runtime/base/bit_utils.h

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#ifndef ART_RUNTIME_BASE_BIT_UTILS_H_
#define ART_RUNTIME_BASE_BIT_UTILS_H_

#include <limits>
#include <type_traits>

#include <android-base/logging.h>

#include "base/stl_util_identity.h"

namespace art {

// Like sizeof, but count how many bits a type takes. Pass type explicitly.
template <typename T>
constexpr size_t BitSizeOf() {
  static_assert(std::is_integral<T>::value, "T must be integral");
  using unsigned_type = typename std::make_unsigned<T>::type;
  static_assert(sizeof(T) == sizeof(unsigned_type), "Unexpected type size mismatch!");
  static_assert(std::numeric_limits<unsigned_type>::radix == 2, "Unexpected radix!");
  return std::numeric_limits<unsigned_type>::digits;
}

// Like sizeof, but count how many bits a type takes. Infers type from parameter.
template <typename T>
constexpr size_t BitSizeOf(T /*x*/) {
  return BitSizeOf<T>();
}

template<typename T>
constexpr int CLZ(T x) {
  static_assert(std::is_integral<T>::value, "T must be integral");
  static_assert(std::is_unsigned<T>::value, "T must be unsigned");
  static_assert(std::numeric_limits<T>::radix == 2, "Unexpected radix!");
  static_assert(sizeof(T) == sizeof(uint64_t) || sizeof(T) <= sizeof(uint32_t),
                "Unsupported sizeof(T)");
  DCHECK_NE(x, 0u);
  constexpr bool is_64_bit = (sizeof(T) == sizeof(uint64_t));
  constexpr size_t adjustment =
      is_64_bit ? 0u : std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::digits - std::numeric_limits<T>::digits;
  return is_64_bit ? __builtin_clzll(x) : __builtin_clz(x) - adjustment;
}

// Similar to CLZ except that on zero input it returns bitwidth and supports signed integers.
template<typename T>
constexpr int JAVASTYLE_CLZ(T x) {
  static_assert(std::is_integral<T>::value, "T must be integral");
  using unsigned_type = typename std::make_unsigned<T>::type;
  return (x == 0) ? BitSizeOf<T>() : CLZ(static_cast<unsigned_type>(x));
}

template<typename T>
constexpr int CTZ(T x) {
  static_assert(std::is_integral<T>::value, "T must be integral");
  // It is not unreasonable to ask for trailing zeros in a negative number. As such, do not check
  // that T is an unsigned type.
  static_assert(sizeof(T) == sizeof(uint64_t) || sizeof(T) <= sizeof(uint32_t),
                "Unsupported sizeof(T)");
  DCHECK_NE(x, static_cast<T>(0));
  return (sizeof(T) == sizeof(uint64_t)) ? __builtin_ctzll(x) : __builtin_ctz(x);
}

// Similar to CTZ except that on zero input it returns bitwidth and supports signed integers.
template<typename T>
constexpr int JAVASTYLE_CTZ(T x) {
  static_assert(std::is_integral<T>::value, "T must be integral");
  using unsigned_type = typename std::make_unsigned<T>::type;
  return (x == 0) ? BitSizeOf<T>() : CTZ(static_cast<unsigned_type>(x));
}

// Return the number of 1-bits in `x`.
template<typename T>
constexpr int POPCOUNT(T x) {
  return (sizeof(T) == sizeof(uint32_t)) ? __builtin_popcount(x) : __builtin_popcountll(x);
}

// Swap bytes.
template<typename T>
constexpr T BSWAP(T x) {
  if (sizeof(T) == sizeof(uint16_t)) {
    return __builtin_bswap16(x);
  } else if (sizeof(T) == sizeof(uint32_t)) {
    return __builtin_bswap32(x);
  } else {
    return __builtin_bswap64(x);
  }
}

// Find the bit position of the most significant bit (0-based), or -1 if there were no bits set.
template <typename T>
constexpr ssize_t MostSignificantBit(T value) {
  static_assert(std::is_integral<T>::value, "T must be integral");
  static_assert(std::is_unsigned<T>::value, "T must be unsigned");
  static_assert(std::numeric_limits<T>::radix == 2, "Unexpected radix!");
  return (value == 0) ? -1 : std::numeric_limits<T>::digits - 1 - CLZ(value);
}

// Find the bit position of the least significant bit (0-based), or -1 if there were no bits set.
template <typename T>
constexpr ssize_t LeastSignificantBit(T value) {
  static_assert(std::is_integral<T>::value, "T must be integral");
  static_assert(std::is_unsigned<T>::value, "T must be unsigned");
  return (value == 0) ? -1 : CTZ(value);
}

// How many bits (minimally) does it take to store the constant 'value'? i.e. 1 for 1, 3 for 5, etc.
template <typename T>
constexpr size_t MinimumBitsToStore(T value) {
  return static_cast<size_t>(MostSignificantBit(value) + 1);
}

template <typename T>
constexpr T RoundUpToPowerOfTwo(T x) {
  static_assert(std::is_integral<T>::value, "T must be integral");
  static_assert(std::is_unsigned<T>::value, "T must be unsigned");
  // NOTE: Undefined if x > (1 << (std::numeric_limits<T>::digits - 1)).
  return (x < 2u) ? x : static_cast<T>(1u) << (std::numeric_limits<T>::digits - CLZ(x - 1u));
}

// Return highest possible N - a power of two - such that val >= N.
template <typename T>
constexpr T TruncToPowerOfTwo(T val) {
  static_assert(std::is_integral<T>::value, "T must be integral");
  static_assert(std::is_unsigned<T>::value, "T must be unsigned");
  return (val != 0) ? static_cast<T>(1u) << (BitSizeOf<T>() - CLZ(val) - 1u) : 0;
}

template<typename T>
constexpr bool IsPowerOfTwo(T x) {
  static_assert(std::is_integral<T>::value, "T must be integral");
  // TODO: assert unsigned. There is currently many uses with signed values.
  return (x & (x - 1)) == 0;
}

template<typename T>
constexpr int WhichPowerOf2(T x) {
  static_assert(std::is_integral<T>::value, "T must be integral");
  // TODO: assert unsigned. There is currently many uses with signed values.
  DCHECK((x != 0) && IsPowerOfTwo(x));
  return CTZ(x);
}

// For rounding integers.
// Note: Omit the `n` from T type deduction, deduce only from the `x` argument.
template<typename T>
constexpr T RoundDown(T x, typename Identity<T>::type n) WARN_UNUSED;

template<typename T>
constexpr T RoundDown(T x, typename Identity<T>::type n) {
  DCHECK(IsPowerOfTwo(n));
  return (x & -n);
}

template<typename T>
constexpr T RoundUp(T x, typename std::remove_reference<T>::type n) WARN_UNUSED;

template<typename T>
constexpr T RoundUp(T x, typename std::remove_reference<T>::type n) {
  return RoundDown(x + n - 1, n);
}

// For aligning pointers.
template<typename T>
inline T* AlignDown(T* x, uintptr_t n) WARN_UNUSED;

template<typename T>
inline T* AlignDown(T* x, uintptr_t n) {
  return reinterpret_cast<T*>(RoundDown(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(x), n));
}

template<typename T>
inline T* AlignUp(T* x, uintptr_t n) WARN_UNUSED;

template<typename T>
inline T* AlignUp(T* x, uintptr_t n) {
  return reinterpret_cast<T*>(RoundUp(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(x), n));
}

template<int n, typename T>
constexpr bool IsAligned(T x) {
  static_assert((n & (n - 1)) == 0, "n is not a power of two");
  return (x & (n - 1)) == 0;
}

template<int n, typename T>
inline bool IsAligned(T* x) {
  return IsAligned<n>(reinterpret_cast<const uintptr_t>(x));
}

template<typename T>
inline bool IsAlignedParam(T x, int n) {
  return (x & (n - 1)) == 0;
}

template<typename T>
inline bool IsAlignedParam(T* x, int n) {
  return IsAlignedParam(reinterpret_cast<const uintptr_t>(x), n);
}

#define CHECK_ALIGNED(value, alignment) \
  CHECK(::art::IsAligned<alignment>(value)) << reinterpret_cast<const void*>(value)

#define DCHECK_ALIGNED(value, alignment) \
  DCHECK(::art::IsAligned<alignment>(value)) << reinterpret_cast<const void*>(value)

#define CHECK_ALIGNED_PARAM(value, alignment) \
  CHECK(::art::IsAlignedParam(value, alignment)) << reinterpret_cast<const void*>(value)

#define DCHECK_ALIGNED_PARAM(value, alignment) \
  DCHECK(::art::IsAlignedParam(value, alignment)) << reinterpret_cast<const void*>(value)

inline uint16_t Low16Bits(uint32_t value) {
  return static_cast<uint16_t>(value);
}

inline uint16_t High16Bits(uint32_t value) {
  return static_cast<uint16_t>(value >> 16);
}

inline uint32_t Low32Bits(uint64_t value) {
  return static_cast<uint32_t>(value);
}

inline uint32_t High32Bits(uint64_t value) {
  return static_cast<uint32_t>(value >> 32);
}

// Check whether an N-bit two's-complement representation can hold value.
template <typename T>
inline bool IsInt(size_t N, T value) {
  if (N == BitSizeOf<T>()) {
    return true;
  } else {
    CHECK_LT(0u, N);
    CHECK_LT(N, BitSizeOf<T>());
    T limit = static_cast<T>(1) << (N - 1u);
    return (-limit <= value) && (value < limit);
  }
}

template <typename T>
constexpr T GetIntLimit(size_t bits) {
  DCHECK_NE(bits, 0u);
  DCHECK_LT(bits, BitSizeOf<T>());
  return static_cast<T>(1) << (bits - 1);
}

template <size_t kBits, typename T>
constexpr bool IsInt(T value) {
  static_assert(kBits > 0, "kBits cannot be zero.");
  static_assert(kBits <= BitSizeOf<T>(), "kBits must be <= max.");
  static_assert(std::is_signed<T>::value, "Needs a signed type.");
  // Corner case for "use all bits." Can't use the limits, as they would overflow, but it is
  // trivially true.
  return (kBits == BitSizeOf<T>()) ?
      true :
      (-GetIntLimit<T>(kBits) <= value) && (value < GetIntLimit<T>(kBits));
}

template <size_t kBits, typename T>
constexpr bool IsUint(T value) {
  static_assert(kBits > 0, "kBits cannot be zero.");
  static_assert(kBits <= BitSizeOf<T>(), "kBits must be <= max.");
  static_assert(std::is_integral<T>::value, "Needs an integral type.");
  // Corner case for "use all bits." Can't use the limits, as they would overflow, but it is
  // trivially true.
  // NOTE: To avoid triggering assertion in GetIntLimit(kBits+1) if kBits+1==BitSizeOf<T>(),
  // use GetIntLimit(kBits)*2u. The unsigned arithmetic works well for us if it overflows.
  using unsigned_type = typename std::make_unsigned<T>::type;
  return (0 <= value) &&
      (kBits == BitSizeOf<T>() ||
          (static_cast<unsigned_type>(value) <= GetIntLimit<unsigned_type>(kBits) * 2u - 1u));
}

template <size_t kBits, typename T>
constexpr bool IsAbsoluteUint(T value) {
  static_assert(kBits <= BitSizeOf<T>(), "kBits must be <= max.");
  static_assert(std::is_integral<T>::value, "Needs an integral type.");
  using unsigned_type = typename std::make_unsigned<T>::type;
  return (kBits == BitSizeOf<T>())
      ? true
      : IsUint<kBits>(value < 0
                      ? static_cast<unsigned_type>(-1 - value) + 1u  // Avoid overflow.
                      : static_cast<unsigned_type>(value));
}

// Generate maximum/minimum values for signed/unsigned n-bit integers
template <typename T>
constexpr T MaxInt(size_t bits) {
  DCHECK(std::is_unsigned<T>::value || bits > 0u) << "bits cannot be zero for signed.";
  DCHECK_LE(bits, BitSizeOf<T>());
  using unsigned_type = typename std::make_unsigned<T>::type;
  return bits == BitSizeOf<T>()
      ? std::numeric_limits<T>::max()
      : std::is_signed<T>::value
          ? ((bits == 1u) ? 0 : static_cast<T>(MaxInt<unsigned_type>(bits - 1)))
          : static_cast<T>(UINT64_C(1) << bits) - static_cast<T>(1);
}

template <typename T>
constexpr T MinInt(size_t bits) {
  DCHECK(std::is_unsigned<T>::value || bits > 0) << "bits cannot be zero for signed.";
  DCHECK_LE(bits, BitSizeOf<T>());
  return bits == BitSizeOf<T>()
      ? std::numeric_limits<T>::min()
      : std::is_signed<T>::value
          ? ((bits == 1u) ? -1 : static_cast<T>(-1) - MaxInt<T>(bits))
          : static_cast<T>(0);
}

// Returns value with bit set in lowest one-bit position or 0 if 0.  (java.lang.X.lowestOneBit).
template <typename kind>
inline static kind LowestOneBitValue(kind opnd) {
  // Hacker's Delight, Section 2-1
  return opnd & -opnd;
}

// Returns value with bit set in hightest one-bit position or 0 if 0.  (java.lang.X.highestOneBit).
template <typename T>
inline static T HighestOneBitValue(T opnd) {
  using unsigned_type = typename std::make_unsigned<T>::type;
  T res;
  if (opnd == 0) {
    res = 0;
  } else {
    int bit_position = BitSizeOf<T>() - (CLZ(static_cast<unsigned_type>(opnd)) + 1);
    res = static_cast<T>(UINT64_C(1) << bit_position);
  }
  return res;
}

// Rotate bits.
template <typename T, bool left>
inline static T Rot(T opnd, int distance) {
  int mask = BitSizeOf<T>() - 1;
  int unsigned_right_shift = left ? (-distance & mask) : (distance & mask);
  int signed_left_shift = left ? (distance & mask) : (-distance & mask);
  using unsigned_type = typename std::make_unsigned<T>::type;
  return (static_cast<unsigned_type>(opnd) >> unsigned_right_shift) | (opnd << signed_left_shift);
}

// TUNING: use rbit for arm/arm64
inline static uint32_t ReverseBits32(uint32_t opnd) {
  // Hacker's Delight 7-1
  opnd = ((opnd >>  1) & 0x55555555) | ((opnd & 0x55555555) <<  1);
  opnd = ((opnd >>  2) & 0x33333333) | ((opnd & 0x33333333) <<  2);
  opnd = ((opnd >>  4) & 0x0F0F0F0F) | ((opnd & 0x0F0F0F0F) <<  4);
  opnd = ((opnd >>  8) & 0x00FF00FF) | ((opnd & 0x00FF00FF) <<  8);
  opnd = ((opnd >> 16)) | ((opnd) << 16);
  return opnd;
}

// TUNING: use rbit for arm/arm64
inline static uint64_t ReverseBits64(uint64_t opnd) {
  // Hacker's Delight 7-1
  opnd = (opnd & 0x5555555555555555L) << 1 | ((opnd >> 1) & 0x5555555555555555L);
  opnd = (opnd & 0x3333333333333333L) << 2 | ((opnd >> 2) & 0x3333333333333333L);
  opnd = (opnd & 0x0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0fL) << 4 | ((opnd >> 4) & 0x0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0fL);
  opnd = (opnd & 0x00ff00ff00ff00ffL) << 8 | ((opnd >> 8) & 0x00ff00ff00ff00ffL);
  opnd = (opnd << 48) | ((opnd & 0xffff0000L) << 16) | ((opnd >> 16) & 0xffff0000L) | (opnd >> 48);
  return opnd;
}

// Create a mask for the least significant "bits"
// The returned value is always unsigned to prevent undefined behavior for bitwise ops.
//
// Given 'bits',
// Returns:
//                   <--- bits --->
// +-----------------+------------+
// | 0 ............0 |   1.....1  |
// +-----------------+------------+
// msb                           lsb
template <typename T = size_t>
inline static constexpr std::make_unsigned_t<T> MaskLeastSignificant(size_t bits) {
  DCHECK_GE(BitSizeOf<T>(), bits) << "Bits out of range for type T";
  using unsigned_T = std::make_unsigned_t<T>;
  if (bits >= BitSizeOf<T>()) {
    return std::numeric_limits<unsigned_T>::max();
  } else {
    auto kOne = static_cast<unsigned_T>(1);  // Do not truncate for T>size_t.
    return static_cast<unsigned_T>((kOne << bits) - kOne);
  }
}

// Clears the bitfield starting at the least significant bit "lsb" with a bitwidth of 'width'.
// (Equivalent of ARM BFC instruction).
//
// Given:
//           <-- width  -->
// +--------+------------+--------+
// | ABC... |  bitfield  | XYZ... +
// +--------+------------+--------+
//                       lsb      0
// Returns:
//           <-- width  -->
// +--------+------------+--------+
// | ABC... | 0........0 | XYZ... +
// +--------+------------+--------+
//                       lsb      0
template <typename T>
inline static constexpr T BitFieldClear(T value, size_t lsb, size_t width) {
  DCHECK_GE(BitSizeOf(value), lsb + width) << "Bit field out of range for value";
  const auto val = static_cast<std::make_unsigned_t<T>>(value);
  const auto mask = MaskLeastSignificant<T>(width);

  return static_cast<T>(val & ~(mask << lsb));
}

// Inserts the contents of 'data' into bitfield of 'value'  starting
// at the least significant bit "lsb" with a bitwidth of 'width'.
// Note: data must be within range of [MinInt(width), MaxInt(width)].
// (Equivalent of ARM BFI instruction).
//
// Given (data):
//           <-- width  -->
// +--------+------------+--------+
// | ABC... |  bitfield  | XYZ... +
// +--------+------------+--------+
//                       lsb      0
// Returns:
//           <-- width  -->
// +--------+------------+--------+
// | ABC... | 0...data   | XYZ... +
// +--------+------------+--------+
//                       lsb      0

template <typename T, typename T2>
inline static constexpr T BitFieldInsert(T value, T2 data, size_t lsb, size_t width) {
  DCHECK_GE(BitSizeOf(value), lsb + width) << "Bit field out of range for value";
  if (width != 0u) {
    DCHECK_GE(MaxInt<T2>(width), data) << "Data out of range [too large] for bitwidth";
    DCHECK_LE(MinInt<T2>(width), data) << "Data out of range [too small] for bitwidth";
  } else {
    DCHECK_EQ(static_cast<T2>(0), data) << "Data out of range [nonzero] for bitwidth 0";
  }
  const auto data_mask = MaskLeastSignificant<T2>(width);
  const auto value_cleared = BitFieldClear(value, lsb, width);

  return static_cast<T>(value_cleared | ((data & data_mask) << lsb));
}

// Extracts the bitfield starting at the least significant bit "lsb" with a bitwidth of 'width'.
// Signed types are sign-extended during extraction. (Equivalent of ARM UBFX/SBFX instruction).
//
// Given:
//           <-- width   -->
// +--------+-------------+-------+
// |        |   bitfield  |       +
// +--------+-------------+-------+
//                       lsb      0
// (Unsigned) Returns:
//                  <-- width   -->
// +----------------+-------------+
// | 0...        0  |   bitfield  |
// +----------------+-------------+
//                                0
// (Signed) Returns:
//                  <-- width   -->
// +----------------+-------------+
// | S...        S  |   bitfield  |
// +----------------+-------------+
//                                0
// where S is the highest bit in 'bitfield'.
template <typename T>
inline static constexpr T BitFieldExtract(T value, size_t lsb, size_t width) {
  DCHECK_GE(BitSizeOf(value), lsb + width) << "Bit field out of range for value";
  const auto val = static_cast<std::make_unsigned_t<T>>(value);

  const T bitfield_unsigned =
      static_cast<T>((val >> lsb) & MaskLeastSignificant<T>(width));
  if (std::is_signed<T>::value) {
    // Perform sign extension
    if (width == 0) {  // Avoid underflow.
      return static_cast<T>(0);
    } else if (bitfield_unsigned & (1 << (width - 1))) {  // Detect if sign bit was set.
      // MSB        <width> LSB
      // 0b11111...100...000000
      const auto ones_negmask = ~MaskLeastSignificant<T>(width);
      return static_cast<T>(bitfield_unsigned | ones_negmask);
    }
  }
  // Skip sign extension.
  return bitfield_unsigned;
}

}  // namespace art

#endif  // ART_RUNTIME_BASE_BIT_UTILS_H_