src/space.cc - platform/art - Gitiles

 /*
  * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  * You may obtain a copy of the License at
  *
  *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  *
  * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */

 #include "space.h"

 #include "UniquePtr.h"
 #include "dlmalloc.h"
 #include "file.h"
 #include "image.h"
 #include "logging.h"
 #include "os.h"
 #include "utils.h"

 namespace art {

 #ifndef NDEBUG
 #define DEBUG_SPACES 1
 #endif

 #define CHECK_MEMORY_CALL(call, args, what) \
   do { \
     int rc = call args; \
     if (UNLIKELY(rc != 0)) { \
       errno = rc; \
       PLOG(FATAL) << # call << " failed for " << what; \
     } \
   } while (false)

 AllocSpace* Space::CreateAllocSpace(const std::string& name, size_t initial_size,
                                     size_t growth_limit, size_t capacity,
                                     byte* requested_begin) {
   // Memory we promise to dlmalloc before it asks for morecore.
   // Note: making this value large means that large allocations are unlikely to succeed as dlmalloc
   // will ask for this memory from sys_alloc which will fail as the footprint (this value plus the
   // size of the large allocation) will be greater than the footprint limit.
   size_t starting_size = kPageSize;
   uint64_t start_time = 0;
   if (VLOG_IS_ON(heap) || VLOG_IS_ON(startup)) {
     start_time = NanoTime();
     VLOG(startup) << "Space::CreateAllocSpace entering " << name
                   << " initial_size=" << PrettySize(initial_size)
                   << " growth_limit=" << PrettySize(growth_limit)
                   << " capacity=" << PrettySize(capacity)
                   << " requested_begin=" << reinterpret_cast<void*>(requested_begin);
   }

   // Sanity check arguments
   if (starting_size > initial_size) {
     initial_size = starting_size;
   }
   if (initial_size > growth_limit) {
     LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create alloc space (" << name << ") where the initial size ("
         << PrettySize(initial_size) << ") is larger than its capacity ("
         << PrettySize(growth_limit) << ")";
     return NULL;
   }
   if (growth_limit > capacity) {
     LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create alloc space (" << name << ") where the growth limit capacity ("
         << PrettySize(growth_limit) << ") is larger than the capacity ("
         << PrettySize(capacity) << ")";
     return NULL;
   }

   // Page align growth limit and capacity which will be used to manage mmapped storage
   growth_limit = RoundUp(growth_limit, kPageSize);
   capacity = RoundUp(capacity, kPageSize);

   UniquePtr<MemMap> mem_map(MemMap::MapAnonymous(name.c_str(), requested_begin,
                                                  capacity, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE));
   if (mem_map.get() == NULL) {
     LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to allocate pages for alloc space (" << name << ") of size "
         << PrettySize(capacity);
     return NULL;
   }

   void* mspace = AllocSpace::CreateMallocSpace(mem_map->Begin(), starting_size, initial_size);
   if (mspace == NULL) {
     LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to initialize mspace for alloc space (" << name << ")";
     return NULL;
   }

   // Protect memory beyond the initial size.
   byte* end = mem_map->Begin() + starting_size;
   if (capacity - initial_size > 0) {
     CHECK_MEMORY_CALL(mprotect, (end, capacity - initial_size, PROT_NONE), name);
   }

   // Everything is set so record in immutable structure and leave
   AllocSpace* space = new AllocSpace(name, mem_map.release(), mspace, end, growth_limit);
   if (VLOG_IS_ON(heap) || VLOG_IS_ON(startup)) {
     LOG(INFO) << "Space::CreateAllocSpace exiting (" << PrettyDuration(NanoTime() - start_time)
         << " ) " << *space;
   }
   return space;
 }

 void* AllocSpace::CreateMallocSpace(void* begin, size_t morecore_start, size_t initial_size) {
   // clear errno to allow PLOG on error
   errno = 0;
   // create mspace using our backing storage starting at begin and with a footprint of
   // morecore_start. Don't use an internal dlmalloc lock (as we already hold heap lock). When
   // morecore_start bytes of memory is exhaused morecore will be called.
   void* msp = create_mspace_with_base(begin, morecore_start, false /*locked*/);
   if (msp != NULL) {
     // Do not allow morecore requests to succeed beyond the initial size of the heap
     mspace_set_footprint_limit(msp, initial_size);
   } else {
     PLOG(ERROR) << "create_mspace_with_base failed";
   }
   return msp;
 }

 Object* AllocSpace::AllocWithoutGrowth(size_t num_bytes) {
   Object* result = reinterpret_cast<Object*>(mspace_calloc(mspace_, 1, num_bytes));
 #if DEBUG_SPACES
   if (result != NULL) {
     CHECK(Contains(result)) << "Allocation (" << reinterpret_cast<void*>(result)
         << ") not in bounds of heap " << *this;
   }
 #endif
   return result;
 }

 Object* AllocSpace::AllocWithGrowth(size_t num_bytes) {
   // Grow as much as possible within the mspace.
   size_t max_allowed = Capacity();
   mspace_set_footprint_limit(mspace_, max_allowed);
   // Try the allocation.
   void* ptr = AllocWithoutGrowth(num_bytes);
   // Shrink back down as small as possible.
   size_t footprint = mspace_footprint(mspace_);
   mspace_set_footprint_limit(mspace_, footprint);
   // Return the new allocation or NULL.
   Object* result = reinterpret_cast<Object*>(ptr);
   CHECK(result == NULL || Contains(result));
   return result;
 }

 void AllocSpace::Free(Object* ptr) {
 #if DEBUG_SPACES
   CHECK(ptr != NULL);
   CHECK(Contains(ptr)) << "Free (" << ptr << ") not in bounds of heap " << *this;
 #endif
   mspace_free(mspace_, ptr);
 }

 void AllocSpace::FreeList(size_t num_ptrs, Object** ptrs) {
 #if DEBUG_SPACES
   CHECK(ptrs != NULL);
   size_t num_broken_ptrs = 0;
   for (size_t i = 0; i < num_ptrs; i++) {
     if (!Contains(ptrs[i])) {
       num_broken_ptrs++;
       LOG(ERROR) << "FreeList[" << i << "] (" << ptrs[i] << ") not in bounds of heap " << *this;
     }
   }
   CHECK_EQ(num_broken_ptrs, 0u);
 #endif
   mspace_bulk_free(mspace_, reinterpret_cast<void**>(ptrs), num_ptrs);
 }

 // Callback from dlmalloc when it needs to increase the footprint
 extern "C" void* art_heap_morecore(void* mspace, intptr_t increment) {
   Heap* heap = Runtime::Current()->GetHeap();
   AllocSpace* space = heap->GetAllocSpace();
   if (LIKELY(space->GetMspace() == mspace)) {
     return space->MoreCore(increment);
   } else {
     // Exhaustively search alloc spaces
     const std::vector<Space*>& spaces = heap->GetSpaces();
     for (size_t i = 0; i < spaces.size(); ++i) {
       if (spaces[i]->IsAllocSpace()) {
         AllocSpace* space = spaces[i]->AsAllocSpace();
         if (mspace == space->GetMspace()) {
           return space->MoreCore(increment);
         }
       }
     }
     LOG(FATAL) << "Unexpected call to art_heap_morecore. mspace: " << mspace
                << " increment: " << increment;
     return NULL;
   }
 }

 void* AllocSpace::MoreCore(intptr_t increment) {
   byte* original_end = end_;
   if (increment != 0) {
     VLOG(heap) << "AllocSpace::MoreCore " << PrettySize(increment);
     byte* new_end = original_end + increment;
     if (increment > 0) {
 #if DEBUG_SPACES
       // Should never be asked to increase the allocation beyond the capacity of the space. Enforced
       // by mspace_set_footprint_limit.
       CHECK_LE(new_end, Begin() + Capacity());
 #endif
       CHECK_MEMORY_CALL(mprotect, (original_end, increment, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE), GetSpaceName());
     } else {
 #if DEBUG_SPACES
       // Should never be asked for negative footprint (ie before begin)
       CHECK_GT(original_end + increment, Begin());
 #endif
       // Advise we don't need the pages and protect them
       // TODO: by removing permissions to the pages we may be causing TLB shoot-down which can be
       // expensive (note the same isn't true for giving permissions to a page as the protected
       // page shouldn't be in a TLB). We should investigate performance impact of just
       // removing ignoring the memory protection change here and in Space::CreateAllocSpace. It's
       // likely just a useful debug feature.
       size_t size = -increment;
       CHECK_MEMORY_CALL(madvise, (new_end, size, MADV_DONTNEED), GetSpaceName());
       CHECK_MEMORY_CALL(mprotect, (new_end, size, PROT_NONE), GetSpaceName());
     }
     // Update end_
     end_ = new_end;
   }
   return original_end;
 }

 size_t AllocSpace::AllocationSize(const Object* obj) {
   return mspace_usable_size(const_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(obj))) + kChunkOverhead;
 }

 void MspaceMadviseCallback(void* start, void* end, void* /*arg*/) {
   // Do we have any whole pages to give back?
   start = reinterpret_cast<void*>(RoundUp(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(start), kPageSize));
   end = reinterpret_cast<void*>(RoundDown(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(end), kPageSize));
   if (end > start) {
     size_t length = reinterpret_cast<byte*>(end) - reinterpret_cast<byte*>(start);
     CHECK_MEMORY_CALL(madvise, (start, length, MADV_DONTNEED), "trim");
   }
 }

 void MspaceMadviseCallback(void* start, void* end, size_t used_bytes, void* arg) {
   // Is this chunk in use?
   if (used_bytes != 0) {
     return;
   }
   return MspaceMadviseCallback(start, end, arg);
 }

 void AllocSpace::Trim() {
   // Trim to release memory at the end of the space.
   mspace_trim(mspace_, 0);
   // Visit space looking for page-sized holes to advise the kernel we don't need.
   mspace_inspect_all(mspace_, MspaceMadviseCallback, NULL);
 }

 void AllocSpace::Walk(void(*callback)(void *start, void *end, size_t num_bytes, void* callback_arg),
                       void* arg) {
   mspace_inspect_all(mspace_, callback, arg);
 }

 size_t AllocSpace::GetFootprintLimit() {
   return mspace_footprint_limit(mspace_);
 }

 void AllocSpace::SetFootprintLimit(size_t new_size) {
   VLOG(heap) << "AllocSpace::SetFootprintLimit " << PrettySize(new_size);
   // Compare against the actual footprint, rather than the Size(), because the heap may not have
   // grown all the way to the allowed size yet.
   size_t current_space_size = mspace_footprint(mspace_);
   if (new_size < current_space_size) {
     // Don't let the space grow any more.
     new_size = current_space_size;
   }
   mspace_set_footprint_limit(mspace_, new_size);
 }

 ImageSpace* Space::CreateImageSpace(const std::string& image_file_name) {
   CHECK(!image_file_name.empty());

   uint64_t start_time = 0;
   if (VLOG_IS_ON(heap) || VLOG_IS_ON(startup)) {
     start_time = NanoTime();
     LOG(INFO) << "Space::CreateImageSpace entering" << " image_file_name=" << image_file_name;
   }

   UniquePtr<File> file(OS::OpenFile(image_file_name.c_str(), false));
   if (file.get() == NULL) {
     LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open " << image_file_name;
     return NULL;
   }
   ImageHeader image_header;
   bool success = file->ReadFully(&image_header, sizeof(image_header));
   if (!success || !image_header.IsValid()) {
     LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid image header " << image_file_name;
     return NULL;
   }
   UniquePtr<MemMap> map(MemMap::MapFileAtAddress(image_header.GetImageBegin(),
                                                  file->Length(),
                                                  // TODO: selectively PROT_EXEC stubs
                                                  PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC,
                                                  MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_FIXED,
                                                  file->Fd(),
                                                  0));
   if (map.get() == NULL) {
     LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to map " << image_file_name;
     return NULL;
   }
   CHECK_EQ(image_header.GetImageBegin(), map->Begin());
   DCHECK_EQ(0, memcmp(&image_header, map->Begin(), sizeof(ImageHeader)));

   Runtime* runtime = Runtime::Current();
   Object* jni_stub_array = image_header.GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kJniStubArray);
   runtime->SetJniDlsymLookupStub(down_cast<ByteArray*>(jni_stub_array));

   Object* ame_stub_array = image_header.GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kAbstractMethodErrorStubArray);
   runtime->SetAbstractMethodErrorStubArray(down_cast<ByteArray*>(ame_stub_array));

   Object* resolution_stub_array =
       image_header.GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kStaticResolutionStubArray);
   runtime->SetResolutionStubArray(
       down_cast<ByteArray*>(resolution_stub_array), Runtime::kStaticMethod);
   resolution_stub_array = image_header.GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kUnknownMethodResolutionStubArray);
   runtime->SetResolutionStubArray(
       down_cast<ByteArray*>(resolution_stub_array), Runtime::kUnknownMethod);

   Object* resolution_method = image_header.GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kResolutionMethod);
   runtime->SetResolutionMethod(down_cast<Method*>(resolution_method));

   Object* callee_save_method = image_header.GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kCalleeSaveMethod);
   runtime->SetCalleeSaveMethod(down_cast<Method*>(callee_save_method), Runtime::kSaveAll);
   callee_save_method = image_header.GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kRefsOnlySaveMethod);
   runtime->SetCalleeSaveMethod(down_cast<Method*>(callee_save_method), Runtime::kRefsOnly);
   callee_save_method = image_header.GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kRefsAndArgsSaveMethod);
   runtime->SetCalleeSaveMethod(down_cast<Method*>(callee_save_method), Runtime::kRefsAndArgs);

   ImageSpace* space = new ImageSpace(image_file_name, map.release());
   if (VLOG_IS_ON(heap) || VLOG_IS_ON(startup)) {
     LOG(INFO) << "Space::CreateImageSpace exiting (" << PrettyDuration(NanoTime() - start_time)
         << ") " << *space;
   }
   return space;
 }

 void ImageSpace::RecordImageAllocations(HeapBitmap* live_bitmap) const {
   uint64_t start_time = 0;
   if (VLOG_IS_ON(heap) || VLOG_IS_ON(startup)) {
     LOG(INFO) << "ImageSpace::RecordImageAllocations entering";
     start_time = NanoTime();
   }
   DCHECK(!Runtime::Current()->IsStarted());
   CHECK(live_bitmap != NULL);
   byte* current = Begin() + RoundUp(sizeof(ImageHeader), kObjectAlignment);
   byte* end = End();
   while (current < end) {
     DCHECK_ALIGNED(current, kObjectAlignment);
     const Object* obj = reinterpret_cast<const Object*>(current);
     live_bitmap->Set(obj);
     current += RoundUp(obj->SizeOf(), kObjectAlignment);
   }
   if (VLOG_IS_ON(heap) || VLOG_IS_ON(startup)) {
     LOG(INFO) << "ImageSpace::RecordImageAllocations exiting ("
         << PrettyDuration(NanoTime() - start_time) << ")";
   }
 }

 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Space& space) {
   os << (space.IsImageSpace() ? "Image" : "Alloc") << "Space["
       << "begin=" << reinterpret_cast<void*>(space.Begin())
       << ",end=" << reinterpret_cast<void*>(space.End())
       << ",size=" << PrettySize(space.Size()) << ",capacity=" << PrettySize(space.Capacity())
       << ",name=\"" << space.GetSpaceName() << "\"]";
   return os;
 }

 }  // namespace art
	/*
	* Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
	*
	* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
	* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
	* You may obtain a copy of the License at
	*
	* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
	*
	* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
	* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
	* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
	* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
	* limitations under the License.
	*/

	#include "space.h"

	#include "UniquePtr.h"
	#include "dlmalloc.h"
	#include "file.h"
	#include "image.h"
	#include "logging.h"
	#include "os.h"
	#include "utils.h"

	namespace art {

	#ifndef NDEBUG
	#define DEBUG_SPACES 1
	#endif

	#define CHECK_MEMORY_CALL(call, args, what) \
	do { \
	int rc = call args; \
	if (UNLIKELY(rc != 0)) { \
	errno = rc; \
	PLOG(FATAL) << # call << " failed for " << what; \
	} \
	} while (false)

	AllocSpace* Space::CreateAllocSpace(const std::string& name, size_t initial_size,
	size_t growth_limit, size_t capacity,
	byte* requested_begin) {
	// Memory we promise to dlmalloc before it asks for morecore.
	// Note: making this value large means that large allocations are unlikely to succeed as dlmalloc
	// will ask for this memory from sys_alloc which will fail as the footprint (this value plus the
	// size of the large allocation) will be greater than the footprint limit.
	size_t starting_size = kPageSize;
	uint64_t start_time = 0;
	if (VLOG_IS_ON(heap) \|\| VLOG_IS_ON(startup)) {
	start_time = NanoTime();
	VLOG(startup) << "Space::CreateAllocSpace entering " << name
	<< " initial_size=" << PrettySize(initial_size)
	<< " growth_limit=" << PrettySize(growth_limit)
	<< " capacity=" << PrettySize(capacity)
	<< " requested_begin=" << reinterpret_cast<void*>(requested_begin);
	}

	// Sanity check arguments
	if (starting_size > initial_size) {
	initial_size = starting_size;
	}
	if (initial_size > growth_limit) {
	LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create alloc space (" << name << ") where the initial size ("
	<< PrettySize(initial_size) << ") is larger than its capacity ("
	<< PrettySize(growth_limit) << ")";
	return NULL;
	}
	if (growth_limit > capacity) {
	LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create alloc space (" << name << ") where the growth limit capacity ("
	<< PrettySize(growth_limit) << ") is larger than the capacity ("
	<< PrettySize(capacity) << ")";
	return NULL;
	}

	// Page align growth limit and capacity which will be used to manage mmapped storage
	growth_limit = RoundUp(growth_limit, kPageSize);
	capacity = RoundUp(capacity, kPageSize);

	UniquePtr<MemMap> mem_map(MemMap::MapAnonymous(name.c_str(), requested_begin,
	capacity, PROT_READ \| PROT_WRITE));
	if (mem_map.get() == NULL) {
	LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to allocate pages for alloc space (" << name << ") of size "
	<< PrettySize(capacity);
	return NULL;
	}

	void* mspace = AllocSpace::CreateMallocSpace(mem_map->Begin(), starting_size, initial_size);
	if (mspace == NULL) {
	LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to initialize mspace for alloc space (" << name << ")";
	return NULL;
	}

	// Protect memory beyond the initial size.
	byte* end = mem_map->Begin() + starting_size;
	if (capacity - initial_size > 0) {
	CHECK_MEMORY_CALL(mprotect, (end, capacity - initial_size, PROT_NONE), name);
	}

	// Everything is set so record in immutable structure and leave
	AllocSpace* space = new AllocSpace(name, mem_map.release(), mspace, end, growth_limit);
	if (VLOG_IS_ON(heap) \|\| VLOG_IS_ON(startup)) {
	LOG(INFO) << "Space::CreateAllocSpace exiting (" << PrettyDuration(NanoTime() - start_time)
	<< " ) " << *space;
	}
	return space;
	}

	void* AllocSpace::CreateMallocSpace(void* begin, size_t morecore_start, size_t initial_size) {
	// clear errno to allow PLOG on error
	errno = 0;
	// create mspace using our backing storage starting at begin and with a footprint of
	// morecore_start. Don't use an internal dlmalloc lock (as we already hold heap lock). When
	// morecore_start bytes of memory is exhaused morecore will be called.
	void* msp = create_mspace_with_base(begin, morecore_start, false /locked/);
	if (msp != NULL) {
	// Do not allow morecore requests to succeed beyond the initial size of the heap
	mspace_set_footprint_limit(msp, initial_size);
	} else {
	PLOG(ERROR) << "create_mspace_with_base failed";
	}
	return msp;
	}

	Object* AllocSpace::AllocWithoutGrowth(size_t num_bytes) {
	Object* result = reinterpret_cast<Object*>(mspace_calloc(mspace_, 1, num_bytes));
	#if DEBUG_SPACES
	if (result != NULL) {
	CHECK(Contains(result)) << "Allocation (" << reinterpret_cast<void*>(result)
	<< ") not in bounds of heap " << *this;
	}
	#endif
	return result;
	}

	Object* AllocSpace::AllocWithGrowth(size_t num_bytes) {
	// Grow as much as possible within the mspace.
	size_t max_allowed = Capacity();
	mspace_set_footprint_limit(mspace_, max_allowed);
	// Try the allocation.
	void* ptr = AllocWithoutGrowth(num_bytes);
	// Shrink back down as small as possible.
	size_t footprint = mspace_footprint(mspace_);
	mspace_set_footprint_limit(mspace_, footprint);
	// Return the new allocation or NULL.
	Object* result = reinterpret_cast<Object*>(ptr);
	CHECK(result == NULL \|\| Contains(result));
	return result;
	}

	void AllocSpace::Free(Object* ptr) {
	#if DEBUG_SPACES
	CHECK(ptr != NULL);
	CHECK(Contains(ptr)) << "Free (" << ptr << ") not in bounds of heap " << *this;
	#endif
	mspace_free(mspace_, ptr);
	}

	void AllocSpace::FreeList(size_t num_ptrs, Object** ptrs) {
	#if DEBUG_SPACES
	CHECK(ptrs != NULL);
	size_t num_broken_ptrs = 0;
	for (size_t i = 0; i < num_ptrs; i++) {
	if (!Contains(ptrs[i])) {
	num_broken_ptrs++;
	LOG(ERROR) << "FreeList[" << i << "] (" << ptrs[i] << ") not in bounds of heap " << *this;
	}
	}
	CHECK_EQ(num_broken_ptrs, 0u);
	#endif
	mspace_bulk_free(mspace_, reinterpret_cast<void**>(ptrs), num_ptrs);
	}

	// Callback from dlmalloc when it needs to increase the footprint
	extern "C" void* art_heap_morecore(void* mspace, intptr_t increment) {
	Heap* heap = Runtime::Current()->GetHeap();
	AllocSpace* space = heap->GetAllocSpace();
	if (LIKELY(space->GetMspace() == mspace)) {
	return space->MoreCore(increment);
	} else {
	// Exhaustively search alloc spaces
	const std::vector<Space*>& spaces = heap->GetSpaces();
	for (size_t i = 0; i < spaces.size(); ++i) {
	if (spaces[i]->IsAllocSpace()) {
	AllocSpace* space = spaces[i]->AsAllocSpace();
	if (mspace == space->GetMspace()) {
	return space->MoreCore(increment);
	}
	}
	}
	LOG(FATAL) << "Unexpected call to art_heap_morecore. mspace: " << mspace
	<< " increment: " << increment;
	return NULL;
	}
	}

	void* AllocSpace::MoreCore(intptr_t increment) {
	byte* original_end = end_;
	if (increment != 0) {
	VLOG(heap) << "AllocSpace::MoreCore " << PrettySize(increment);
	byte* new_end = original_end + increment;
	if (increment > 0) {
	#if DEBUG_SPACES
	// Should never be asked to increase the allocation beyond the capacity of the space. Enforced
	// by mspace_set_footprint_limit.
	CHECK_LE(new_end, Begin() + Capacity());
	#endif
	CHECK_MEMORY_CALL(mprotect, (original_end, increment, PROT_READ \| PROT_WRITE), GetSpaceName());
	} else {
	#if DEBUG_SPACES
	// Should never be asked for negative footprint (ie before begin)
	CHECK_GT(original_end + increment, Begin());
	#endif
	// Advise we don't need the pages and protect them
	// TODO: by removing permissions to the pages we may be causing TLB shoot-down which can be
	// expensive (note the same isn't true for giving permissions to a page as the protected
	// page shouldn't be in a TLB). We should investigate performance impact of just
	// removing ignoring the memory protection change here and in Space::CreateAllocSpace. It's
	// likely just a useful debug feature.
	size_t size = -increment;
	CHECK_MEMORY_CALL(madvise, (new_end, size, MADV_DONTNEED), GetSpaceName());
	CHECK_MEMORY_CALL(mprotect, (new_end, size, PROT_NONE), GetSpaceName());
	}
	// Update end_
	end_ = new_end;
	}
	return original_end;
	}

	size_t AllocSpace::AllocationSize(const Object* obj) {
	return mspace_usable_size(const_cast<void>(reinterpret_cast<const void>(obj))) + kChunkOverhead;
	}

	void MspaceMadviseCallback(void* start, void* end, void* /arg/) {
	// Do we have any whole pages to give back?
	start = reinterpret_cast<void*>(RoundUp(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(start), kPageSize));
	end = reinterpret_cast<void*>(RoundDown(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(end), kPageSize));
	if (end > start) {
	size_t length = reinterpret_cast<byte>(end) - reinterpret_cast<byte>(start);
	CHECK_MEMORY_CALL(madvise, (start, length, MADV_DONTNEED), "trim");
	}
	}

	void MspaceMadviseCallback(void* start, void* end, size_t used_bytes, void* arg) {
	// Is this chunk in use?
	if (used_bytes != 0) {
	return;
	}
	return MspaceMadviseCallback(start, end, arg);
	}

	void AllocSpace::Trim() {
	// Trim to release memory at the end of the space.
	mspace_trim(mspace_, 0);
	// Visit space looking for page-sized holes to advise the kernel we don't need.
	mspace_inspect_all(mspace_, MspaceMadviseCallback, NULL);
	}

	void AllocSpace::Walk(void(callback)(void start, void end, size_t num_bytes, void callback_arg),
	void* arg) {
	mspace_inspect_all(mspace_, callback, arg);
	}

	size_t AllocSpace::GetFootprintLimit() {
	return mspace_footprint_limit(mspace_);
	}

	void AllocSpace::SetFootprintLimit(size_t new_size) {
	VLOG(heap) << "AllocSpace::SetFootprintLimit " << PrettySize(new_size);
	// Compare against the actual footprint, rather than the Size(), because the heap may not have
	// grown all the way to the allowed size yet.
	size_t current_space_size = mspace_footprint(mspace_);
	if (new_size < current_space_size) {
	// Don't let the space grow any more.
	new_size = current_space_size;
	}
	mspace_set_footprint_limit(mspace_, new_size);
	}

	ImageSpace* Space::CreateImageSpace(const std::string& image_file_name) {
	CHECK(!image_file_name.empty());

	uint64_t start_time = 0;
	if (VLOG_IS_ON(heap) \|\| VLOG_IS_ON(startup)) {
	start_time = NanoTime();
	LOG(INFO) << "Space::CreateImageSpace entering" << " image_file_name=" << image_file_name;
	}

	UniquePtr<File> file(OS::OpenFile(image_file_name.c_str(), false));
	if (file.get() == NULL) {
	LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open " << image_file_name;
	return NULL;
	}
	ImageHeader image_header;
	bool success = file->ReadFully(&image_header, sizeof(image_header));
	if (!success \|\| !image_header.IsValid()) {
	LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid image header " << image_file_name;
	return NULL;
	}
	UniquePtr<MemMap> map(MemMap::MapFileAtAddress(image_header.GetImageBegin(),
	file->Length(),
	// TODO: selectively PROT_EXEC stubs
	PROT_READ \| PROT_WRITE \| PROT_EXEC,
	MAP_PRIVATE \| MAP_FIXED,
	file->Fd(),
	0));
	if (map.get() == NULL) {
	LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to map " << image_file_name;
	return NULL;
	}
	CHECK_EQ(image_header.GetImageBegin(), map->Begin());
	DCHECK_EQ(0, memcmp(&image_header, map->Begin(), sizeof(ImageHeader)));

	Runtime* runtime = Runtime::Current();
	Object* jni_stub_array = image_header.GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kJniStubArray);
	runtime->SetJniDlsymLookupStub(down_cast<ByteArray*>(jni_stub_array));

	Object* ame_stub_array = image_header.GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kAbstractMethodErrorStubArray);
	runtime->SetAbstractMethodErrorStubArray(down_cast<ByteArray*>(ame_stub_array));

	Object* resolution_stub_array =
	image_header.GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kStaticResolutionStubArray);
	runtime->SetResolutionStubArray(
	down_cast<ByteArray*>(resolution_stub_array), Runtime::kStaticMethod);
	resolution_stub_array = image_header.GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kUnknownMethodResolutionStubArray);
	runtime->SetResolutionStubArray(
	down_cast<ByteArray*>(resolution_stub_array), Runtime::kUnknownMethod);

	Object* resolution_method = image_header.GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kResolutionMethod);
	runtime->SetResolutionMethod(down_cast<Method*>(resolution_method));

	Object* callee_save_method = image_header.GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kCalleeSaveMethod);
	runtime->SetCalleeSaveMethod(down_cast<Method*>(callee_save_method), Runtime::kSaveAll);
	callee_save_method = image_header.GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kRefsOnlySaveMethod);
	runtime->SetCalleeSaveMethod(down_cast<Method*>(callee_save_method), Runtime::kRefsOnly);
	callee_save_method = image_header.GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kRefsAndArgsSaveMethod);
	runtime->SetCalleeSaveMethod(down_cast<Method*>(callee_save_method), Runtime::kRefsAndArgs);

	ImageSpace* space = new ImageSpace(image_file_name, map.release());
	if (VLOG_IS_ON(heap) \|\| VLOG_IS_ON(startup)) {
	LOG(INFO) << "Space::CreateImageSpace exiting (" << PrettyDuration(NanoTime() - start_time)
	<< ") " << *space;
	}
	return space;
	}

	void ImageSpace::RecordImageAllocations(HeapBitmap* live_bitmap) const {
	uint64_t start_time = 0;
	if (VLOG_IS_ON(heap) \|\| VLOG_IS_ON(startup)) {
	LOG(INFO) << "ImageSpace::RecordImageAllocations entering";
	start_time = NanoTime();
	}
	DCHECK(!Runtime::Current()->IsStarted());
	CHECK(live_bitmap != NULL);
	byte* current = Begin() + RoundUp(sizeof(ImageHeader), kObjectAlignment);
	byte* end = End();
	while (current < end) {
	DCHECK_ALIGNED(current, kObjectAlignment);
	const Object* obj = reinterpret_cast<const Object*>(current);
	live_bitmap->Set(obj);
	current += RoundUp(obj->SizeOf(), kObjectAlignment);
	}
	if (VLOG_IS_ON(heap) \|\| VLOG_IS_ON(startup)) {
	LOG(INFO) << "ImageSpace::RecordImageAllocations exiting ("
	<< PrettyDuration(NanoTime() - start_time) << ")";
	}
	}

	std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Space& space) {
	os << (space.IsImageSpace() ? "Image" : "Alloc") << "Space["
	<< "begin=" << reinterpret_cast<void*>(space.Begin())
	<< ",end=" << reinterpret_cast<void*>(space.End())
	<< ",size=" << PrettySize(space.Size()) << ",capacity=" << PrettySize(space.Capacity())
	<< ",name=\"" << space.GetSpaceName() << "\"]";
	return os;
	}

	} // namespace art