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210<div class="main">
211
cristydcca3fa2010-12-29 21:50:07 +0000[diff] [blame]212<h1>Apply Special Effects to an Image with an Fx Expression</h1>
cristy3ed852e2009-09-05 21:47:34 +0000[diff] [blame]213<p class="navigation-index">[<a href="#fx">The Fx Special Effects Image Operator</a> &bull; <a href="#anatomy">The Anatomy of an Fx Expression</a>]</p>
214
cristydcca3fa2010-12-29 21:50:07 +0000[diff] [blame]215<a id="fx"></a>
cristy3ed852e2009-09-05 21:47:34 +0000[diff] [blame]216<div class="doc-section">
217
218<p>Use the Fx special effects image operator to apply a mathematical expression to an image or image channels. Use Fx to:</p>
219
220<ul>
221 <li>create canvases, gradients, mathematical colormaps</li>
222 <li>move color values between images and channels</li>
223 <li>translate, flip, mirror, rotate, scale, shear and generally distort images</li>
224 <li>merge or composite multiple images together</li>
225 <li>convolve or merge neighboring pixels together</li>
226 <li>generate image metrics or 'fingerprints'</li>
227</ul>
228
229<p>The expression can be simple:</p>
230
cristyf9a6c462011-04-24 14:01:11 +0000[diff] [blame]231<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick&gt; </span><span class='crtin'>convert -size 64x64 canvas:black -channel blue -fx "1/2" fx_navy.png</span></p>
cristy3ed852e2009-09-05 21:47:34 +0000[diff] [blame]232<p>Here, we convert a black to a navy blue image:</p>
233
234<p class="image">
235 <a href="../images/black.png"><img src="../images/black.png" width="64" height="64" alt="black" /></a>
236 <img style="margin-top:22px; margin-bottom:22px;" src="../images/right.gif" width="20" height="20" alt="==>" />
237 <a href="../images/navy.png"><img src="../images/navy.png" width="64" height="64" alt="navy" /></a>
238</p>
239
240<p>Or the expression can be complex:</p>
241
242<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick&gt; </span><span class='crtin'>convert rose.jpg \ <br/>
243 -fx "(1.0/(1.0+exp(10.0*(0.5-u)))-0.006693)*1.0092503" \ <br/>
244 rose-sigmoidal.png</span></p>
245<p>This expression results in a high contrast version of the image:</p>
246
247<p class="image">
248 <a href="../images/rose.jpg"><img src="../images/rose.jpg" width="70" height="46" alt="rose" /></a>
249 <img style="margin-top:13px; margin-bottom:13px;" src="../images/right.gif" width="20" height="20" alt="==>" />
250 <a href="../images/rose-sigmoidal.png"><img src="../images/rose-sigmoidal.png" width="70" height="46" alt="rose-sigmoidal" /></a>
251</p>
252
253<p>The expression can include variable assignments. Assignments, in most cases, reduce the complexity of an expression and permit some operations that might not be possible any other way. For example, lets create a radial gradient:</p>
254
cristyf9a6c462011-04-24 14:01:11 +0000[diff] [blame]255<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick&gt; </span><span class='crtin'>convert -size 70x70 canvas: \ <br/>
cristy3ed852e2009-09-05 21:47:34 +0000[diff] [blame]256 -fx "Xi=i-w/2; Yj=j-h/2; 1.2*(0.5-hypot(Xi,Yj)/70.0)+0.5" \ <br/>
257 radial-gradient.png</span></p>
258<p>The command above returns this image:</p>
259
260<p class="image">
261 <a href="../images/radial-gradient.png"><img src="../images/radial-gradient.png" width="70" height="70" alt="radial-gradient" /></a>
262</p>
cristye9a32c32011-04-07 01:11:05 +0000[diff] [blame]263
264<p>This FX expression adds random noise to an image:</p>
265
266<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick&gt; </span><span class='crtin'>convert photo.jpg -fx 'iso=32; rone=rand(); rtwo=rand(); \<br />
267 myn=sqrt(-2*ln(rone))*cos(2*Pi*rtwo); myntwo=sqrt(-2*ln(rtwo))* \<br />
268 cos(2*Pi*rone); pnoise=sqrt(p)*myn*sqrt(iso)* \ <br />
269 channel(4.28,3.86,6.68,0)/255; max(0,p+pnoise)' noisy.png</span></p>
cristy3ed852e2009-09-05 21:47:34 +0000[diff] [blame]270<p>See <a href="http://www.imagemagick.org/Usage/transform/index.html#fx">Using FX, The Special Effects Image Operator</a> for more examples.</p>
271
272<p>The next section discusses the Fx expression language.</p>
273
274</div>
275
cristydcca3fa2010-12-29 21:50:07 +0000[diff] [blame]276<h2><a id="anatomy"></a>The Anatomy of an Fx Expression</h2>
cristy3ed852e2009-09-05 21:47:34 +0000[diff] [blame]277<div class="doc-section">
278
279<h3>The Fx Expression Language</h3>
280<div class="doc-section">
281
282<p>The formal Fx expression language is defined here:</p>
283
284<dl class="doc">
285 <dt class="doc"> numbers:</dt>
286 <dd> integer, floating point, or scientfic notation (+/- required, e.g. 3.81469e-06)</dd>
287 <dt class="doc"> constants: </dt>
288 <dd> e, Epsilon, QuantumRange, QuantumScale, Opaque, Pi, Transparent</dd>
289 <dt class="doc"> Fx operators (in order of precedence): </dt>
cristyd92fed52010-10-25 13:48:19 +0000[diff] [blame]290 <dd> ^ (power), unary -, *, /, % (modulo), +, -,
cristy3ed852e2009-09-05 21:47:34 +0000[diff] [blame]291 &lt;&lt;, &gt;&gt;, &lt;, &lt;=, &gt;, &gt;=, ==, !=,
292 &amp; (bitwise AND), | (bitwise OR),
293 &amp;&amp; (logical AND), || (logical OR),
294 ~ (logical NOT), ?: (ternary conditional)</dd>
295 <dt class="doc"> math functions: </dt>
cristy19156992010-03-04 17:04:59 +0000[diff] [blame]296 <dd> abs(), acos(), airy(), alt(), asin(), atan(), atan2(), ceil(), cos(), cosh(), debug(), exp(), floor(),
297 hypot(), int(), j0(), j1(), jinc(), ln(), log(), logtwo(), max(), min(), mod(), pow(), rand(), round(),
cristy3c98a4f2010-08-13 20:09:41 +0000[diff] [blame]298 sign(), sin(), sinc(), sinh(), sqrt(), tan(), tanh(), trunc()</dd>
cristy3ed852e2009-09-05 21:47:34 +0000[diff] [blame]299 <dt class="doc"> channel functions: </dt>
300 <dd> channel(r,g,b,a), channel(c,m,y,k,a)</dd>
301 <dt class="doc"> color names:</dt>
302 <dd> red, cyan, black, etc.</dd>
303 <dt class="doc"> color functions:</dt>
304 <dd> rgb(), rgba(), cmyk(), cmyka(), hsl(), hsla()</dd>
305 <dt class="doc"> color hex values:</dt>
306 <dd> #ccc, #cbfed0, #b9e1cc00</dd>
307 <dt class="doc"> symbols:</dt>
308 <dd style="white-space:pre">
309 s = current image in sequence
310 t = scene number of current image in sequence
311 u = first image in sequence
312 v = second image in sequence
313 n = number of images in sequence
314
315 i = column offset
316 j = row offset
317 p = pixel to use (absolute or relative to current pixel)
318
319 w = width of this image
320 h = height of this image
321 z = channel depth
322
323 r = red value (from RGBA), of a specific or current pixel
324 g = green ''
325 b = blue ''
326 a = alpha ''
327 o = opacity ''
328
329 c = cyan value of CMYK color of pixel
330 y = yellow ''
331 m = magenta ''
332 k = black ''
333
334 intensity = pixel intensity
335
336 hue = pixel hue
337 saturation = pixel saturation
338 lightness = pixel lightness
339 luminance = pixel luminance
340
341 page.width = page width
342 page.height = page height
343 page.x = page x offset
344 page.y = page y offset
345
346 resolution.x = x resolution
347 resolution.y = y resolution
348
349 depth = image depth
350 minima = image minima
351 maxima = image maxima
352 mean = image mean
353 standard_deviation = image standard deviation
354 kurtosis = image kurtosis
355 skewness = image skewness
356 (add a channel specifier to compute a statistic for that channel, e.g. depth.r)
357 </dd>
358</dl>
359
360</div>
361
362<h3>The Fx Expression</h3>
363<div class="doc-section">
364
365<p>An Fx expression may include any combination of the following:</p>
366<ul>
367<li> <em>x</em> <kbd>^</kbd> <em>y</em>: exponentiation (<em>x<sup>y</sup></em>)</li>
368<li> <kbd>(</kbd> ... <kbd>)</kbd>: grouping</li>
369<li> <em>x</em> <kbd>*</kbd> <em>y</em>: multiplication (the asterisk <kbd>*</kbd> is optional, for example, <kbd>2u</kbd> or <kbd>2(x+y)</kbd> are acceptable)</li>
370<li> <em>x</em> <kbd>/</kbd> <em>y</em>: division</li>
371<li> <em>x</em> <kbd>%</kbd> <em>y</em>: modulo</li>
372<li> <em>x</em> <kbd>+</kbd> <em>y</em>: addition</li>
373<li> <em>x</em> <kbd>-</kbd> <em>y</em>: subtraction</li>
374<li> <em>x</em> <kbd>&lt;&lt;</kbd> <em>y</em>: left shift</li>
375<li> <em>x</em> <kbd>&gt;&gt;</kbd> <em>y</em>: right shift</li>
376<li> <em>x</em> <kbd>&lt;</kbd> <em>y</em>: boolean relation, return value 1.0 if <em>x</em> &lt; <em>y</em>, otherwise 0.0</li>
377<li> <em>x</em> <kbd>&lt;=</kbd> <em>y</em>: boolean relation, return value 1.0 if <em>x</em> &lt;= <em>y</em>, otherwise 0.0</li>
378<li> <em>x</em> <kbd>&gt;</kbd> <em>y</em>: boolean relation, return value 1.0 if <em>x</em> &gt; <em>y</em>, otherwise 0.0</li>
379<li> <em>x</em> <kbd>&gt;=</kbd> <em>y</em>: boolean relation, return value 1.0 if <em>x</em> &gt;= <em>y</em>, otherwise 0.0</li>
380<li> <em>x</em> <kbd>==</kbd> <em>y</em>: boolean relation, return value 1.0 if <em>x </em>==<em> y</em>, otherwise 0.0</li>
381<li> <em>x</em> <kbd>!=</kbd> <em>y</em>: boolean relation, return value 1.0 if <em>x </em>!=<em> y</em>, otherwise 0.0</li>
382<li> <em>x</em> <kbd>&amp;</kbd> <em>y</em>: binary AND</li>
383<li> <em>x</em> <kbd>|</kbd> <em>y</em>: binary OR</li>
384<li> <em>x</em> <kbd>&amp;&amp;</kbd> <em>y</em>: logical AND connective, return value 1.0 if <em>x</em> &gt; 0 and <em>y</em> &gt; 0, otherwise 0.0</li>
385<li> <em>x</em> <kbd>||</kbd> <em>y</em>: logical OR connective (inclusive), return value 1.0 if <em>x</em> &gt; 0 or <em>y</em> &gt; 0 (or both), otherwise 0.0</li>
386<li> <kbd>~</kbd><em>x</em>: logical NOT operator, return value 1.0 if <em>not</em> <em>x</em> &gt; 0, otherwise 0.0</li>
387<li> <kbd>+</kbd><em>x</em>: unary plus, return 1.0*value</li>
388<li> <kbd>-</kbd><em>x</em>: unary minus, return -1.0*value</li>
389<li> <em>x</em> <kbd>?</kbd> <em>y</em> : <em>z</em>: ternary conditional expression, return value <em>y</em> if <em>x</em> != 0, otherwise <em>z</em>; only one ternary conditional permitted per statement</li>
390<li> <em>x</em> <kbd>=</kbd> <em>y</em>: assignment; assignment variables are restricted to letter combinations only (e.g. Xi not X1)</li>
391<li> <em>x</em> <kbd>;</kbd> <em>y</em>: statement separator </li>
392<li> <kbd>pi</kbd>: constant (3.141659...)</li>
393<li> <kbd>e</kbd>: constant (2.71828...)</li>
394<li> <kbd>QuantumRange</kbd>: constant maximum pixel value (255 for Q8, 65535 for Q16)</li>
395<li> <kbd>QuantumScale</kbd>: constant 1.0/<kbd>QuantumRange</kbd></li>
396<li> <kbd>intensity</kbd>: pixel intensity; equivalent to 0.299*red+0.587*green+0.114*blue</li>
397<li> <kbd>hue</kbd>: pixel hue</li>
398<li> <kbd>saturation</kbd>: pixel saturation</li>
399<li> <kbd>lightness</kbd>: pixel lightness; equivalent to 0.5*max(red,green,blue) + 0.5*min(red,green,blue)</li>
400<li> <kbd>luminance</kbd>: pixel luminance; equivalent to 0.2126*red + 0.7152*green + 0.0722*blue</li>
401<li> <kbd>red, green, blue</kbd>, etc.: color names</li>
402<li> <kbd>#ccc, #cbfed0, #b9e1cc00</kbd>, etc.: color hex values</li>
403<li> <kbd>rgb(), rgba(), cmyk(), cmyka(), hsl(), hsla()</kbd>: color functions</li>
404<li> <kbd>s, t, u, v, n, i, j, w, h, z, r, g, b, a, o, c, y, m, k</kbd>: symbols</li>
405<li> <kbd>abs(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: absolute value function</li>
406<li> <kbd>acos(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: arc cosine function</li>
cristy2c839602010-04-03 02:32:08 +0000[diff] [blame]407<li> <kbd>airy(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: Airy function (max=1, min=0); <kbd>airy(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>=<kbd>[jinc(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)]<sup>2</sup></kbd>=<kbd>[2*j1(</kbd><em>pi*x</em><kbd>)/(</kbd><em>pi*x</em><kbd>)]<sup>2</sup></kbd></li>
cristy3ed852e2009-09-05 21:47:34 +0000[diff] [blame]408<li> <kbd>alt(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: sign alternation function (return 1.0 if <kbd>int(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd> is even, -1.0 if <kbd>int(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd> is odd)</li>
409<li> <kbd>asin(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: arc sine function</li>
410<li> <kbd>atan(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: arc tangent function</li>
411<li> <kbd>atan2(</kbd><em>y</em>,<em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: arc tangent function of two variables</li>
412<li> <kbd>ceil(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: smallest integral value not less than argument</li>
413<li> <kbd>channel(</kbd><em>r</em>,<em>g</em>,<em>b</em>,<em>a</em><kbd>)</kbd>: select numeric argument based on current channel</li>
414<li> <kbd>channel(</kbd><em>c</em>,<em>m</em>,<em>y</em>,<em>k</em>,<em>a</em><kbd>)</kbd>: select numeric argument based on current channel</li>
415<li> <kbd>cos(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: cosine function</li>
416<li> <kbd>cosh(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: hyperbolic cosine function</li>
417<li> <kbd>debug(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: print <em>x</em> (useful for debugging your expression)</li>
418<li> <kbd>exp(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: natural exponential function (<em>e<sup>x</sup></em>)</li>
419<li> <kbd>floor(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: largest integral value not greater than argument</li>
420<li> <kbd>hypot(</kbd><em>x</em>,<em>y</em><kbd>)</kbd>: the square root of x<sup>2</sup>+y<sup>2</sup></li>
421<li> <kbd>int(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: greatest integer function (return greatest integer less than or equal to <em>x</em>)</li>
cristy2c839602010-04-03 02:32:08 +0000[diff] [blame]422<li> <kbd>j0(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: Bessel functions of <em>x</em> of the first kind of order 0</li>
423<li> <kbd>j1(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: Bessel functions of <em>x</em> of the first kind of order 1</li>
cristy4949d522010-03-12 18:41:34 +0000[diff] [blame]424<li> <kbd>jinc(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: jinc function (max=1, min=-0.1323); <kbd>jinc(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>=<kbd>2*j1(</kbd><em>pi*x</em><kbd>)/(</kbd><em>pi*x</em><kbd>)</kbd></li>
cristy3ed852e2009-09-05 21:47:34 +0000[diff] [blame]425<li> <kbd>ln(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: natural logarithm function</li>
426<li> <kbd>log(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: logarithm base 10</li>
427<li> <kbd>logtwo(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: logarithm base 2</li>
428<li> <kbd>ln(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: natural logarithm</li>
429<li> <kbd>max(</kbd><em>x</em>, <em>y</em><kbd>)</kbd>: maximum of <em>x</em> and <em>y</em></li>
430<li> <kbd>min(</kbd><em>x</em>, <em>y</em><kbd>)</kbd>: minimum of <em>x</em> and <em>y</em></li>
431<li> <kbd>mod(</kbd><em>x</em>, <em>y</em><kbd>)</kbd>: floating-point remainder function</li>
432<li> <kbd>pow(</kbd><em>x</em>,<em>y</em><kbd>)</kbd>: power function (<em>x<sup>y</sup></em>)</li>
433<li> <kbd>rand()</kbd>: value uniformly distributed over the interval [0.0, 1.0) with a 2 to the 128th-1 period</li>
434<li> <kbd>round()</kbd>: round to integral value, regardless of rounding direction</li>
435<li> <kbd>sign(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: return -1.0 if <em>x</em> is less than 0.0 otherwise 1.0</li>
436<li> <kbd>sin(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: sine function</li>
cristy2c2a4492010-03-16 15:06:03 +0000[diff] [blame]437<li> <kbd>sinc(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: sinc function (max=1, min=-0.21); <kbd>sinc(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>=<kbd>sin(</kbd><em>pi*x</em><kbd>)/(</kbd><em>pi*x</em><kbd>)</kbd></li>
cristy3ed852e2009-09-05 21:47:34 +0000[diff] [blame]438<li> <kbd>sinh(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: hyperbolic sine function</li>
439<li> <kbd>sqrt(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: square root function</li>
440<li> <kbd>tan(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: tangent function</li>
441<li> <kbd>tanh(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: hyperbolic tangent function</li>
cristy3c98a4f2010-08-13 20:09:41 +0000[diff] [blame]442<li> <kbd>trunc(</kbd><em>x</em><kbd>)</kbd>: round to integer, towards zero</li>
cristy3ed852e2009-09-05 21:47:34 +0000[diff] [blame]443</ul>
444
445<p>The expression semantics include these rules:</p>
446
447<ul>
448<li>symbols are case insensitive</li>
449<li>only one ternary conditional (e.g. x ? y : z) per statement</li>
450<li>statements are assignments or the final expression to return</li>
451<li>an assignment starts a statement, it is not an operator</li>
452<li>assignments to built-ins do not throw an exception and have no effect; e.g. <kbd>r=3.0; r</kbd> returns the pixel red color value, not 3.0</li>
cristyb7b531e2010-10-24 01:41:05 +0000[diff] [blame]453<li>Unary operators have a lower priority than binary operators, that is, the unary minus (negation) has lower precedence than exponentiation, so -3^2 is interpreted as -(3^2) = -9. Use parentheses to clarify your intent (e.g. (-3)^2 = 9).</li>
cristyce66ab12010-10-21 23:36:32 +0000[diff] [blame]454<li>Similarly, care must be exercised when using the slash ('/') symbol. The string of characters <em>1/2x</em> is interpreted as (1/2)x. The contrary interpretation should be written explicitly as 1/(2x). Again, the use of parentheses helps clarify the meaning and should be used whenever there is any chance of misinterpretation.</li>
cristy3ed852e2009-09-05 21:47:34 +0000[diff] [blame]455</ul>
456
cristyce66ab12010-10-21 23:36:32 +0000[diff] [blame]457
cristy3ed852e2009-09-05 21:47:34 +0000[diff] [blame]458</div>
459
460<h3>Source Images</h3>
461<div class="doc-section">
462
463<p>The symbols <kbd>u</kbd> and <kbd>v</kbd> refer to the first and second images, respectively, in the current image sequence. Refer to a particular image in a sequence by appending its index to any image reference (usually <kbd>u</kbd>), with a zero index for the beginning of the sequence. A negative index counts from the end. For example, <kbd>u[0]</kbd> is the first image in the sequence, <kbd>u[2]</kbd> is the third, <kbd>u[-1]</kbd> is the last image, and <kbd>u[t]</kbd> is the current image. The current image can also be referenced by <kbd>s</kbd>. If the sequence number exceeds the length of the sequence, the count is wrapped. Thus in a 3-image sequence, <kbd>u[-1]</kbd>, <kbd>u[2]</kbd>, and <kbd>u[5]</kbd> all refer to the same (third) image.</p>
464
465<p>As an example, we form an image by averaging the first image and third images:</p>
466
467<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick&gt; </span><span class='crtin'>convert image1.jpg image2.jpg image3.jpg -fx "(u+u[2])/2.0" image.jpg</span></p>
468<p>By default, the image to which <kbd>p</kbd>, <kbd>r</kbd>, <kbd>g</kbd>, <kbd>b</kbd>, <kbd>a</kbd>, etc., are applied is the first image <kbd>u</kbd> in the image list, which may also be referenced using <kbd>s</kbd>. </p>
469
cristy19156992010-03-04 17:04:59 +0000[diff] [blame]470<p>It is important to note the special role played by the first image. This is the only image in the image sequence that is modified, other images are used only for their data. As an illustrative example, consider the following, and note that the setting <a href="../www/command-line-options.html#channel">-channel red</a> instructs <a href="../www/command-line-options.html#fx">-fx</a> to modify only the red channel; nothing in the green or blue channels will change. It is instructive to ponder why the result is not symmetric.</p>
cristy3ed852e2009-09-05 21:47:34 +0000[diff] [blame]471
472<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick&gt; </span><span class='crtin'>convert -channel red logo: -flop logo: -resize "20%" -fx "(u+v)/2" image.jpg</span></p>
473<div class="image">
cristy3ed852e2009-09-05 21:47:34 +0000[diff] [blame]474 <a href="../images/logo-sm-flop.png"><img src="../images/logo-sm-flop.png" width="128" height="96" alt="logo-sm-flop.png" /></a>
475 <a href="../images/logo-sm.png"><img src="../images/logo-sm.png" width="128" height="96" alt="logo-sm.png" /></a>
476<img style="margin-top:38px; margin-bottom:38px;" src="../images/right.gif" width="20" height="20" alt="==>" />
477 <a href="../images/logo-sm-fx.png"><img src="../images/logo-sm-fx.png" width="128" height="96" alt="logo-sm-fx.png" /></a>
cristy3ed852e2009-09-05 21:47:34 +0000[diff] [blame]478</div>
479
480
481</div>
482
483<h3>Accessing Pixels</h3>
484<div class="doc-section">
485
486<p>All color values are normalized to the range of 0.0 to 1.0. The alpha channel ranges from 0.0 (fully transparent) to 1.0 (fully opaque).</p>
487
488<p>The pixels are processed one at a time, but a different pixel of an image can be specified using a pixel index represented by <kbd>p</kbd>. For example,</p>
489
490<pre class="text">
491 p[-1].g green value of pixel to the immediate left of the current pixel
492 p[-1,-1].r red value of the pixel diagonally left and up from current pixel
493</pre>
494
495<p>To specify an absolute position, use braces, rather than brackets.</p>
496
497<pre class="text">
cristyee742642011-02-26 02:49:59 +0000[diff] [blame]498 p{0,0}.r red value of the pixel in the upper left corner of the image
cristy3ed852e2009-09-05 21:47:34 +0000[diff] [blame]499 p{12,34}.b blue pixel value at column number 12, row 34 of the image
500</pre>
501
502<p>Integer values of the position retrieve the color of the pixel referenced, while non-integer position values return a blended color according to the current <a href="../www/command-line-options.html#interpolate">-interpolate</a> setting.</p>
503
504<p>A position outside the boundary of the image retrieves a value dictated by the <a href="../www/command-line-options.html#virtual-pixel">-virtual-pixel</a> option setting.</p>
505
506</div>
507
508<h3>Apply an Expression to Select Image Channels</h3>
509<div class="doc-section">
510
511<p>Use the <a href="../www/command-line-options.html#channel">-channel</a> setting to specify the output channel of the result. If no output channel is given, the result is set over all channels except the opacity channel. For example, to replace the red channel of <kbd>alpha.png</kbd> with the average of the green channels from the images <kbd>alpha.png</kbd> and <kbd>beta.png</kbd>, use:</p>
512
513<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick&gt; </span><span class='crtin'>convert alpha.png beta.png -channel red -fx "(u.g+v.g)/2" gamma.png</span></p>
514</div>
515
516<h3>Results</h3>
517<div class="doc-section">
518
519<p>The <a href="../www/command-line-options.html#fx">-fx</a> operator evaluates the given expression for each channel (set by <a href="../www/command-line-options.html#channel">-channel</a>) of each pixel in the first image (<kbd>u</kbd>) in the sequence. The computed values are temporarily stored in a copy (clone) of that first image until all the pixels have been processed, after which this single new image replaces the list of images in the current image sequence. As such, in the previous example the updated version of <kbd>alpha.png</kbd> replaces both of the original images, <kbd>alpha.png</kbd> and <kbd>beta.png</kbd>, before being saved as <kbd>gamma.png</kbd>.</p>
520
521<p>The current image <kbd>s</kbd> is set to the first image in the sequence (<kbd>u</kbd>), and <kbd>t</kbd> to its index, 0. The symbols <kbd>i</kbd> and <kbd>j</kbd> reference the current pixel being processed.</p>
522
523
524<p>For use with <a href="../www/command-line-options.html#format_identify_">-format</a>, the value-escape <kbd>%[fx: ]</kbd> is evaluated just once for each image in the current image sequence. As each image in the sequence is being evaluated, <kbd>s</kbd> and <kbd>t</kbd> successively refer to the current image and its index, while <kbd>i</kbd> and <kbd>j</kbd> are set to zero, and the current channel set to red (<a href="../www/command-line-options.html#channel">-channel</a> is ignored). An example:</p>
525
cristyf9a6c462011-04-24 14:01:11 +0000[diff] [blame]526<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick&gt; </span><span class='crtin'>convert canvas:'rgb(25%,50%,75%)' rose: -colorspace rgb \ <br/>
cristy3cd7cc92011-04-01 01:00:28 +0000[diff] [blame]527 -format 'Red channel of NW corner of image #%[fx:t] is %[fx: s]' info:</span><span class='crtout'>Red channel of NW corner of image #0 is 0.453758 <br/>
528 Red channel of NW corner of image #1 is 0.184588</span></p>
529<p>Here we use the image indexes to <em>rotate</em> each image differently, and use <kbd>-set</kbd> with the image index to set a different <em>pause delay</em> on the first image in the animation:</p>
530
531<p class='crt'><span class="crtprompt"> $magick&gt; </span><span class='crtin'>convert rose: -duplicate 29 -virtual-pixel Gray -distort SRT '%[fx:360.0*t/n]' \ <br />
532 -set delay '%[fx:t == 0 ? 240 : 10]' -loop 0 rose.gif</span></p><p>The color-escape <kbd>%[pixel: ]</kbd> is evaluated once per image and per color channel in that image (<a href="../www/command-line-options.html#channel">-channel</a> is ignored), The values generated are then converted into a color string (a named color or hex color value). The symbols <kbd>i</kbd> and <kbd>j</kbd> are set to zero, and <kbd>s</kbd> and <kbd>t</kbd> refer to each successively current image and index.</p>
cristy3ed852e2009-09-05 21:47:34 +0000[diff] [blame]533
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