Documentation/DocBook/kgdb.tmpl - kernel/msm - Gitiles

 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
 	"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>

 <book id="kgdbOnLinux">
  <bookinfo>
   <title>Using kgdb and the kgdb Internals</title>

   <authorgroup>
    <author>
     <firstname>Jason</firstname>
     <surname>Wessel</surname>
     <affiliation>
      <address>
       <email>jason.wessel@windriver.com</email>
      </address>
     </affiliation>
    </author>
   </authorgroup>

   <authorgroup>
    <author>
     <firstname>Tom</firstname>
     <surname>Rini</surname>
     <affiliation>
      <address>
       <email>trini@kernel.crashing.org</email>
      </address>
     </affiliation>
    </author>
   </authorgroup>

   <authorgroup>
    <author>
     <firstname>Amit S.</firstname>
     <surname>Kale</surname>
     <affiliation>
      <address>
       <email>amitkale@linsyssoft.com</email>
      </address>
     </affiliation>
    </author>
   </authorgroup>

   <copyright>
    <year>2008</year>
    <holder>Wind River Systems, Inc.</holder>
   </copyright>
   <copyright>
    <year>2004-2005</year>
    <holder>MontaVista Software, Inc.</holder>
   </copyright>
   <copyright>
    <year>2004</year>
    <holder>Amit S. Kale</holder>
   </copyright>

   <legalnotice>
    <para>
    This file is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License
    version 2. This program is licensed "as is" without any warranty of any
    kind, whether express or implied.
    </para>

   </legalnotice>
  </bookinfo>

 <toc></toc>
   <chapter id="Introduction">
     <title>Introduction</title>
     <para>
     kgdb is a source level debugger for linux kernel. It is used along
     with gdb to debug a linux kernel.  The expectation is that gdb can
     be used to "break in" to the kernel to inspect memory, variables
     and look through a cal stack information similar to what an
     application developer would use gdb for.  It is possible to place
     breakpoints in kernel code and perform some limited execution
     stepping.
     </para>
     <para>
     Two machines are required for using kgdb. One of these machines is a
     development machine and the other is a test machine.  The kernel
     to be debugged runs on the test machine. The development machine
     runs an instance of gdb against the vmlinux file which contains
     the symbols (not boot image such as bzImage, zImage, uImage...).
     In gdb the developer specifies the connection parameters and
     connects to kgdb.  Depending on which kgdb I/O modules exist in
     the kernel for a given architecture, it may be possible to debug
     the test machine's kernel with the development machine using a
     rs232 or ethernet connection.
     </para>
   </chapter>
   <chapter id="CompilingAKernel">
     <title>Compiling a kernel</title>
     <para>
     To enable <symbol>CONFIG_KGDB</symbol>, look under the "Kernel debugging"
     and then select "KGDB: kernel debugging with remote gdb".
     </para>
     <para>
     Next you should choose one of more I/O drivers to interconnect debugging
     host and debugged target.  Early boot debugging requires a KGDB
     I/O driver that supports early debugging and the driver must be
     built into the kernel directly. Kgdb I/O driver configuration
     takes place via kernel or module parameters, see following
     chapter.
     </para>
     <para>
     The kgdb test compile options are described in the kgdb test suite chapter.
     </para>

   </chapter>
   <chapter id="EnableKGDB">
    <title>Enable kgdb for debugging</title>
    <para>
    In order to use kgdb you must activate it by passing configuration
    information to one of the kgdb I/O drivers.  If you do not pass any
    configuration information kgdb will not do anything at all.  Kgdb
    will only actively hook up to the kernel trap hooks if a kgdb I/O
    driver is loaded and configured.  If you unconfigure a kgdb I/O
    driver, kgdb will unregister all the kernel hook points.
    </para>
    <para>
    All drivers can be reconfigured at run time, if
    <symbol>CONFIG_SYSFS</symbol> and <symbol>CONFIG_MODULES</symbol>
    are enabled, by echo'ing a new config string to
    <constant>/sys/module/&lt;driver&gt;/parameter/&lt;option&gt;</constant>.
    The driver can be unconfigured by passing an empty string.  You cannot
    change the configuration while the debugger is attached.  Make sure
    to detach the debugger with the <constant>detach</constant> command
    prior to trying unconfigure a kgdb I/O driver.
    </para>
    <sect1 id="kgdbwait">
    <title>Kernel parameter: kgdbwait</title>
    <para>
    The Kernel command line option <constant>kgdbwait</constant> makes
    kgdb wait for a debugger connection during booting of a kernel.  You
    can only use this option you compiled a kgdb I/O driver into the
    kernel and you specified the I/O driver configuration as a kernel
    command line option.  The kgdbwait parameter should always follow the
    configuration parameter for the kgdb I/O driver in the kernel
    command line else the I/O driver will not be configured prior to
    asking the kernel to use it to wait.
    </para>
    <para>
    The kernel will stop and wait as early as the I/O driver and
    architecture will allow when you use this option.  If you build the
    kgdb I/O driver as a kernel module kgdbwait will not do anything.
    </para>
    </sect1>
   <sect1 id="kgdboc">
   <title>Kernel parameter: kgdboc</title>
   <para>
   The kgdboc driver was originally an abbreviation meant to stand for
   "kgdb over console".  Kgdboc is designed to work with a single
   serial port. It was meant to cover the circumstance
   where you wanted to use a serial console as your primary console as
   well as using it to perform kernel debugging.  Of course you can
   also use kgdboc without assigning a console to the same port.
   </para>
   <sect2 id="UsingKgdboc">
   <title>Using kgdboc</title>
   <para>
   You can configure kgdboc via sysfs or a module or kernel boot line
   parameter depending on if you build with CONFIG_KGDBOC as a module
   or built-in.
   <orderedlist>
   <listitem><para>From the module load or build-in</para>
   <para><constant>kgdboc=&lt;tty-device&gt;,[baud]</constant></para>
   <para>
   The example here would be if your console port was typically ttyS0, you would use something like <constant>kgdboc=ttyS0,115200</constant> or on the ARM Versatile AB you would likely use <constant>kgdboc=ttyAMA0,115200</constant>
   </para>
   </listitem>
   <listitem><para>From sysfs</para>
   <para><constant>echo ttyS0 &gt; /sys/module/kgdboc/parameters/kgdboc</constant></para>
   </listitem>
   </orderedlist>
   </para>
   <para>
   NOTE: Kgdboc does not support interrupting the target via the
   gdb remote protocol.  You must manually send a sysrq-g unless you
   have a proxy that splits console output to a terminal problem and
   has a separate port for the debugger to connect to that sends the
   sysrq-g for you.
   </para>
   <para>When using kgdboc with no debugger proxy, you can end up
   connecting the debugger for one of two entry points.  If an
   exception occurs after you have loaded kgdboc a message should print
   on the console stating it is waiting for the debugger.  In case you
   disconnect your terminal program and then connect the debugger in
   its place.  If you want to interrupt the target system and forcibly
   enter a debug session you have to issue a Sysrq sequence and then
   type the letter <constant>g</constant>.  Then you disconnect the
   terminal session and connect gdb.  Your options if you don't like
   this are to hack gdb to send the sysrq-g for you as well as on the
   initial connect, or to use a debugger proxy that allows an
   unmodified gdb to do the debugging.
   </para>
   </sect2>
   </sect1>
   <sect1 id="kgdbcon">
   <title>Kernel parameter: kgdbcon</title>
   <para>
   Kgdb supports using the gdb serial protocol to send console messages
   to the debugger when the debugger is connected and running.  There
   are two ways to activate this feature.
   <orderedlist>
   <listitem><para>Activate with the kernel command line option:</para>
   <para><constant>kgdbcon</constant></para>
   </listitem>
   <listitem><para>Use sysfs before configuring an io driver</para>
   <para>
   <constant>echo 1 &gt; /sys/module/kgdb/parameters/kgdb_use_con</constant>
   </para>
   <para>
   NOTE: If you do this after you configure the kgdb I/O driver, the
   setting will not take effect until the next point the I/O is
   reconfigured.
   </para>
   </listitem>
   </orderedlist>
   </para>
   <para>
   IMPORTANT NOTE: Using this option with kgdb over the console
   (kgdboc) or kgdb over ethernet (kgdboe) is not supported.
   </para>
   </sect1>
   </chapter>
   <chapter id="ConnectingGDB">
   <title>Connecting gdb</title>
     <para>
     If you are using kgdboc, you need to have used kgdbwait as a boot
     argument, issued a sysrq-g, or the system you are going to debug
     has already taken an exception and is waiting for the debugger to
     attach before you can connect gdb.
     </para>
     <para>
     If you are not using different kgdb I/O driver other than kgdboc,
     you should be able to connect and the target will automatically
     respond.
     </para>
     <para>
     Example (using a serial port):
     </para>
     <programlisting>
     % gdb ./vmlinux
     (gdb) set remotebaud 115200
     (gdb) target remote /dev/ttyS0
     </programlisting>
     <para>
     Example (kgdb to a terminal server):
     </para>
     <programlisting>
     % gdb ./vmlinux
     (gdb) target remote udp:192.168.2.2:6443
     </programlisting>
     <para>
     Example (kgdb over ethernet):
     </para>
     <programlisting>
     % gdb ./vmlinux
     (gdb) target remote udp:192.168.2.2:6443
     </programlisting>
     <para>
     Once connected, you can debug a kernel the way you would debug an
     application program.
     </para>
     <para>
     If you are having problems connecting or something is going
     seriously wrong while debugging, it will most often be the case
     that you want to enable gdb to be verbose about its target
     communications.  You do this prior to issuing the <constant>target
     remote</constant> command by typing in: <constant>set remote debug 1</constant>
     </para>
   </chapter>
   <chapter id="KGDBTestSuite">
     <title>kgdb Test Suite</title>
     <para>
     When kgdb is enabled in the kernel config you can also elect to
     enable the config parameter KGDB_TESTS.  Turning this on will
     enable a special kgdb I/O module which is designed to test the
     kgdb internal functions.
     </para>
     <para>
     The kgdb tests are mainly intended for developers to test the kgdb
     internals as well as a tool for developing a new kgdb architecture
     specific implementation.  These tests are not really for end users
     of the Linux kernel.  The primary source of documentation would be
     to look in the drivers/misc/kgdbts.c file.
     </para>
     <para>
     The kgdb test suite can also be configured at compile time to run
     the core set of tests by setting the kernel config parameter
     KGDB_TESTS_ON_BOOT.  This particular option is aimed at automated
     regression testing and does not require modifying the kernel boot
     config arguments.  If this is turned on, the kgdb test suite can
     be disabled by specifying "kgdbts=" as a kernel boot argument.
     </para>
   </chapter>
   <chapter id="CommonBackEndReq">
   <title>KGDB Internals</title>
   <sect1 id="kgdbArchitecture">
     <title>Architecture Specifics</title>
       <para>
       Kgdb is organized into three basic components:
       <orderedlist>
       <listitem><para>kgdb core</para>
       <para>
       The kgdb core is found in kernel/kgdb.c.  It contains:
       <itemizedlist>
       <listitem><para>All the logic to implement the gdb serial protocol</para></listitem>
       <listitem><para>A generic OS exception handler which includes sync'ing the processors into a stopped state on an multi cpu system.</para></listitem>
       <listitem><para>The API to talk to the kgdb I/O drivers</para></listitem>
       <listitem><para>The API to make calls to the arch specific kgdb implementation</para></listitem>
       <listitem><para>The logic to perform safe memory reads and writes to memory while using the debugger</para></listitem>
       <listitem><para>A full implementation for software breakpoints unless overridden by the arch</para></listitem>
       </itemizedlist>
       </para>
       </listitem>
       <listitem><para>kgdb arch specific implementation</para>
       <para>
       This implementation is generally found in arch/*/kernel/kgdb.c.
       As an example, arch/x86/kernel/kgdb.c contains the specifics to
       implement HW breakpoint as well as the initialization to
       dynamically register and unregister for the trap handlers on
       this architecture.  The arch specific portion implements:
       <itemizedlist>
       <listitem><para>contains an arch specific trap catcher which
       invokes kgdb_handle_exception() to start kgdb about doing its
       work</para></listitem>
       <listitem><para>translation to and from gdb specific packet format to pt_regs</para></listitem>
       <listitem><para>Registration and unregistration of architecture specific trap hooks</para></listitem>
       <listitem><para>Any special exception handling and cleanup</para></listitem>
       <listitem><para>NMI exception handling and cleanup</para></listitem>
       <listitem><para>(optional)HW breakpoints</para></listitem>
       </itemizedlist>
       </para>
       </listitem>
       <listitem><para>kgdb I/O driver</para>
       <para>
       Each kgdb I/O driver has to provide an implemenation for the following:
       <itemizedlist>
       <listitem><para>configuration via builtin or module</para></listitem>
       <listitem><para>dynamic configuration and kgdb hook registration calls</para></listitem>
       <listitem><para>read and write character interface</para></listitem>
       <listitem><para>A cleanup handler for unconfiguring from the kgdb core</para></listitem>
       <listitem><para>(optional) Early debug methodology</para></listitem>
       </itemizedlist>
       Any given kgdb I/O driver has to operate very closely with the
       hardware and must do it in such a way that does not enable
       interrupts or change other parts of the system context without
       completely restoring them. The kgdb core will repeatedly "poll"
       a kgdb I/O driver for characters when it needs input.  The I/O
       driver is expected to return immediately if there is no data
       available.  Doing so allows for the future possibility to touch
       watch dog hardware in such a way as to have a target system not
       reset when these are enabled.
       </para>
       </listitem>
       </orderedlist>
       </para>
       <para>
       If you are intent on adding kgdb architecture specific support
       for a new architecture, the architecture should define
       <constant>HAVE_ARCH_KGDB</constant> in the architecture specific
       Kconfig file.  This will enable kgdb for the architecture, and
       at that point you must create an architecture specific kgdb
       implementation.
       </para>
       <para>
       There are a few flags which must be set on every architecture in
       their &lt;asm/kgdb.h&gt; file.  These are:
       <itemizedlist>
         <listitem>
 	  <para>
 	  NUMREGBYTES: The size in bytes of all of the registers, so
 	  that we can ensure they will all fit into a packet.
 	  </para>
 	  <para>
 	  BUFMAX: The size in bytes of the buffer GDB will read into.
 	  This must be larger than NUMREGBYTES.
 	  </para>
 	  <para>
 	  CACHE_FLUSH_IS_SAFE: Set to 1 if it is always safe to call
 	  flush_cache_range or flush_icache_range.  On some architectures,
 	  these functions may not be safe to call on SMP since we keep other
 	  CPUs in a holding pattern.
 	  </para>
 	</listitem>
       </itemizedlist>
       </para>
       <para>
       There are also the following functions for the common backend,
       found in kernel/kgdb.c, that must be supplied by the
       architecture-specific backend unless marked as (optional), in
       which case a default function maybe used if the architecture
       does not need to provide a specific implementation.
       </para>
 !Iinclude/linux/kgdb.h
   </sect1>
   <sect1 id="kgdbocDesign">
   <title>kgdboc internals</title>
   <para>
   The kgdboc driver is actually a very thin driver that relies on the
   underlying low level to the hardware driver having "polling hooks"
   which the to which the tty driver is attached.  In the initial
   implementation of kgdboc it the serial_core was changed to expose a
   low level uart hook for doing polled mode reading and writing of a
   single character while in an atomic context.  When kgdb makes an I/O
   request to the debugger, kgdboc invokes a call back in the serial
   core which in turn uses the call back in the uart driver.  It is
   certainly possible to extend kgdboc to work with non-uart based
   consoles in the future.
   </para>
   <para>
   When using kgdboc with a uart, the uart driver must implement two callbacks in the <constant>struct uart_ops</constant>. Example from drivers/8250.c:<programlisting>
 #ifdef CONFIG_CONSOLE_POLL
 	.poll_get_char = serial8250_get_poll_char,
 	.poll_put_char = serial8250_put_poll_char,
 #endif
   </programlisting>
   Any implementation specifics around creating a polling driver use the
   <constant>#ifdef CONFIG_CONSOLE_POLL</constant>, as shown above.
   Keep in mind that polling hooks have to be implemented in such a way
   that they can be called from an atomic context and have to restore
   the state of the uart chip on return such that the system can return
   to normal when the debugger detaches.  You need to be very careful
   with any kind of lock you consider, because failing here is most
   going to mean pressing the reset button.
   </para>
   </sect1>
   </chapter>
   <chapter id="credits">
      <title>Credits</title>
 	<para>
 		The following people have contributed to this document:
 		<orderedlist>
 			<listitem><para>Amit Kale<email>amitkale@linsyssoft.com</email></para></listitem>
 			<listitem><para>Tom Rini<email>trini@kernel.crashing.org</email></para></listitem>
 		</orderedlist>
                 In March 2008 this document was completely rewritten by:
 		<itemizedlist>
 		<listitem><para>Jason Wessel<email>jason.wessel@windriver.com</email></para></listitem>
 		</itemizedlist>
 	</para>
   </chapter>
 </book>
	<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
	<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
	"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>

	<book id="kgdbOnLinux">
	<bookinfo>
	<title>Using kgdb and the kgdb Internals</title>

	<authorgroup>
	<author>
	<firstname>Jason</firstname>
	<surname>Wessel</surname>
	<affiliation>
	<address>
	<email>jason.wessel@windriver.com</email>
	</address>
	</affiliation>
	</author>
	</authorgroup>

	<authorgroup>
	<author>
	<firstname>Tom</firstname>
	<surname>Rini</surname>
	<affiliation>
	<address>
	<email>trini@kernel.crashing.org</email>
	</address>
	</affiliation>
	</author>
	</authorgroup>

	<authorgroup>
	<author>
	<firstname>Amit S.</firstname>
	<surname>Kale</surname>
	<affiliation>
	<address>
	<email>amitkale@linsyssoft.com</email>
	</address>
	</affiliation>
	</author>
	</authorgroup>

	<copyright>
	<year>2008</year>
	<holder>Wind River Systems, Inc.</holder>
	</copyright>
	<copyright>
	<year>2004-2005</year>
	<holder>MontaVista Software, Inc.</holder>
	</copyright>
	<copyright>
	<year>2004</year>
	<holder>Amit S. Kale</holder>
	</copyright>

	<legalnotice>
	<para>
	This file is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License
	version 2. This program is licensed "as is" without any warranty of any
	kind, whether express or implied.
	</para>

	</legalnotice>
	</bookinfo>

	<toc></toc>
	<chapter id="Introduction">
	<title>Introduction</title>
	<para>
	kgdb is a source level debugger for linux kernel. It is used along
	with gdb to debug a linux kernel. The expectation is that gdb can
	be used to "break in" to the kernel to inspect memory, variables
	and look through a cal stack information similar to what an
	application developer would use gdb for. It is possible to place
	breakpoints in kernel code and perform some limited execution
	stepping.
	</para>
	<para>
	Two machines are required for using kgdb. One of these machines is a
	development machine and the other is a test machine. The kernel
	to be debugged runs on the test machine. The development machine
	runs an instance of gdb against the vmlinux file which contains
	the symbols (not boot image such as bzImage, zImage, uImage...).
	In gdb the developer specifies the connection parameters and
	connects to kgdb. Depending on which kgdb I/O modules exist in
	the kernel for a given architecture, it may be possible to debug
	the test machine's kernel with the development machine using a
	rs232 or ethernet connection.
	</para>
	</chapter>
	<chapter id="CompilingAKernel">
	<title>Compiling a kernel</title>
	<para>
	To enable <symbol>CONFIG_KGDB</symbol>, look under the "Kernel debugging"
	and then select "KGDB: kernel debugging with remote gdb".
	</para>
	<para>
	Next you should choose one of more I/O drivers to interconnect debugging
	host and debugged target. Early boot debugging requires a KGDB
	I/O driver that supports early debugging and the driver must be
	built into the kernel directly. Kgdb I/O driver configuration
	takes place via kernel or module parameters, see following
	chapter.
	</para>
	<para>
	The kgdb test compile options are described in the kgdb test suite chapter.
	</para>

	</chapter>
	<chapter id="EnableKGDB">
	<title>Enable kgdb for debugging</title>
	<para>
	In order to use kgdb you must activate it by passing configuration
	information to one of the kgdb I/O drivers. If you do not pass any
	configuration information kgdb will not do anything at all. Kgdb
	will only actively hook up to the kernel trap hooks if a kgdb I/O
	driver is loaded and configured. If you unconfigure a kgdb I/O
	driver, kgdb will unregister all the kernel hook points.
	</para>
	<para>
	All drivers can be reconfigured at run time, if
	<symbol>CONFIG_SYSFS</symbol> and <symbol>CONFIG_MODULES</symbol>
	are enabled, by echo'ing a new config string to
	<constant>/sys/module/<driver>/parameter/<option></constant>.
	The driver can be unconfigured by passing an empty string. You cannot
	change the configuration while the debugger is attached. Make sure
	to detach the debugger with the <constant>detach</constant> command
	prior to trying unconfigure a kgdb I/O driver.
	</para>
	<sect1 id="kgdbwait">
	<title>Kernel parameter: kgdbwait</title>
	<para>
	The Kernel command line option <constant>kgdbwait</constant> makes
	kgdb wait for a debugger connection during booting of a kernel. You
	can only use this option you compiled a kgdb I/O driver into the
	kernel and you specified the I/O driver configuration as a kernel
	command line option. The kgdbwait parameter should always follow the
	configuration parameter for the kgdb I/O driver in the kernel
	command line else the I/O driver will not be configured prior to
	asking the kernel to use it to wait.
	</para>
	<para>
	The kernel will stop and wait as early as the I/O driver and
	architecture will allow when you use this option. If you build the
	kgdb I/O driver as a kernel module kgdbwait will not do anything.
	</para>
	</sect1>
	<sect1 id="kgdboc">
	<title>Kernel parameter: kgdboc</title>
	<para>
	The kgdboc driver was originally an abbreviation meant to stand for
	"kgdb over console". Kgdboc is designed to work with a single
	serial port. It was meant to cover the circumstance
	where you wanted to use a serial console as your primary console as
	well as using it to perform kernel debugging. Of course you can
	also use kgdboc without assigning a console to the same port.
	</para>
	<sect2 id="UsingKgdboc">
	<title>Using kgdboc</title>
	<para>
	You can configure kgdboc via sysfs or a module or kernel boot line
	parameter depending on if you build with CONFIG_KGDBOC as a module
	or built-in.
	<orderedlist>
	<listitem><para>From the module load or build-in</para>
	<para><constant>kgdboc=<tty-device>,[baud]</constant></para>
	<para>
	The example here would be if your console port was typically ttyS0, you would use something like <constant>kgdboc=ttyS0,115200</constant> or on the ARM Versatile AB you would likely use <constant>kgdboc=ttyAMA0,115200</constant>
	</para>
	</listitem>
	<listitem><para>From sysfs</para>
	<para><constant>echo ttyS0 > /sys/module/kgdboc/parameters/kgdboc</constant></para>
	</listitem>
	</orderedlist>
	</para>
	<para>
	NOTE: Kgdboc does not support interrupting the target via the
	gdb remote protocol. You must manually send a sysrq-g unless you
	have a proxy that splits console output to a terminal problem and
	has a separate port for the debugger to connect to that sends the
	sysrq-g for you.
	</para>
	<para>When using kgdboc with no debugger proxy, you can end up
	connecting the debugger for one of two entry points. If an
	exception occurs after you have loaded kgdboc a message should print
	on the console stating it is waiting for the debugger. In case you
	disconnect your terminal program and then connect the debugger in
	its place. If you want to interrupt the target system and forcibly
	enter a debug session you have to issue a Sysrq sequence and then
	type the letter <constant>g</constant>. Then you disconnect the
	terminal session and connect gdb. Your options if you don't like
	this are to hack gdb to send the sysrq-g for you as well as on the
	initial connect, or to use a debugger proxy that allows an
	unmodified gdb to do the debugging.
	</para>
	</sect2>
	</sect1>
	<sect1 id="kgdbcon">
	<title>Kernel parameter: kgdbcon</title>
	<para>
	Kgdb supports using the gdb serial protocol to send console messages
	to the debugger when the debugger is connected and running. There
	are two ways to activate this feature.
	<orderedlist>
	<listitem><para>Activate with the kernel command line option:</para>
	<para><constant>kgdbcon</constant></para>
	</listitem>
	<listitem><para>Use sysfs before configuring an io driver</para>
	<para>
	<constant>echo 1 > /sys/module/kgdb/parameters/kgdb_use_con</constant>
	</para>
	<para>
	NOTE: If you do this after you configure the kgdb I/O driver, the
	setting will not take effect until the next point the I/O is
	reconfigured.
	</para>
	</listitem>
	</orderedlist>
	</para>
	<para>
	IMPORTANT NOTE: Using this option with kgdb over the console
	(kgdboc) or kgdb over ethernet (kgdboe) is not supported.
	</para>
	</sect1>
	</chapter>
	<chapter id="ConnectingGDB">
	<title>Connecting gdb</title>
	<para>
	If you are using kgdboc, you need to have used kgdbwait as a boot
	argument, issued a sysrq-g, or the system you are going to debug
	has already taken an exception and is waiting for the debugger to
	attach before you can connect gdb.
	</para>
	<para>
	If you are not using different kgdb I/O driver other than kgdboc,
	you should be able to connect and the target will automatically
	respond.
	</para>
	<para>
	Example (using a serial port):
	</para>
	<programlisting>
	% gdb ./vmlinux
	(gdb) set remotebaud 115200
	(gdb) target remote /dev/ttyS0
	</programlisting>
	<para>
	Example (kgdb to a terminal server):
	</para>
	<programlisting>
	% gdb ./vmlinux
	(gdb) target remote udp:192.168.2.2:6443
	</programlisting>
	<para>
	Example (kgdb over ethernet):
	</para>
	<programlisting>
	% gdb ./vmlinux
	(gdb) target remote udp:192.168.2.2:6443
	</programlisting>
	<para>
	Once connected, you can debug a kernel the way you would debug an
	application program.
	</para>
	<para>
	If you are having problems connecting or something is going
	seriously wrong while debugging, it will most often be the case
	that you want to enable gdb to be verbose about its target
	communications. You do this prior to issuing the <constant>target
	remote</constant> command by typing in: <constant>set remote debug 1</constant>
	</para>
	</chapter>
	<chapter id="KGDBTestSuite">
	<title>kgdb Test Suite</title>
	<para>
	When kgdb is enabled in the kernel config you can also elect to
	enable the config parameter KGDB_TESTS. Turning this on will
	enable a special kgdb I/O module which is designed to test the
	kgdb internal functions.
	</para>
	<para>
	The kgdb tests are mainly intended for developers to test the kgdb
	internals as well as a tool for developing a new kgdb architecture
	specific implementation. These tests are not really for end users
	of the Linux kernel. The primary source of documentation would be
	to look in the drivers/misc/kgdbts.c file.
	</para>
	<para>
	The kgdb test suite can also be configured at compile time to run
	the core set of tests by setting the kernel config parameter
	KGDB_TESTS_ON_BOOT. This particular option is aimed at automated
	regression testing and does not require modifying the kernel boot
	config arguments. If this is turned on, the kgdb test suite can
	be disabled by specifying "kgdbts=" as a kernel boot argument.
	</para>
	</chapter>
	<chapter id="CommonBackEndReq">
	<title>KGDB Internals</title>
	<sect1 id="kgdbArchitecture">
	<title>Architecture Specifics</title>
	<para>
	Kgdb is organized into three basic components:
	<orderedlist>
	<listitem><para>kgdb core</para>
	<para>
	The kgdb core is found in kernel/kgdb.c. It contains:
	<itemizedlist>
	<listitem><para>All the logic to implement the gdb serial protocol</para></listitem>
	<listitem><para>A generic OS exception handler which includes sync'ing the processors into a stopped state on an multi cpu system.</para></listitem>
	<listitem><para>The API to talk to the kgdb I/O drivers</para></listitem>
	<listitem><para>The API to make calls to the arch specific kgdb implementation</para></listitem>
	<listitem><para>The logic to perform safe memory reads and writes to memory while using the debugger</para></listitem>
	<listitem><para>A full implementation for software breakpoints unless overridden by the arch</para></listitem>
	</itemizedlist>
	</para>
	</listitem>
	<listitem><para>kgdb arch specific implementation</para>
	<para>
	This implementation is generally found in arch/*/kernel/kgdb.c.
	As an example, arch/x86/kernel/kgdb.c contains the specifics to
	implement HW breakpoint as well as the initialization to
	dynamically register and unregister for the trap handlers on
	this architecture. The arch specific portion implements:
	<itemizedlist>
	<listitem><para>contains an arch specific trap catcher which
	invokes kgdb_handle_exception() to start kgdb about doing its
	work</para></listitem>
	<listitem><para>translation to and from gdb specific packet format to pt_regs</para></listitem>
	<listitem><para>Registration and unregistration of architecture specific trap hooks</para></listitem>
	<listitem><para>Any special exception handling and cleanup</para></listitem>
	<listitem><para>NMI exception handling and cleanup</para></listitem>
	<listitem><para>(optional)HW breakpoints</para></listitem>
	</itemizedlist>
	</para>
	</listitem>
	<listitem><para>kgdb I/O driver</para>
	<para>
	Each kgdb I/O driver has to provide an implemenation for the following:
	<itemizedlist>
	<listitem><para>configuration via builtin or module</para></listitem>
	<listitem><para>dynamic configuration and kgdb hook registration calls</para></listitem>
	<listitem><para>read and write character interface</para></listitem>
	<listitem><para>A cleanup handler for unconfiguring from the kgdb core</para></listitem>
	<listitem><para>(optional) Early debug methodology</para></listitem>
	</itemizedlist>
	Any given kgdb I/O driver has to operate very closely with the
	hardware and must do it in such a way that does not enable
	interrupts or change other parts of the system context without
	completely restoring them. The kgdb core will repeatedly "poll"
	a kgdb I/O driver for characters when it needs input. The I/O
	driver is expected to return immediately if there is no data
	available. Doing so allows for the future possibility to touch
	watch dog hardware in such a way as to have a target system not
	reset when these are enabled.
	</para>
	</listitem>
	</orderedlist>
	</para>
	<para>
	If you are intent on adding kgdb architecture specific support
	for a new architecture, the architecture should define
	<constant>HAVE_ARCH_KGDB</constant> in the architecture specific
	Kconfig file. This will enable kgdb for the architecture, and
	at that point you must create an architecture specific kgdb
	implementation.
	</para>
	<para>
	There are a few flags which must be set on every architecture in
	their <asm/kgdb.h> file. These are:
	<itemizedlist>
	<listitem>
	<para>
	NUMREGBYTES: The size in bytes of all of the registers, so
	that we can ensure they will all fit into a packet.
	</para>
	<para>
	BUFMAX: The size in bytes of the buffer GDB will read into.
	This must be larger than NUMREGBYTES.
	</para>
	<para>
	CACHE_FLUSH_IS_SAFE: Set to 1 if it is always safe to call
	flush_cache_range or flush_icache_range. On some architectures,
	these functions may not be safe to call on SMP since we keep other
	CPUs in a holding pattern.
	</para>
	</listitem>
	</itemizedlist>
	</para>
	<para>
	There are also the following functions for the common backend,
	found in kernel/kgdb.c, that must be supplied by the
	architecture-specific backend unless marked as (optional), in
	which case a default function maybe used if the architecture
	does not need to provide a specific implementation.
	</para>
	!Iinclude/linux/kgdb.h
	</sect1>
	<sect1 id="kgdbocDesign">
	<title>kgdboc internals</title>
	<para>
	The kgdboc driver is actually a very thin driver that relies on the
	underlying low level to the hardware driver having "polling hooks"
	which the to which the tty driver is attached. In the initial
	implementation of kgdboc it the serial_core was changed to expose a
	low level uart hook for doing polled mode reading and writing of a
	single character while in an atomic context. When kgdb makes an I/O
	request to the debugger, kgdboc invokes a call back in the serial
	core which in turn uses the call back in the uart driver. It is
	certainly possible to extend kgdboc to work with non-uart based
	consoles in the future.
	</para>
	<para>
	When using kgdboc with a uart, the uart driver must implement two callbacks in the <constant>struct uart_ops</constant>. Example from drivers/8250.c:<programlisting>
	#ifdef CONFIG_CONSOLE_POLL
	.poll_get_char = serial8250_get_poll_char,
	.poll_put_char = serial8250_put_poll_char,
	#endif
	</programlisting>
	Any implementation specifics around creating a polling driver use the
	<constant>#ifdef CONFIG_CONSOLE_POLL</constant>, as shown above.
	Keep in mind that polling hooks have to be implemented in such a way
	that they can be called from an atomic context and have to restore
	the state of the uart chip on return such that the system can return
	to normal when the debugger detaches. You need to be very careful
	with any kind of lock you consider, because failing here is most
	going to mean pressing the reset button.
	</para>
	</sect1>
	</chapter>
	<chapter id="credits">
	<title>Credits</title>
	<para>
	The following people have contributed to this document:
	<orderedlist>
	<listitem><para>Amit Kale<email>amitkale@linsyssoft.com</email></para></listitem>
	<listitem><para>Tom Rini<email>trini@kernel.crashing.org</email></para></listitem>
	</orderedlist>
	In March 2008 this document was completely rewritten by:
	<itemizedlist>
	<listitem><para>Jason Wessel<email>jason.wessel@windriver.com</email></para></listitem>
	</itemizedlist>
	</para>
	</chapter>
	</book>