to_be64(next_sqnum(ubi));

	err = ubi_io_write_vid_hdr(ubi, to, vid_hdr);
	if (err)
		goto out_unlock;

	cond_resched();

	/* Read the VID header back and check if it was written correctly */
	err = ubi_io_read_vid_hdr(ubi, to, vid_hdr, 1);
	if (err) {
		if (err != UBI_IO_BITFLIPS)
			ubi_warn("cannot read VID header back from PEB %d", to);
		goto out_unlock;
	}

	if (data_size > 0) {
		err = ubi_io_write_data(ubi, ubi->peb_buf1, to, 0, aldata_size);
		if (err)
			goto out_unlock;

		cond_resched();

		/*
		 * We've written the data and are going to read it back to make
		 * sure it was written correctly.
		 */

		err = ubi_io_read_data(ubi, ubi->peb_buf2, to, 0, aldata_size);
		if (err) {
			if (err != UBI_IO_BITFLIPS)
				ubi_warn("cannot read data back from PEB %d",
					 to);
			goto out_unlock;
		}

		cond_resched();

		if (memcmp(ubi->peb_buf1, ubi->peb_buf2, aldata_size)) {
			ubi_warn("read data back from PEB %d - it is different",
				 to);
			goto out_unlock;
		}
	}

	ubi_assert(vol->eba_tbl[lnum] == from);
	vol->eba_tbl[lnum] = to;

out_unlock:
	mutex_unlock(&ubi->buf_mutex);
	leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
	return err;
}

/**
 * ubi_eba_init_scan - initialize the EBA unit using scanning information.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @si: scanning information
 *
 * This function returns zero in case of success and a negative error code in
 * case of failure.
 */
int ubi_eba_init_scan(struct ubi_device *ubi, struct ubi_scan_info *si)
{
	int i, j, err, num_volumes;
	struct ubi_scan_volume *sv;
	struct ubi_volume *vol;
	struct ubi_scan_leb *seb;
	struct rb_node *rb;

	dbg_eba("initialize EBA unit");

	spin_lock_init(&ubi->ltree_lock);
	ubi->ltree = RB_ROOT;

	if (ubi_devices_cnt == 0) {
		ltree_slab = kmem_cache_create("ubi_ltree_slab",
					       sizeof(struct ltree_entry), 0,
					       0, &ltree_entry_ctor);
		if (!ltree_slab)
			return -ENOMEM;
	}

	ubi->global_sqnum = si->max_sqnum + 1;
	num_volumes = ubi->vtbl_slots + UBI_INT_VOL_COUNT;

	for (i = 0; i < num_volumes; i++) {
		vol = ubi->volumes[i];
		if (!vol)
			continue;

		cond_resched();

		vol->eba_tbl = kmalloc(vol->reserved_pebs * sizeof(int),
				       GFP_KERNEL);
		if (!vol->eba_tbl) {
			err = -ENOMEM;
			goto out_free;
		}

		for (j = 0; j < vol->reserved_pebs; j++)
			vol->eba_tbl[j] = UBI_LEB_UNMAPPED;

		sv = ubi_scan_find_sv(si, idx2vol_id(ubi, i));
		if (!sv)
			continue;

		ubi_rb_for_each_entry(rb, seb, &sv->root, u.rb) {
			if (seb->lnum >= vol->reserved_pebs)
				/*
				 * This may happen in case of an unclean reboot
				 * during re-size.
				 */
				ubi_scan_move_to_list(sv, seb, &si->erase);
			vol->eba_tbl[seb->lnum] = seb->pnum;
		}
	}

	if (ubi->bad_allowed) {
		ubi_calculate_reserved(ubi);

		if (ubi->avail_pebs < ubi->beb_rsvd_level) {
			/* No enough free physical eraseblocks */
			ubi->beb_rsvd_pebs = ubi->avail_pebs;
			ubi_warn("cannot reserve enough PEBs for bad PEB "
				 "handling, reserved %d, need %d",
				 ubi->beb_rsvd_pebs, ubi->beb_rsvd_level);
		} else
			ubi->beb_rsvd_pebs = ubi->beb_rsvd_level;

		ubi->avail_pebs -= ubi->beb_rsvd_pebs;
		ubi->rsvd_pebs  += ubi->beb_rsvd_pebs;
	}

	dbg_eba("EBA unit is initialized");
	return 0;

out_free:
	for (i = 0; i < num_volumes; i++) {
		if (!ubi->volumes[i])
			continue;
		kfree(ubi->volumes[i]->eba_tbl);
	}
	if (ubi_devices_cnt == 0)
		kmem_cache_destroy(ltree_slab);
	return err;
}

/**
 * ubi_eba_close - close EBA unit.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 */
void ubi_eba_close(const struct ubi_device *ubi)
{
	int i, num_volumes = ubi->vtbl_slots + UBI_INT_VOL_COUNT;

	dbg_eba("close EBA unit");

	for (i = 0; i < num_volumes; i++) {
		if (!ubi->volumes[i])
			continue;
		kfree(ubi->volumes[i]->eba_tbl);
	}
	if (ubi_devices_cnt == 1)
		kmem_cache_destroy(ltree_slab);
}