www/analyzer/annotations.html - platform/external/clang - Gitiles

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 <h1>Source Annotations</h1>

 <p>The Clang frontend supports several source-level annotations in the form of
 <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Attribute-Syntax.html">GCC-style
 attributes</a> and pragmas that can help make using the Clang Static Analyzer
 more useful. These annotations can both help suppress false positives as well as
 enhance the analyzer's ability to find bugs.</p>

 <p>This page gives a practical overview of such annotations. For more technical
 specifics regarding Clang-specific annotations please see the Clang's list of <a
 href="http://clang.llvm.org/docs/LanguageExtensions.html">language
 extensions</a>. Details of &quot;standard&quot; GCC attributes (that Clang also
 supports) can be found in the <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/">GCC
 manual</a>, with the majority of the relevant attributes being in the section on
 <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Function-Attributes.html">function
 attributes</a>.</p>

 <p>Note that attributes that are labeled <b>Clang-specific</b> are not
 recognized by GCC. Their use can be conditioned using preprocessor macros
 (examples included on this page).</p>

 <h4>Specific Topics</h4>

 <ul id="collapsetree" class="dbtree onclick multiple">
 <li><a href="#generic">Annotations to Enhance Generic Checks</a>
   <ul>
     <li><a href="#null_checking"><span>Null Pointer Checking</span></a>
     <ul>
       <li><a href="#attr_nonnull"><span>Attribute 'nonnull'</span></a></li>
     </ul>
     </li>
   </ul>
 </li>
 <li><a href="#macosx">Mac OS X API Annotations</a>
   <ul>
     <li><a href="#cocoa_mem">Cocoa &amp; Core Foundation Memory Management Annotations</a>
     <ul>
       <li><a href="#attr_ns_returns_retained">Attribute 'ns_returns_retained'</a></li>
       <li><a href="#attr_ns_returns_not_retained">Attribute 'ns_returns_not_retained'</a></li>
       <li><a href="#attr_cf_returns_retained">Attribute 'cf_returns_retained'</a></li>
       <li><a href="#attr_cf_returns_not_retained">Attribute 'cf_returns_not_retained'</a></li>
     </ul>
     </li>
   </ul>
 </li>
 <li><a href="#custom_assertions">Custom Assertion Handlers</a>
   <ul>
     <li><a href="#attr_noreturn">Attribute 'noreturn'</a></li>
     <li><a href="#attr_analyzer_noreturn">Attribute 'analyzer_noreturn'</a></li>
   </ul>
   </li>
 </ul>

 <!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->
 <h2 id="generic">Annotations to Enhance Generic Checks</h2>
 <!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->

 <h3 id="null_checking">Null Pointer Checking</h3>

 <h4 id="attr_nonnull">Attribute 'nonnull'</h4>

 <p>The analyzer recognizes the GCC attribute 'nonnull', which indicates that a
 function expects that a given function parameter is not a null pointer. Specific
 details of the syntax of using the 'nonnull' attribute can be found in <a
 href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Function-Attributes.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bnonnull_007d-function-attribute-2263">GCC's
 documentation</a>.</p>

 <p>Both the Clang compiler and GCC will flag warnings for simple cases where a
 null pointer is directly being passed to a function with a 'nonnull' parameter
 (e.g., as a constant). The analyzer extends this checking by using its deeper
 symbolic analysis to track what pointer values are potentially null and then
 flag warnings when they are passed in a function call via a 'nonnull'
 parameter.</p>

 <p><b>Example</b></p>

 <pre class="code_example">
 <span class="command">$ cat test.m</span>
 int bar(int*p, int q, int *r) __attribute__((nonnull(1,3)));

 int foo(int *p, int *q) {
    return !p ? bar(q, 2, p)
              : bar(p, 2, q);
 }
 </pre>

 <p>Running <tt>scan-build</tt> over this source produces the following
 output:</p>

 <img src="images/example_attribute_nonnull.png">

 <!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->
 <h2 id="macosx">Mac OS X API Annotations</h2>
 <!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->

 <h3 id="cocoa_mem">Cocoa &amp; Core Foundation Memory Management
 Annotations</h3>

 <!--
 <p>As described in <a href="/available_checks.html#retain_release">Available
 Checks</a>,
 -->
 <p>The analyzer supports the proper management of retain counts for
 both Cocoa and Core Foundation objects. This checking is largely based on
 enforcing Cocoa and Core Foundation naming conventions for Objective-C methods
 (Cocoa) and C functions (Core Foundation). Not strictly following these
 conventions can cause the analyzer to miss bugs or flag false positives.</p>

 <p>One can educate the analyzer (and others who read your code) about methods or
 functions that deviate from the Cocoa and Core Foundation conventions using the
 attributes described here.</p>

 <h4 id="attr_ns_returns_retained">Attribute 'ns_returns_retained'
 (Clang-specific)</h4>

 <p>The GCC-style (Clang-specific) attribute 'ns_returns_retained' allows one to
 annotate an Objective-C method or C function as returning a retained Cocoa
 object that the caller is responsible for releasing (via sending a
 <tt>release</tt> message to the object).</p>

 <p><b>Placing on Objective-C methods</b>: For Objective-C methods, this
 annotation essentially tells the analyzer to treat the method as if its name
 begins with &quot;alloc&quot; or &quot;new&quot; or contais the word
 &quot;copy&quot;.</p>

 <p><b>Placing on C functions</b>: For C functions returning Cocoa objects, the
 analyzer typically does not make any assumptions about whether or not the object
 is returned retained. Explicitly adding the 'ns_returns_retained' attribute to C
 functions allows the analyzer to perform extra checking.</p>

 <p><b>Important note when using Garbage Collection</b>: Note that the analyzer
 interprets this attribute slightly differently when using Objective-C garbage
 collection (available on Mac OS 10.5+). When analyzing Cocoa code that uses
 garbage collection, &quot;alloc&quot; methods are assumed to return an object
 that is managed by the garbage collector (and thus doesn't have a retain count
 the caller must balance). These same assumptions are applied to methods or
 functions annotated with 'ns_returns_retained'. If you are returning a Core
 Foundation object (which may not be managed by the garbage collector) you should
 use 'cf_returns_retained'.</p>

 <p><b>Example</b></p>

 <pre class="code_example">
 <span class="command">$ cat test.m</span>
 #import &lt;Foundation/Foundation.h&gt;

 #ifndef __has_feature      // Optional.
 #define __has_feature(x) 0 // Compatibility with non-clang compilers.
 #endif

 #ifndef NS_RETURNS_RETAINED
 #if __has_feature(attribute_ns_returns_retained)
 <span class="code_highlight">#define NS_RETURNS_RETAINED __attribute__((ns_returns_retained))</span>
 #else
 #define NS_RETURNS_RETAINED
 #endif
 #endif

 @interface MyClass : NSObject {}
 - (NSString*) returnsRetained <span class="code_highlight">NS_RETURNS_RETAINED</span>;
 - (NSString*) alsoReturnsRetained;
 @end

 @implementation MyClass
 - (NSString*) returnsRetained {
   return [[NSString alloc] initWithCString:"no leak here"];
 }
 - (NSString*) alsoReturnsRetained {
   return [[NSString alloc] initWithCString:"flag a leak"];
 }
 @end
 </pre>

 <p>Running <tt>scan-build</tt> on this source file produces the following output:</p>

 <img src="images/example_ns_returns_retained.png">

 <h4 id="attr_ns_returns_not_retained">Attribute 'ns_returns_not_retained'
 (Clang-specific)</h4>

 <p>The 'ns_returns_not_retained' attribute is the complement of '<a
 href="#attr_ns_returns_retained">ns_returns_retained</a>'. Where a function or
 method may appear to obey the Cocoa conventions and return a retained Cocoa
 object, this attribute can be used to indicate that the object reference
 returned should not be considered as an &quot;owning&quot; reference being
 returned to the caller.</p>

 <p>Usage is identical to <a
 href="#attr_ns_returns_retained">ns_returns_retained</a>.  When using the
 attribute, be sure to declare it within the proper macro that checks for
 its availability, as it is not available in earlier versions of the analyzer:</p>

 <pre class="code_example">
 <span class="command">$ cat test.m</span>
 #ifndef __has_feature      // Optional.
 #define __has_feature(x) 0 // Compatibility with non-clang compilers.
 #endif

 #ifndef NS_RETURNS_NOT_RETAINED
 #if __has_feature(attribute_ns_returns_not_retained)
 <span class="code_highlight">#define NS_RETURNS_NOT_RETAINED __attribute__((ns_returns_not_retained))</span>
 #else
 #define NS_RETURNS_NOT_RETAINED
 #endif
 #endif
 </pre>

 <h4 id="attr_cf_returns_retained">Attribute 'cf_returns_retained'
 (Clang-specific)</h4>

 <p>The GCC-style (Clang-specific) attribute 'cf_returns_retained' allows one to
 annotate an Objective-C method or C function as returning a retained Core
 Foundation object that the caller is responsible for releasing.

 <p><b>Placing on Objective-C methods</b>: With respect to Objective-C methods.,
 this attribute is identical in its behavior and usage to 'ns_returns_retained'
 except for the distinction of returning a Core Foundation object instead of a
 Cocoa object. This distinction is important for two reasons:</p>

 <ul>
   <li>Core Foundation objects are not automatically managed by the Objective-C
   garbage collector.</li>
   <li>Because Core Foundation is a C API, the analyzer cannot always tell that a
   pointer return value refers to a Core Foundation object. In contrast, it is
   trivial for the analyzer to recognize if a pointer refers to a Cocoa object
   (given the Objective-C type system).</p>
 </ul>

 <p><b>Placing on C functions</b>: When placing the attribute
 'cf_returns_retained' on the declarations of C functions, the analyzer
 interprets the function as:</p>

 <ol>
   <li>Returning a Core Foundation Object</li>
   <li>Treating the function as if it its name
 contained the keywords &quot;create&quot; or &quot;copy&quot;. This means the
 returned object as a +1 retain count that must be released by the caller, either
 by sending a <tt>release</tt> message (via toll-free bridging to an Objective-C
 object pointer), calling <tt>CFRelease</tt> (or similar function), or using
 <tt>CFMakeCollectable</tt> to register the object with the Objective-C garbage
 collector.</li>
 </ol>

 <p><b>Example</b></p>

 <p>In this example, observe the difference in output when the code is compiled
 to not use garbage collection versus when it is compiled to only use garbage
 collection (<tt>-fobjc-gc-only</tt>).</p>

 <pre class="code_example">
 <span class="command">$ cat test.m</span>
 $ cat test.m
 #import &lt;Cocoa/Cocoa.h&gt;

 #ifndef __has_feature      // Optional.
 #define __has_feature(x) 0 // Compatibility with non-clang compilers.
 #endif

 #ifndef CF_RETURNS_RETAINED
 #if __has_feature(attribute_cf_returns_retained)
 <span class="code_highlight">#define CF_RETURNS_RETAINED __attribute__((cf_returns_retained))</span>
 #else
 #define CF_RETURNS_RETAINED
 #endif
 #endif

 @interface MyClass : NSObject {}
 - (NSDate*) returnsCFRetained <span class="code_highlight">CF_RETURNS_RETAINED</span>;
 - (NSDate*) alsoReturnsRetained;
 - (NSDate*) returnsNSRetained <span class="code_highlight">NS_RETURNS_RETAINED</span>;
 @end

 <span class="code_highlight">CF_RETURNS_RETAINED</span>
 CFDateRef returnsRetainedCFDate()  {
   return CFDateCreate(0, CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent());
 }

 @implementation MyClass
 - (NSDate*) returnsCFRetained {
   return (NSDate*) returnsRetainedCFDate(); // No leak.
 }

 - (NSDate*) alsoReturnsRetained {
   return (NSDate*) returnsRetainedCFDate(); // Always report a leak.
 }

 - (NSDate*) returnsNSRetained {
   return (NSDate*) returnsRetainedCFDate(); // Report a leak when using GC.
 }
 @end
 </pre>

 <p>Running <tt>scan-build</tt> on this example produces the following output:</p>

 <img src="images/example_cf_returns_retained.png">

 </p>When the above code is compiled using Objective-C garbage collection (i.e.,
 code is compiled with the flag <tt>-fobjc-gc</tt> or <tt>-fobjc-gc-only</tt>),
 <tt>scan-build</tt> produces both the above error (with slightly different text
 to indicate the code uses garbage collection) as well as the following warning,
 which indicates a leak that occurs <em>only</em> when using garbage
 collection:</p>

 <img src="images/example_cf_returns_retained_gc.png">

 <h4 id="attr_cf_returns_not_retained">Attribute 'cf_returns_not_retained'
 (Clang-specific)</h4>

 <p>The 'cf_returns_not_retained' attribute is the complement of '<a
 href="#attr_cf_returns_retained">cf_returns_retained</a>'. Where a function or
 method may appear to obey the Core Foundation or Cocoa conventions and return
 a retained Core Foundation object, this attribute can be used to indicate that
 the object reference returned should not be considered as an
 &quot;owning&quot; reference being returned to the caller.</p>

 <p>Usage is identical to <a
 href="#attr_cf_returns_retained">cf_returns_retained</a>.  When using the
 attribute, be sure to declare it within the proper macro that checks for
 its availability, as it is not available in earlier versions of the analyzer:</p>

 <pre class="code_example">
 <span class="command">$ cat test.m</span>
 #ifndef __has_feature      // Optional.
 #define __has_feature(x) 0 // Compatibility with non-clang compilers.
 #endif

 #ifndef CF_RETURNS_NOT_RETAINED
 #if __has_feature(attribute_cf_returns_not_retained)
 <span class="code_highlight">#define CF_RETURNS_NOT_RETAINED __attribute__((cf_returns_not_retained))</span>
 #else
 #define CF_RETURNS_NOT_RETAINED
 #endif
 #endif
 </pre>

 <!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->
 <h2 id="custom_assertions">Custom Assertion Handlers</h2>
 <!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->

 <p>The analyzer exploits code assertions by pruning off paths where the
 assertion condition is false. The idea is capture any program invariants
 specified in the assertion that the developer may know but is not immediately
 apparent in the code itself. In this way assertions make implicit assumptions
 explicit in the code, which not only makes the analyzer more accurate when
 finding bugs, but can help others better able to understand your code as well.
 It can also help remove certain kinds of analyzer false positives by pruning off
 false paths.</p>

 <p>In order to exploit assertions, however, the analyzer must understand when it
 encounters an &quot;assertion handler.&quot; Typically assertions are
 implemented with a macro, with the macro performing a check for the assertion
 condition and, when the check fails, calling an assertion handler.  For example, consider the following code
 fragment:</p>

 <pre class="code_example">
 void foo(int *p) {
   assert(p != NULL);
 }
 </pre>

 <p>When this code is preprocessed on Mac OS X it expands to the following:</p>

 <pre class="code_example">
 void foo(int *p) {
   (__builtin_expect(!(p != NULL), 0) ? __assert_rtn(__func__, "t.c", 4, "p != NULL") : (void)0);
 }
 </pre>

 <p>In this example, the assertion handler is <tt>__assert_rtn</tt>. When called,
 most assertion handlers typically print an error and terminate the program. The
 analyzer can exploit such semantics by ending the analysis of a path once it
 hits a call to an assertion handler.</p>

 <p>The trick, however, is that the analyzer needs to know that a called function
 is an assertion handler; otherwise the analyzer might assume the function call
 returns and it will continue analyzing the path where the assertion condition
 failed. This can lead to false positives, as the assertion condition usually
 implies a safety condition (e.g., a pointer is not null) prior to performing
 some action that depends on that condition (e.g., dereferencing a pointer).</p>

 <p>The analyzer knows about several well-known assertion handlers, but can
 automatically infer if a function should be treated as an assertion handler if
 it is annotated with the 'noreturn' attribute or the (Clang-specific)
 'analyzer_noreturn' attribute.</p>

 <h4 id="attr_noreturn">Attribute 'noreturn'</h4>

 <p>The 'noreturn' attribute is a GCC-attribute that can be placed on the
 declarations of functions. It means exactly what its name implies: a function
 with a 'noreturn' attribute should never return.</p>

 <p>Specific details of the syntax of using the 'noreturn' attribute can be found
 in <a
 href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Function-Attributes.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bnoreturn_007d-function-attribute-2264">GCC's
 documentation</a>.</p>

 <p>Not only does the analyzer exploit this information when pruning false paths,
 but the compiler also takes it seriously and will generate different code (and
 possibly better optimized) under the assumption that the function does not
 return.</p>

 <p><b>Example</b></p>

 <p>On Mac OS X, the function prototype for <tt>__assert_rtn</tt> (declared in
 <tt>assert.h</tt>) is specifically annotated with the 'noreturn' attribute:</p>

 <pre class="code_example">
 void __assert_rtn(const char *, const char *, int, const char *) <span class="code_highlight">__attribute__((__noreturn__))</span>;
 </pre>

 <h4 id="attr_analyzer_noreturn">Attribute 'analyzer_noreturn' (Clang-specific)</h4>

 <p>The Clang-specific 'analyzer_noreturn' attribute is almost identical to
 'noreturn' except that it is ignored by the compiler for the purposes of code
 generation.</p>

 <p>This attribute is useful for annotating assertion handlers that actually
 <em>can</em> return, but for the purpose of using the analyzer we want to
 pretend that such functions do not return.</p>

 <p>Because this attribute is Clang-specific, its use should be conditioned with
 the use of preprocessor macros.</p>

 <p><b>Example</b>

 <pre class="code_example">
 #ifndef CLANG_ANALYZER_NORETURN
 #if __has_feature(attribute_analyzer_noreturn)
 <span class="code_highlight">#define CLANG_ANALYZER_NORETURN __attribute__((analyzer_noreturn))</span>
 #else
 #define CLANG_ANALYZER_NORETURN
 #endif

 void my_assert_rtn(const char *, const char *, int, const char *) <span class="code_highlight">CLANG_ANALYZER_NORETURN</span>;
 </pre>

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	<head>
	<title>Source Annotations</title>
	<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="menu.css" />
	<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="content.css" />
	<script type="text/javascript" src="scripts/menu.js"></script>
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	<div id="page">
	<!--#include virtual="menu.html.incl"-->

	<div id="content">

	<h1>Source Annotations</h1>

	<p>The Clang frontend supports several source-level annotations in the form of
	<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Attribute-Syntax.html">GCC-style
	attributes</a> and pragmas that can help make using the Clang Static Analyzer
	more useful. These annotations can both help suppress false positives as well as
	enhance the analyzer's ability to find bugs.</p>

	<p>This page gives a practical overview of such annotations. For more technical
	specifics regarding Clang-specific annotations please see the Clang's list of <a
	href="http://clang.llvm.org/docs/LanguageExtensions.html">language
	extensions</a>. Details of "standard" GCC attributes (that Clang also
	supports) can be found in the <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/">GCC
	manual</a>, with the majority of the relevant attributes being in the section on
	<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Function-Attributes.html">function
	attributes</a>.</p>

	<p>Note that attributes that are labeled <b>Clang-specific</b> are not
	recognized by GCC. Their use can be conditioned using preprocessor macros
	(examples included on this page).</p>

	<h4>Specific Topics</h4>

	<ul id="collapsetree" class="dbtree onclick multiple">
	<li><a href="#generic">Annotations to Enhance Generic Checks</a>
	<ul>
	<li><a href="#null_checking"><span>Null Pointer Checking</span></a>
	<ul>
	<li><a href="#attr_nonnull"><span>Attribute 'nonnull'</span></a></li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="#macosx">Mac OS X API Annotations</a>
	<ul>
	<li><a href="#cocoa_mem">Cocoa & Core Foundation Memory Management Annotations</a>
	<ul>
	<li><a href="#attr_ns_returns_retained">Attribute 'ns_returns_retained'</a></li>
	<li><a href="#attr_ns_returns_not_retained">Attribute 'ns_returns_not_retained'</a></li>
	<li><a href="#attr_cf_returns_retained">Attribute 'cf_returns_retained'</a></li>
	<li><a href="#attr_cf_returns_not_retained">Attribute 'cf_returns_not_retained'</a></li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="#custom_assertions">Custom Assertion Handlers</a>
	<ul>
	<li><a href="#attr_noreturn">Attribute 'noreturn'</a></li>
	<li><a href="#attr_analyzer_noreturn">Attribute 'analyzer_noreturn'</a></li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	</ul>

	<!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->
	<h2 id="generic">Annotations to Enhance Generic Checks</h2>
	<!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->

	<h3 id="null_checking">Null Pointer Checking</h3>

	<h4 id="attr_nonnull">Attribute 'nonnull'</h4>

	<p>The analyzer recognizes the GCC attribute 'nonnull', which indicates that a
	function expects that a given function parameter is not a null pointer. Specific
	details of the syntax of using the 'nonnull' attribute can be found in <a
	href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Function-Attributes.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bnonnull_007d-function-attribute-2263">GCC's
	documentation</a>.</p>

	<p>Both the Clang compiler and GCC will flag warnings for simple cases where a
	null pointer is directly being passed to a function with a 'nonnull' parameter
	(e.g., as a constant). The analyzer extends this checking by using its deeper
	symbolic analysis to track what pointer values are potentially null and then
	flag warnings when they are passed in a function call via a 'nonnull'
	parameter.</p>

	<p><b>Example</b></p>

	<pre class="code_example">
	<span class="command">$ cat test.m</span>
	int bar(intp, int q, int r) __attribute__((nonnull(1,3)));

	int foo(int p, int q) {
	return !p ? bar(q, 2, p)
	: bar(p, 2, q);
	}
	</pre>

	<p>Running <tt>scan-build</tt> over this source produces the following
	output:</p>

	<img src="images/example_attribute_nonnull.png">

	<!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->
	<h2 id="macosx">Mac OS X API Annotations</h2>
	<!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->

	<h3 id="cocoa_mem">Cocoa & Core Foundation Memory Management
	Annotations</h3>

	<!--
	<p>As described in <a href="/available_checks.html#retain_release">Available
	Checks</a>,
	-->
	<p>The analyzer supports the proper management of retain counts for
	both Cocoa and Core Foundation objects. This checking is largely based on
	enforcing Cocoa and Core Foundation naming conventions for Objective-C methods
	(Cocoa) and C functions (Core Foundation). Not strictly following these
	conventions can cause the analyzer to miss bugs or flag false positives.</p>

	<p>One can educate the analyzer (and others who read your code) about methods or
	functions that deviate from the Cocoa and Core Foundation conventions using the
	attributes described here.</p>

	<h4 id="attr_ns_returns_retained">Attribute 'ns_returns_retained'
	(Clang-specific)</h4>

	<p>The GCC-style (Clang-specific) attribute 'ns_returns_retained' allows one to
	annotate an Objective-C method or C function as returning a retained Cocoa
	object that the caller is responsible for releasing (via sending a
	<tt>release</tt> message to the object).</p>

	<p><b>Placing on Objective-C methods</b>: For Objective-C methods, this
	annotation essentially tells the analyzer to treat the method as if its name
	begins with "alloc" or "new" or contais the word
	"copy".</p>

	<p><b>Placing on C functions</b>: For C functions returning Cocoa objects, the
	analyzer typically does not make any assumptions about whether or not the object
	is returned retained. Explicitly adding the 'ns_returns_retained' attribute to C
	functions allows the analyzer to perform extra checking.</p>

	<p><b>Important note when using Garbage Collection</b>: Note that the analyzer
	interprets this attribute slightly differently when using Objective-C garbage
	collection (available on Mac OS 10.5+). When analyzing Cocoa code that uses
	garbage collection, "alloc" methods are assumed to return an object
	that is managed by the garbage collector (and thus doesn't have a retain count
	the caller must balance). These same assumptions are applied to methods or
	functions annotated with 'ns_returns_retained'. If you are returning a Core
	Foundation object (which may not be managed by the garbage collector) you should
	use 'cf_returns_retained'.</p>

	<p><b>Example</b></p>

	<pre class="code_example">
	<span class="command">$ cat test.m</span>
	#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

	#ifndef __has_feature // Optional.
	#define __has_feature(x) 0 // Compatibility with non-clang compilers.
	#endif

	#ifndef NS_RETURNS_RETAINED
	#if __has_feature(attribute_ns_returns_retained)
	<span class="code_highlight">#define NS_RETURNS_RETAINED __attribute__((ns_returns_retained))</span>
	#else
	#define NS_RETURNS_RETAINED
	#endif
	#endif

	@interface MyClass : NSObject {}
	- (NSString*) returnsRetained <span class="code_highlight">NS_RETURNS_RETAINED</span>;
	- (NSString*) alsoReturnsRetained;
	@end

	@implementation MyClass
	- (NSString*) returnsRetained {
	return [[NSString alloc] initWithCString:"no leak here"];
	}
	- (NSString*) alsoReturnsRetained {
	return [[NSString alloc] initWithCString:"flag a leak"];
	}
	@end
	</pre>

	<p>Running <tt>scan-build</tt> on this source file produces the following output:</p>

	<img src="images/example_ns_returns_retained.png">

	<h4 id="attr_ns_returns_not_retained">Attribute 'ns_returns_not_retained'
	(Clang-specific)</h4>

	<p>The 'ns_returns_not_retained' attribute is the complement of '<a
	href="#attr_ns_returns_retained">ns_returns_retained</a>'. Where a function or
	method may appear to obey the Cocoa conventions and return a retained Cocoa
	object, this attribute can be used to indicate that the object reference
	returned should not be considered as an "owning" reference being
	returned to the caller.</p>

	<p>Usage is identical to <a
	href="#attr_ns_returns_retained">ns_returns_retained</a>. When using the
	attribute, be sure to declare it within the proper macro that checks for
	its availability, as it is not available in earlier versions of the analyzer:</p>

	<pre class="code_example">
	<span class="command">$ cat test.m</span>
	#ifndef __has_feature // Optional.
	#define __has_feature(x) 0 // Compatibility with non-clang compilers.
	#endif

	#ifndef NS_RETURNS_NOT_RETAINED
	#if __has_feature(attribute_ns_returns_not_retained)
	<span class="code_highlight">#define NS_RETURNS_NOT_RETAINED __attribute__((ns_returns_not_retained))</span>
	#else
	#define NS_RETURNS_NOT_RETAINED
	#endif
	#endif
	</pre>

	<h4 id="attr_cf_returns_retained">Attribute 'cf_returns_retained'
	(Clang-specific)</h4>

	<p>The GCC-style (Clang-specific) attribute 'cf_returns_retained' allows one to
	annotate an Objective-C method or C function as returning a retained Core
	Foundation object that the caller is responsible for releasing.

	<p><b>Placing on Objective-C methods</b>: With respect to Objective-C methods.,
	this attribute is identical in its behavior and usage to 'ns_returns_retained'
	except for the distinction of returning a Core Foundation object instead of a
	Cocoa object. This distinction is important for two reasons:</p>

	<ul>
	<li>Core Foundation objects are not automatically managed by the Objective-C
	garbage collector.</li>
	<li>Because Core Foundation is a C API, the analyzer cannot always tell that a
	pointer return value refers to a Core Foundation object. In contrast, it is
	trivial for the analyzer to recognize if a pointer refers to a Cocoa object
	(given the Objective-C type system).</p>
	</ul>

	<p><b>Placing on C functions</b>: When placing the attribute
	'cf_returns_retained' on the declarations of C functions, the analyzer
	interprets the function as:</p>

	<ol>
	<li>Returning a Core Foundation Object</li>
	<li>Treating the function as if it its name
	contained the keywords "create" or "copy". This means the
	returned object as a +1 retain count that must be released by the caller, either
	by sending a <tt>release</tt> message (via toll-free bridging to an Objective-C
	object pointer), calling <tt>CFRelease</tt> (or similar function), or using
	<tt>CFMakeCollectable</tt> to register the object with the Objective-C garbage
	collector.</li>
	</ol>

	<p><b>Example</b></p>

	<p>In this example, observe the difference in output when the code is compiled
	to not use garbage collection versus when it is compiled to only use garbage
	collection (<tt>-fobjc-gc-only</tt>).</p>

	<pre class="code_example">
	<span class="command">$ cat test.m</span>
	$ cat test.m
	#import <Cocoa/Cocoa.h>

	#ifndef __has_feature // Optional.
	#define __has_feature(x) 0 // Compatibility with non-clang compilers.
	#endif

	#ifndef CF_RETURNS_RETAINED
	#if __has_feature(attribute_cf_returns_retained)
	<span class="code_highlight">#define CF_RETURNS_RETAINED __attribute__((cf_returns_retained))</span>
	#else
	#define CF_RETURNS_RETAINED
	#endif
	#endif

	@interface MyClass : NSObject {}
	- (NSDate*) returnsCFRetained <span class="code_highlight">CF_RETURNS_RETAINED</span>;
	- (NSDate*) alsoReturnsRetained;
	- (NSDate*) returnsNSRetained <span class="code_highlight">NS_RETURNS_RETAINED</span>;
	@end

	<span class="code_highlight">CF_RETURNS_RETAINED</span>
	CFDateRef returnsRetainedCFDate() {
	return CFDateCreate(0, CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent());
	}

	@implementation MyClass
	- (NSDate*) returnsCFRetained {
	return (NSDate*) returnsRetainedCFDate(); // No leak.
	}

	- (NSDate*) alsoReturnsRetained {
	return (NSDate*) returnsRetainedCFDate(); // Always report a leak.
	}

	- (NSDate*) returnsNSRetained {
	return (NSDate*) returnsRetainedCFDate(); // Report a leak when using GC.
	}
	@end
	</pre>

	<p>Running <tt>scan-build</tt> on this example produces the following output:</p>

	<img src="images/example_cf_returns_retained.png">

	</p>When the above code is compiled using Objective-C garbage collection (i.e.,
	code is compiled with the flag <tt>-fobjc-gc</tt> or <tt>-fobjc-gc-only</tt>),
	<tt>scan-build</tt> produces both the above error (with slightly different text
	to indicate the code uses garbage collection) as well as the following warning,
	which indicates a leak that occurs <em>only</em> when using garbage
	collection:</p>

	<img src="images/example_cf_returns_retained_gc.png">

	<h4 id="attr_cf_returns_not_retained">Attribute 'cf_returns_not_retained'
	(Clang-specific)</h4>

	<p>The 'cf_returns_not_retained' attribute is the complement of '<a
	href="#attr_cf_returns_retained">cf_returns_retained</a>'. Where a function or
	method may appear to obey the Core Foundation or Cocoa conventions and return
	a retained Core Foundation object, this attribute can be used to indicate that
	the object reference returned should not be considered as an
	"owning" reference being returned to the caller.</p>

	<p>Usage is identical to <a
	href="#attr_cf_returns_retained">cf_returns_retained</a>. When using the
	attribute, be sure to declare it within the proper macro that checks for
	its availability, as it is not available in earlier versions of the analyzer:</p>

	<pre class="code_example">
	<span class="command">$ cat test.m</span>
	#ifndef __has_feature // Optional.
	#define __has_feature(x) 0 // Compatibility with non-clang compilers.
	#endif

	#ifndef CF_RETURNS_NOT_RETAINED
	#if __has_feature(attribute_cf_returns_not_retained)
	<span class="code_highlight">#define CF_RETURNS_NOT_RETAINED __attribute__((cf_returns_not_retained))</span>
	#else
	#define CF_RETURNS_NOT_RETAINED
	#endif
	#endif
	</pre>

	<!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->
	<h2 id="custom_assertions">Custom Assertion Handlers</h2>
	<!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->

	<p>The analyzer exploits code assertions by pruning off paths where the
	assertion condition is false. The idea is capture any program invariants
	specified in the assertion that the developer may know but is not immediately
	apparent in the code itself. In this way assertions make implicit assumptions
	explicit in the code, which not only makes the analyzer more accurate when
	finding bugs, but can help others better able to understand your code as well.
	It can also help remove certain kinds of analyzer false positives by pruning off
	false paths.</p>

	<p>In order to exploit assertions, however, the analyzer must understand when it
	encounters an "assertion handler." Typically assertions are
	implemented with a macro, with the macro performing a check for the assertion
	condition and, when the check fails, calling an assertion handler. For example, consider the following code
	fragment:</p>

	<pre class="code_example">
	void foo(int *p) {
	assert(p != NULL);
	}
	</pre>

	<p>When this code is preprocessed on Mac OS X it expands to the following:</p>

	<pre class="code_example">
	void foo(int *p) {
	(__builtin_expect(!(p != NULL), 0) ? __assert_rtn(__func__, "t.c", 4, "p != NULL") : (void)0);
	}
	</pre>

	<p>In this example, the assertion handler is <tt>__assert_rtn</tt>. When called,
	most assertion handlers typically print an error and terminate the program. The
	analyzer can exploit such semantics by ending the analysis of a path once it
	hits a call to an assertion handler.</p>

	<p>The trick, however, is that the analyzer needs to know that a called function
	is an assertion handler; otherwise the analyzer might assume the function call
	returns and it will continue analyzing the path where the assertion condition
	failed. This can lead to false positives, as the assertion condition usually
	implies a safety condition (e.g., a pointer is not null) prior to performing
	some action that depends on that condition (e.g., dereferencing a pointer).</p>

	<p>The analyzer knows about several well-known assertion handlers, but can
	automatically infer if a function should be treated as an assertion handler if
	it is annotated with the 'noreturn' attribute or the (Clang-specific)
	'analyzer_noreturn' attribute.</p>

	<h4 id="attr_noreturn">Attribute 'noreturn'</h4>

	<p>The 'noreturn' attribute is a GCC-attribute that can be placed on the
	declarations of functions. It means exactly what its name implies: a function
	with a 'noreturn' attribute should never return.</p>

	<p>Specific details of the syntax of using the 'noreturn' attribute can be found
	in <a
	href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Function-Attributes.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bnoreturn_007d-function-attribute-2264">GCC's
	documentation</a>.</p>

	<p>Not only does the analyzer exploit this information when pruning false paths,
	but the compiler also takes it seriously and will generate different code (and
	possibly better optimized) under the assumption that the function does not
	return.</p>

	<p><b>Example</b></p>

	<p>On Mac OS X, the function prototype for <tt>__assert_rtn</tt> (declared in
	<tt>assert.h</tt>) is specifically annotated with the 'noreturn' attribute:</p>

	<pre class="code_example">
	void __assert_rtn(const char , const char , int, const char *) <span class="code_highlight">__attribute__((__noreturn__))</span>;
	</pre>

	<h4 id="attr_analyzer_noreturn">Attribute 'analyzer_noreturn' (Clang-specific)</h4>

	<p>The Clang-specific 'analyzer_noreturn' attribute is almost identical to
	'noreturn' except that it is ignored by the compiler for the purposes of code
	generation.</p>

	<p>This attribute is useful for annotating assertion handlers that actually
	<em>can</em> return, but for the purpose of using the analyzer we want to
	pretend that such functions do not return.</p>

	<p>Because this attribute is Clang-specific, its use should be conditioned with
	the use of preprocessor macros.</p>

	<p><b>Example</b>

	<pre class="code_example">
	#ifndef CLANG_ANALYZER_NORETURN
	#if __has_feature(attribute_analyzer_noreturn)
	<span class="code_highlight">#define CLANG_ANALYZER_NORETURN __attribute__((analyzer_noreturn))</span>
	#else
	#define CLANG_ANALYZER_NORETURN
	#endif

	void my_assert_rtn(const char , const char , int, const char *) <span class="code_highlight">CLANG_ANALYZER_NORETURN</span>;
	</pre>

	</div>
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