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 <h1 class="title"><code>.dex</code> &mdash; Dalvik Executable Format</h1>
 <p>Copyright &copy; 2007 The Android Open Source Project

 <p>This document describes the layout and contents of <code>.dex</code>
 files, which are used to hold a set of class definitions and their associated
 adjunct data.</p>

 <h1>Guide To Types</h1>

 <table class="guide">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>byte</td>
   <td>8-bit signed int</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>ubyte</td>
   <td>8-bit unsigned int</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>short</td>
   <td>16-bit signed int, little-endian</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>ushort</td>
   <td>16-bit unsigned int, little-endian</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>int</td>
   <td>32-bit signed int, little-endian</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>32-bit unsigned int, little-endian</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>long</td>
   <td>64-bit signed int, little-endian</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>ulong</td>
   <td>64-bit unsigned int, little-endian</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>sleb128</td>
   <td>signed LEB128, variable-length (see below)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>uleb128</td>
   <td>unsigned LEB128, variable-length (see below)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>uleb128p1</td>
   <td>unsigned LEB128 plus <code>1</code>, variable-length (see below)</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h3>LEB128</h3>

 <p>LEB128 ("<b>L</b>ittle-<b>E</b>ndian <b>B</b>ase <b>128</b>") is a
 variable-length encoding for
 arbitrary signed or unsigned integer quantities. The format was
 borrowed from the <a href="http://dwarfstd.org/Dwarf3Std.php">DWARF3</a>
 specification. In a <code>.dex</code> file, LEB128 is only ever used to
 encode 32-bit quantities.</p>

 <p>Each LEB128 encoded value consists of one to five
 bytes, which together represent a single 32-bit value. Each
 byte has its most significant bit set except for the final byte in the
 sequence, which has its most significant bit clear. The remaining
 seven bits of each byte are payload, with the least significant seven
 bits of the quantity in the first byte, the next seven in the second
 byte and so on. In the case of a signed LEB128 (<code>sleb128</code>),
 the most significant payload bit of the final byte in the sequence is
 sign-extended to produce the final value. In the unsigned case
 (<code>uleb128</code>), any bits not explicitly represented are
 interpreted as <code>0</code>.

 <table class="leb128Bits">
 <thead>
 <tr><th colspan="16">Bitwise diagram of a two-byte LEB128 value</th></tr>
 <tr>
   <th colspan="8">First byte</td>
   <th colspan="8">Second byte</td>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td class="start1"><code>1</code></td>
   <td>bit<sub>6</sub></td>
   <td>bit<sub>5</sub></td>
   <td>bit<sub>4</sub></td>
   <td>bit<sub>3</sub></td>
   <td>bit<sub>2</sub></td>
   <td>bit<sub>1</sub></td>
   <td>bit<sub>0</sub></td>
   <td class="start2"><code>0</code></td>
   <td>bit<sub>13</sub></td>
   <td>bit<sub>12</sub></td>
   <td>bit<sub>11</sub></td>
   <td>bit<sub>10</sub></td>
   <td>bit<sub>9</sub></td>
   <td>bit<sub>8</sub></td>
   <td class="end2">bit<sub>7</sub></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <p>The variant <code>uleb128p1</code> is used to represent a signed
 value, where the representation is of the value <i>plus one</i> encoded
 as a <code>uleb128</code>. This makes the encoding of <code>-1</code>
 (alternatively thought of as the unsigned value <code>0xffffffff</code>)
 &mdash; but no other negative number &mdash; a single byte, and is
 useful in exactly those cases where the represented number must either
 be non-negative or <code>-1</code> (or <code>0xffffffff</code>),
 and where no other negative values are allowed (or where large unsigned
 values are unlikely to be needed).</p>

 <p>Here are some examples of the formats:</p>

 <table class="leb128">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Encoded Sequence</th>
   <th>As <code>sleb128</code></th>
   <th>As <code>uleb128</code></th>
   <th>As <code>uleb128p1</code></th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
   <tr><td>00</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>-1</td></tr>
   <tr><td>01</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0</td></tr>
   <tr><td>7f</td><td>-1</td><td>127</td><td>126</td></tr>
   <tr><td>80 7f</td><td>-128</td><td>16256</td><td>16255</td></tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h1>Overall File Layout</h1>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>header</td>
   <td>header_item</td>
   <td>the header</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>string_ids</td>
   <td>string_id_item[]</td>
   <td>string identifiers list. These are identifiers for all the strings
     used by this file, either for internal naming (e.g., type descriptors)
     or as constant objects referred to by code. This list must be sorted
     by string contents, using UTF-16 code point values (not in a
     locale-sensitive manner).
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>type_ids</td>
   <td>type_id_item[]</td>
   <td>type identifiers list. These are identifiers for all types (classes,
     arrays, or primitive types) referred to by this file, whether defined
     in the file or not. This list must be sorted by <code>string_id</code>
     index.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>proto_ids</td>
   <td>proto_id_item[]</td>
   <td>method prototype identifiers list. These are identifiers for all
     prototypes referred to by this file. This list must be sorted in
     return-type (by <code>type_id</code> index) major order, and then
     by arguments (also by <code>type_id</code> index).
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>field_ids</td>
   <td>field_id_item[]</td>
   <td>field identifiers list. These are identifiers for all fields
     referred to by this file, whether defined in the file or not. This
     list must be sorted, where the defining type (by <code>type_id</code>
     index) is the major order, field name (by <code>string_id</code> index)
     is the intermediate order, and type (by <code>type_id</code> index)
     is the minor order.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>method_ids</td>
   <td>method_id_item[]</td>
   <td>method identifiers list. These are identifiers for all methods
     referred to by this file, whether defined in the file or not. This
     list must be sorted, where the defining type (by <code>type_id</code>
     index) is the major order, method name (by <code>string_id</code>
     index) is the intermediate order, and method
     prototype (by <code>proto_id</code> index) is the minor order.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>class_defs</td>
   <td>class_def_item[]</td>
   <td>class definitions list. The classes must be ordered such that a given
     class's superclass and implemented interfaces appear in the
     list earlier than the referring class.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>data</td>
   <td>ubyte[]</td>
   <td>data area, containing all the support data for the tables listed above.
     Different items have different alignment requirements, and
     padding bytes are inserted before each item if necessary to achieve
     proper alignment.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>link_data</td>
   <td>ubyte[]</td>
   <td>data used in statically linked files. The format of the data in
     this section is left unspecified by this document;
     this section is empty in unlinked files, and runtime implementations
     may use it as they see fit.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h1>Bitfield, String, and Constant Definitions</h1>

 <h2><code>DEX_FILE_MAGIC</code></h2>
 <h4>embedded in <code>header_item</code></h4>

 <p>The constant array/string <code>DEX_FILE_MAGIC</code> is the list of
 bytes that must appear at the beginning of a <code>.dex</code> file
 in order for it to be recognized as such. The value intentionally
 contains a newline (<code>"\n"</code> or <code>0x0a</code>) and a
 null byte (<code>"\0"</code> or <code>0x00</code>) in order to help
 in the detection of certain forms of corruption. The value also
 encodes a format version number as three decimal digits, which is
 expected to increase monotonically over time as the format evolves.</p>

 <pre>
 ubyte[8] DEX_FILE_MAGIC = { 0x64 0x65 0x78 0x0a 0x30 0x33 0x35 0x00 }
                         = "dex\n035\0"
 </pre>

 <p><b>Note:</b> At least a couple earlier versions of the format have
 been used in widely-available public software releases. For example,
 version <code>009</code> was used for the M3 releases of the
 Android platform (November-December 2007),
 and version <code>013</code> was used for the M5 releases of the Android
 platform (February-March 2008). In several respects, these earlier versions
 of the format differ significantly from the version described in this
 document.</p>

 <h2><code>ENDIAN_CONSTANT</code> and <code>REVERSE_ENDIAN_CONSTANT</code></h2>
 <h4>embedded in <code>header_item</code></h4>

 <p>The constant <code>ENDIAN_CONSTANT</code> is used to indicate the
 endianness of the file in which it is found. Although the standard
 <code>.dex</code> format is little-endian, implementations may choose
 to perform byte-swapping. Should an implementation come across a
 header whose <code>endian_tag</code> is <code>REVERSE_ENDIAN_CONSTANT</code>
 instead of <code>ENDIAN_CONSTANT</code>, it would know that the file
 has been byte-swapped from the expected form.</p>

 <pre>
 uint ENDIAN_CONSTANT = 0x12345678;
 uint REVERSE_ENDIAN_CONSTANT = 0x78563412;
 </pre>

 <h2><code>NO_INDEX</code></h2>
 <h4>embedded in <code>class_def_item</code> and
 <code>debug_info_item</code></h4>

 <p>The constant <code>NO_INDEX</code> is used to indicate that
 an index value is absent.</p>

 <p><b>Note:</b> This value isn't defined to be
 <code>0</code>, because that is in fact typically a valid index.</p>

 <p><b>Also Note:</b> The chosen value for <code>NO_INDEX</code> is
 representable as a single byte in the <code>uleb128p1</code> encoding.</p>

 <pre>
 uint NO_INDEX = 0xffffffff;    // == -1 if treated as a signed int
 </pre>

 <h2><code>access_flags</code> Definitions</h2>
 <h4>embedded in <code>class_def_item</code>,
 <code>field_item</code>, <code>method_item</code>, and
 <code>InnerClass</code></h4>

 <p>Bitfields of these flags are used to indicate the accessibility and
 overall properties of classes and class members.</p>

 <table class="accessFlags">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Value</th>
   <th>For Classes (and <code>InnerClass</code> annotations)</th>
   <th>For Fields</th>
   <th>For Methods</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>ACC_PUBLIC</td>
   <td>0x1</td>
   <td><code>public</code>: visible everywhere</td>
   <td><code>public</code>: visible everywhere</td>
   <td><code>public</code>: visible everywhere</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>ACC_PRIVATE</td>
   <td>0x2</td>
   <td><super>*</super>
     <code>private</code>: only visible to defining class
   </td>
   <td><code>private</code>: only visible to defining class</td>
   <td><code>private</code>: only visible to defining class</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>ACC_PROTECTED</td>
   <td>0x4</td>
   <td><super>*</super>
     <code>protected</code>: visible to package and subclasses
   </td>
   <td><code>protected</code>: visible to package and subclasses</td>
   <td><code>protected</code>: visible to package and subclasses</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>ACC_STATIC</td>
   <td>0x8</td>
   <td><super>*</super>
     <code>static</code>: is not constructed with an outer
     <code>this</code> reference</td>
   <td><code>static</code>: global to defining class</td>
   <td><code>static</code>: does not take a <code>this</code> argument</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>ACC_FINAL</td>
   <td>0x10</td>
   <td><code>final</code>: not subclassable</td>
   <td><code>final</code>: immutable after construction</td>
   <td><code>final</code>: not overridable</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>ACC_SYNCHRONIZED</td>
   <td>0x20</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
   <td><code>synchronized</code>: associated lock automatically acquired
     around call to this method. <b>Note:</b> This is only valid to set when
     <code>ACC_NATIVE</code> is also set.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>ACC_VOLATILE</td>
   <td>0x40</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
   <td><code>volatile</code>: special access rules to help with thread
     safety</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>ACC_BRIDGE</td>
   <td>0x40</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
   <td>bridge method, added automatically by compiler as a type-safe
     bridge</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>ACC_TRANSIENT</td>
   <td>0x80</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
   <td><code>transient</code>: not to be saved by default serialization</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>ACC_VARARGS</td>
   <td>0x80</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
   <td>last argument should be treated as a "rest" argument by compiler</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>ACC_NATIVE</td>
   <td>0x100</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
   <td><code>native</code>: implemented in native code</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>ACC_INTERFACE</td>
   <td>0x200</td>
   <td><code>interface</code>: multiply-implementable abstract class</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>ACC_ABSTRACT</td>
   <td>0x400</td>
   <td><code>abstract</code>: not directly instantiable</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
   <td><code>abstract</code>: unimplemented by this class</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>ACC_STRICT</td>
   <td>0x800</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
   <td><code>strictfp</code>: strict rules for floating-point arithmetic</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>ACC_SYNTHETIC</td>
   <td>0x1000</td>
   <td>not directly defined in source code</td>
   <td>not directly defined in source code</td>
   <td>not directly defined in source code</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>ACC_ANNOTATION</td>
   <td>0x2000</td>
   <td>declared as an annotation class</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>ACC_ENUM</td>
   <td>0x4000</td>
   <td>declared as an enumerated type</td>
   <td>declared as an enumerated value</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td><i>(unused)</i></td>
   <td>0x8000</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>ACC_CONSTRUCTOR</td>
   <td>0x10000</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
   <td>constructor method (class or instance initializer)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>ACC_DECLARED_<br/>SYNCHRONIZED</td>
   <td>0x20000</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
   <td>&nbsp;</td>
   <td>declared <code>synchronized</code>. <b>Note:</b> This has no effect on
     execution (other than in reflection of this flag, per se).
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <p><super>*</super> Only allowed on for <code>InnerClass</code> annotations,
 and must not ever be on in a <code>class_def_item</code>.</p>

 <h2>MUTF-8 (Modified UTF-8) Encoding</h2>

 <p>As a concession to easier legacy support, the <code>.dex</code> format
 encodes its string data in a de facto standard modified UTF-8 form, hereafter
 referred to as MUTF-8. This form is identical to standard UTF-8, except:</p>

 <ul>
   <li>Only the one-, two-, and three-byte encodings are used.</li>
   <li>Code points in the range <code>U+10000</code> &hellip;
     <code>U+10ffff</code> are encoded as a surrogate pair, each of
     which is represented as a three-byte encoded value.</li>
   <li>The code point <code>U+0000</code> is encoded in two-byte form.</li>
   <li>A plain null byte (value <code>0</code>) indicates the end of
     a string, as is the standard C language interpretation.</li>
 </ul>

 <p>The first two items above can be summarized as: MUTF-8
 is an encoding format for UTF-16, instead of being a more direct
 encoding format for Unicode characters.</p>

 <p>The final two items above make it simultaneously possible to include
 the code point <code>U+0000</code> in a string <i>and</i> still manipulate
 it as a C-style null-terminated string.</p>

 <p>However, the special encoding of <code>U+0000</code> means that, unlike
 normal UTF-8, the result of calling the standard C function
 <code>strcmp()</code> on a pair of MUTF-8 strings does not always
 indicate the properly signed result of comparison of <i>unequal</i> strings.
 When ordering (not just equality) is a concern, the most straightforward
 way to compare MUTF-8 strings is to decode them character by character,
 and compare the decoded values. (However, more clever implementations are
 also possible.)</p>

 <p>Please refer to <a href="http://unicode.org">The Unicode
 Standard</a> for further information about character encoding.
 MUTF-8 is actually closer to the (relatively less well-known) encoding
 <a href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr26/">CESU-8</a> than to UTF-8
 per se.</p>

 <h2><code>encoded_value</code> Encoding</h2>
 <h4>embedded in <code>annotation_element</code> and
 <code>encoded_array_item</code></h4>

 <p>An <code>encoded_value</code> is an encoded piece of (nearly)
 arbitrary hierarchically structured data. The encoding is meant to
 be both compact and straightforward to parse.</p>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>(value_arg &lt;&lt; 5) | value_type</td>
   <td>ubyte</td>
   <td>byte indicating the type of the immediately subsequent
     <code>value</code> along
     with an optional clarifying argument in the high-order three bits.
     See below for the various <code>value</code> definitions.
     In most cases, <code>value_arg</code> encodes the length of
     the immediately-subsequent <code>value</code> in bytes, as
     <code>(size - 1)</code>, e.g., <code>0</code> means that
     the value requires one byte, and <code>7</code> means it requires
     eight bytes; however, there are exceptions as noted below.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>value</td>
   <td>ubyte[]</td>
   <td>bytes representing the value, variable in length and interpreted
     differently for different <code>value_type</code> bytes, though
     always little-endian. See the various value definitions below for
     details.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h3>Value Formats</h3>

 <table class="encodedValue">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Type Name</th>
   <th><code>value_type</code></th>
   <th><code>value_arg</code> Format</th>
   <th><code>value</code> Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>VALUE_BYTE</td>
   <td>0x00</td>
   <td><i>(none; must be <code>0</code>)</i></td>
   <td>ubyte[1]</td>
   <td>signed one-byte integer value</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>VALUE_SHORT</td>
   <td>0x02</td>
   <td>size - 1 (0&hellip;1)</td>
   <td>ubyte[size]</td>
   <td>signed two-byte integer value, sign-extended</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>VALUE_CHAR</td>
   <td>0x03</td>
   <td>size - 1 (0&hellip;1)</td>
   <td>ubyte[size]</td>
   <td>unsigned two-byte integer value, zero-extended</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>VALUE_INT</td>
   <td>0x04</td>
   <td>size - 1 (0&hellip;3)</td>
   <td>ubyte[size]</td>
   <td>signed four-byte integer value, sign-extended</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>VALUE_LONG</td>
   <td>0x06</td>
   <td>size - 1 (0&hellip;7)</td>
   <td>ubyte[size]</td>
   <td>signed eight-byte integer value, sign-extended</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>VALUE_FLOAT</td>
   <td>0x10</td>
   <td>size - 1 (0&hellip;3)</td>
   <td>ubyte[size]</td>
   <td>four-byte bit pattern, zero-extended <i>to the right</i>, and
     interpreted as an IEEE754 32-bit floating point value
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>VALUE_DOUBLE</td>
   <td>0x11</td>
   <td>size - 1 (0&hellip;7)</td>
   <td>ubyte[size]</td>
   <td>eight-byte bit pattern, zero-extended <i>to the right</i>, and
     interpreted as an IEEE754 64-bit floating point value
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>VALUE_STRING</td>
   <td>0x17</td>
   <td>size - 1 (0&hellip;3)</td>
   <td>ubyte[size]</td>
   <td>unsigned (zero-extended) four-byte integer value,
     interpreted as an index into
     the <code>string_ids</code> section and representing a string value
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>VALUE_TYPE</td>
   <td>0x18</td>
   <td>size - 1 (0&hellip;3)</td>
   <td>ubyte[size]</td>
   <td>unsigned (zero-extended) four-byte integer value,
     interpreted as an index into
     the <code>type_ids</code> section and representing a reflective
     type/class value
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>VALUE_FIELD</td>
   <td>0x19</td>
   <td>size - 1 (0&hellip;3)</td>
   <td>ubyte[size]</td>
   <td>unsigned (zero-extended) four-byte integer value,
     interpreted as an index into
     the <code>field_ids</code> section and representing a reflective
     field value
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>VALUE_METHOD</td>
   <td>0x1a</td>
   <td>size - 1 (0&hellip;3)</td>
   <td>ubyte[size]</td>
   <td>unsigned (zero-extended) four-byte integer value,
     interpreted as an index into
     the <code>method_ids</code> section and representing a reflective
     method value
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>VALUE_ENUM</td>
   <td>0x1b</td>
   <td>size - 1 (0&hellip;3)</td>
   <td>ubyte[size]</td>
   <td>unsigned (zero-extended) four-byte integer value,
     interpreted as an index into
     the <code>field_ids</code> section and representing the value of
     an enumerated type constant
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>VALUE_ARRAY</td>
   <td>0x1c</td>
   <td><i>(none; must be <code>0</code>)</i></td>
   <td>encoded_array</td>
   <td>an array of values, in the format specified by
     "<code>encoded_array</code> Format" below. The size
     of the <code>value</code> is implicit in the encoding.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>VALUE_ANNOTATION</td>
   <td>0x1d</td>
   <td><i>(none; must be <code>0</code>)</i></td>
   <td>encoded_annotation</td>
   <td>a sub-annotation, in the format specified by
     "<code>encoded_annotation</code> Format" below. The size
     of the <code>value</code> is implicit in the encoding.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>VALUE_NULL</td>
   <td>0x1e</td>
   <td><i>(none; must be <code>0</code>)</i></td>
   <td><i>(none)</i></td>
   <td><code>null</code> reference value</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>VALUE_BOOLEAN</td>
   <td>0x1f</td>
   <td>boolean (0&hellip;1)</td>
   <td><i>(none)</i></td>
   <td>one-bit value; <code>0</code> for <code>false</code> and
     <code>1</code> for <code>true</code>. The bit is represented in the
     <code>value_arg</code>.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h3><code>encoded_array</code> Format</h3>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>size</td>
   <td>uleb128</td>
   <td>number of elements in the array</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>values</td>
   <td>encoded_value[size]</td>
   <td>a series of <code>size</code> <code>encoded_value</code> byte
     sequences in the format specified by this section, concatenated
     sequentially.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h3><code>encoded_annotation</code> Format</h3>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>type_idx</td>
   <td>uleb128</td>
   <td>type of the annotation. This must be a class (not array or primitive)
     type.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>size</td>
   <td>uleb128</td>
   <td>number of name-value mappings in this annotation</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>elements</td>
   <td>annotation_element[size]</td>
   <td>elements of the annotataion, represented directly in-line (not as
     offsets). Elements must be sorted in increasing order by
     <code>string_id</code> index.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h3><code>annotation_element</code> Format</h3>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>name_idx</td>
   <td>uleb128</td>
   <td>element name, represented as an index into the
     <code>string_ids</code> section. The string must conform to the
     syntax for <i>MemberName</i>, defined above.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>value</td>
   <td>encoded_value</td>
   <td>element value</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h2>String Syntax</h2>

 <p>There are several kinds of item in a <code>.dex</code> file which
 ultimately refer to a string. The following BNF-style definitions
 indicate the acceptable syntax for these strings.</p>

 <h3><i>SimpleName</i></h3>

 <p>A <i>SimpleName</i> is the basis for the syntax of the names of other
 things. The <code>.dex</code> format allows a fair amount of latitude
 here (much more than most common source languages). In brief, a simple
 name may consist of any low-ASCII alphabetic character or digit, a few
 specific low-ASCII symbols, and most non-ASCII code points that are not
 control, space, or special characters. Note that surrogate code points
 (in the range <code>U+d800</code> &hellip; <code>U+dfff</code>) are not
 considered valid name characters, per se, but Unicode supplemental
 characters <i>are</i> valid (which are represented by the final
 alternative of the rule for <i>SimpleNameChar</i>), and they should be
 represented in a file as pairs of surrogate code points in the MUTF-8
 encoding.</p>

 <table class="bnf">
   <tr><td colspan="2" class="def"><i>SimpleName</i> &rarr;</td></tr>
   <tr>
     <td/>
     <td><i>SimpleNameChar</i> (<i>SimpleNameChar</i>)*</td>
   </tr>

   <tr><td colspan="2" class="def"><i>SimpleNameChar</i> &rarr;</td></tr>
   <tr>
     <td/>
     <td><code>'A'</code> &hellip; <code>'Z'</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><code>'a'</code> &hellip; <code>'z'</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><code>'0'</code> &hellip; <code>'9'</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><code>'$'</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><code>'-'</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><code>'_'</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><code>U+00a1</code> &hellip; <code>U+1fff</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><code>U+2010</code> &hellip; <code>U+2027</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><code>U+2030</code> &hellip; <code>U+d7ff</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><code>U+e000</code> &hellip; <code>U+ffef</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><code>U+10000</code> &hellip; <code>U+10ffff</code></td>
   </tr>
 </table>

 <h3><i>MemberName</i></h3>
 <h4>used by <code>field_id_item</code> and <code>method_id_item</code></h4>

 <p>A <i>MemberName</i> is the name of a member of a class, members being
 fields, methods, and inner classes.</p>

 <table class="bnf">
   <tr><td colspan="2" class="def"><i>MemberName</i> &rarr;</td></tr>
   <tr>
     <td/>
     <td><i>SimpleName</i></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><code>'&lt;'</code> <i>SimpleName</i> <code>'&gt;'</code></td>
   </tr>
 </table>

 <h3><i>FullClassName</i></h3>

 <p>A <i>FullClassName</i> is a fully-qualified class name, including an
 optional package specifier followed by a required name.</p>

 <table class="bnf">
   <tr><td colspan="2" class="def"><i>FullClassName</i> &rarr;</td></tr>
   <tr>
     <td/>
     <td><i>OptionalPackagePrefix</i> <i>SimpleName</i></td>
   </tr>

   <tr><td colspan="2" class="def"><i>OptionalPackagePrefix</i> &rarr;</td></tr>
   <tr>
     <td/>
     <td>(<i>SimpleName</i> <code>'/'</code>)*</td>
   </tr>
 </table>

 <h3><i>TypeDescriptor</i></h3>
 <h4>used by <code>type_id_item</code></h4>

 <p>A <i>TypeDescriptor</i> is the representation of any type, including
 primitives, classes, arrays, and <code>void</code>. See below for
 the meaning of the various versions.</p>

 <table class="bnf">
   <tr><td colspan="2" class="def"><i>TypeDescriptor</i> &rarr;</td></tr>
   <tr>
     <td/>
     <td><code>'V'</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><i>FieldTypeDescriptor</i></td>
   </tr>

   <tr><td colspan="2" class="def"><i>FieldTypeDescriptor</i> &rarr;</td></tr>
   <tr>
     <td/>
     <td><i>NonArrayFieldTypeDescriptor</i></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td>(<code>'['</code> * 1&hellip;255)
       <i>NonArrayFieldTypeDescriptor</i></td>
   </tr>

   <tr>
     <td colspan="2" class="def"><i>NonArrayFieldTypeDescriptor</i>&rarr;</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td/>
     <td><code>'Z'</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><code>'B'</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><code>'S'</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><code>'C'</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><code>'I'</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><code>'J'</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><code>'F'</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><code>'D'</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><code>'L'</code> <i>FullClassName</i> <code>';'</code></td>
   </tr>
 </table>

 <h3><i>ShortyDescriptor</i></h3>
 <h4>used by <code>proto_id_item</code></h4>

 <p>A <i>ShortyDescriptor</i> is the short form representation of a method
 prototype, including return and parameter types, except that there is
 no distinction between various reference (class or array) types. Instead,
 all reference types are represented by a single <code>'L'</code> character.</p>

 <table class="bnf">
   <tr><td colspan="2" class="def"><i>ShortyDescriptor</i> &rarr;</td></tr>
   <tr>
     <td/>
     <td><i>ShortyReturnType</i> (<i>ShortyFieldType</i>)*</td>
   </tr>

   <tr><td colspan="2" class="def"><i>ShortyReturnType</i> &rarr;</td></tr>
   <tr>
     <td/>
     <td><code>'V'</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><i>ShortyFieldType</i></td>
   </tr>

   <tr><td colspan="2" class="def"><i>ShortyFieldType</i> &rarr;</td></tr>
   <tr>
     <td/>
     <td><code>'Z'</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><code>'B'</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><code>'S'</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><code>'C'</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><code>'I'</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><code>'J'</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><code>'F'</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><code>'D'</code></td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td class="bar">|</td>
     <td><code>'L'</code></td>
   </tr>
 </table>

 <h2><i>TypeDescriptor</i> Semantics</h2>

 <p>This is the meaning of each of the variants of <i>TypeDescriptor</i>.</p>

 <table class="descriptor">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Syntax</th>
   <th>Meaning</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>V</td>
   <td><code>void</code>; only valid for return types</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>Z</td>
   <td><code>boolean</code></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>B</td>
   <td><code>byte</code></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>S</td>
   <td><code>short</code></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>C</td>
   <td><code>char</code></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>I</td>
   <td><code>int</code></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>J</td>
   <td><code>long</code></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>F</td>
   <td><code>float</code></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>D</td>
   <td><code>double</code></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>L<i>fully/qualified/Name</i>;</td>
   <td>the class <code><i>fully.qualified.Name</i></code></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>[<i>descriptor</i></td>
   <td>array of <code><i>descriptor</i></code>, usable recursively for
     arrays-of-arrays, though it is invalid to have more than 255
     dimensions.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h1>Items and Related Structures</h1>

 <p>This section includes definitions for each of the top-level items that
 may appear in a <code>.dex</code> file.

 <h2><code>header_item</code></h2>
 <h4>appears in the <code>header</code> section</h4>
 <h4>alignment: 4 bytes</h4>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>magic</td>
   <td>ubyte[8] = DEX_FILE_MAGIC</td>
   <td>magic value. See discussion above under "<code>DEX_FILE_MAGIC</code>"
     for more details.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>checksum</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>adler32 checksum of the rest of the file (everything but
     <code>magic</code> and this field); used to detect file corruption
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>signature</td>
   <td>ubyte[20]</td>
   <td>SHA-1 signature (hash) of the rest of the file (everything but
     <code>magic</code>, <code>checksum</code>, and this field); used
     to uniquely identify files
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>file_size</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>size of the entire file (including the header), in bytes
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>header_size</td>
   <td>uint = 0x70</td>
   <td>size of the header (this entire section), in bytes. This allows for at
     least a limited amount of backwards/forwards compatibility without
     invalidating the format.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>endian_tag</td>
   <td>uint = ENDIAN_CONSTANT</td>
   <td>endianness tag. See discussion above under "<code>ENDIAN_CONSTANT</code>
     and <code>REVERSE_ENDIAN_CONSTANT</code>" for more details.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>link_size</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>size of the link section, or <code>0</code> if this file isn't
     statically linked</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>link_off</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>offset from the start of the file to the link section, or
     <code>0</code> if <code>link_size == 0</code>. The offset, if non-zero,
     should be to an offset into the <code>link_data</code> section. The
     format of the data pointed at is left unspecified by this document;
     this header field (and the previous) are left as hooks for use by
     runtime implementations.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>map_off</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>offset from the start of the file to the map item, or
     <code>0</code> if this file has no map. The offset, if non-zero,
     should be to an offset into the <code>data</code> section,
     and the data should be in the format specified by "<code>map_list</code>"
     below.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>string_ids_size</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>count of strings in the string identifiers list</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>string_ids_off</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>offset from the start of the file to the string identifiers list, or
     <code>0</code> if <code>string_ids_size == 0</code> (admittedly a
     strange edge case). The offset, if non-zero,
     should be to the start of the <code>string_ids</code> section.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>type_ids_size</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>count of elements in the type identifiers list</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>type_ids_off</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>offset from the start of the file to the type identifiers list, or
     <code>0</code> if <code>type_ids_size == 0</code> (admittedly a
     strange edge case). The offset, if non-zero,
     should be to the start of the <code>type_ids</code>
     section.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>proto_ids_size</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>count of elements in the prototype identifiers list</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>proto_ids_off</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>offset from the start of the file to the prototype identifiers list, or
     <code>0</code> if <code>proto_ids_size == 0</code> (admittedly a
     strange edge case). The offset, if non-zero,
     should be to the start of the <code>proto_ids</code>
     section.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>field_ids_size</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>count of elements in the field identifiers list</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>field_ids_off</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>offset from the start of the file to the field identifiers list, or
     <code>0</code> if <code>field_ids_size == 0</code>. The offset, if
     non-zero, should be to the start of the <code>field_ids</code>
     section.</td>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>method_ids_size</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>count of elements in the method identifiers list</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>method_ids_off</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>offset from the start of the file to the method identifiers list, or
     <code>0</code> if <code>method_ids_size == 0</code>. The offset, if
     non-zero, should be to the start of the <code>method_ids</code>
     section.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>class_defs_size</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>count of elements in the class definitions list</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>class_defs_off</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>offset from the start of the file to the class definitions list, or
     <code>0</code> if <code>class_defs_size == 0</code> (admittedly a
     strange edge case). The offset, if non-zero,
     should be to the start of the <code>class_defs</code> section.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>data_size</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>Size of <code>data</code> section in bytes. Must be an even
     multiple of sizeof(uint).</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>data_off</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>offset from the start of the file to the start of the
    <code>data</code> section.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h2><code>map_list</code></h2>
 <h4>appears in the <code>data</code> section</h4>
 <h4>referenced from <code>header_item</code></h4>
 <h4>alignment: 4 bytes</h4>

 <p>This is a list of the entire contents of a file, in order. It
 contains some redundancy with respect to the <code>header_item</code>
 but is intended to be an easy form to use to iterate over an entire
 file. A given type may appear at most once in a map, but there is no
 restriction on what order types may appear in, other than the
 restrictions implied by the rest of the format (e.g., a
 <code>header</code> section must appear first, followed by a
 <code>string_ids</code> section, etc.). Additionally, the map entries must
 be ordered by initial offset and must not overlap.</p>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>size</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>size of the list, in entries</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>list</td>
   <td>map_item[size]</td>
   <td>elements of the list</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h3><code>map_item</code> Format</h3>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>type</td>
   <td>ushort</td>
   <td>type of the items; see table below</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>unused</td>
   <td>ushort</td>
   <td><i>(unused)</i></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>size</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>count of the number of items to be found at the indicated offset</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>offset</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>offset from the start of the file to the items in question</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>


 <h3>Type Codes</h3>

 <table class="typeCodes">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Item Type</th>
   <th>Constant</th>
   <th>Value</th>
   <th>Item Size In Bytes</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>header_item</td>
   <td>TYPE_HEADER_ITEM</td>
   <td>0x0000</td>
   <td>0x70</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>string_id_item</td>
   <td>TYPE_STRING_ID_ITEM</td>
   <td>0x0001</td>
   <td>0x04</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>type_id_item</td>
   <td>TYPE_TYPE_ID_ITEM</td>
   <td>0x0002</td>
   <td>0x04</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>proto_id_item</td>
   <td>TYPE_PROTO_ID_ITEM</td>
   <td>0x0003</td>
   <td>0x0c</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>field_id_item</td>
   <td>TYPE_FIELD_ID_ITEM</td>
   <td>0x0004</td>
   <td>0x08</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>method_id_item</td>
   <td>TYPE_METHOD_ID_ITEM</td>
   <td>0x0005</td>
   <td>0x08</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>class_def_item</td>
   <td>TYPE_CLASS_DEF_ITEM</td>
   <td>0x0006</td>
   <td>0x20</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>map_list</td>
   <td>TYPE_MAP_LIST</td>
   <td>0x1000</td>
   <td>4 + (item.size * 12)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>type_list</td>
   <td>TYPE_TYPE_LIST</td>
   <td>0x1001</td>
   <td>4 + (item.size * 2)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>annotation_set_ref_list</td>
   <td>TYPE_ANNOTATION_SET_REF_LIST</td>
   <td>0x1002</td>
   <td>4 + (item.size * 4)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>annotation_set_item</td>
   <td>TYPE_ANNOTATION_SET_ITEM</td>
   <td>0x1003</td>
   <td>4 + (item.size * 4)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>class_data_item</td>
   <td>TYPE_CLASS_DATA_ITEM</td>
   <td>0x2000</td>
   <td><i>implicit; must parse</i></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>code_item</td>
   <td>TYPE_CODE_ITEM</td>
   <td>0x2001</td>
   <td><i>implicit; must parse</i></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>string_data_item</td>
   <td>TYPE_STRING_DATA_ITEM</td>
   <td>0x2002</td>
   <td><i>implicit; must parse</i></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>debug_info_item</td>
   <td>TYPE_DEBUG_INFO_ITEM</td>
   <td>0x2003</td>
   <td><i>implicit; must parse</i></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>annotation_item</td>
   <td>TYPE_ANNOTATION_ITEM</td>
   <td>0x2004</td>
   <td><i>implicit; must parse</i></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>encoded_array_item</td>
   <td>TYPE_ENCODED_ARRAY_ITEM</td>
   <td>0x2005</td>
   <td><i>implicit; must parse</i></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>annotations_directory_item</td>
   <td>TYPE_ANNOTATIONS_DIRECTORY_ITEM</td>
   <td>0x2006</td>
   <td><i>implicit; must parse</i></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>


 <h2><code>string_id_item</code></h2>
 <h4>appears in the <code>string_ids</code> section</h4>
 <h4>alignment: 4 bytes</h4>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>string_data_off</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>offset from the start of the file to the string data for this
     item. The offset should be to a location
     in the <code>data</code> section, and the data should be in the
     format specified by "<code>string_data_item</code>" below.
     There is no alignment requirement for the offset.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h2><code>string_data_item</code></h2>
 <h4>appears in the <code>data</code> section</h4>
 <h4>alignment: none (byte-aligned)</h4>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>utf16_size</td>
   <td>uleb128</td>
   <td>size of this string, in UTF-16 code units (which is the "string
     length" in many systems). That is, this is the decoded length of
     the string. (The encoded length is implied by the position of
     the <code>0</code> byte.)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>data</td>
   <td>ubyte[]</td>
   <td>a series of MUTF-8 code units (a.k.a. octets, a.k.a. bytes)
     followed by a byte of value <code>0</code>. See
     "MUTF-8 (Modified UTF-8) Encoding" above for details and
     discussion about the data format.
     <p><b>Note:</b> It is acceptable to have a string which includes
     (the encoded form of) UTF-16 surrogate code units (that is,
     <code>U+d800</code> &hellip; <code>U+dfff</code>)
     either in isolation or out-of-order with respect to the usual
     encoding of Unicode into UTF-16. It is up to higher-level uses of
     strings to reject such invalid encodings, if appropriate.</p>
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h2><code>type_id_item</code></h2>
 <h4>appears in the <code>type_ids</code> section</h4>
 <h4>alignment: 4 bytes</h4>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>descriptor_idx</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>index into the <code>string_ids</code> list for the descriptor
     string of this type. The string must conform to the syntax for
     <i>TypeDescriptor</i>, defined above.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h2><code>proto_id_item</code></h2>
 <h4>appears in the <code>proto_ids</code> section</h4>
 <h4>alignment: 4 bytes</h4>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>shorty_idx</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>index into the <code>string_ids</code> list for the short-form
     descriptor string of this prototype. The string must conform to the
     syntax for <i>ShortyDescriptor</i>, defined above, and must correspond
     to the return type and parameters of this item.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>return_type_idx</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>index into the <code>type_ids</code> list for the return type
     of this prototype
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>parameters_off</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>offset from the start of the file to the list of parameter types
     for this prototype, or <code>0</code> if this prototype has no
     parameters. This offset, if non-zero, should be in the
     <code>data</code> section, and the data there should be in the
     format specified by <code>"type_list"</code> below. Additionally, there
     should be no reference to the type <code>void</code> in the list.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h2><code>field_id_item</code></h2>
 <h4>appears in the <code>field_ids</code> section</h4>
 <h4>alignment: 4 bytes</h4>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>class_idx</td>
   <td>ushort</td>
   <td>index into the <code>type_ids</code> list for the definer of this
     field. This must be a class type, and not an array or primitive type.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>type_idx</td>
   <td>ushort</td>
   <td>index into the <code>type_ids</code> list for the type of
     this field
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>name_idx</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>index into the <code>string_ids</code> list for the name of this
     field. The string must conform to the syntax for <i>MemberName</i>,
     defined above.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h2><code>method_id_item</code></h2>
 <h4>appears in the <code>method_ids</code> section</h4>
 <h4>alignment: 4 bytes</h4>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>class_idx</td>
   <td>ushort</td>
   <td>index into the <code>type_ids</code> list for the definer of this
     method. This must be a class or array type, and not a primitive type.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>proto_idx</td>
   <td>ushort</td>
   <td>index into the <code>proto_ids</code> list for the prototype of
     this method
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>name_idx</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>index into the <code>string_ids</code> list for the name of this
     method. The string must conform to the syntax for <i>MemberName</i>,
     defined above.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h2><code>class_def_item</code></h2>
 <h4>appears in the <code>class_defs</code> section</h4>
 <h4>alignment: 4 bytes</h4>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>class_idx</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>index into the <code>type_ids</code> list for this class.
     This must be a class type, and not an array or primitive type.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>access_flags</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>access flags for the class (<code>public</code>, <code>final</code>,
     etc.). See "<code>access_flags</code> Definitions" for details.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>superclass_idx</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>index into the <code>type_ids</code> list for the superclass, or
     the constant value <code>NO_INDEX</code> if this class has no
     superclass (i.e., it is a root class such as <code>Object</code>).
     If present, this must be a class type, and not an array or primitive type.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>interfaces_off</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>offset from the start of the file to the list of interfaces, or
     <code>0</code> if there are none. This offset
     should be in the <code>data</code> section, and the data
     there should be in the format specified by
     "<code>type_list</code>" below. Each of the elements of the list
     must be a class type (not an array or primitive type), and there
     must not be any duplicates.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>source_file_idx</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>index into the <code>string_ids</code> list for the name of the
     file containing the original source for (at least most of) this class,
     or the special value <code>NO_INDEX</code> to represent a lack of
     this information. The <code>debug_info_item</code> of any given method
     may override this source file, but the expectation is that most classes
     will only come from one source file.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>annotations_off</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>offset from the start of the file to the annotations structure
     for this class, or <code>0</code> if there are no annotations on
     this class. This offset, if non-zero, should be in the
     <code>data</code> section, and the data there should be in
     the format specified by "<code>annotations_directory_item</code>" below,
     with all items referring to this class as the definer.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>class_data_off</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>offset from the start of the file to the associated
     class data for this item, or <code>0</code> if there is no class
     data for this class. (This may be the case, for example, if this class
     is a marker interface.) The offset, if non-zero, should be in the
     <code>data</code> section, and the data there should be in the
     format specified by "<code>class_data_item</code>" below, with all
     items referring to this class as the definer.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>static_values_off</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>offset from the start of the file to the list of initial
     values for <code>static</code> fields, or <code>0</code> if there
     are none (and all <code>static</code> fields are to be initialized with
     <code>0</code> or <code>null</code>). This offset should be in the
     <code>data</code> section, and the data there should be in the
     format specified by "<code>encoded_array_item</code>" below. The size
     of the array must be no larger than the number of <code>static</code>
     fields declared by this class, and the elements correspond to the
     <code>static</code> fields in the same order as declared in the
     corresponding <code>field_list</code>. The type of each array
     element must match the declared type of its corresponding field.
     If there are fewer elements in the array than there are
     <code>static</code> fields, then the leftover fields are initialized
     with a type-appropriate <code>0</code> or <code>null</code>.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h2><code>class_data_item</code></h2>
 <h4>referenced from <code>class_def_item</code></h4>
 <h4>appears in the <code>data</code> section</h4>
 <h4>alignment: none (byte-aligned)</h4>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>static_fields_size</td>
   <td>uleb128</td>
   <td>the number of static fields defined in this item</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>instance_fields_size</td>
   <td>uleb128</td>
   <td>the number of instance fields defined in this item</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>direct_methods_size</td>
   <td>uleb128</td>
   <td>the number of direct methods defined in this item</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>virtual_methods_size</td>
   <td>uleb128</td>
   <td>the number of virtual methods defined in this item</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>static_fields</td>
   <td>encoded_field[static_fields_size]</td>
   <td>the defined static fields, represented as a sequence of
     encoded elements. The fields must be sorted by
     <code>field_idx</code> in increasing order.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>instance_fields</td>
   <td>encoded_field[instance_fields_size]</td>
   <td>the defined instance fields, represented as a sequence of
     encoded elements. The fields must be sorted by
     <code>field_idx</code> in increasing order.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>direct_methods</td>
   <td>encoded_method[direct_methods_size]</td>
   <td>the defined direct (any of <code>static</code>, <code>private</code>,
     or constructor) methods, represented as a sequence of
     encoded elements. The methods must be sorted by
     <code>method_idx</code> in increasing order.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>virtual_methods</td>
   <td>encoded_method[virtual_methods_size]</td>
   <td>the defined virtual (none of <code>static</code>, <code>private</code>,
     or constructor) methods, represented as a sequence of
     encoded elements. This list should <i>not</i> include inherited
     methods unless overridden by the class that this item represents. The
     methods must be sorted by <code>method_idx</code> in increasing order.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <p><b>Note:</b> All elements' <code>field_id</code>s and
 <code>method_id</code>s must refer to the same defining class.</p>

 <h3><code>encoded_field</code> Format</h3>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>field_idx_diff</td>
   <td>uleb128</td>
   <td>index into the <code>field_ids</code> list for the identity of this
     field (includes the name and descriptor), represented as a difference
     from the index of previous element in the list. The index of the
     first element in a list is represented directly.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>access_flags</td>
   <td>uleb128</td>
   <td>access flags for the field (<code>public</code>, <code>final</code>,
     etc.). See "<code>access_flags</code> Definitions" for details.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h3><code>encoded_method</code> Format</h3>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>method_idx_diff</td>
   <td>uleb128</td>
   <td>index into the <code>method_ids</code> list for the identity of this
     method (includes the name and descriptor), represented as a difference
     from the index of previous element in the list. The index of the
     first element in a list is represented directly.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>access_flags</td>
   <td>uleb128</td>
   <td>access flags for the method (<code>public</code>, <code>final</code>,
     etc.). See "<code>access_flags</code> Definitions" for details.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>code_off</td>
   <td>uleb128</td>
   <td>offset from the start of the file to the code structure for this
     method, or <code>0</code> if this method is either <code>abstract</code>
     or <code>native</code>. The offset should be to a location in the
     <code>data</code> section. The format of the data is specified by
     "<code>code_item</code>" below.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h2><code>type_list</code></h2>
 <h4>referenced from <code>class_def_item</code> and
 <code>proto_id_item</code></h4>
 <h4>appears in the <code>data</code> section</h4>
 <h4>alignment: 4 bytes</h4>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>size</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>size of the list, in entries</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>list</td>
   <td>type_item[size]</td>
   <td>elements of the list</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h3><code>type_item</code> Format</h3>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>type_idx</td>
   <td>ushort</td>
   <td>index into the <code>type_ids</code> list</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h2><code>code_item</code></h2>
 <h4>referenced from <code>method_item</code></h4>
 <h4>appears in the <code>data</code> section</h4>
 <h4>alignment: 4 bytes</h4>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>registers_size</td>
   <td>ushort</td>
   <td>the number of registers used by this code</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>ins_size</td>
   <td>ushort</td>
   <td>the number of words of incoming arguments to the method that this
     code is for</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>outs_size</td>
   <td>ushort</td>
   <td>the number of words of outgoing argument space required by this
     code for method invocation
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>tries_size</td>
   <td>ushort</td>
   <td>the number of <code>try_item</code>s for this instance. If non-zero,
     then these appear as the <code>tries</code> array just after the
     <code>insns</code> in this instance.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>debug_info_off</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>offset from the start of the file to the debug info (line numbers +
     local variable info) sequence for this code, or <code>0</code> if
     there simply is no information. The offset, if non-zero, should be
     to a location in the <code>data</code> section. The format of
     the data is specified by "<code>debug_info_item</code>" below.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>insns_size</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>size of the instructions list, in 16-bit code units</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>insns</td>
   <td>ushort[insns_size]</td>
   <td>actual array of bytecode. The format of code in an <code>insns</code>
     array is specified by the companion document
     <a href="dalvik-bytecode.html">"Bytecode for the Dalvik VM"</a>. Note
     that though this is defined as an array of <code>ushort</code>, there
     are some internal structures that prefer four-byte alignment. Also,
     if this happens to be in an endian-swapped file, then the swapping is
     <i>only</i> done on individual <code>ushort</code>s and not on the
     larger internal structures.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>padding</td>
   <td>ushort <i>(optional)</i> = 0</td>
   <td>two bytes of padding to make <code>tries</code> four-byte aligned.
     This element is only present if <code>tries_size</code> is non-zero
     and <code>insns_size</code> is odd.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>tries</td>
   <td>try_item[tries_size] <i>(optional)</i></td>
   <td>array indicating where in the code exceptions may be caught and
     how to handle them. Elements of the array must be non-overlapping in
     range and in order from low to high address. This element is only
     present if <code>tries_size</code> is non-zero.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>handlers</td>
   <td>encoded_catch_handler_list <i>(optional)</i></td>
   <td>bytes representing a list of lists of catch types and associated
     handler addresses. Each <code>try_item</code> has a byte-wise offset
     into this structure. This element is only present if
     <code>tries_size</code> is non-zero.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h3><code>try_item</code> Format </h3>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>start_addr</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>start address of the block of code covered by this entry. The address
     is a count of 16-bit code units to the start of the first covered
     instruction.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>insn_count</td>
   <td>ushort</td>
   <td>number of 16-bit code units covered by this entry. The last code
     unit covered (inclusive) is <code>start_addr + insn_count - 1</code>.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>handler_off</td>
   <td>ushort</td>
   <td>offset in bytes from the start of the associated encoded handler data
     to the <code>catch_handler_item</code> for this entry
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h3><code>encoded_catch_handler_list</code> Format</h3>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>size</td>
   <td>uleb128</td>
   <td>size of this list, in entries</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>list</td>
   <td>encoded_catch_handler[handlers_size]</td>
   <td>actual list of handler lists, represented directly (not as offsets),
     and concatenated sequentially</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h3><code>encoded_catch_handler</code> Format</h3>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>size</td>
   <td>sleb128</td>
   <td>number of catch types in this list. If non-positive, then this is
     the negative of the number of catch types, and the catches are followed
     by a catch-all handler. For example: A <code>size</code> of <code>0</code>
     means that there is a catch-all but no explicitly typed catches.
     A <code>size</code> of <code>2</code> means that there are two explicitly
     typed catches and no catch-all. And a <code>size</code> of <code>-1</code>
     means that there is one typed catch along with a catch-all.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>handlers</td>
   <td>encoded_type_addr_pair[abs(size)]</td>
   <td>stream of <code>abs(size)</code> encoded items, one for each caught
     type, in the order that the types should be tested.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>catch_all_addr</td>
   <td>uleb128 <i>(optional)</i></td>
   <td>bytecode address of the catch-all handler. This element is only
     present if <code>size</code> is non-positive.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h3><code>encoded_type_addr_pair</code> Format</h3>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>type_idx</td>
   <td>uleb128</td>
   <td>index into the <code>type_ids</code> list for the type of the
     exception to catch
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>addr</td>
   <td>uleb128</td>
   <td>bytecode address of the associated exception handler</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h2><code>debug_info_item</code></h2>
 <h4>referenced from <code>code_item</code></h4>
 <h4>appears in the <code>data</code> section</h4>
 <h4>alignment: none (byte-aligned)</h4>

 <p>Each <code>debug_info_item</code> defines a DWARF3-inspired byte-coded
 state machine that, when interpreted, emits the positions
 table and (potentially) the local variable information for a
 <code>code_item</code>. The sequence begins with a variable-length
 header (the length of which depends on the number of method
 parameters), is followed by the state machine bytecodes, and ends
 with an <code>DBG_END_SEQUENCE</code> byte.</p>

 <p>The state machine consists of five registers. The
 <code>address</code> register represents the instruction offset in the
 associated <code>insns_item</code> in 16-bit code units. The
 <code>address</code> register starts at <code>0</code> at the beginning of each
 <code>debug_info</code> sequence and may only monotonically increase.
 The <code>line</code> register represents what source line number
 should be associated with the next positions table entry emitted by
 the state machine. It is initialized in the sequence header, and may
 change in positive or negative directions but must never be less than
 <code>1</code>. The <code>source_file</code> register represents the
 source file that the line number entries refer to. It is initialized to
 the value of <code>source_file_idx</code> in <code>class_def_item</code>.
 The other two variables, <code>prologue_end</code> and
 <code>epilogue_begin</code>, are boolean flags (initialized to
 <code>false</code>) that indicate whether the next position emitted
 should be considered a method prologue or epilogue. The state machine
 must also track the name and type of the last local variable live in
 each register for the <code>DBG_RESTART_LOCAL</code> code.</p>

 <p>The header is as follows:</p>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
  <td>line_start</td>
  <td>uleb128</td>
  <td>the initial value for the state machine's <code>line</code> register.
     Does not represent an actual positions entry.
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
  <td>parameters_size</td>
  <td>uleb128</td>
  <td>the number of parameter names that are encoded. There should be
    one per method parameter, excluding an instance method's <code>this</code>,
    if any.
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
  <td>parameter_names</td>
  <td>uleb128p1[parameters_size]</td>
  <td>string index of the method parameter name. An encoded value of
    <code>NO_INDEX</code> indicates that no name
    is available for the associated parameter. The type descriptor
    and signature are implied from the method descriptor and signature.
  </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <p>The byte code values are as follows:</p>

 <table class="debugByteCode">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Value</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Arguments</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>DBG_END_SEQUENCE</td>
   <td>0x00</td>
   <td></td>
   <td><i>(none)</i></td>
   <td>terminates a debug info sequence for a <code>code_item</code></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>DBG_ADVANCE_PC</td>
   <td>0x01</td>
   <td>uleb128&nbsp;addr_diff</td>
   <td><code>addr_diff</code>: amount to add to address register</td>
   <td>advances the address register without emitting a positions entry</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>DBG_ADVANCE_LINE</td>
   <td>0x02</td>
   <td>sleb128&nbsp;line_diff</td>
   <td><code>line_diff</code>: amount to change line register by</td>
   <td>advances the line register without emitting a positions entry</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>DBG_START_LOCAL</td>
   <td>0x03</td>
   <td>uleb128&nbsp;register_num<br/>
     uleb128p1&nbsp;name_idx<br/>
     uleb128p1&nbsp;type_idx
   </td>
   <td><code>register_num</code>: register that will contain local<br/>
     <code>name_idx</code>: string index of the name<br/>
     <code>type_idx</code>: type index of the type
   </td>
   <td>introduces a local variable at the current address. Either
     <code>name_idx</code> or <code>type_idx</code> may be
     <code>NO_INDEX</code> to indicate that that value is unknown.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>DBG_START_LOCAL_EXTENDED</td>
   <td>0x04</td>
   <td>uleb128&nbsp;register_num<br/>
     uleb128p1&nbsp;name_idx<br/>
     uleb128p1&nbsp;type_idx<br/>
     uleb128p1&nbsp;sig_idx
   </td>
   <td><code>register_num</code>: register that will contain local<br/>
     <code>name_idx</code>: string index of the name<br/>
     <code>type_idx</code>: type index of the type<br/>
     <code>sig_idx</code>: string index of the type signature
   </td>
   <td>introduces a local with a type signature at the current address.
     Any of <code>name_idx</code>, <code>type_idx</code>, or
     <code>sig_idx</code> may be <code>NO_INDEX</code>
     to indicate that that value is unknown. (If <code>sig_idx</code> is
     <code>-1</code>, though, the same data could be represented more
     efficiently using the opcode <code>DBG_START_LOCAL</code>.)
     <p><b>Note:</b> See the discussion under
     "<code>dalvik.annotation.Signature</code>" below for caveats about
     handling signatures.</p>
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>DBG_END_LOCAL</td>
   <td>0x05</td>
   <td>uleb128&nbsp;register_num</td>
   <td><code>register_num</code>: register that contained local</td>
   <td>marks a currently-live local variable as out of scope at the current
     address
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>DBG_RESTART_LOCAL</td>
   <td>0x06</td>
   <td>uleb128&nbsp;register_num</td>
   <td><code>register_num</code>: register to restart</td>
   <td>re-introduces a local variable at the current address. The name
     and type are the same as the last local that was live in the specified
     register.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>DBG_SET_PROLOGUE_END</td>
   <td>0x07</td>
   <td></td>
   <td><i>(none)</i></td>
   <td>sets the <code>prologue_end</code> state machine register,
     indicating that the next position entry that is added should be
     considered the end of a method prologue (an appropriate place for
     a method breakpoint). The <code>prologue_end</code> register is
     cleared by any special (<code>&gt;= 0x0a</code>) opcode.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>DBG_SET_EPILOGUE_BEGIN</td>
   <td>0x08</td>
   <td></td>
   <td><i>(none)</i></td>
   <td>sets the <code>epilogue_begin</code> state machine register,
     indicating that the next position entry that is added should be
     considered the beginning of a method epilogue (an appropriate place
     to suspend execution before method exit).
     The <code>epilogue_begin</code> register is cleared by any special
     (<code>&gt;= 0x0a</code>) opcode.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>DBG_SET_FILE</td>
   <td>0x09</td>
   <td>uleb128p1&nbsp;name_idx</td>
   <td><code>name_idx</code>: string index of source file name;
     <code>NO_INDEX</code> if unknown
   </td>
   <td>indicates that all subsequent line number entries make reference to this
     source file name, instead of the default name specified in
     <code>code_item</code>
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td><i>Special Opcodes</i></td>
   <!-- When updating the range below, make sure to search for other
   instances of 0x0a in this section. -->
   <td>0x0a&hellip;0xff</td>
   <td></td>
   <td><i>(none)</i></td>
   <td>advances the <code>line</code> and <code>address</code> registers,
     emits a position entry, and clears <code>prologue_end</code> and
     <code>epilogue_begin</code>. See below for description.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h3>Special Opcodes</h3>

 <p>Opcodes with values between <code>0x0a</code> and <code>0xff</code>
 (inclusive) move both the <code>line</code> and <code>address</code>
 registers by a small amount and then emit a new position table entry.
 The formula for the increments are as follows:</p>

 <pre>
 DBG_FIRST_SPECIAL = 0x0a  // the smallest special opcode
 DBG_LINE_BASE   = -4      // the smallest line number increment
 DBG_LINE_RANGE  = 15      // the number of line increments represented

 adjusted_opcode = opcode - DBG_FIRST_SPECIAL

 line += DBG_LINE_BASE + (adjusted_opcode % DBG_LINE_RANGE)
 address += (adjusted_opcode / DBG_LINE_RANGE)
 </pre>

 <h2><code>annotations_directory_item</code></h2>
 <h4>referenced from <code>class_def_item</code></h4>
 <h4>appears in the <code>data</code> section</h4>
 <h4>alignment: 4 bytes</h4>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>class_annotations_off</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>offset from the start of the file to the annotations made directly
     on the class, or <code>0</code> if the class has no direct annotations.
     The offset, if non-zero, should be to a location in the
     <code>data</code> section. The format of the data is specified
     by "<code>annotation_set_item</code>" below.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>fields_size</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>count of fields annotated by this item</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>annotated_methods_size</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>count of methods annotated by this item</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>annotated_parameters_size</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>count of method parameter lists annotated by this item</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>field_annotations</td>
   <td>field_annotation[fields_size] <i>(optional)</i></td>
   <td>list of associated field annotations. The elements of the list must
     be sorted in increasing order, by <code>field_idx</code>.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>method_annotations</td>
   <td>method_annotation[methods_size] <i>(optional)</i></td>
   <td>list of associated method annotations. The elements of the list must
     be sorted in increasing order, by <code>method_idx</code>.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>parameter_annotations</td>
   <td>parameter_annotation[parameters_size] <i>(optional)</i></td>
   <td>list of associated method parameter annotations. The elements of the
     list must be sorted in increasing order, by <code>method_idx</code>.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <p><b>Note:</b> All elements' <code>field_id</code>s and
 <code>method_id</code>s must refer to the same defining class.</p>

 <h3><code>field_annotation</code> Format</h3>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>field_idx</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>index into the <code>field_ids</code> list for the identity of the
     field being annotated
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>annotations_off</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>offset from the start of the file to the list of annotations for
     the field. The offset should be to a location in the <code>data</code>
     section. The format of the data is specified by
     "<code>annotation_set_item</code>" below.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h3><code>method_annotation</code> Format</h3>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>method_idx</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>index into the <code>method_ids</code> list for the identity of the
     method being annotated
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>annotations_off</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>offset from the start of the file to the list of annotations for
     the method. The offset should be to a location in the
     <code>data</code> section. The format of the data is specified by
     "<code>annotation_set_item</code>" below.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h3><code>parameter_annotation</code> Format</h2>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>method_idx</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>index into the <code>method_ids</code> list for the identity of the
     method whose parameters are being annotated
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>annotations_off</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>offset from the start of the file to the list of annotations for
     the method parameters. The offset should be to a location in the
     <code>data</code> section. The format of the data is specified by
     "<code>annotation_set_ref_list</code>" below.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h2><code>annotation_set_ref_list</code></h2>
 <h4>referenced from <code>parameter_annotations_item</code></h4>
 <h4>appears in the <code>data</code> section</h4>
 <h4>alignment: 4 bytes</h4>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>size</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>size of the list, in entries</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>list</td>
   <td>annotation_set_ref_item[size]</td>
   <td>elements of the list</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h3><code>annotation_set_ref_item</code> Format</h3>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>annotations_off</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>offset from the start of the file to the referenced annotation set
     or <code>0</code> if there are no annotations for this element.
     The offset, if non-zero, should be to a location in the <code>data</code>
     section. The format of the data is specified by
     "<code>annotation_set_item</code>" below.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h2><code>annotation_set_item</code></h2>
 <h4>referenced from <code>annotations_directory_item</code>,
 <code>field_annotations_item</code>,
 <code>method_annotations_item</code>, and
 <code>annotation_set_ref_item</code></h4>
 <h4>appears in the <code>data</code> section</h4>
 <h4>alignment: 4 bytes</h4>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>size</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>size of the set, in entries</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>entries</td>
   <td>annotation_off_item[size]</td>
   <td>elements of the set. The elements must be sorted in increasing order,
     by <code>type_idx</code>.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h3><code>annotation_off_item</code> Format</h3>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>annotation_off</td>
   <td>uint</td>
   <td>offset from the start of the file to an annotation.
     The offset should be to a location in the <code>data</code> section,
     and the format of the data at that location is specified by
     "<code>annotation_item</code>" below.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>


 <h2><code>annotation_item</code></h2>
 <h4>referenced from <code>annotation_set_item</code></h4>
 <h4>appears in the <code>data</code> section</h4>
 <h4>alignment: none (byte-aligned)</h4>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>visibility</td>
   <td>ubyte</td>
   <td>intended visibility of this annotation (see below)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>annotation</td>
   <td>encoded_annotation</td>
   <td>encoded annotation contents, in the format described by
     "<code>encoded_annotation</code> Format" under
     "<code>encoded_value</code> Encoding" above.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h3>Visibility values</h3>

 <p>These are the options for the <code>visibility</code> field in an
 <code>annotation_item</code>:</p>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Value</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>VISIBILITY_BUILD</td>
   <td>0x00</td>
   <td>intended only to be visible at build time (e.g., during compilation
     of other code)
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>VISIBILITY_RUNTIME</td>
   <td>0x01</td>
   <td>intended to visible at runtime</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>VISIBILITY_SYSTEM</td>
   <td>0x02</td>
   <td>intended to visible at runtime, but only to the underlying system
     (and not to regular user code)
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h2><code>encoded_array_item</code></h2>
 <h4>referenced from <code>class_def_item</code></h4>
 <h4>appears in the <code>data</code> section</h4>
 <h4>alignment: none (byte-aligned)</h4>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>value</td>
   <td>encoded_array</td>
   <td>bytes representing the encoded array value, in the format specified
     by "<code>encoded_array</code> Format" under "<code>encoded_value</code>
     Encoding" above.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h1>System Annotations</h1>

 <p>System annotations are used to represent various pieces of reflective
 information about classes (and methods and fields). This information is
 generally only accessed indirectly by client (non-system) code.</p>

 <p>System annotations are represented in <code>.dex</code> files as
 annotations with visibility set to <code>VISIBILITY_SYSTEM</code>.

 <h2><code>dalvik.annotation.AnnotationDefault</code></h2>
 <h4>appears on methods in annotation interfaces</h4>

 <p>An <code>AnnotationDefault</code> annotation is attached to each
 annotation interface which wishes to indicate default bindings.</p>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>value</td>
   <td>Annotation</td>
   <td>the default bindings for this annotation, represented as an annotation
     of this type. The annotation need not include all names defined by the
     annotation; missing names simply do not have defaults.
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h2><code>dalvik.annotation.EnclosingClass</code></h2>
 <h4>appears on classes</h4>

 <p>An <code>EnclosingClass</code> annotation is attached to each class
 which is either defined as a member of another class, per se, or is
 anonymous but not defined within a method body (e.g., a synthetic
 inner class). Every class that has this annotation must also have an
 <code>InnerClass</code> annotation. Additionally, a class may not have
 both an <code>EnclosingClass</code> and an
 <code>EnclosingMethod</code> annotation.</p>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>value</td>
   <td>Class</td>
   <td>the class which most closely lexically scopes this class</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h2><code>dalvik.annotation.EnclosingMethod</code></h2>
 <h4>appears on classes</h4>

 <p>An <code>EnclosingMethod</code> annotation is attached to each class
 which is defined inside a method body. Every class that has this
 annotation must also have an <code>InnerClass</code> annotation.
 Additionally, a class may not have both an <code>EnclosingClass</code>
 and an <code>EnclosingMethod</code> annotation.</p>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>value</td>
   <td>Method</td>
   <td>the method which most closely lexically scopes this class</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h2><code>dalvik.annotation.InnerClass</code></h2>
 <h4>appears on classes</h4>

 <p>An <code>InnerClass</code> annotation is attached to each class
 which is defined in the lexical scope of another class's definition.
 Any class which has this annotation must also have <i>either</i> an
 <code>EnclosingClass</code> annotation <i>or</i> an
 <code>EnclosingMethod</code> annotation.</p>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>name</td>
   <td>String</td>
   <td>the originally declared simple name of this class (not including any
     package prefix). If this class is anonymous, then the name is
     <code>null</code>.
   </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
   <td>accessFlags</td>
   <td>int</td>
   <td>the originally declared access flags of the class (which may differ
     from the effective flags because of a mismatch between the execution
     models of the source language and target virtual machine)
   </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h2><code>dalvik.annotation.MemberClasses</code></h2>
 <h4>appears on classes</h4>

 <p>A <code>MemberClasses</code> annotation is attached to each class
 which declares member classes. (A member class is a direct inner class
 that has a name.)</p>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>value</td>
   <td>Class[]</td>
   <td>array of the member classes</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h2><code>dalvik.annotation.Signature</code></h2>
 <h4>appears on classes, fields, and methods</h4>

 <p>A <code>Signature</code> annotation is attached to each class,
 field, or method which is defined in terms of a more complicated type
 than is representable by a <code>type_id_item</code>. The
 <code>.dex</code> format does not define the format for signatures; it
 is merely meant to be able to represent whatever signatures a source
 language requires for successful implementation of that language's
 semantics. As such, signatures are not generally parsed (or verified)
 by virtual machine implementations. The signatures simply get handed
 off to higher-level APIs and tools (such as debuggers). Any use of a
 signature, therefore, should be written so as not to make any
 assumptions about only receiving valid signatures, explicitly guarding
 itself against the possibility of coming across a syntactically
 invalid signature.</p>

 <p>Because signature strings tend to have a lot of duplicated content,
 a <code>Signature</code> annotation is defined as an <i>array</i> of
 strings, where duplicated elements naturally refer to the same
 underlying data, and the signature is taken to be the concatenation of
 all the strings in the array. There are no rules about how to pull
 apart a signature into separate strings; that is entirely up to the
 tools that generate <code>.dex</code> files.</p>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>value</td>
   <td>String[]</td>
   <td>the signature of this class or member, as an array of strings that
     is to be concatenated together</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

 <h2><code>dalvik.annotation.Throws</code></h2>
 <h4>appears on methods</h4>

 <p>A <code>Throws</code> annotation is attached to each method which is
 declared to throw one or more exception types.</p>

 <table class="format">
 <thead>
 <tr>
   <th>Name</th>
   <th>Format</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
   <td>value</td>
   <td>Class[]</td>
   <td>the array of exception types thrown</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

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