Blame - www/architecture.html - platform/external/ImageMagick

<p class="navigation-index">[<a href="#overview">Architecture Overview</a> • <a href="#cache">The Pixel Cache</a> • <a href="#stream">Streaming Pixels</a> • <a href="#properties">Image Properties and Profiles</a> • <a href="#threads">Threads of Execution</a> • <a href="#coders">Custom Image Coders</a> • <a href="#filters">Custom Image Filters</a>]</p>

151

152

153

<p>The citizens of Oz were quite content with their benefactor, the all-powerful Wizard. They accepted his wisdom and benevolence without ever questioning the who, why, and where of his power. Like the citizens of Oz, if you feel comfortable that ImageMagick can help you convert, edit, or compose your images without knowing what goes on behind the curtain, feel free to skip this section. However, if you want to know more about the software and algorithms behind ImageMagick, read on. To fully benefit from this discussion, you should be comfortable with image nomenclature and be familiar with computer programming.</p>

154

</div>

155

156

<h2><a name="overview"></a>Architecture Overview</h2>

157

158

159

<p>An image typically consists of a rectangular region of pixels and metadata. To convert, edit, or compose an image in an efficient manner we need convenient access to any pixel anywhere within the region (and sometimes outside the region). And in the case of an image sequence, we need access to any pixel of any region of any image in the sequence. However, there are hundreds of image formats such JPEG, TIFF, PNG, GIF, etc., that makes it difficult to access pixels on demand. Within these formats we find differences in:</p>

160

161

<ul>

162

<li>colorspace (e.g RGB, CMYK, YUV, Lab, etc.)</li>

163

<li>bit depth (.e.g 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, etc.)</li>

164

<li>storage format (e.g. unsigned, signed, float, double, etc.)</li>

165

<li>compression (e.g. uncompressed, RLE, Zip, BZip, etc.)</li>

166

<li>orientation (i.e. top-to-bottom, right-to-left, etc.),</li>

167

<li>layout (.e.g. raw, interspersed with opcodes, etc.)</li>

168

</ul>

169

170

<p>In addition, some image pixels may require attenuation, some formats permit more than one frame, and some formats contain vector graphics that must first be rasterized (converted from vector to pixels).</p>

171

172

<p>An efficient implementation of an image processing algorithm may require we get or set:</p>

173

174

<ul>

175

<li>one pixel a time (e.g. pixel at location 10,3)</li>

176

<li>a single scanline (e.g. all pixels from row 4)</li>

177

<li>a few scanlines at once (e.g. pixel rows 4-7)</li>

178

<li>a single column or columns of pixels (e.g. all pixels from column 11)</li>

179

<li>an arbitrary region of pixels from the image (e.g. pixels defined at 10,7 to 10,19)</li>

180

<li>a pixel in random order (e.g. pixel at 14,15 and 640,480)</li>

181

<li>pixels from two different images (e.g. pixel at 5,1 from image 1 and pixel at 5,1 from image 2)</li>

182

<li>pixels outside the boundaries of the image (e.g. pixel at -1,-3)</li>

183

<li>a pixel component that is unsigned or in a floating-point representation (e.g. 0.17836)</li>

184

<li>a high-dynamic range pixel that can include negative values as well as values that exceed the quantum depth (e.g. -0.00716)</li>

185

<li>one or more pixels simultaneously in different threads of execution</li>

186

</ul>

187

188

<p>In addition, some images include a clip mask that define which pixels are eligible to be updated. Pixels outside the area defined by the clip mask remain untouched.</p>

189

190

<p>Given the varied image formats and image processing requirements, we implemented the ImageMagick <a href="#cache">pixel cache</a> to provide convenient sequential or parallel access to any pixel on demand anywhere inside the image region and from any image in a sequence. In addition, the pixel cache permits access to pixels outside the boundaries defined by the image (we call these <a href="#virtual-pixels">virtual pixels</a>).</p>

191

192

<p>In addition to pixels, images have a plethora of <a href="#properties">image properties and profiles</a>. Properties include the well known items such as width, height, depth, and colorspace. An image may have optional properties which might include the image author, a comment, a create date, and others. Some images also include profiles for color management, or EXIF, IPTC, 8BIM, or XMP informational profiles. ImageMagick provides command line options and programming methods to get, set, or view image properties or profiles or apply profiles.</p>

193

194

<p>ImageMagick consists of more than 375,000 lines of C code and optionally depends on several million lines of code in dependent libraries (e.g. JPEG, PNG, TIFF libraries). Given that, one might expect a huge architecture document. However, a great majority of image processing is simply accessing pixels and its metadata and our simple and elegant implementation makes this easy for the ImageMagick developer. We discuss the implementation of the pixel cache and getting and setting image properties and profiles in the next few sections. Next, we discuss using ImageMagick within a <a href="#threads">thread</a> of execution. In the final sections, we discuss <a href="#coders">image coders</a> to read or write a particular image format followed by a few words on creating a <a href="#filters">filter</a> to access or update pixels based on your custom requirements.</p>

</div>

<h2><a name="cache"></a>The Pixel Cache</h2>

199

200

201

<p>The ImageMagick pixel cache is a repository for image pixels with up to 5 channels. The first 4 channels are stored contiguously and an optional second area follows with 1 channel. The channels are at the depth specified when ImageMagick was built. The channel depths are 8 bits-per-pixel component for the Q8 version of ImageMagick, 16 bits-per-pixel component for the Q16 version, and 32 bits-per-pixel component for the Q32 version. By default pixel components are unsigned quantities, however, if you use the <a href="../www/high-dynamic-range.html">high dynamic-range</a> version of ImageMagick, the components are 32-bit floating point. The primary 4 channels can hold any value but typically contain red, green, blue, and alpha intensities or cyan, magenta, yellow, and alpha intensities. The optional fifth channel contains the colormap indexes for colormapped images or the black channel for CMYK images. The pixel cache storage may be heap memory, anonymous memory mapped memory, disk-backed memory mapped, or on disk. The pixel cache is reference-counted. Only the cache properties are copied when the cache is cloned. The cache pixels are subsequently copied when you signal your intention to update any of the pixels.</p>

202

203

<h3>Create the Pixel Cache</h3>

204

205

206

<p>The pixel cache is associated with an image when it is created and it is initialized when you try to get or put pixels. Here are three common methods to associate a pixel cache with an image:</p>

207

208

<h4>Create an image canvas initialized to the background color:</h4>

209

210

image=AllocateImage(image_info);

211

if (SetImageExtent(image,640,480) == MagickFalse)

212

{ /* an exception was thrown */ }

213

(void) QueryMagickColor("red",&image->background_color,&image->exception);

214

SetImageBackgroundColor(image);

215

</p>

216

217

<h4>Create an image from a JPEG image on disk:</h4>

218

<p class="code"> (void) strcpy(image_info->filename,"image.jpg"):

219

image=ReadImage(image_info,exception);

220

if (image == (Image *) NULL)

221

{ /* an exception was thrown */ }

222

</p>

223

<h4>Create an image from a memory based image:</h4>

224

225

image=BlobToImage(blob_info,blob,extent,exception);

226

if (image == (Image *) NULL)

227

{ /* an exception was thrown */ }

228

</p>

229

230

<p>In our discussion of the pixel cache we use the <a href="../www/magick-core.html">MagickCore API</a> to illustrate our points, however, the principles are the same for other program interfaces to ImageMagick.</p>

231

232

<p>When the pixel cache is initialized, pixels are scaled from whatever bit depth they originated from to that required by the pixel cache. For example, a 1-channel 1-bit monochrome PBM image is scaled to a 4 channel 8-bit RGBA image, if you are using the Q8 version of ImageMagick, and 16-bit RGBA for the Q16 version. You can determine which version you have using the <a href="../www/command-line-options.html#version">‑version</a> option, as with this command: </p>

233

234

<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>identify -version</span><span class='crtout'>Version: ImageMagick 6.5.5-6 2009-09-01 Q16 http://www.imagemagick.org</span></p>

235

<p>As you can see, the convenience of the pixel cache sometimes comes with a trade-off in storage (e.g. storing a 1-bit monochrome image as 16-bit RGBA is wasteful) and speed (i.e. storing the entire image in memory is generally slower than accessing one scanline of pixels at a time).</p>

236

</div>

237

238

<h3>Access the Pixel Cache</h3>

239

240

241

<p>Once the pixel cache is associated with an image, you typically want to get, update, or put pixels into it. We refer to pixels inside the image region as <em>authentic pixels</em> and outside the region as <em>virtual pixels</em>. Use these methods to access the pixels in the cache:</p>

242

<ul>

243

<li><a href="../www/api/cache.html#GetVirtualPixels">GetVirtualPixels()</a> gets pixels that you do not intend to modify</li>

244

<li><a href="../www/api/cache.html#GetAuthenticPixels">GetAuthenticPixels()</a> gets pixels that you intend to modify</li>

245

<li><a href="../www/api/cache.html#QueueAuthenticPixels">QueueAuthenticPixels()</a> queue pixels that you intend to modify</li>

246

<li><a href="../www/api/cache.html#SyncAuthenticPixels">SyncAuthenticPixels()</a> update the pixel cache with any modified pixels</li>

247

</ul>

248

249

<p>Here is a typical <a href="../www/magick-core.html">MagickCore</a> code snippet for manipulating pixels in the pixel cache. In our example we copy pixels from the input image to the output image and decrease the intensity by 10%:</p>

long

x,

y;

const PixelPacket

*p;

PixelPacket

*q;

destination=CloneImage(source,source->columns,source->rows,MagickTrue,exception);

264

if (destination == (Image *) NULL)

265

{ /* an exception was thrown */ }

266

for (y=0; y < (long) source->rows; y++)

267

{

268

p=GetVirtualPixels(source,0,y,source->columns,1,exception);

269

q=GetAuthenticPixels(destination,0,y,destination->columns,1,exception);

270

if ((p == (const PixelPacket *) NULL) || (q == (PixelPacket *) NULL)

271

break;

272

for (x=0; x < (long) source->columns; x++)

273

{

274

q->red=90*p->red/100;

275

q->green=90*p->green/100;

276

q->blue=90*p->blue/100;

277

q->opacity=90*p->opacity/100;

p++;

q++;

}

if (SyncAuthenticPixels(destination,exception) == MagickFalse)

282

break;

283

}

284

if (y < (long) source->rows)

285

{ /* an exception was thrown */ }

</pre>

</div>

<p>When we first create the destination image by cloning the source image, the pixel cache pixels are not copied. They are only copied when you signal your intentions to modify the pixel cache by calling <a href="../www/api/cache.html#GetAuthenticPixels">GetAuthenticPixels()</a> or <a href="../www/api/cache.html#QueueAuthenticPixels">QueueAuthenticPixels()</a>. Use <a href="../www/api/cache.html#QueueAuthenticPixels">QueueAuthenticPixels()</a> if you want to set new pixel values rather than update existing ones. Finally, use <a href="../www/api/cache.html#SyncAuthenticPixels">SyncAuthenticPixels()</a> to ensure any updated pixels are pushed to the pixel cache.</p>

290

291

<p>Recall how we mentioned that the indexes of a colormapped image or the black channel of a CMYK image are stored separately. Use <a href="../www/api/cache.html#GetVirtualIndexes">GetVirtualIndexes()</a> (to read the indexes) or <a href="../www/api/cache.html#GetAuthenticIndexes">GetAuthenticIndexes()</a> (to update the indexes) to gain access to this channel. For example, to print the colormap indexes, use:</p>

const IndexPacket

*indexes;

for (y=0; y < (long) source->rows; y++)

298

{

299

p=GetVirtualPixels(source,0,y,source->columns,1);

300

if (p == (const PixelPacket *) NULL)

301

break;

302

indexes=GetVirtualIndexes(source);

303

for (x=0; x < (long) source->columns; x++)

304

(void) printf("%d\n",indexes[x];

305

}

306

if (y < (long) source->rows)

307

/* an exception was thrown */

308

</pre>

309

310

<p>The pixel cache manager decides whether to give you direct or indirect access to the image pixels. In some cases the pixels are staged to an intermediate buffer-- and that is why you must call SyncAuthenticPixels() to ensure this buffer is <em>pushed</em> out to the pixel cache to guarantee the corresponding pixels in the cache are updated. For this reason we recommend that you only read or update a scanline or a few scanlines of pixels at a time. However, you can get any rectangular region of pixels you want. GetAuthenticPixels() requires that the region you request is within the bounds of the image area. For a 640 by 480 image, you can get a scanline of 640 pixels but if you ask for 641 pixels, an exception is returned. GetVirtualPixels() does not have this constraint. For example,</p>

311

312

313

p=GetVirtualPixels(source,-3,3,source->columns+7,7,exception);

314

</pre>

315

316

<p>gives you the pixels you asked for without complaint, even though some are not within the confines of the image region.</p>

317

</div>

318

319

<h3><a name="virtual-pixels"></a>Virtual Pixels</h3>

320

321

322

<p>Access to the virtual pixels are controlled by the <a href="../www/api/cache.html#SetImageVirtualPixelMethod">SetImageVirtualPixelMethod()</a> method from the MagickCore API or the <a href="../www/command-line-options.html#virtual-pixel">‑virtual‑pixel</a> option from the command line. The methods include:</p>

323

324

325

background: the area surrounding the image is the background color

326

black: the area surrounding the image is black

327

checker-tile: alternate squares with image and background color

328

dither: non-random 32x32 dithered pattern

329

edge: extend the edge pixel toward infinity

330

gray: the area surrounding the image is gray

331

horizontal-tile: horizontally tile the image, background color above/below

332

horizontal-tile-edge: horizontally tile the image and replicate the side edge pixels

333

mirror: mirror tile the image

334

random: choose a random pixel from the image

335

tile: tile the image (default)

336

transparent: the area surrounding the image is transparent blackness

337

vertical-tile: vertically tile the image, sides are background color

338

vertical-tile-edge: vertically tile the image and replicate the side edge pixels

339

white: the area surrounding the image is white

340

</pre>

341

342

<p>There is a plethora of image processing algorithms that require a neighborhood of pixels about a pixel of interest. There is typically a caveat concerning how to handle pixels around the image boundaries, known as edge pixels. With virtual pixels, you do not need to concern yourself about special edge processing other than choosing which virtual pixel method is most appropriate for your algorithm.</p>

343

</div>

344

345

<h3>Cache Storage and Resource Requirements</h3>

346

347

348

<p>We mentioned previously that this simple and elegant design of the ImageMagick pixel cache comes at a cost in terms of storage and processing speed. The pixel cache storage requirements scales with the area of the image and the bit depth of the pixel components. For example, if we have a 640 by 480 image and we're using the Q16 version of ImageMagick, the pixel cache consumes image <em>width * height * bit-depth / 8 * channels</em> bytes or approximately 2.3 megabytes (i.e. 640 * 480 * 2 * 4). Not too bad, but what if your image is 25000 by 25000 pixels? The pixel cache requires approximately 4.7 gigabytes of storage. Ouch. ImageMagick accounts for possible huge storage requirements by caching large images to disk rather than memory. Typically the pixel cache is stored in memory using heap memory. If heap memory is exhausted, pixels are stored in in an anonymous map; if the anonymous memory map is exhausted, we create the pixel cache on disk and attempt to memory-map it; and if memory-map memory is exhausted, we simply use standard disk I/O. Disk storage is cheap but it is also very slow, upwards of 1000 times slower than memory. We can get some speed improvements, up to 5 times, if we use memory mapping to the disk-based cache. These decisions about storage are made <em>automagically</em> by the pixel cache manager negotiating with the operating system. However, you can influence how the pixel cache manager allocates the pixel cache with <em>cache resource limits</em>. The limits include:</p>

349

350

351

<dt class="doc">files</dt>

352

<dd>maximum number of open pixel cache files. When this limit is exceeded, any subsequent pixels cached to disk are closed and reopened on demand. This behavior permits a large number of images to be accessed simultaneously on disk, but with a speed penalty due to repeated open/close calls.</dd>

353

354

<dd>maximum area in bytes of any one image that can reside in the pixel cache memory. If this limit is exceeded, the image is automagically cached to disk.</dd>

355

<dt class="doc">memory</dt>

356

<dd>maximum amount of memory in bytes to allocate for the pixel cache from the anonymous mapped memory or the heap.</dd>

357

358

<dd>maximum amount of memory map in bytes to allocate for the pixel cache.</dd>

359

360

<dd>maximum amount of disk space in bytes permitted for use by the pixel cache. If this limit is exceeded, the pixel cache is not created and a fatal exception is thrown.</dd>

361

</dl>

362

363

<p>To determine the current setting of these limits, use this command:</p>

364

365

<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>identify -list resource</span><span class='crtout'><pre>File Area Memory Map Disk Thread Time

366

-------------------------------------------------------------------

367

768 3.8187gb 2.864gb 7.6375gb 16eb 2 unlimited</pre></span></p>

368

<p>You can set these limits either with <a href="../www/resources.html#environment">environment variables</a>, the <a href="../www/command-line-options.html#limit">-limit</a> command line option, or the <a href="../www/api/resource.html#SetMagickResourceLimit">SetMagickResourceLimit()</a> MagickCore API method. As an example, our online web interface to ImageMagick, <a href="http://www.imagemagick.org/MagickStudio/scripts/MagickStudio.cgi">ImageMagick Studio</a>, has an area limit of 64 megabytes, a memory limit of 128 megabytes and a map limit of 256 megabytes and a disk limit of 1 gigabytes. Since we process multiple simultaneous sessions, we don't want any one session consuming all the available memory. Instead large images are cached to disk. If the image is too large and exceeds the pixel cache disk limit, the program exits. In addition, we place a 60 second time limit to prevent any run-away processing tasks.</p>

369

370

<p>Note, the cache limits are global, meaning if you create several images, the combined resource requirements are compared to the limit to determine the pixel cache storage disposition.</p>

</div>

<h3>Cache Views</h3>

<p>GetVirtualPixels(), GetAuthenticPixels(), QueueAuthenticPixels(), and SyncAuthenticPixels() from the MagickCore API can only deal with one pixel cache area per image at a time. Suppose you want to access the first and last scanline from the same image at the same time? The solution is to use a <em>cache view</em>. A cache view permits you to access as many areas simultaneously in the pixel cache as you require. The cache view <a href="../www/api/cache-view.html">methods</a> behave like the previous methods except you must first open a view and close it when you are finished with it. Here is a snippet of MagickCore code that permits us to access two areas of an image simultaneously:</p>

CacheView

*view_1,

*view_2;

view_1=OpenCacheView(source);

384

view_2=OpenCacheView(source);

385

for (y=0; y < (long) source->rows; y++)

386

{

387

u=GetCacheViewVirtualPixels(view_1,0,y,source->columns,1,exception);

388

v=GetCacheViewVirtualPixels(view_2,0,source->rows-y-1,source->columns,1,exception);

389

if ((u == (const PixelPacket *) NULL) || (v == (const PixelPacket *) NULL))

390

break;

391

for (x=0; x < (long) source->columns; x++)

392

{

393

/* do something with u & v here */

394

}

395

}

396

view_1=CloseCacheView(view_1);

397

view_2=CloseCacheView(view_2);

398

if (y < (long) source->rows)

399

{ /* an exception was thrown */ }

</pre>

</div>

<h3>Magick Persistent Cache Format</h3>

404

405

406

<p>Recall that each image format is decoded by ImageMagick and the pixels are deposited in the pixel cache. If you write an image, the pixels are read from the pixel cache and encoded as required by the format you are writing (e.g. GIF, PNG, etc.). The Magick Persistent Cache (MPC) format is designed to eliminate the overhead of decoding and encoding pixels to and from an image format. MPC writes two files. One, with the extension <kbd>.mpc</kbd>, retains all the properties associated with the image or image sequence (e.g. width, height, colorspace, etc.) and the second, with the extension <kbd>.cache</kbd>, is the pixel cache in the native format. When reading an MPC image file, ImageMagick reads the image properties and memory maps the pixel cache on disk eliminating the need for decoding the image pixels. The tradeoff is in disk space. MPC is generally larger in file size than most other image formats.</p>

407

</div>

408

409

<h3>Best Practices</h3>

410

411

412

<p>Although you can request any pixel from the pixel cache, any block of pixels, any scanline, multiple scanlines, any row, or multiple rows with the GetVirtualPixels(), GetAuthenticPixels(), QueueAuthenticPixels, GetCacheViewVirtualPixels(), GetCacheViewAuthenticPixels(), and QueueCacheViewAuthenticPixels() methods, ImageMagick is optimized to return a few pixels or a few pixels rows at time. There are additional optimizations if you request a single scanline or a few scanlines at a time. These methods also permit random access to the pixel cache, however, ImageMagick is optimized for sequential access.</p>

413

414

<p>If you update pixels returned from GetAuthenticPixels() or GetCacheViewAuthenticPixels(), don't forget to call SyncAuthenticPixels() or SyncCacheViewAuthenticPixels() respectively to ensure your changes are synchronized with the pixel cache.</p>

415

416

<p>Use QueueAuthenticPixels() or QueueCacheViewAuthenticPixels() if you are setting an initial pixel value. The GetAuthenticPixels() or GetCacheViewAuthenticPixels() method reads pixels from the cache and if you are setting an initial pixel value, this read is unnecessary. Don't forget to call SyncAuthenticPixels() or SyncCacheViewAuthenticPixels() respectively to push your updates to the pixel cache.</p>

417

418

<p>GetVirtualPixels(), GetAuthenticPixels(), QueueAuthenticPixels(), and SyncAuthenticPixels() are slightly more efficient than their cache view counter-parts. However, cache views are required if you need access to more than one region of the image simultaneously or if more than one <a href="#threads">thread of execution</a> is accessing the image.</p>

419

420

<p>You can request pixels outside the bounds of the image with GetVirtualPixels() or GetCacheViewVirtualPixels(), however, it is more efficient to request pixels within the confines of the image region.</p>

421

422

<p>Although you can force the pixel cache to disk using appropriate resource limits, disk access can be upwards of 1000 times slower than memory access. For fast, efficient, access to the pixel cache, try to keep the pixel cache in heap memory or anonymous mapped memory.</p>

423

424

<p>The ImageMagick Q16 version of ImageMagick permits you to read and write 16 bit images without scaling but the pixel cache consumes twice as much resources as the Q8 version. If your system has constrained memory or disk resources, consider the Q8 version of ImageMagick. In addition, the Q8 version typically executes faster than the Q16 version.</p>

425

426

<p>A great majority of image formats and algorithms restrict themselves to a fixed range of pixel values from 0 to some maximum value, for example, the Q16 version of ImageMagick permit intensities from 0 to 65535. High dynamic-range imaging (HDRI), however, permits a far greater dynamic range of exposures (i.e. a large difference between light and dark areas) than standard digital imaging techniques. HDRI accurately represents the wide range of intensity levels found in real scenes ranging from the brightest direct sunlight to the deepest darkest shadows. Enable <a href="../www/high-dynamic-range.html">HDRI</a> at ImageMagick build time to deal with high dynamic-range images, but be mindful that each pixel component is a 32-bit floating point value. In addition pixel values are not clamped so some algorithms may perform differently than the non-HDRI version.</p>

427

428

<p>If you are dealing with large images, make sure the pixel cache is written to a disk area with plenty of free space. Under Unix, this is typically <kbd>/tmp</kbd> and for Windows, <kbd>c:/temp</kbd>. You can tell ImageMagick to write the pixel cache to an alternate location with the MAGICK_TMPDIR environment variable. For example,</p>

429

430

<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>export MAGICK_TMPDIR=/data/magick</span></p>

431

432

<p>If you plan on processing the same image many times, consider the MPC format. Reading a MPC image has near-zero overhead because its in the native pixel cache format eliminating the need for decoding the image pixels. Here is an example:</p>

433

434

<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert image.tif image.mpc</span><span class='crtout'></span><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert image.mpc -crop 100x100+0+0 +repage 1.png</span><span class='crtout'></span><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert image.mpc -crop 100x100+100+0 +repage 2.png</span><span class='crtout'></span><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert image.mpc -crop 100x100+200+0 +repage 3.png</span></p>

435

<p>MPC is ideal for web sites. It reduces the overhead of reading and writing an image. We use it exclusively at our <a href="http://www.imagemagick.org/MagickStudio/scripts/MagickStudio.cgi">online image studio</a>.</p>

</div>

</div>

<h2><a name="stream"></a>Streaming Pixels</h2>

441

442

443

<p>ImageMagick provides for streaming pixels as they are read from or written to an image. This has several advantages over the pixel cache. The time and resources consumed by the pixel cache scale with the area of an image, whereas the pixel stream resources scale with the width of an image. The disadvantage is the pixels must be consumed as they are streamed so there is no persistence.</p>

444

445

<p>Use <a href="../www/api/stream.html#ReadStream">ReadStream()</a> or <a href="../www/api/stream.html#WriteStream">WriteStream()</a> with an appropriate callback method in your MagickCore program to consume the pixels as they are streaming. Here's an abbreviated example of using ReadStream:</p>

446

447

448

static size_t StreamHandler(const Image *image,const void *pixels,

449

const size_t columns)

450

{

451

/* process pixels here */

return(columns);

}

...

/* invoke the pixel stream here */

457

image=ReadStream(image_info,&StreamHandler,exception);

458

</pre>

459

460

<p>We also provide a lightweight tool, <a name="stream"></a><a href="../www/stream.html">stream</a>, to stream one or more pixel components of the image or portion of the image to your choice of storage formats. It writes the pixel components as they are read from the input image a row at a time making <a name="stream"></a><a href="../www/stream.html">stream</a> desirable when working with large images or when you require raw pixel components.</p>

</div>

<h2><a name="properties"></a>Image Properties and Profiles</h2>

465

466

467

<p>Images have metadata associated with them in the form of properties (e.g. width, height, description, etc.) and profiles (e.g. EXIF, IPTC, color management). ImageMagick provides convenient methods to get, set, or update image properties and get, set, update, or apply profiles. Some of the more popular image properties are associated with the Image structure in the MagickCore API. For example:</p>

468

469

470

(void) printf("image width: %lu, height: %lu\n",image->columns,image->rows);

471

</pre>

472

473

<p>For a great majority of image properties, such as an image comment or description, we use the <a href="../www/api/property.html#GetImageProperty">GetImageProperty()</a> and <a href="../www/api/property.html#SetImageProperty">SetImageProperty()</a> methods. Here we set a property and fetch it right back:</p>

const char

*comment;

(void) SetImageProperty(image,"comment","This space for rent");

480

comment=GetImageProperty(image,"comment");

481

if (comment == (const char *) NULL)

482

(void) printf("Image comment: %s\n",comment);

483

</pre>

484

485

<p>Image profiles are handled with <a href="../www/api/profile.html#GetImageProfile">GetImageProfile()</a>, <a href="../www/api/profile.html#SetImageProfile">SetImageProfile()</a>, and <a href="../www/api/profile.html#ProfileImage">ProfileImage()</a> methods. Here we set a profile and fetch it right back:</p>

StringInfo

*profile;

profile=AcquireStringInfo(length);

492

SetStringInfoDatum(profile,my_exif_profile);

493

(void) SetImageProfile(image,"EXIF",profile);

494

DestroyStringInfo(profile);

495

profile=GetImageProfile(image,"EXIF");

496

if (profile != (StringInfo *) NULL)

497

(void) PrintStringInfo(stdout,"EXIF",profile);

</pre>

</div>

<h2><a name="threads"></a>Threads of Execution</h2>

503

504

505

<p>Many of ImageMagick's internal algorithms are threaded to take advantage of speed-ups offered by the dual and quad-core processor technologies. However, you are welcome to use ImageMagick algorithms in your threads of execution with the exception of the MagickCore's GetVirtualPixels(), GetAuthenticPixels(), QueueAuthenticPixels(), or SyncAuthenticPixels() pixel cache methods. These methods are intended for one thread of execution only. To access the pixel cache with more than one thread of execution, use a cache view. We do this for the <a href="../www/api/composite.html#CompositeImage">CompositeImage()</a> method, for example. Suppose we want to composite a single image over a different image in each thread of execution. If we use GetVirtualPixels(), the results are unpredictable because multiple threads would likely be asking for different areas of the pixel cache simultaneously. Instead we use GetCacheViewVirtualPixels() which creates a unique view for each thread of execution ensuring our program behaves properly regardless of how many threads are invoked. The other program interfaces, such as the <a href="../www/magick-wand.html">MagickWand API</a>, are completely thread safe so there are no special precautions for threads of execution.</p>

506

507

<p>Here is an example of how ImageMagick can take advantage of threads of execution with the OpenMP programming paradigm:</p>

{

CacheView

*image_view;

long

y;

MagickBooleanType

status;

status=MagickTrue;

image_view=AcquireCacheView(image);

523

#pragma omp parallel for schedule(dynamic,4) shared(status)

524

for (y=0; y < (long) image->rows; y++)

{

register IndexPacket

*indexes;

register long

x;

register PixelPacket

*q;

if (status == MagickFalse)

536

continue;

537

q=GetCacheViewAuthenticPixels(image_view,0,y,image->columns,1,exception);

538

if (q == (PixelPacket *) NULL)

{

status=MagickFalse;

continue;

}

indexes=GetCacheViewAuthenticIndexQueue(image_view);

544

for (x=0; x < (long) image->columns; x++)

{

q->red= ...

q->green= ...

q->blue= ...

q->opacity= ...

if (indexes != (IndexPacket *) NULL)

indexes[x]= ...

q++;

}

if (SyncCacheViewAuthenticPixels(image_view,exception) == MagickFalse)

555

status=MagickFalse;

556

}

557

image_view=DestroyCacheView(image_view);

558

if (status == MagickFalse)

559

perror("something went wrong");

}

</pre>

</div>

<p>If you call the ImageMagick API from your OpenMP-enabled application and you intend to dynamically increase the number of threads available in subsequent parallel regions, be sure to perform the increase <em>before</em> you call the API otherwise ImageMagick may fault.</p>

</div>

<h2><a name="coders"></a>Custom Image Coders</h2>

569

570

571

<p>An image coder (i.e. encoder / decoder) is responsible for registering, optionally classifying, optionally reading, optionally writing, and unregistering one image format (e.g. PNG, GIF, JPEG, etc.). Registering an image coder alerts ImageMagick a particular format is available to read or write. While unregistering tells ImageMagick the format is no longer available. The classifying method looks at the first few bytes of an image and determines if the image is in the expected format. The reader sets the image size, colorspace, and other properties and loads the pixel cache with the pixels. The reader returns a single image or an image sequence (if the format supports multiple images per file), or if an error occurs, an exception and a null image. The writer does the reverse. It takes the image properties and unloads the pixel cache and writes them as required by the image format.</p>

572

573

<p>Here is a listing of a sample <a href="../www/source/mgk.c">custom coder</a>. It reads and writes images in the MGK image format which is simply an ID followed by the image width and height followed by the RGB pixel values.</p>

/*

Include declarations.

579

*/

580

#include "magick/studio.h"

581

#include "magick/blob.h"

582

#include "magick/blob-private.h"

583

#include "magick/colorspace.h"

584

#include "magick/exception.h"

585

#include "magick/exception-private.h"

586

#include "magick/image.h"

587

#include "magick/image-private.h"

588

#include "magick/list.h"

589

#include "magick/magick.h"

590

#include "magick/memory_.h"

591

#include "magick/monitor.h"

592

#include "magick/monitor-private.h"

593

#include "magick/quantum-private.h"

594

#include "magick/static.h"

595

#include "magick/string_.h"

596

#include "magick/module.h"

597

598

/*

599

Forward declarations.

600

*/

601

static MagickBooleanType

602

WriteMGKImage(const ImageInfo *,Image *);

603

604

/*

605

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

% %

% %

% %

% I s M G K %

% %

% %

% %

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

614

%

615

% IsMGK() returns MagickTrue if the image format type, identified by the

616

% magick string, is MGK.

617

%

618

% The format of the IsMGK method is:

619

%

620

% MagickBooleanType IsMGK(const unsigned char *magick,const size_t length)

621

%

622

% A description of each parameter follows:

623

%

624

% o magick: This string is generally the first few bytes of an image file

625

% or blob.

626

%

627

% o length: Specifies the length of the magick string.

628

%

629

*/

630

static MagickBooleanType IsMGK(const unsigned char *magick,const size_t length)

{

if (length < 7)

return(MagickFalse);

if (LocaleNCompare((char *) magick,"id=mgk",7) == 0)

return(MagickTrue);

return(MagickFalse);

}

/*

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

% %

% %

% %

% R e a d M G K I m a g e %

% %

% %

% %

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

649

%

650

% ReadMGKImage() reads a MGK image file and returns it. It allocates

651

% the memory necessary for the new Image structure and returns a pointer to

652

% the new image.

653

%

654

% The format of the ReadMGKImage method is:

655

%

656

% Image *ReadMGKImage(const ImageInfo *image_info,ExceptionInfo *exception)

657

%

658

% A description of each parameter follows:

659

%

660

% o image_info: the image info.

661

%

662

% o exception: return any errors or warnings in this structure.

663

%

664

*/

665

static Image *ReadMGKImage(const ImageInfo *image_info,

666

ExceptionInfo *exception)

667

{

668

char

669

buffer[MaxTextExtent];

Image

*image;

long

y;

MagickBooleanType

status;

register long

x;

register PixelPacket

*q;

register unsigned char

*p;

ssize_t

count;

unsigned char

*pixels;

unsigned long

columns,

rows;

/*

Open image file.

*/

assert(image_info != (const ImageInfo *) NULL);

703

assert(image_info->signature == MagickSignature);

704

if (image_info->debug != MagickFalse)

705

(void) LogMagickEvent(TraceEvent,GetMagickModule(),"%s",image_info->filename);

706

assert(exception != (ExceptionInfo *) NULL);

707

assert(exception->signature == MagickSignature);

708

image=AcquireImage(image_info);

709

status=OpenBlob(image_info,image,ReadBinaryBlobMode,exception);

710

if (status == MagickFalse)

711

{

712

image=DestroyImageList(image);

713

return((Image *) NULL);

}

/*

Read MGK image.

*/

(void) ReadBlobString(image,buffer); /* read magic number */

719

if (IsMGK(buffer,7) == MagickFalse)

720

ThrowReaderException(CorruptImageError,"ImproperImageHeader");

721

(void) ReadBlobString(image,buffer);

722

count=(ssize_t) sscanf(buffer,"%lu %lu\n",&columns,&rows);

723

if (count <= 0)

724

ThrowReaderException(CorruptImageError,"ImproperImageHeader");

do

{

/*

Initialize image structure.

729

*/

730

image->columns=columns;

731

image->rows=rows;

732

image->depth=8;

733

if ((image_info->ping != MagickFalse) && (image_info->number_scenes != 0))

734

if (image->scene >= (image_info->scene+image_info->number_scenes-1))

735

break;

736

/*

737

Convert MGK raster image to pixel packets.

738

*/

739

if (SetImageExtent(image,0,0) == MagickFalse)

740

{

741

InheritException(exception,&image->exception);

742

return(DestroyImageList(image));

743

}

744

pixels=(unsigned char *) AcquireQuantumMemory((size_t) image->columns,3UL*sizeof(*pixels));

745

if (pixels == (unsigned char *) NULL)

746

ThrowReaderException(ResourceLimitError,"MemoryAllocationFailed");

747

for (y=0; y < (long) image->rows; y++)

748

{

749

count=(ssize_t) ReadBlob(image,(size_t) (3*image->columns),pixels);

750

if (count != (ssize_t) (3*image->columns))

751

ThrowReaderException(CorruptImageError,"UnableToReadImageData");

752

p=pixels;

753

q=QueueAuthenticPixels(image,0,y,image->columns,1,exception);

754

if (q == (PixelPacket *) NULL)

755

break;

756

for (x=0; x < (long) image->columns; x++)

757

{

758

q->red=ScaleCharToQuantum(*p++);

759

q->green=ScaleCharToQuantum(*p++);

760

q->blue=ScaleCharToQuantum(*p++);

761

q++;

762

}

763

if (SyncAuthenticPixels(image,exception) == MagickFalse)

764

break;

765

if ((image->previous == (Image *) NULL) &&

766

(SetImageProgress(image,LoadImageTag,y,image>>rows) == MagickFalse))

767

break;

768

}

769

pixels=(unsigned char *) RelinquishMagickMemory(pixels);

770

if (EOFBlob(image) != MagickFalse)

771

{

772

ThrowFileException(exception,CorruptImageError,"UnexpectedEndOfFile",image->filename);

break;

}

/*

Proceed to next image.

777

*/

778

if (image_info->number_scenes != 0)

779

if (image->scene >= (image_info->scene+image_info->number_scenes-1))

780

break;

781

*buffer='\0';

782

(void) ReadBlobString(image,buffer);

783

count=(ssize_t) sscanf(buffer,"%lu %lu\n",&columns,&rows);

if (count != 0)

{

/*

Allocate next image structure.

788

*/

789

AcquireNextImage(image_info,image);

790

if (GetNextImageInList(image) == (Image *) NULL)

791

{

792

image=DestroyImageList(image);

793

return((Image *) NULL);

794

}

795

image=SyncNextImageInList(image);

796

status=SetImageProgress(image,LoadImageTag,TellBlob(image),GetBlobSize(image));

797

if (status == MagickFalse)

798

break;

799

}

800

} while (count != 0);

801

(void) CloseBlob(image);

802

return(GetFirstImageInList(image));

}

/*

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

% %

% %

% %

% R e g i s t e r M G K I m a g e %

% %

% %

% %

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

815

%

816

% RegisterMGKImage() adds attributes for the MGK image format to

817

% the list of supported formats. The attributes include the image format

818

% tag, a method to read and/or write the format, whether the format

819

% supports the saving of more than one frame to the same file or blob,

820

% whether the format supports native in-memory I/O, and a brief

821

% description of the format.

822

%

823

% The format of the RegisterMGKImage method is:

824

%

825

% unsigned long RegisterMGKImage(void)

826

%

827

*/

828

ModuleExport unsigned long RegisterMGKImage(void)

{

MagickInfo

*entry;

entry=SetMagickInfo("MGK");

834

entry->decoder=(DecodeImageHandler *) ReadMGKImage;

835

entry->encoder=(EncodeImageHandler *) WriteMGKImage;

836

entry->magick=(IsImageFormatHandler *) IsMGK;

837

entry->description=ConstantString("MGK");

838

entry->module=ConstantString("MGK");

839

(void) RegisterMagickInfo(entry);

840

return(MagickImageCoderSignature);

}

/*

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

% %

% %

% %

% U n r e g i s t e r M G K I m a g e %

% %

% %

% %

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

853

%

854

% UnregisterMGKImage() removes format registrations made by the

855

% MGK module from the list of supported formats.

856

%

857

% The format of the UnregisterMGKImage method is:

858

%

859

% UnregisterMGKImage(void)

860

%

861

*/

862

ModuleExport void UnregisterMGKImage(void)

863

{

864

(void) UnregisterMagickInfo("MGK");

}

/*

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

% %

% %

% %

% W r i t e M G K I m a g e %

% %

% %

% %

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

877

%

878

% WriteMGKImage() writes an image to a file in red, green, and blue

879

% MGK rasterfile format.

880

%

881

% The format of the WriteMGKImage method is:

882

%

883

% MagickBooleanType WriteMGKImage(const ImageInfo *image_info,Image *image)

884

%

885

% A description of each parameter follows.

886

%

887

% o image_info: the image info.

888

%

889

% o image: The image.

890

%

891

*/

892

static MagickBooleanType WriteMGKImage(const ImageInfo *image_info,Image *image)

893

{

894

char

895

buffer[MaxTextExtent];

long

y;

MagickBooleanType

status;

MagickOffsetType

scene;

register const PixelPacket

*p;

register long

x;

register unsigned char

*q;

unsigned char

*pixels;

/*

Open output image file.

920

*/

921

assert(image_info != (const ImageInfo *) NULL);

922

assert(image_info->signature == MagickSignature);

923

assert(image != (Image *) NULL);

924

assert(image->signature == MagickSignature);

925

if (image->debug != MagickFalse)

926

(void) LogMagickEvent(TraceEvent,GetMagickModule(),"%s",image->filename);

927

status=OpenBlob(image_info,image,WriteBinaryBlobMode,&image->exception);

928

if (status == MagickFalse)

return(status);

scene=0;

do

{

/*

Allocate memory for pixels.

935

*/

936

if (image->colorspace != RGBColorspace)

937

(void) SetImageColorspace(image,RGBColorspace);

938

pixels=(unsigned char *) AcquireQuantumMemory((size_t) image->columns,

939

3UL*sizeof(*pixels));

940

if (pixels == (unsigned char *) NULL)

941

ThrowWriterException(ResourceLimitError,"MemoryAllocationFailed");

942

/*

943

Initialize raster file header.

944

*/

945

(void) WriteBlobString(image,"id=mgk\n");

946

(void) FormatMagickString(buffer,MaxTextExtent,"%lu %lu\n",

947

image->columns,image->rows);

948

(void) WriteBlobString(image,buffer);

949

for (y=0; y < (long) image->rows; y++)

950

{

951

p=GetVirtualPixels(image,0,y,image->columns,1,&image->exception);

952

if (p == (const PixelPacket *) NULL)

953

break;

954

q=pixels;

955

for (x=0; x < (long) image->columns; x++)

956

{

957

*q++=ScaleQuantumToChar(p->red);

958

*q++=ScaleQuantumToChar(p->green);

959

*q++=ScaleQuantumToChar(p->blue);

960

p++;

961

}

962

(void) WriteBlob(image,(size_t) (q-pixels),pixels);

963

if ((image->previous == (Image *) NULL) &&

964

(SetImageProgress(image,SaveImageTag,y,image->rows) == MagickFalse))

965

break;

966

}

967

pixels=(unsigned char *) RelinquishMagickMemory(pixels);

968

if (GetNextImageInList(image) == (Image *) NULL)

969

break;

970

image=SyncNextImageInList(image);

971

status=SetImageProgress(image,SaveImagesTag,scene,

972

GetImageListLength(image));

973

if (status == MagickFalse)

974

break;

975

scene++;

976

} while (image_info->adjoin != MagickFalse);

977

(void) CloseBlob(image);

return(MagickTrue);

}

</pre>

</div>

<p>To invoke the custom coder from the command line, use these commands:</p>

984

985

<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert logo: logo.mgk</span><span class='crtout'></span><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>display logo.mgk</span></p>

986

<p>We provide the <a href="ftp://ftp.imagemagick.org/pub/ImageMagick/kits/MagickCoderKit-1.0.0.tar.gz">Magick Coder Kit</a> to help you get started writing your own custom coder.</p>

</div>

<h2><a name="filters"></a>Custom Image Filters</h2>

991

992

993

<p>ImageMagick provides a convenient mechanism for adding your own custom image processing algorithms. We call these image filters and they are invoked from the command line with the <a href="../www/command-line-options.html#process">-process</a> option or from the MagickCore API method <a href="../www/api/module.html#ExecuteModuleProcess">ExecuteModuleProcess()</a>.</p>

994

995

<p>Here is a listing of a sample <a href="../www/source/analyze.c">custom image filter</a>. It computes a few statistics such as the pixel brightness and saturation mean and standard-deviation.</p>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <time.h>

#include <assert.h>

#include <math.h>

#include "magick/MagickCore.h"

1006

1007

/*

1008

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

% %

% %

% %

% a n a l y z e I m a g e %

% %

% %

% %

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

1017

%

1018

% analyzeImage() computes the brightness and saturation mean, standard

1019

% deviation, kurtosis and skewness and stores these values as properties of

1020

% the image.

1021

%

1022

% The format of the analyzeImage method is:

1023

%

1024

% unsigned long analyzeImage(Image *images,const int argc,

1025

% const char **argv,ExceptionInfo *exception)

1026

%

1027

% A description of each parameter follows:

1028

%

1029

% o image: the address of a structure of type Image.

1030

%

1031

% o argc: Specifies a pointer to an integer describing the number of

1032

% elements in the argument vector.

1033

%

1034

% o argv: Specifies a pointer to a text array containing the command line

1035

% arguments.

1036

%

1037

% o exception: return any errors or warnings in this structure.

1038

%

1039

*/

1040

ModuleExport unsigned long analyzeImage(Image **images,const int argc,

1041

const char **argv,ExceptionInfo *exception)

{

CacheView

*image_view;

char

text[MaxTextExtent];

double

area,

brightness_mean,

brightness_standard_deviation,

brightness_kurtosis,

brightness_skewness,

brightness_sum_x,

brightness_sum_x2,

brightness_sum_x3,

brightness_sum_x4,

saturation_mean,

saturation_standard_deviation,

saturation_kurtosis,

saturation_skewness,

saturation_sum_x,

saturation_sum_x2,

saturation_sum_x3,

saturation_sum_x4;

double

brightness,

hue,

saturation;

Image

*image;

long

y;

register const PixelPacket

*p;

register long

x;

assert(images != (Image **) NULL);

1086

assert(*images != (Image *) NULL);

1087

assert((*images)->signature == MagickSignature);

(void) argc;

(void) argv;

image=(*images);

for ( ; image != (Image *) NULL; image=GetNextImageInList(image))

1092

{

1093

brightness_sum_x=0.0;

1094

brightness_sum_x2=0.0;

1095

brightness_sum_x3=0.0;

1096

brightness_sum_x4=0.0;

1097

brightness_mean=0.0;

1098

brightness_standard_deviation=0.0;

1099

brightness_kurtosis=0.0;

1100

brightness_skewness=0.0;

1101

saturation_sum_x=0.0;

1102

saturation_sum_x2=0.0;

1103

saturation_sum_x3=0.0;

1104

saturation_sum_x4=0.0;

1105

saturation_mean=0.0;

1106

saturation_standard_deviation=0.0;

1107

saturation_kurtosis=0.0;

1108

saturation_skewness=0.0;

1109

area=0.0;

1110

image_view=AcquireCacheView(image);

1111

for (y=0; y < (long) image->rows; y++)

1112

{

1113

p=GetCacheViewVirtualPixels(image_view,0,y,image->columns,1,exception);

1114

if (p == (const PixelPacket *) NULL)

1115

break;

1116

for (x=0; x < (long) image->columns; x++)

1117

{

1118

ConvertRGBToHSB(p->red,p->green,p->blue,&hue,&saturation,&brightness);

1119

brightness*=QuantumRange;

1120

brightness_sum_x+=brightness;

1121

brightness_sum_x2+=brightness*brightness;

1122

brightness_sum_x3+=brightness*brightness*brightness;

1123

brightness_sum_x4+=brightness*brightness*brightness*brightness;

1124

saturation*=QuantumRange;

1125

saturation_sum_x+=saturation;

1126

saturation_sum_x2+=saturation*saturation;

1127

saturation_sum_x3+=saturation*saturation*saturation;

1128

saturation_sum_x4+=saturation*saturation*saturation*saturation;

area++;

p++;

}

}

image_view=DestroyCacheView(image_view);

1134

if (area <= 0.0)

1135

break;

1136

brightness_mean=brightness_sum_x/area;

1137

(void) FormatMagickString(text,MaxTextExtent,"%g",brightness_mean);

1138

(void) SetImageProperty(image,"filter:brightness:mean",text);

1139

brightness_standard_deviation=sqrt(brightness_sum_x2/area-(brightness_sum_x/

1140

area*brightness_sum_x/area));

1141

(void) FormatMagickString(text,MaxTextExtent,"%g",

1142

brightness_standard_deviation);

1143

(void) SetImageProperty(image,"filter:brightness:standard-deviation",text);

1144

if (brightness_standard_deviation != 0)

1145

brightness_kurtosis=(brightness_sum_x4/area-4.0*brightness_mean*

1146

brightness_sum_x3/area+6.0*brightness_mean*brightness_mean*

1147

brightness_sum_x2/area-3.0*brightness_mean*brightness_mean*

1148

brightness_mean*brightness_mean)/(brightness_standard_deviation*

1149

brightness_standard_deviation*brightness_standard_deviation*

1150

brightness_standard_deviation)-3.0;

1151

(void) FormatMagickString(text,MaxTextExtent,"%g",brightness_kurtosis);

1152

(void) SetImageProperty(image,"filter:brightness:kurtosis",text);

1153

if (brightness_standard_deviation != 0)

1154

brightness_skewness=(brightness_sum_x3/area-3.0*brightness_mean*

1155

brightness_sum_x2/area+2.0*brightness_mean*brightness_mean*

1156

brightness_mean)/(brightness_standard_deviation*

1157

brightness_standard_deviation*brightness_standard_deviation);

1158

(void) FormatMagickString(text,MaxTextExtent,"%g",brightness_skewness);

1159

(void) SetImageProperty(image,"filter:brightness:skewness",text);

1160

saturation_mean=saturation_sum_x/area;

1161

(void) FormatMagickString(text,MaxTextExtent,"%g",saturation_mean);

1162

(void) SetImageProperty(image,"filter:saturation:mean",text);

1163

saturation_standard_deviation=sqrt(saturation_sum_x2/area-(saturation_sum_x/

1164

area*saturation_sum_x/area));

1165

(void) FormatMagickString(text,MaxTextExtent,"%g",

1166

saturation_standard_deviation);

1167

(void) SetImageProperty(image,"filter:saturation:standard-deviation",text);

1168

if (saturation_standard_deviation != 0)

1169

saturation_kurtosis=(saturation_sum_x4/area-4.0*saturation_mean*

1170

saturation_sum_x3/area+6.0*saturation_mean*saturation_mean*

1171

saturation_sum_x2/area-3.0*saturation_mean*saturation_mean*

1172

saturation_mean*saturation_mean)/(saturation_standard_deviation*

1173

saturation_standard_deviation*saturation_standard_deviation*

1174

saturation_standard_deviation)-3.0;

1175

(void) FormatMagickString(text,MaxTextExtent,"%g",saturation_kurtosis);

1176

(void) SetImageProperty(image,"filter:saturation:kurtosis",text);

1177

if (saturation_standard_deviation != 0)

1178

saturation_skewness=(saturation_sum_x3/area-3.0*saturation_mean*

1179

saturation_sum_x2/area+2.0*saturation_mean*saturation_mean*

1180

saturation_mean)/(saturation_standard_deviation*

1181

saturation_standard_deviation*saturation_standard_deviation);

1182

(void) FormatMagickString(text,MaxTextExtent,"%g",saturation_skewness);

1183

(void) SetImageProperty(image,"filter:saturation:skewness",text);

1184

}

1185

return(MagickImageFilterSignature);

}

</pre>

</div>

<p>To invoke the custom filter from the command line, use this command:</p>

1191

1192

<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick> </span><span class='crtin'>convert logo: -process analyze -verbose info:</span><span class='crtout'>Image: logo: <br/>

1193

Format: LOGO (ImageMagick Logo) <br/>

1194

Class: PseudoClass <br/>

1195

Geometry: 640x480 <br/>

1196

... <br/>

1197

filter:brightness:kurtosis: 8.98864 <br/>

1198

filter:brightness:mean: 238.096 <br/>

1199

filter:brightness:skewness: -3.04519 <br/>

1200

filter:brightness:standard-deviation: 46.3286 <br/>

1201

filter:saturation:kurtosis: 5.9137 <br/>

1202

filter:saturation:mean: 23.4635 <br/>

1203

filter:saturation:skewness: 2.71874 <br/>

1204

filter:saturation:standard-deviation: 64.7734</span></p>

1205

1206

<p>We provide the <a href="ftp://ftp.imagemagick.org/pub/ImageMagick/kits/MagickFilterKit-1.0.0.tar.gz">Magick Filter Kit</a> to help you get started writing your own custom image filter.</p>

</div>

</div>

1214

1215