docs/jni-tips.html - platform/dalvik - Gitiles

 <html>
   <head>
     <title>Android JNI Tips</title>
     <link rel=stylesheet href="android.css">
   </head>

   <body>
     <h1><a name="JNI_Tips"></a>Android JNI Tips</h1>
 <p>
 </p><p>
 </p><ul>
 <li> <a href="#What_s_JNI_">What's JNI?</a>
 </li>
 <li> <a href="#JavaVM_and_JNIEnv">JavaVM and JNIEnv</a>

 </li>
 <li> <a href="#jclassID_jmethodID_and_jfieldID">jclassID, jmethodID, and jfieldID</a>
 </li>
 <li> <a href="#local_vs_global_references">Local vs. Global References</a>
 </li>
 <li> <a href="#UTF_8_and_UTF_16_strings">UTF-8 and UTF-16 Strings</a>
 </li>
 <li> <a href="#Arrays">Primitive Arrays</a>
 </li>
 <li> <a href="#Exceptions">Exceptions</a>
 </li>

 <li> <a href="#Extended_checking">Extended Checking</a>
 </li>
 <li> <a href="#Native_Libraries">Native Libraries</a>
 </li>

 <li> <a href="#Unsupported">Unsupported Features</a>
 </ul>
 <p>
 <noautolink>
 </noautolink></p><p>
 </p><h2><a name="What_s_JNI_"> </a> What's JNI? </h2>
 <p>

 JNI is the Java Native Interface.  It defines a way for code written in the
 Java programming language to interact with native
 code, e.g. functions written in C/C++.  It's VM-neutral, has support for loading code from
 dynamic shared libraries, and while cumbersome at times is reasonably efficient.
 </p><p>
 You really should read through the
 <a href="http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/technotes/guides/jni/spec/jniTOC.html">JNI spec for J2SE 1.6</a>
 to get a sense for how JNI works and what features are available.  Some
 aspects of the interface aren't immediately obvious on
 first reading, so you may find the next few sections handy.
 The more detailed <i>JNI Programmer's Guide and Specification</i> can be found
 <a href="http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jni/html/jniTOC.html">here</a>.
 </p><p>
 </p><p>
 </p><h2><a name="JavaVM_and_JNIEnv"> </a> JavaVM and JNIEnv </h2>
 <p>
 JNI defines two key data structures, "JavaVM" and "JNIEnv".  Both of these are essentially
 pointers to pointers to function tables.  (In the C++ version, it's a class whose sole member
 is a pointer to a function table.)  The JavaVM provides the "invocation interface" functions,
 which allow you to create and destroy the VM.  In theory you can have multiple VMs per process,
 but Android's VMs only allow one.
 </p><p>
 The JNIEnv provides most of the JNI functions.  Your native functions all receive a JNIEnv as
 the first argument.
 </p><p>

 On some VMs, the JNIEnv is used for thread-local storage.  For this reason, <strong>you cannot share a JNIEnv between threads</strong>.
 If a piece of code has no other way to get its JNIEnv, you should share
 the JavaVM, and use JavaVM-&gt;GetEnv to discover the thread's JNIEnv.
 </p><p>
 The C and C++ declarations of JNIEnv and JavaVM are different.  "jni.h" provides different typedefs
 depending on whether it's included into ".c" or ".cpp".  For this reason it's a bad idea to
 include JNIEnv arguments in header files included by both languages.  (Put another way: if your
 header file requires "#ifdef __cplusplus", you may have to do some extra work if anything in
 that header refers to JNIEnv.)
 </p><p>
 </p><p>
 </p><h2><a name="jclassID_jmethodID_and_jfieldID"> jclassID, jmethodID, and jfieldID </a></h2>
 <p>
 If you want to access an object's field from native code, you would do the following:
 </p><p>
 </p><ul>
 <li> Get the class object reference for the class with <code>FindClass</code>
 </li>
 <li> Get the field ID for the field with <code>GetFieldID</code>
 </li>
 <li> Get the contents of the field with something appropriate, e.g.
 <code>GetIntField</code>
 </li>
 </ul>
 <p>
 Similarly, to call a method, you'd first get a class object reference and then a method ID.  The IDs are often just
 pointers to internal VM data structures.  Looking them up may require several string
 comparisons, but once you have them the actual call to get the field or invoke the method
 is very quick.
 </p><p>
 If performance is important, it's useful to look the values up once and cache the results
 in your native code.  Because we are limiting ourselves to one VM per process, it's reasonable
 to store this data in a static local structure.
 </p><p>
 The class references, field IDs, and method IDs are guaranteed valid until the class is unloaded.  Classes
 are only unloaded if all classes associated with a ClassLoader can be garbage collected,
 which is rare but will not be impossible in our system.  The jclassID
 is a class reference and <strong>must be protected</strong> with a call
 to <code>NewGlobalRef</code> (see the next section).
 </p><p>
 If you would like to cache the IDs when a class is loaded, and automatically re-cache them
 if the class is ever unloaded and reloaded, the correct way to initialize
 the IDs is to add a piece of code that looks like this to the appropriate class:
 </p><p>

 </p><pre>    /*
      * We use a class initializer to allow the native code to cache some
      * field offsets.
      */

     /*
      * A native function that looks up and caches interesting
      * class/field/method IDs for this class.  Returns false on failure.
      */
     native private static boolean nativeClassInit();

     /*
      * Invoke the native initializer when the class is loaded.
      */
     static {
         if (!nativeClassInit())
             throw new RuntimeException("native init failed");
     }
 </pre>
 <p>
 Create a nativeClassInit method in your C/C++ code that performs the ID lookups.  The code
 will be executed once, when the class is initialized.  If the class is ever unloaded and
 then reloaded, it will be executed again.  (See the implementation of java.io.FileDescriptor
 for an example in our source tree.)
 </p><p>
 </p><p>
 </p><p>
 </p><h2><a name="local_vs_global_references"> Local vs. Global References </a></h2>
 <p>
 Every object that JNI returns is a "local reference".  This means that it's valid for the
 duration of the current native method in the current thread.
 <strong>Even if the object itself continues to live on after the native method returns, the reference is not valid.</strong>
 This applies to all sub-classes of jobject, including jclass and jarray.
 (Dalvik VM will warn you about this when -Xcheck:jni is enabled.)
 </p><p>

 If you want to hold on to a reference for a longer period, you must use a "global" reference.
 The <code>NewGlobalRef</code> function takes the local reference as
 an argument and returns a global one:

 <p><pre>jobject* localRef = [...];
 jobject* globalRef;
 globalRef = env-&gt;NewGlobalRef(localRef);
 </pre>

 The global reference is guaranteed to be valid until you call
 <code>DeleteGlobalRef</code>.
 </p><p>
 All JNI methods accept both local and global references as arguments.
 </p><p>
 Programmers are required to "not excessively allocate" local references.  In practical terms this means
 that if you're creating large numbers of local references, perhaps while running through an array of
 Objects, you should free them manually with
 <code>DeleteLocalRef</code> instead of letting JNI do it for you.  The
 VM is only required to reserve slots for
 16 local references, so if you need more than that you should either delete as you go or use
 <code>EnsureLocalCapacity</code> to reserve more.
 </p><p>
 Note: method and field IDs are just 32-bit identifiers, not object
 references, and should not be passed to <code>NewGlobalRef</code>.  The raw data
 pointers returned by functions like <code>GetStringUTFChars</code>
 and <code>GetByteArrayElements</code> are also not objects.
 </p><p>
 One unusual case deserves separate mention.  If you attach a native
 thread to the VM with AttachCurrentThread, the code you are running will
 never "return" to the VM until the thread detaches from the VM.  Any local
 references you create will have to be deleted manually unless the thread
 is about to exit or detach.
 </p><p>
 </p><p>
 </p><p>
 </p><h2><a name="UTF_8_and_UTF_16_strings"> </a> UTF-8 and UTF-16 Strings </h2>
 <p>
 The Java programming language uses UTF-16.  For convenience, JNI provides methods that work with "modified UTF-8" encoding
 as well.  (Some VMs use the modified UTF-8 internally to store strings; ours do not.)  The
 modified encoding only supports the 8- and 16-bit forms, and stores ASCII NUL values in a 16-bit encoding.
 The nice thing about it is that you can count on having C-style zero-terminated strings,
 suitable for use with standard libc string functions.  The down side is that you cannot pass
 arbitrary UTF-8 data into the VM and expect it to work correctly.
 </p><p>
 It's usually best to operate with UTF-16 strings.  With our current VMs, the
 <code>GetStringChars</code> method
 does not require a copy, whereas <code>GetStringUTFChars</code> requires a malloc and a UTF conversion.  Note that
 <strong>UTF-16 strings are not zero-terminated</strong>, and \u0000 is allowed,
 so you need to hang on to the string length as well as
 the string pointer.

 </p><p>
 <strong>Don't forget to Release the strings you Get</strong>.  The string functions return <code>jchar*</code> or <code>jbyte*</code>, which
 are pointers to primitive types rather than local references.  They are
 guaranteed valid until Release is called, which means they are not
 released when the native method returns.
 </p><p>
 </p><p>


 </p><h2><a name="Arrays"> </a> Primitive Arrays </h2>
 <p>
 JNI provides functions for accessing the contents of array objects.
 While arrays of objects must be accessed one entry at a time, arrays of
 primitives can be read and written directly as if they were declared in C.
 </p><p>
 To make the interface as efficient as possible without constraining
 the VM implementation,
 the <code>Get&lt;PrimitiveType&gt;ArrayElements</code> family of calls
 allows the VM to either return a pointer to the actual elements, or
 allocate some memory and make a copy.  Either way, the raw pointer returned
 is guaranteed to be valid until the corresponding <code>Release</code> call
 is issued (which implies that, if the data wasn't copied, the array object
 will be pinned down and can't be relocated as part of compacting the heap).
 <strong>You must Release every array you Get.</strong>
 </p><p>
 You can determine whether or not the data was copied by passing in a
 non-NULL pointer for the <code>isCopy</code> argument.  This is rarely
 useful.
 </p><p>
 The <code>Release</code> call takes a <code>mode</code> argument that can
 have one of three values.  The actions performed by the VM depend upon
 whether it returned a pointer to the actual data or a copy of it:
 <ul>
     <li><code>0</code>
     <ul>
         <li>Actual: the array object is un-pinned.
         <li>Copy: data is copied back.  The buffer with the copy is freed.
     </ul>
     <li><code>JNI_COMMIT</code>
     <ul>
         <li>Actual: does nothing.
         <li>Copy: data is copied back.  The buffer with the copy
         <strong>is not freed</strong>.
     </ul>
     <li><code>JNI_ABORT</code>
     <ul>
         <li>Actual: the array object is un-pinned.  Earlier
         writes are <strong>not</strong> aborted.
         <li>Copy: the buffer with the copy is freed; any changes to it are lost.
     </ul>
 </ul>
 </p><p>
 One reason for checking the <code>isCopy</code> flag is to know if
 you need to call <code>Release</code> with <code>JNI_COMMIT</code>
 after making changes to an array -- if you're alternating between making
 changes and executing code that uses the contents of the array, you may be
 able to
 skip the no-op commit.  Another possible reason for checking the flag is for
 efficient handling of <code>JNI_ABORT</code>.  For example, you might want
 to get an array, modify it in place, pass pieces to other functions, and
 then discard the changes.  If you know that JNI is making a new copy for
 you, there's no need to create another "editable" copy.  If JNI is passing
 you the original, then you do need to make your own copy.
 </p><p>
 Some have asserted that you can skip the <code>Release</code> call if
 <code>*isCopy</code> is false.  This is not the case.  If no copy buffer was
 allocated, then the original memory must be pinned down and can't be moved by
 the garbage collector.
 </p><p>
 Also note that the <code>JNI_COMMIT</code> flag does NOT release the array,
 and you will need to call <code>Release</code> again with a different flag
 eventually.
 </p><p>
 </p><p>


 </p><h2><a name="Exceptions"> Exceptions </a></h2>
 <p>
 <strong>You may not call most JNI functions while an exception is pending.</strong>
 Your code is expected to notice the exception (via the function's return value,
 <code>ExceptionCheck()</code>, or <code>ExceptionOccurred()</code>) and return,
 or clear the exception and handle it.
 </p><p>
 The only JNI functions that you are allowed to call while an exception is
 pending are:
 <font size="-1"><ul>
     <li>DeleteGlobalRef
     <li>DeleteLocalRef
     <li>DeleteWeakGlobalRef
     <li>ExceptionCheck
     <li>ExceptionClear
     <li>ExceptionDescribe
     <li>ExceptionOccurred
     <li>MonitorExit
     <li>PopLocalFrame
     <li>PushLocalFrame
     <li>Release<PrimitiveType>ArrayElements
     <li>ReleasePrimitiveArrayCritical
     <li>ReleaseStringChars
     <li>ReleaseStringCritical
     <li>ReleaseStringUTFChars
 </ul></font>
 </p><p>
 Note that exceptions thrown by interpreted code do not "leap over" native code,
 and C++ exceptions thrown by native code are not handled by Dalvik.
 The JNI <code>Throw</code> and <code>ThrowNew</code> instructions just
 set an exception pointer in the current thread.  Upon returning to the VM from
 native code, the exception will be noted and handled appropriately.
 </p><p>
 Native code can "catch" an exception by calling <code>ExceptionCheck</code> or
 <code>ExceptionOccurred</code>, and clear it with
 <code>ExceptionClear</code>.  As usual,
 discarding exceptions without handling them can lead to problems.
 </p><p>
 There are no built-in functions for manipulating the Throwable object
 itself, so if you want to (say) get the exception string you will need to
 find the Throwable class, look up the method ID for
 <code>getMessage "()Ljava/lang/String;"</code>, invoke it, and if the result
 is non-NULL use <code>GetStringUTFChars</code> to get something you can
 hand to printf or a LOG macro.

 </p><p>
 </p><p>
 </p><h2><a name="Extended_checking"> Extended Checking </a></h2>
 <p>
 JNI does very little error checking.  Calling <code>SetFieldInt</code>
 on an Object field will succeed, even if the field is marked
 <code>private</code> and <code>final</code>.  The
 goal is to minimize the overhead on the assumption that, if you've written it in native code,
 you probably did it for performance reasons.
 </p><p>
 Some VMs support extended checking with the "<code>-Xcheck:jni</code>" flag.  If the flag is set, the VM
 puts a different table of functions into the JavaVM and JNIEnv pointers.  These functions do
 an extended series of checks before calling the standard implementation.

 </p><p>
 Some things that may be verified:
 </p><p>
 </p>
 <ul>
 <li> Check for null pointers where not allowed.
 <li>
 <li> Verify argument type correctness (jclass is a class object,
 jfieldID points to field data, jstring is a java.lang.String).
 </li>
 <li> Field type correctness, e.g. don't store a HashMap in a String field.
 </li>
 <li> Check to see if an exception is pending on calls where pending exceptions are not legal.
 </li>
 <li> Check for calls to inappropriate functions between Critical get/release calls.
 </li>
 <li> Check that JNIEnv structs aren't being shared between threads.

 </li>
 <li> Make sure local references aren't used outside their allowed lifespan.
 </li>
 <li> UTF-8 strings contain valid "modified UTF-8" data.
 </li>
 </ul>
 <p>Accessibility of methods and fields (i.e. public vs. private) is not
 checked.
 <p>
 The Dalvik VM supports the <code>-Xcheck:jni</code> flag.  For a
 description of how to enable it for Android apps, see
 <a href="embedded-vm-control.html">Controlling the Embedded VM</a>.
 It's currently enabled by default in the Android emulator and on
 "engineering" device builds.

 </p><p>
 JNI checks can be modified with the <code>-Xjniopts</code> command-line
 flag.  Currently supported values include:
 </p>
 <blockquote><dl>
 <dt>forcecopy
 <dd>When set, any function that can return a copy of the original data
 (array of primitive values, UTF-16 chars) will always do so.  The buffers
 are over-allocated and surrounded with a guard pattern to help identify
 code writing outside the buffer, and the contents are erased before the
 storage is freed to trip up code that uses the data after calling Release.
 <dt>warnonly
 <dd>By default, JNI "warnings" cause the VM to abort.  With this flag
 it continues on.
 </dl></blockquote>

 </p><p>
 </p><p>
 </p><h2><a name="Native_Libraries"> Native Libraries </a></h2>
 <p>
 You can load native code from shared libraries with the standard
 <code>System.loadLibrary()</code> call.  The
 preferred way to get at your native code is:
 </p><p>
 </p><ul>
 <li> Call <code>System.loadLibrary()</code> from a static class initializer.  (See the earlier example, where one is used to call nativeClassInit().)  The argument is the "undecorated" library name, e.g. to load "libfubar.so" you would pass in "fubar".

 </li>
 <li> Provide a native function: <code><strong>jint JNI_OnLoad(JavaVM* vm, void* reserved)</strong></code>
 </li>
 <li>In <code>JNI_OnLoad</code>, register all of your native methods.  You
 should declare
 the methods "static" so the names don't take up space in the symbol table
 on the device.
 </li>
 </ul>
 <p>
 The <code>JNI_OnLoad</code> function should look something like this if
 written in C:
 </p><blockquote><pre>jint JNI_OnLoad(JavaVM* vm, void* reserved)
 {
     JNIEnv* env;
     if ((*vm)->GetEnv(vm, (void**) &env, JNI_VERSION_1_4) != JNI_OK)
         return -1;

     /* get class with (*env)->FindClass */
     /* register methods with (*env)->RegisterNatives */

     return JNI_VERSION_1_4;
 }
 </pre></blockquote>
 </p><p>
 You can also call <code>System.load()</code> with the full path name of the
 shared library.  For Android apps, you can get the full path to the
 application's private data storage area from the context object.
 </p><p>
 Dalvik does support "discovery" of native methods that are named in a
 specific way (see <a href="http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/technotes/guides/jni/spec/design.html#wp615">
     the JNI spec</a> for details), but this is less a less desirable
 approach.  It requires more space in the shared object symbol table,
 loading is slower because it requires string searches through all of the
 loaded shared libraries, and if a method signature is wrong you won't know
 about it until the first time the method is actually used.
 </p><p>


 </p><h2><a name="Unsupported"> Unsupported Features </a></h2>
 <p>All JNI 1.6 features are supported, with the following exceptions:
 <ul>
     <li><code>DefineClass</code> is not implemented.  Dalvik does not use
     Java bytecodes or class files, so passing in binary class data
     doesn't work.  Translation facilities may be added in a future
     version of the VM.</li>
     <li><code>NewWeakGlobalRef</code> and <code>DeleteWeakGlobalRef</code>
     are not implemented.  The
     VM supports weak references, but not JNI "weak global" references.
     These will be supported in a future release.</li>
     <li><code>GetObjectRefType</code> (new in 1.6) is implemented but not fully
     functional -- it can't always tell the difference between "local" and
     "global" references.</li>
 </ul>

 </p>

 <address>Copyright &copy; 2008 The Android Open Source Project</address>

   </body>
 </html>
	<html>
	<head>
	<title>Android JNI Tips</title>
	<link rel=stylesheet href="android.css">
	</head>

	<body>
	<h1><a name="JNI_Tips"></a>Android JNI Tips</h1>
	<p>
	</p><p>
	</p><ul>
	<li> <a href="#What_s_JNI_">What's JNI?</a>
	</li>
	<li> <a href="#JavaVM_and_JNIEnv">JavaVM and JNIEnv</a>

	</li>
	<li> <a href="#jclassID_jmethodID_and_jfieldID">jclassID, jmethodID, and jfieldID</a>
	</li>
	<li> <a href="#local_vs_global_references">Local vs. Global References</a>
	</li>
	<li> <a href="#UTF_8_and_UTF_16_strings">UTF-8 and UTF-16 Strings</a>
	</li>
	<li> <a href="#Arrays">Primitive Arrays</a>
	</li>
	<li> <a href="#Exceptions">Exceptions</a>
	</li>

	<li> <a href="#Extended_checking">Extended Checking</a>
	</li>
	<li> <a href="#Native_Libraries">Native Libraries</a>
	</li>

	<li> <a href="#Unsupported">Unsupported Features</a>
	</ul>
	<p>
	<noautolink>
	</noautolink></p><p>
	</p><h2><a name="What_s_JNI_"> </a> What's JNI? </h2>
	<p>

	JNI is the Java Native Interface. It defines a way for code written in the
	Java programming language to interact with native
	code, e.g. functions written in C/C++. It's VM-neutral, has support for loading code from
	dynamic shared libraries, and while cumbersome at times is reasonably efficient.
	</p><p>
	You really should read through the
	<a href="http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/technotes/guides/jni/spec/jniTOC.html">JNI spec for J2SE 1.6</a>
	to get a sense for how JNI works and what features are available. Some
	aspects of the interface aren't immediately obvious on
	first reading, so you may find the next few sections handy.
	The more detailed <i>JNI Programmer's Guide and Specification</i> can be found
	<a href="http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jni/html/jniTOC.html">here</a>.
	</p><p>
	</p><p>
	</p><h2><a name="JavaVM_and_JNIEnv"> </a> JavaVM and JNIEnv </h2>
	<p>
	JNI defines two key data structures, "JavaVM" and "JNIEnv". Both of these are essentially
	pointers to pointers to function tables. (In the C++ version, it's a class whose sole member
	is a pointer to a function table.) The JavaVM provides the "invocation interface" functions,
	which allow you to create and destroy the VM. In theory you can have multiple VMs per process,
	but Android's VMs only allow one.
	</p><p>
	The JNIEnv provides most of the JNI functions. Your native functions all receive a JNIEnv as
	the first argument.
	</p><p>

	On some VMs, the JNIEnv is used for thread-local storage. For this reason, <strong>you cannot share a JNIEnv between threads</strong>.
	If a piece of code has no other way to get its JNIEnv, you should share
	the JavaVM, and use JavaVM->GetEnv to discover the thread's JNIEnv.
	</p><p>
	The C and C++ declarations of JNIEnv and JavaVM are different. "jni.h" provides different typedefs
	depending on whether it's included into ".c" or ".cpp". For this reason it's a bad idea to
	include JNIEnv arguments in header files included by both languages. (Put another way: if your
	header file requires "#ifdef __cplusplus", you may have to do some extra work if anything in
	that header refers to JNIEnv.)
	</p><p>
	</p><p>
	</p><h2><a name="jclassID_jmethodID_and_jfieldID"> jclassID, jmethodID, and jfieldID </a></h2>
	<p>
	If you want to access an object's field from native code, you would do the following:
	</p><p>
	</p><ul>
	<li> Get the class object reference for the class with <code>FindClass</code>
	</li>
	<li> Get the field ID for the field with <code>GetFieldID</code>
	</li>
	<li> Get the contents of the field with something appropriate, e.g.
	<code>GetIntField</code>
	</li>
	</ul>
	<p>
	Similarly, to call a method, you'd first get a class object reference and then a method ID. The IDs are often just
	pointers to internal VM data structures. Looking them up may require several string
	comparisons, but once you have them the actual call to get the field or invoke the method
	is very quick.
	</p><p>
	If performance is important, it's useful to look the values up once and cache the results
	in your native code. Because we are limiting ourselves to one VM per process, it's reasonable
	to store this data in a static local structure.
	</p><p>
	The class references, field IDs, and method IDs are guaranteed valid until the class is unloaded. Classes
	are only unloaded if all classes associated with a ClassLoader can be garbage collected,
	which is rare but will not be impossible in our system. The jclassID
	is a class reference and <strong>must be protected</strong> with a call
	to <code>NewGlobalRef</code> (see the next section).
	</p><p>
	If you would like to cache the IDs when a class is loaded, and automatically re-cache them
	if the class is ever unloaded and reloaded, the correct way to initialize
	the IDs is to add a piece of code that looks like this to the appropriate class:
	</p><p>

	</p><pre> /*
	* We use a class initializer to allow the native code to cache some
	* field offsets.
	*/

	/*
	* A native function that looks up and caches interesting
	* class/field/method IDs for this class. Returns false on failure.
	*/
	native private static boolean nativeClassInit();

	/*
	* Invoke the native initializer when the class is loaded.
	*/
	static {
	if (!nativeClassInit())
	throw new RuntimeException("native init failed");
	}
	</pre>
	<p>
	Create a nativeClassInit method in your C/C++ code that performs the ID lookups. The code
	will be executed once, when the class is initialized. If the class is ever unloaded and
	then reloaded, it will be executed again. (See the implementation of java.io.FileDescriptor
	for an example in our source tree.)
	</p><p>
	</p><p>
	</p><p>
	</p><h2><a name="local_vs_global_references"> Local vs. Global References </a></h2>
	<p>
	Every object that JNI returns is a "local reference". This means that it's valid for the
	duration of the current native method in the current thread.
	<strong>Even if the object itself continues to live on after the native method returns, the reference is not valid.</strong>
	This applies to all sub-classes of jobject, including jclass and jarray.
	(Dalvik VM will warn you about this when -Xcheck:jni is enabled.)
	</p><p>

	If you want to hold on to a reference for a longer period, you must use a "global" reference.
	The <code>NewGlobalRef</code> function takes the local reference as
	an argument and returns a global one:

	<p><pre>jobject* localRef = [...];
	jobject* globalRef;
	globalRef = env->NewGlobalRef(localRef);
	</pre>

	The global reference is guaranteed to be valid until you call
	<code>DeleteGlobalRef</code>.
	</p><p>
	All JNI methods accept both local and global references as arguments.
	</p><p>
	Programmers are required to "not excessively allocate" local references. In practical terms this means
	that if you're creating large numbers of local references, perhaps while running through an array of
	Objects, you should free them manually with
	<code>DeleteLocalRef</code> instead of letting JNI do it for you. The
	VM is only required to reserve slots for
	16 local references, so if you need more than that you should either delete as you go or use
	<code>EnsureLocalCapacity</code> to reserve more.
	</p><p>
	Note: method and field IDs are just 32-bit identifiers, not object
	references, and should not be passed to <code>NewGlobalRef</code>. The raw data
	pointers returned by functions like <code>GetStringUTFChars</code>
	and <code>GetByteArrayElements</code> are also not objects.
	</p><p>
	One unusual case deserves separate mention. If you attach a native
	thread to the VM with AttachCurrentThread, the code you are running will
	never "return" to the VM until the thread detaches from the VM. Any local
	references you create will have to be deleted manually unless the thread
	is about to exit or detach.
	</p><p>
	</p><p>
	</p><p>
	</p><h2><a name="UTF_8_and_UTF_16_strings"> </a> UTF-8 and UTF-16 Strings </h2>
	<p>
	The Java programming language uses UTF-16. For convenience, JNI provides methods that work with "modified UTF-8" encoding
	as well. (Some VMs use the modified UTF-8 internally to store strings; ours do not.) The
	modified encoding only supports the 8- and 16-bit forms, and stores ASCII NUL values in a 16-bit encoding.
	The nice thing about it is that you can count on having C-style zero-terminated strings,
	suitable for use with standard libc string functions. The down side is that you cannot pass
	arbitrary UTF-8 data into the VM and expect it to work correctly.
	</p><p>
	It's usually best to operate with UTF-16 strings. With our current VMs, the
	<code>GetStringChars</code> method
	does not require a copy, whereas <code>GetStringUTFChars</code> requires a malloc and a UTF conversion. Note that
	<strong>UTF-16 strings are not zero-terminated</strong>, and \u0000 is allowed,
	so you need to hang on to the string length as well as
	the string pointer.

	</p><p>
	<strong>Don't forget to Release the strings you Get</strong>. The string functions return <code>jchar</code> or <code>jbyte</code>, which
	are pointers to primitive types rather than local references. They are
	guaranteed valid until Release is called, which means they are not
	released when the native method returns.
	</p><p>
	</p><p>


	</p><h2><a name="Arrays"> </a> Primitive Arrays </h2>
	<p>
	JNI provides functions for accessing the contents of array objects.
	While arrays of objects must be accessed one entry at a time, arrays of
	primitives can be read and written directly as if they were declared in C.
	</p><p>
	To make the interface as efficient as possible without constraining
	the VM implementation,
	the <code>Get<PrimitiveType>ArrayElements</code> family of calls
	allows the VM to either return a pointer to the actual elements, or
	allocate some memory and make a copy. Either way, the raw pointer returned
	is guaranteed to be valid until the corresponding <code>Release</code> call
	is issued (which implies that, if the data wasn't copied, the array object
	will be pinned down and can't be relocated as part of compacting the heap).
	<strong>You must Release every array you Get.</strong>
	</p><p>
	You can determine whether or not the data was copied by passing in a
	non-NULL pointer for the <code>isCopy</code> argument. This is rarely
	useful.
	</p><p>
	The <code>Release</code> call takes a <code>mode</code> argument that can
	have one of three values. The actions performed by the VM depend upon
	whether it returned a pointer to the actual data or a copy of it:
	<ul>
	<li><code>0</code>
	<ul>
	<li>Actual: the array object is un-pinned.
	<li>Copy: data is copied back. The buffer with the copy is freed.
	</ul>
	<li><code>JNI_COMMIT</code>
	<ul>
	<li>Actual: does nothing.
	<li>Copy: data is copied back. The buffer with the copy
	<strong>is not freed</strong>.
	</ul>
	<li><code>JNI_ABORT</code>
	<ul>
	<li>Actual: the array object is un-pinned. Earlier
	writes are <strong>not</strong> aborted.
	<li>Copy: the buffer with the copy is freed; any changes to it are lost.
	</ul>
	</ul>
	</p><p>
	One reason for checking the <code>isCopy</code> flag is to know if
	you need to call <code>Release</code> with <code>JNI_COMMIT</code>
	after making changes to an array -- if you're alternating between making
	changes and executing code that uses the contents of the array, you may be
	able to
	skip the no-op commit. Another possible reason for checking the flag is for
	efficient handling of <code>JNI_ABORT</code>. For example, you might want
	to get an array, modify it in place, pass pieces to other functions, and
	then discard the changes. If you know that JNI is making a new copy for
	you, there's no need to create another "editable" copy. If JNI is passing
	you the original, then you do need to make your own copy.
	</p><p>
	Some have asserted that you can skip the <code>Release</code> call if
	<code>*isCopy</code> is false. This is not the case. If no copy buffer was
	allocated, then the original memory must be pinned down and can't be moved by
	the garbage collector.
	</p><p>
	Also note that the <code>JNI_COMMIT</code> flag does NOT release the array,
	and you will need to call <code>Release</code> again with a different flag
	eventually.
	</p><p>
	</p><p>


	</p><h2><a name="Exceptions"> Exceptions </a></h2>
	<p>
	<strong>You may not call most JNI functions while an exception is pending.</strong>
	Your code is expected to notice the exception (via the function's return value,
	<code>ExceptionCheck()</code>, or <code>ExceptionOccurred()</code>) and return,
	or clear the exception and handle it.
	</p><p>
	The only JNI functions that you are allowed to call while an exception is
	pending are:
	<font size="-1"><ul>
	<li>DeleteGlobalRef
	<li>DeleteLocalRef
	<li>DeleteWeakGlobalRef
	<li>ExceptionCheck
	<li>ExceptionClear
	<li>ExceptionDescribe
	<li>ExceptionOccurred
	<li>MonitorExit
	<li>PopLocalFrame
	<li>PushLocalFrame
	<li>Release<PrimitiveType>ArrayElements
	<li>ReleasePrimitiveArrayCritical
	<li>ReleaseStringChars
	<li>ReleaseStringCritical
	<li>ReleaseStringUTFChars
	</ul></font>
	</p><p>
	Note that exceptions thrown by interpreted code do not "leap over" native code,
	and C++ exceptions thrown by native code are not handled by Dalvik.
	The JNI <code>Throw</code> and <code>ThrowNew</code> instructions just
	set an exception pointer in the current thread. Upon returning to the VM from
	native code, the exception will be noted and handled appropriately.
	</p><p>
	Native code can "catch" an exception by calling <code>ExceptionCheck</code> or
	<code>ExceptionOccurred</code>, and clear it with
	<code>ExceptionClear</code>. As usual,
	discarding exceptions without handling them can lead to problems.
	</p><p>
	There are no built-in functions for manipulating the Throwable object
	itself, so if you want to (say) get the exception string you will need to
	find the Throwable class, look up the method ID for
	<code>getMessage "()Ljava/lang/String;"</code>, invoke it, and if the result
	is non-NULL use <code>GetStringUTFChars</code> to get something you can
	hand to printf or a LOG macro.

	</p><p>
	</p><p>
	</p><h2><a name="Extended_checking"> Extended Checking </a></h2>
	<p>
	JNI does very little error checking. Calling <code>SetFieldInt</code>
	on an Object field will succeed, even if the field is marked
	<code>private</code> and <code>final</code>. The
	goal is to minimize the overhead on the assumption that, if you've written it in native code,
	you probably did it for performance reasons.
	</p><p>
	Some VMs support extended checking with the "<code>-Xcheck:jni</code>" flag. If the flag is set, the VM
	puts a different table of functions into the JavaVM and JNIEnv pointers. These functions do
	an extended series of checks before calling the standard implementation.

	</p><p>
	Some things that may be verified:
	</p><p>
	</p>
	<ul>
	<li> Check for null pointers where not allowed.
	<li>
	<li> Verify argument type correctness (jclass is a class object,
	jfieldID points to field data, jstring is a java.lang.String).
	</li>
	<li> Field type correctness, e.g. don't store a HashMap in a String field.
	</li>
	<li> Check to see if an exception is pending on calls where pending exceptions are not legal.
	</li>
	<li> Check for calls to inappropriate functions between Critical get/release calls.
	</li>
	<li> Check that JNIEnv structs aren't being shared between threads.

	</li>
	<li> Make sure local references aren't used outside their allowed lifespan.
	</li>
	<li> UTF-8 strings contain valid "modified UTF-8" data.
	</li>
	</ul>
	<p>Accessibility of methods and fields (i.e. public vs. private) is not
	checked.
	<p>
	The Dalvik VM supports the <code>-Xcheck:jni</code> flag. For a
	description of how to enable it for Android apps, see
	<a href="embedded-vm-control.html">Controlling the Embedded VM</a>.
	It's currently enabled by default in the Android emulator and on
	"engineering" device builds.

	</p><p>
	JNI checks can be modified with the <code>-Xjniopts</code> command-line
	flag. Currently supported values include:
	</p>
	<blockquote><dl>
	<dt>forcecopy
	<dd>When set, any function that can return a copy of the original data
	(array of primitive values, UTF-16 chars) will always do so. The buffers
	are over-allocated and surrounded with a guard pattern to help identify
	code writing outside the buffer, and the contents are erased before the
	storage is freed to trip up code that uses the data after calling Release.
	<dt>warnonly
	<dd>By default, JNI "warnings" cause the VM to abort. With this flag
	it continues on.
	</dl></blockquote>

	</p><p>
	</p><p>
	</p><h2><a name="Native_Libraries"> Native Libraries </a></h2>
	<p>
	You can load native code from shared libraries with the standard
	<code>System.loadLibrary()</code> call. The
	preferred way to get at your native code is:
	</p><p>
	</p><ul>
	<li> Call <code>System.loadLibrary()</code> from a static class initializer. (See the earlier example, where one is used to call nativeClassInit().) The argument is the "undecorated" library name, e.g. to load "libfubar.so" you would pass in "fubar".

	</li>
	<li> Provide a native function: <code><strong>jint JNI_OnLoad(JavaVM* vm, void* reserved)</strong></code>
	</li>
	<li>In <code>JNI_OnLoad</code>, register all of your native methods. You
	should declare
	the methods "static" so the names don't take up space in the symbol table
	on the device.
	</li>
	</ul>
	<p>
	The <code>JNI_OnLoad</code> function should look something like this if
	written in C:
	</p><blockquote><pre>jint JNI_OnLoad(JavaVM* vm, void* reserved)
	{
	JNIEnv* env;
	if ((vm)->GetEnv(vm, (void*) &env, JNI_VERSION_1_4) != JNI_OK)
	return -1;

	/* get class with (env)->FindClass /
	/* register methods with (env)->RegisterNatives /

	return JNI_VERSION_1_4;
	}
	</pre></blockquote>
	</p><p>
	You can also call <code>System.load()</code> with the full path name of the
	shared library. For Android apps, you can get the full path to the
	application's private data storage area from the context object.
	</p><p>
	Dalvik does support "discovery" of native methods that are named in a
	specific way (see <a href="http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/technotes/guides/jni/spec/design.html#wp615">
	the JNI spec</a> for details), but this is less a less desirable
	approach. It requires more space in the shared object symbol table,
	loading is slower because it requires string searches through all of the
	loaded shared libraries, and if a method signature is wrong you won't know
	about it until the first time the method is actually used.
	</p><p>


	</p><h2><a name="Unsupported"> Unsupported Features </a></h2>
	<p>All JNI 1.6 features are supported, with the following exceptions:
	<ul>
	<li><code>DefineClass</code> is not implemented. Dalvik does not use
	Java bytecodes or class files, so passing in binary class data
	doesn't work. Translation facilities may be added in a future
	version of the VM.</li>
	<li><code>NewWeakGlobalRef</code> and <code>DeleteWeakGlobalRef</code>
	are not implemented. The
	VM supports weak references, but not JNI "weak global" references.
	These will be supported in a future release.</li>
	<li><code>GetObjectRefType</code> (new in 1.6) is implemented but not fully
	functional -- it can't always tell the difference between "local" and
	"global" references.</li>
	</ul>

	</p>

	<address>Copyright © 2008 The Android Open Source Project</address>

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