src/devices/tech/dalvik/constraints.jd

page.title=Constraints
@jd:body

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<div id="qv-wrapper">
<div id="qv">
  <h2 id="Contents">In this document</h2>
  <ol id="auto-toc">
  </ol>
</div>
</div>

<p>A <code>.dex</code> file is the transport format for Dalvik Bytecode. There are certain
syntactical and semantical constraints for a file to be a valid <code>.dex</code> file, and
a runtime is required to support only valid .dex files.</p>

    <h2 id="gen-constraints">General .dex integrity constraints</h2>

    <p>General integrity constraints are concerned with the larger structure of a
    <code>.dex</code> file, as described in detail in <a href="dex-format.html"><code>.dex</code>
    format</a>.</p>

    <table>
      <tr>
        <th>
          Identifier
        </th>

        <th>
          Description
        </th>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          G1
        </td>

        <td>
          The <code>magic</code> number of the <code>.dex</code> file must be
          <code>dex\n035\0</code> or <code>dex\n037\0</code>.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          G2
        </td>

        <td>
          The checksum must be an Adler-32 checksum of the whole file contents
          except <code>magic</code> and <code>checksum</code> field.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          G3
        </td>

        <td>
          The signature must be a SHA-1 hash of the whole file contents except <code>magic</code>,
          <code>checksum</code>, and <code>signature</code>.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          G4
        </td>

        <td>
          The <code>file_size</code> must match the actual file size in bytes.
        </td>
      </tr>


      <tr>
        <td>
          G5
        </td>

        <td>
          The <code>header_size</code> must have the value: <code>0x70</code>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          G6
        </td>

        <td>
          The <code>endian_tag</code> must have either the value:
          <code>ENDIAN_CONSTANT</code> or <code>REVERSE_ENDIAN_CONSTANT</code>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          G7
        </td>

        <td>
          For each of the <code>link</code>, <code>string_ids</code>,
          <code>type_ids</code>, <code>proto_ids</code>,
          <code>field_ids</code>, <code>method_ids</code>, <code>class_defs</code>, and
          <code>data</code> sections, the <code>offset</code> and <code>size</code> fields must be
          either both zero or both non-zero. In the latter case, the offset must be
          four-byte-aligned.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          G8
        </td>

        <td>
          All offset fields in the header except <code>map_off</code> must be four-byte-aligned.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          G9
        </td>

        <td>
          The <code>map_off</code> field must be either zero or point into the
          data section. In the latter case, the <code>data</code> section must exist.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          G10
        </td>

        <td>
          None of the <code>link</code>, <code>string_ids</code>,
          <code>type_ids</code>, <code>proto_ids</code>, <code>field_ids</code>,
          <code>method_ids</code>, <code>class_defs</code> and <code>data</code> sections
          must overlap each other or the header.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          G11
        </td>

        <td>
          If a map exists, then each map entry must have a valid type. Each type may appear at most once.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          G12
        </td>

        <td>
          If a map exists, then each map entry must have a non-zero offset and
          size. The offset must point into the corresponding section of the file (i.e. a
          <code>string_id_item</code> must point into the <code>string_ids</code> section) and the explicit or
          implicit size of the item must match the actual contents and size of the
          section.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          G13
        </td>

        <td>
          If a map exists, then the offset of map entry <code>n+1</code> must be greater or
          equal to the offset of map entry <code>n plus than size of map entry n</code>. This implies
          non-overlapping entries and low-to-high ordering.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          G14
        </td>

        <td>
          The following types of entries must have an offset that is
          four-byte-aligned: <code>string_id_item</code>,
          <code>type_id_item</code>, <code>proto_id_item</code>,
          <code>field_id_item</code>,
          <code>method_id_item</code>, <code>class_def_item</code>,
          <code>type_list</code>, <code>code_item</code>,
          <code>annotations_directory_item</code>.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          G15
        </td>

        <td>
          For each <code>string_id_item</code>, the <code>string_data_off</code> field must contain a
          valid reference into the <code>data</code> section. For the referenced <code>string_data_item</code>, the
          <code>data</code> field must contain a valid MUTF-8 string, and the <code>utf16_size</code> must match
          the decoded length of the string.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          G16
        </td>

        <td>
          For each <code>type_id_item</code>, the <code>descriptor_idx</code> field must contain a valid
          reference into the <code>string_ids</code> list. The referenced string must be a valid type
          descriptor.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          G17
        </td>

        <td>
          For each <code>proto_id_item</code>, the <code>shorty_idx</code> field must contain a valid
          reference into the <code>string_ids</code> list. The referenced string must be a valid
          shorty descriptor. Also, the <code>return_type_idx</code> field must be a valid index into
          the <code>type_ids</code> section, and the <code>parameters_off</code> field must be either zero or a
          valid offset pointing into the <code>data</code> section. If non-zero, the parameter list
          must not contain any void entries.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          G18
        </td>

        <td>
          For each <code>field_id_item</code>, both the <code>class_idx</code> and <code>type_idx</code> fields must
          be valid indices into the <code>type_ids</code> list. The entry referenced by <code>class_idx</code>
          must be a non-array reference type. In addition, the <code>name_idx</code> field must be a
          valid reference into the <code>string_ids</code> section, and the contents of the referenced
          entry must conform to the <code>MemberName</code> specification.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          G19
        </td>

        <td>
          For each <code>method_id_item</code>, the <code>class_idx</code> field must be a valid index
          into the <code>type_ids</code> section, and the referenced entry must be a non-array
          reference type. The <code>proto_id</code> field must be a valid reference into the <code>proto_ids</code>
          list. The <code>name_idx</code> field must be a valid reference into the <code>string_ids</code> section,
          and the contents of the referenced entry must conform to the <code>MemberName</code>
          specification.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          G20
        </td>

        <td>
          For each <code>field_id_item</code>, the <code>class_idx</code> field must be a valid index
          into the <code>type_ids</code> list. The referenced entry must be a non-array reference
          type.
        </td>
      </tr>

</table>

<h2 id="static-constraints">
      Static bytecode constraints
    </h2>

    <p>
    Static constraints are constraints on individual elements of the bytecode.
    They usually can be checked without employing control or data-flow analysis
    techniques.
    </p>

    <table>
      <tr>
        <th>
          Identifier
        </th>

        <th>
          Description
        </th>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          A1
        </td>

        <td>
          The <code>insns</code> array must not be empty.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          A2
        </td>

        <td>
          The first opcode in the <code>insns</code> array must have index zero.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          A3
        </td>

        <td>
          The <code>insns</code> array must contain only valid Dalvik opcodes.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          A4
        </td>

        <td>
          The index of instruction <code>n+1</code> must equal the index of
          instruction <code>n</code> plus the length of instruction
          <code>n</code>, taking into account possible operands.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          A5
        </td>

        <td>
          The last instruction in the <code>insns</code> array must end at index
          <code>insns_size-1</code>.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          A6
        </td>

        <td>
          All <code>goto</code> and <code>if-&lt;kind&gt;</code> targets must
          be opcodes within the same method.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          A7
        </td>

        <td>
          All targets of a <code>packed-switch</code> instruction must be
          opcodes within the same method. The size and the list of targets
          must be consistent.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          A8
        </td>

        <td>
          All targets of a <code>sparse-switch</code> instruction must be
          opcodes within the same method. The corresponding table must be
          consistent and sorted low-to-high.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          A9
        </td>

        <td>
          The <code>B</code> operand of the <code>const-string</code> and
          <code>const-string/jumbo</code> instructions must be a valid index
          into the string constant pool.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          A10
        </td>

        <td>
          The <code>C</code> operand of the <code>iget&lt;kind&gt;</code> and
          <code>iput&lt;kind&gt;</code> instructions must be a valid index into
          the field constant pool. The referenced entry must represent an
          instance field.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          A11
        </td>

        <td>
          The <code>C</code> operand of the <code>sget&lt;kind&gt;</code> and
          <code>sput&lt;kind&gt;</code> instructions must be a valid index into
          the field constant pool. The referenced entry must represent a static
          field.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          A12
        </td>

        <td>
          The <code>C</code> operand of the <code>invoke-virtual</code>,
          <code>invoke-super</code>, <code>invoke-direct</code> and
          <code>invoke-static</code> instructions must be a valid index into the
          method constant pool.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          A13
        </td>

        <td>
          The <code>B</code> operand of the <code>invoke-virtual/range</code>,
          <code>invoke-super/range</code>, <code>invoke-direct/range</code>, and
          <code>invoke-static/range</code> instructions must be a valid index
          into the method constant pool.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          A14
        </td>

        <td>
          A method the name of which starts with a '&lt;' must only be invoked
          implicitly by the VM, not by code originating from a <code>.dex</code> file. The
          only exception is the instance initializer, which may be invoked by
          <code>invoke-direct</code>.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          A15
        </td>

        <td>
          The <code>C</code> operand of the <code>invoke-interface</code>
          instruction must be a valid index into the method constant pool. The
          referenced <code>method_id</code> must belong to an interface (not a
          class).
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          A16
        </td>

        <td>
          The <code>B</code> operand of the <code>invoke-interface/range</code>
          instruction must be a valid index into the method constant pool.
          The referenced <code>method_id</code> must belong to an interface (not
          a class).
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          A17
        </td>

        <td>
          The <code>B</code> operand of the <code>const-class</code>,
          <code>check-cast</code>, <code>new-instance</code>, and
          <code>filled-new-array/range</code> instructions must be a valid index
          into the type constant pool.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          A18
        </td>

        <td>
          The <code>C</code> operand of the <code>instance-of</code>,
          <code>new-array</code>, and <code>filled-new-array</code>
          instructions must be a valid index into the type constant pool.
        </td>
      </tr>

     <tr>
        <td>
          A19
        </td>

        <td>
          The dimensions of an array created by a <code>new-array</code>
          instruction must be less than <code>256</code>.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          A20
        </td>

        <td>
          The <code>new</code> instruction must not refer to array classes,
          interfaces, or abstract classes.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          A21
        </td>

        <td>
          The type referred to by a <code>new-array</code> instruction must be
          a valid, non-reference type.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          A22
        </td>

        <td>
          All registers referred to by an instruction in a single-width
          (non-pair) fashion must be valid for the current method. That is,
          their indices must be non-negative and smaller than
          <code>registers_size</code>.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          A23
        </td>

        <td>
          All registers referred to by an instruction in a double-width (pair)
          fashion must be valid for the current method. That is, their indices
          must be non-negative and smaller than <code>registers_size-1</code>.
        </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>
          A24
        </td>

        <td>
          The <code>method_id</code> operand of the <code>invoke-virtual</code>
          and <code>invoke-direct</code> instructions must belong to a class
          (not an interface). In Dex files prior to version <code>037</code>
          the same must be true of <code>invoke-super</code> and
          <code>invoke-static</code> instructions.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          A25
        </td>

        <td>
          The <code>method_id</code> operand of the
          <code>invoke-virtual/range</code> and
          <code>invoke-direct/range</code> instructions must belong to a class
          (not an interface). In Dex files prior to version <code>037</code>
          the same must be true of <code>invoke-super/range</code> and
          <code>invoke-static/range</code> instructions.
        </td>
      </tr>
    </table>

    <h2 id="struct-constraints">
      Structural bytecode constraints
    </h2>

    <p>
    Structural constraints are constraints on relationships between several
    elements of the bytecode. They usually can't be checked without employing
    control or data-flow analysis techniques.
    </p>

    <table>
      <tr>
        <th>
          Identifier
        </th>

        <th>
          Description
        </th>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          B1
        </td>

        <td>
          The number and types of arguments (registers and immediate values)
          must always match the instruction.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          B2
        </td>

        <td>
          Register pairs must never be broken up.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          B3
        </td>

        <td>
          A register (or pair) has to be assigned first before it can be
          read.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          B4
        </td>

        <td>
          An <code>invoke-direct</code> instruction must invoke an instance
          initializer or a method only in the current class or one of its
          superclasses.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          B5
        </td>

        <td>
          An instance initializer must be invoked only on an uninitialized
          instance.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          B6
        </td>

        <td>
          Instance methods may be invoked only on and instance fields may only
          be accessed on already initialized instances.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          B7
        </td>

        <td>
          A register that holds the result of a <code>new-instance</code>
          instruction must not be used if the same
          <code>new-instance</code> instruction is again executed before
          the instance is initialized.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          B8
        </td>

        <td>
           An instance initializer must call another instance initializer (same
           class or superclass) before any instance members can be accessed.
           Exceptions are non-inherited instance fields, which can be assigned
           before calling another initializer, and the <code>Object</code> class
           in general.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          B9
        </td>

        <td>
           All actual method arguments must be assignment-compatible with their
           respective formal arguments.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          B10
        </td>

        <td>
           For each instance method invocation, the actual instance must be
           assignment-compatible with the class or interface specified in the
           instruction.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          B11
        </td>

        <td>
           A <code>return&lt;kind&gt;</code> instruction must match its
           method's return type.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          B12
        </td>

        <td>
           When accessing protected members of a superclass, the actual type of
           the instance being accessed must be either the current class or one
           of its subclasses.
        </td>
      </tr>

     <tr>
        <td>
          B13
        </td>

        <td>
           The type of a value stored into a static field must be
           assignment-compatible with or convertible to the field's type.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          B14
        </td>

        <td>
           The type of a value stored into a field must be assignment-compatible
           with or convertible to the field's type.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          B15
        </td>

        <td>
           The type of every value stored into an array must be
           assignment-compatible with the array's component type.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          B16
        </td>

        <td>
           The <code>A</code> operand of a <code>throw</code> instruction must
           be assignment-compatible with <code>java.lang.Throwable</code>.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          B17
        </td>

        <td>
           The last reachable instruction of a method must either be a backwards
           <code>goto</code> or branch, a <code>return</code>, or a
           <code>throw</code> instruction. It must not be possible to leave the
           <code>insns</code> array at the bottom.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          B18
        </td>

        <td>
          The unassigned half of a former register pair may not be read (is
          considered invalid) until it has been re-assigned by some other
          instruction.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          B19
        </td>

        <td>
          A <code>move-result&lt;kind&gt;</code> instruction must be immediately
          preceded (in the <code>insns</code> array) by an
          <code>invoke-&lt;kind&gt;</code> instruction. The only exception is
          the <code>move-result-object</code> instruction, which may also be
          preceded by a <code>filled-new-array</code> instruction.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          B20
        </td>

        <td>
          A <code>move-result&lt;kind&gt;</code> instruction must be immediately
          preceded (in actual control flow) by a matching
          <code>return-&lt;kind&gt;</code> instruction (it must not be jumped
          to). The only exception is the <code>move-result-object</code>
          instruction, which may also be preceded by a
          <code>filled-new-array</code> instruction.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          B21
        </td>

        <td>
          A <code>move-exception</code> instruction must appear only as the
          first instruction in an exception handler.
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          B22
        </td>

        <td>
          The <code>packed-switch-data</code>, <code>sparse-switch-data</code>,
          and <code>fill-array-data</code> pseudo-instructions must not be
          reachable by control flow.
        </td>
      </tr>
    </table>