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<h1>Clang Language Extensions</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#feature_check">Feature Checking Macros</a></li>
<li><a href="#has_include">Include File Checking Macros</a></li>
<li><a href="#builtinmacros">Builtin Macros</a></li>
<li><a href="#vectors">Vectors and Extended Vectors</a></li>
<li><a href="#checking_language_features">Checks for Standard Language Features</a></li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#cxx_exceptions">C++ exceptions</a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_rtti">C++ RTTI</a></li>
</ul>
<li><a href="#checking_upcoming_features">Checks for Upcoming Standard Language Features</a></li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#cxx_attributes">C++0x attributes</a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_decltype">C++0x <tt>decltype()</tt></a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_deleted_functions">C++0x deleted functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_concepts">C++ TR concepts</a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_lambdas">C++0x lambdas</a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_nullptr">C++0x nullptr</a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_rvalue_references">C++0x rvalue references</a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_static_assert">C++0x <tt>static_assert()</tt></a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_auto_type">C++0x type inference</a></li>
<li><a href="#cxx_variadic_templates">C++0x variadic templates</a></li>
</ul>
<li><a href="#blocks">Blocks</a></li>
<li><a href="#overloading-in-c">Function Overloading in C</a></li>
<li><a href="#builtins">Builtin Functions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#__builtin_shufflevector">__builtin_shufflevector</a></li>
<li><a href="#__builtin_unreachable">__builtin_unreachable</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#targetspecific">Target-Specific Extensions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#x86-specific">X86/X86-64 Language Extensions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#analyzerspecific">Static Analysis-Specific Extensions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#analyzerattributes">Analyzer Attributes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="intro">Introduction</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>This document describes the language extensions provided by Clang. In
addition to the language extensions listed here, Clang aims to support a broad
range of GCC extensions. Please see the <a
href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/C-Extensions.html">GCC manual</a> for
more information on these extensions.</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="feature_check">Feature Checking Macros</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>Language extensions can be very useful, but only if you know you can depend
on them. In order to allow fine-grain features checks, we support two builtin
function-like macros. This allows you to directly test for a feature in your
code without having to resort to something like autoconf or fragile "compiler
version checks".</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h3 id="__has_builtin">__has_builtin</h3>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>This function-like macro takes a single identifier argument that is the name
of a builtin function. It evaluates to 1 if the builtin is supported or 0 if
not. It can be used like this:</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
#ifndef __has_builtin // Optional of course.
#define __has_builtin(x) 0 // Compatibility with non-clang compilers.
#endif
...
#if __has_builtin(__builtin_trap)
__builtin_trap();
#else
abort();
#endif
...
</pre>
</blockquote>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h3 id="__has_feature">__has_feature</h3>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>This function-like macro takes a single identifier argument that is the name
of a feature. It evaluates to 1 if the feature is supported or 0 if not. It
can be used like this:</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
#ifndef __has_feature // Optional of course.
#define __has_feature(x) 0 // Compatibility with non-clang compilers.
#endif
...
#if __has_feature(attribute_overloadable) || \
__has_feature(blocks)
...
#endif
...
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>The feature tag is described along with the language feature below.</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="has_include">Include File Checking Macros</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>Not all developments systems have the same include files.
The <a href="#__has_include">__has_include</a> and
<a href="#__has_include_next">__has_include_next</a> macros allow you to
check for the existence of an include file before doing
a possibly failing #include directive.</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h3 id="__has_include">__has_include</h3>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>This function-like macro takes a single file name string argument that
is the name of an include file. It evaluates to 1 if the file can
be found using the include paths, or 0 otherwise:</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
// Note the two possible file name string formats.
#if __has_include("myinclude.h") && __has_include(&lt;stdint.h&gt;)
# include "myinclude.h"
#endif
// To avoid problem with non-clang compilers not having this macro.
#if defined(__has_include) && __has_include("myinclude.h")
# include "myinclude.h"
#endif
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>To test for this feature, use #if defined(__has_include).</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h3 id="__has_include_next">__has_include_next</h3>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>This function-like macro takes a single file name string argument that
is the name of an include file. It is like __has_include except that it
looks for the second instance of the given file found in the include
paths. It evaluates to 1 if the second instance of the file can
be found using the include paths, or 0 otherwise:</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
// Note the two possible file name string formats.
#if __has_include_next("myinclude.h") && __has_include_next(&lt;stdint.h&gt;)
# include_next "myinclude.h"
#endif
// To avoid problem with non-clang compilers not having this macro.
#if defined(__has_include_next) && __has_include_next("myinclude.h")
# include_next "myinclude.h"
#endif
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>Note that __has_include_next, like the GNU extension
#include_next directive, is intended for use in headers only,
and will issue a warning if used in the top-level compilation
file. A warning will also be issued if an absolute path
is used in the file argument.</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="builtinmacros">Builtin Macros</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>__BASE_FILE__, __INCLUDE_LEVEL__, __TIMESTAMP__, __COUNTER__</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="vectors">Vectors and Extended Vectors</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>Supports the GCC vector extensions, plus some stuff like V[1].</p>
<p>Also supports <tt>ext_vector</tt>, which additionally support for V.xyzw
syntax and other tidbits as seen in OpenCL. An example is:</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
typedef float float4 <b>__attribute__((ext_vector_type(4)))</b>;
typedef float float2 <b>__attribute__((ext_vector_type(2)))</b>;
float4 foo(float2 a, float2 b) {
float4 c;
c.xz = a;
c.yw = b;
return c;
}
</blockquote>
<p>Query for this feature with __has_feature(attribute_ext_vector_type).</p>
<p>See also <a href="#__builtin_shufflevector">__builtin_shufflevector</a>.</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="checking_language_features">Checks for Standard Language Features</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>The <tt>__has_feature</tt> macro can be used to query if certain standard language features are
enabled. Those features are listed here.</p>
<h3 id="cxx_exceptions">C++ exceptions</h3>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_exceptions)</tt> to determine if C++ exceptions have been enabled. For
example, compiling code with <tt>-fexceptions</tt> enables C++ exceptions.</p>
<h3 id="cxx_rtti">C++ RTTI</h3>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_rtti)</tt> to determine if C++ RTTI has been enabled. For example,
compiling code with <tt>-fno-rtti</tt> disables the use of RTTI.</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="checking_upcoming_features">Checks for Upcoming Standard Language Features</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>The <tt>__has_feature</tt> macro can be used to query if certain upcoming
standard language features are enabled. Those features are listed here.</p>
<p>Currently, all features listed here are slated for inclusion in the upcoming
C++0x standard. As a result, all the features that clang supports are enabled
with the <tt>-std=c++0x</tt> option when compiling C++ code. Features that are
not yet implemented will be noted.</p>
<h3 id="cxx_decltype">C++0x <tt>decltype()</tt></h3>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_decltype)</tt> to determine if support for the
<tt>decltype()</tt> specifier is enabled.</p>
<h3 id="cxx_attributes">C++0x attributes</h3>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_attributes)</tt> to determine if support for
attribute parsing with C++0x's square bracket notation is enabled.
<h3 id="cxx_deleted_functions">C++0x deleted functions</tt></h3>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_deleted_functions)</tt> to determine if support for
deleted function definitions (with <tt>= delete</tt>) is enabled.
<h3 id="cxx_concepts">C++ TR <tt>concepts</tt></h3>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_lambdas)</tt> to determine if support for
concepts is enabled. clang does not currently implement this feature.
<h3 id="cxx_lambdas">C++0x lambdas</h3>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_lambdas)</tt> to determine if support for
lambdas is enabled. clang does not currently implement this feature.
<h3 id="cxx_nullptr">C++0x <tt>nullptr</tt></h3>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_nullptr)</tt> to determine if support for
<tt>nullptr</tt> is enabled. clang does not yet fully implement this feature.
<h3 id="cxx_rvalue_references">C++0x rvalue references</tt></h3>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_rvalue_references)</tt> to determine if support for
rvalue references is enabled. clang does not yet fully implement this feature.
<h3 id="cxx_static_assert">C++0x <tt>static_assert()</tt></h3>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_static_assert)</tt> to determine if support for
compile-time assertions using <tt>static_assert</tt> is enabled.</p>
<h3 id="cxx_auto_type">C++0x type inference</h3>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_auto_type)</tt> to determine C++0x type inference
is supported using the <tt>auto</tt> specifier. If this is disabled,
<tt>auto</tt> will instead be a storage class specifier, as in C or C++98.</p>
<h3 id="cxx_variadic_templates">C++0x variadic templates</tt></h3>
<p>Use <tt>__has_feature(cxx_variadic_templates)</tt> to determine if support
for templates taking any number of arguments with the ellipsis notation is
enabled. clang does not yet fully implement this feature.</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="blocks">Blocks</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>The syntax and high level language feature description is in <a
href="BlockLanguageSpec.txt">BlockLanguageSpec.txt</a>. Implementation and ABI
details for the clang implementation are in <a
href="Block-ABI-Apple.txt">Block-ABI-Apple.txt</a>.</p>
<p>Query for this feature with __has_feature(blocks).</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="overloading-in-c">Function Overloading in C</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>Clang provides support for C++ function overloading in C. Function
overloading in C is introduced using the <tt>overloadable</tt> attribute. For
example, one might provide several overloaded versions of a <tt>tgsin</tt>
function that invokes the appropriate standard function computing the sine of a
value with <tt>float</tt>, <tt>double</tt>, or <tt>long double</tt>
precision:</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
#include &lt;math.h&gt;
float <b>__attribute__((overloadable))</b> tgsin(float x) { return sinf(x); }
double <b>__attribute__((overloadable))</b> tgsin(double x) { return sin(x); }
long double <b>__attribute__((overloadable))</b> tgsin(long double x) { return sinl(x); }
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>Given these declarations, one can call <tt>tgsin</tt> with a
<tt>float</tt> value to receive a <tt>float</tt> result, with a
<tt>double</tt> to receive a <tt>double</tt> result, etc. Function
overloading in C follows the rules of C++ function overloading to pick
the best overload given the call arguments, with a few C-specific
semantics:</p>
<ul>
<li>Conversion from <tt>float</tt> or <tt>double</tt> to <tt>long
double</tt> is ranked as a floating-point promotion (per C99) rather
than as a floating-point conversion (as in C++).</li>
<li>A conversion from a pointer of type <tt>T*</tt> to a pointer of type
<tt>U*</tt> is considered a pointer conversion (with conversion
rank) if <tt>T</tt> and <tt>U</tt> are compatible types.</li>
<li>A conversion from type <tt>T</tt> to a value of type <tt>U</tt>
is permitted if <tt>T</tt> and <tt>U</tt> are compatible types. This
conversion is given "conversion" rank.</li>
</ul>
<p>The declaration of <tt>overloadable</tt> functions is restricted to
function declarations and definitions. Most importantly, if any
function with a given name is given the <tt>overloadable</tt>
attribute, then all function declarations and definitions with that
name (and in that scope) must have the <tt>overloadable</tt>
attribute. This rule even applies to redeclarations of functions whose original
declaration had the <tt>overloadable</tt> attribute, e.g.,</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
int f(int) __attribute__((overloadable));
float f(float); <i>// error: declaration of "f" must have the "overloadable" attribute</i>
int g(int) __attribute__((overloadable));
int g(int) { } <i>// error: redeclaration of "g" must also have the "overloadable" attribute</i>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>Functions marked <tt>overloadable</tt> must have
prototypes. Therefore, the following code is ill-formed:</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
int h() __attribute__((overloadable)); <i>// error: h does not have a prototype</i>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>However, <tt>overloadable</tt> functions are allowed to use a
ellipsis even if there are no named parameters (as is permitted in C++). This feature is particularly useful when combined with the <tt>unavailable</tt> attribute:</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
void honeypot(...) __attribute__((overloadable, unavailable)); <i>// calling me is an error</i>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>Functions declared with the <tt>overloadable</tt> attribute have
their names mangled according to the same rules as C++ function
names. For example, the three <tt>tgsin</tt> functions in our
motivating example get the mangled names <tt>_Z5tgsinf</tt>,
<tt>_Z5tgsind</tt>, and <tt>Z5tgsine</tt>, respectively. There are two
caveats to this use of name mangling:</p>
<ul>
<li>Future versions of Clang may change the name mangling of
functions overloaded in C, so you should not depend on an specific
mangling. To be completely safe, we strongly urge the use of
<tt>static inline</tt> with <tt>overloadable</tt> functions.</li>
<li>The <tt>overloadable</tt> attribute has almost no meaning when
used in C++, because names will already be mangled and functions are
already overloadable. However, when an <tt>overloadable</tt>
function occurs within an <tt>extern "C"</tt> linkage specification,
it's name <i>will</i> be mangled in the same way as it would in
C.</li>
</ul>
<p>Query for this feature with __has_feature(attribute_overloadable).</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="builtins">Builtin Functions</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>Clang supports a number of builtin library functions with the same syntax as
GCC, including things like <tt>__builtin_nan</tt>,
<tt>__builtin_constant_p</tt>, <tt>__builtin_choose_expr</tt>,
<tt>__builtin_types_compatible_p</tt>, <tt>__sync_fetch_and_add</tt>, etc. In
addition to the GCC builtins, Clang supports a number of builtins that GCC does
not, which are listed here.</p>
<p>Please note that Clang does not and will not support all of the GCC builtins
for vector operations. Instead of using builtins, you should use the functions
defined in target-specific header files like <tt>&lt;xmmintrin.h&gt;</tt>, which
define portable wrappers for these. Many of the Clang versions of these
functions are implemented directly in terms of <a href="#vectors">extended
vector support</a> instead of builtins, in order to reduce the number of
builtins that we need to implement.</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h3 id="__builtin_shufflevector">__builtin_shufflevector</h3>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p><tt>__builtin_shufflevector</tt> is used to express generic vector
permutation/shuffle/swizzle operations. This builtin is also very important for
the implementation of various target-specific header files like
<tt>&lt;xmmintrin.h&gt;</tt>.
</p>
<p><b>Syntax:</b></p>
<pre>
__builtin_shufflevector(vec1, vec2, index1, index2, ...)
</pre>
<p><b>Examples:</b></p>
<pre>
// Identity operation - return 4-element vector V1.
__builtin_shufflevector(V1, V1, 0, 1, 2, 3)
// "Splat" element 0 of V1 into a 4-element result.
__builtin_shufflevector(V1, V1, 0, 0, 0, 0)
// Reverse 4-element vector V1.
__builtin_shufflevector(V1, V1, 3, 2, 1, 0)
// Concatenate every other element of 4-element vectors V1 and V2.
__builtin_shufflevector(V1, V2, 0, 2, 4, 6)
// Concatenate every other element of 8-element vectors V1 and V2.
__builtin_shufflevector(V1, V2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14)
</pre>
<p><b>Description:</b></p>
<p>The first two arguments to __builtin_shufflevector are vectors that have the
same element type. The remaining arguments are a list of integers that specify
the elements indices of the first two vectors that should be extracted and
returned in a new vector. These element indices are numbered sequentially
starting with the first vector, continuing into the second vector. Thus, if
vec1 is a 4-element vector, index 5 would refer to the second element of vec2.
</p>
<p>The result of __builtin_shufflevector is a vector
with the same element type as vec1/vec2 but that has an element count equal to
the number of indices specified.
</p>
<p>Query for this feature with __has_builtin(__builtin_shufflevector).</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h3 id="__builtin_unreachable">__builtin_unreachable</h3>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p><tt>__builtin_unreachable</tt> is used to indicate that a specific point in
the program cannot be reached, even if the compiler might otherwise think it
can. This is useful to improve optimization and eliminates certain warnings.
For example, without the <tt>__builtin_unreachable</tt> in the example below,
the compiler assumes that the inline asm can fall through and prints a "function
declared 'noreturn' should not return" warning.
</p>
<p><b>Syntax:</b></p>
<pre>
__builtin_unreachable()
</pre>
<p><b>Example of Use:</b></p>
<pre>
void myabort(void) __attribute__((noreturn));
void myabort(void) {
asm("int3");
__builtin_unreachable();
}
</pre>
<p><b>Description:</b></p>
<p>The __builtin_unreachable() builtin has completely undefined behavior. Since
it has undefined behavior, it is a statement that it is never reached and the
optimizer can take advantage of this to produce better code. This builtin takes
no arguments and produces a void result.
</p>
<p>Query for this feature with __has_builtin(__builtin_unreachable).</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="targetspecific">Target-Specific Extensions</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>Clang supports some language features conditionally on some targets.</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h3 id="x86-specific">X86/X86-64 Language Extensions</h3>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>The X86 backend has these language extensions:</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h4 id="x86-gs-segment">Memory references off the GS segment</h4>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>Annotating a pointer with address space #256 causes it to be code generated
relative to the X86 GS segment register, and address space #257 causes it to be
relative to the X86 FS segment. Note that this is a very very low-level
feature that should only be used if you know what you're doing (for example in
an OS kernel).</p>
<p>Here is an example:</p>
<pre>
#define GS_RELATIVE __attribute__((address_space(256)))
int foo(int GS_RELATIVE *P) {
return *P;
}
</pre>
<p>Which compiles to (on X86-32):</p>
<pre>
_foo:
movl 4(%esp), %eax
movl %gs:(%eax), %eax
ret
</pre>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h2 id="analyzerspecific">Static Analysis-Specific Extensions</h2>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>Clang supports additional attributes that are useful for documenting program
invariants and rules for static analysis tools. The extensions documented here
are used by the <a
href="http://clang.llvm.org/StaticAnalysis.html">path-sensitive static analyzer
engine</a> that is part of Clang's Analysis library.</p>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h3 id="analyzerattributes">Analyzer Attributes</h3>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<h4 id="attr_analyzer_noreturn"><tt>analyzer_noreturn</tt></h4>
<p>Clang's static analysis engine understands the standard <tt>noreturn</tt>
attribute. This attribute, which is typically affixed to a function prototype,
indicates that a call to a given function never returns. Function prototypes for
common functions like <tt>exit</tt> are typically annotated with this attribute,
as well as a variety of common assertion handlers. Users can educate the static
analyzer about their own custom assertion handles (thus cutting down on false
positives due to false paths) by marking their own &quot;panic&quot; functions
with this attribute.</p>
<p>While useful, <tt>noreturn</tt> is not applicable in all cases. Sometimes
there are special functions that for all intents and purposes should be
considered panic functions (i.e., they are only called when an internal program
error occurs) but may actually return so that the program can fail gracefully.
The <tt>analyzer_noreturn</tt> attribute allows one to annotate such functions
as being interpreted as &quot;no return&quot; functions by the analyzer (thus
pruning bogus paths) but will not affect compilation (as in the case of
<tt>noreturn</tt>).</p>
<p><b>Usage</b>: The <tt>analyzer_noreturn</tt> attribute can be placed in the
same places where the <tt>noreturn</tt> attribute can be placed. It is commonly
placed at the end of function prototypes:</p>
<pre>
void foo() <b>__attribute__((analyzer_noreturn))</b>;
</pre>
<p>Query for this feature with __has_feature(attribute_analyzer_noreturn).</p>
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