Sema/SemaExpr.cpp

//===--- SemaExpr.cpp - Semantic Analysis for Expressions -----------------===//
//
//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
//
// This file was developed by Chris Lattner and is distributed under
// the University of Illinois Open Source License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
//  This file implements semantic analysis for expressions.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "Sema.h"
#include "clang/AST/ASTContext.h"
#include "clang/AST/Decl.h"
#include "clang/AST/Expr.h"
#include "clang/Lex/Preprocessor.h"
#include "clang/Lex/LiteralSupport.h"
#include "clang/Basic/SourceManager.h"
#include "clang/Basic/Diagnostic.h"
#include "clang/Basic/LangOptions.h"
#include "clang/Basic/TargetInfo.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallString.h"
using namespace clang;

/// ParseStringLiteral - The specified tokens were lexed as pasted string
/// fragments (e.g. "foo" "bar" L"baz").  The result string has to handle string
/// concatenation ([C99 5.1.1.2, translation phase #6]), so it may come from
/// multiple tokens.  However, the common case is that StringToks points to one
/// string.
/// 
Action::ExprResult
Sema::ParseStringLiteral(const Token *StringToks, unsigned NumStringToks) {
  assert(NumStringToks && "Must have at least one string!");

  StringLiteralParser Literal(StringToks, NumStringToks, PP, Context.Target);
  if (Literal.hadError)
    return ExprResult(true);

  llvm::SmallVector<SourceLocation, 4> StringTokLocs;
  for (unsigned i = 0; i != NumStringToks; ++i)
    StringTokLocs.push_back(StringToks[i].getLocation());
  
  // FIXME: handle wchar_t
  QualType t = Context.getPointerType(Context.CharTy);
  
  // Pass &StringTokLocs[0], StringTokLocs.size() to factory!
  return new StringLiteral(Literal.GetString(), Literal.GetStringLength(), 
                           Literal.AnyWide, t, StringToks[0].getLocation(),
                           StringToks[NumStringToks-1].getLocation());
}


/// ParseIdentifierExpr - The parser read an identifier in expression context,
/// validate it per-C99 6.5.1.  HasTrailingLParen indicates whether this
/// identifier is used in an function call context.
Sema::ExprResult Sema::ParseIdentifierExpr(Scope *S, SourceLocation Loc,
                                           IdentifierInfo &II,
                                           bool HasTrailingLParen) {
  // Could be enum-constant or decl.
  Decl *D = LookupScopedDecl(&II, Decl::IDNS_Ordinary, Loc, S);
  if (D == 0) {
    // Otherwise, this could be an implicitly declared function reference (legal
    // in C90, extension in C99).
    if (HasTrailingLParen &&
        // Not in C++.
        !getLangOptions().CPlusPlus)
      D = ImplicitlyDefineFunction(Loc, II, S);
    else {
      // If this name wasn't predeclared and if this is not a function call,
      // diagnose the problem.
      return Diag(Loc, diag::err_undeclared_var_use, II.getName());
    }
  }
  
  if (ValueDecl *VD = dyn_cast<ValueDecl>(D))
    return new DeclRefExpr(VD, VD->getType(), Loc);
  if (isa<TypedefDecl>(D))
    return Diag(Loc, diag::err_unexpected_typedef, II.getName());

  assert(0 && "Invalid decl");
  abort();
}

Sema::ExprResult Sema::ParsePreDefinedExpr(SourceLocation Loc,
                                           tok::TokenKind Kind) {
  PreDefinedExpr::IdentType IT;
  
  switch (Kind) {
  default:
    assert(0 && "Unknown simple primary expr!");
  case tok::kw___func__:       // primary-expression: __func__ [C99 6.4.2.2]
    IT = PreDefinedExpr::Func;
    break;
  case tok::kw___FUNCTION__:   // primary-expression: __FUNCTION__ [GNU]
    IT = PreDefinedExpr::Function;
    break;
  case tok::kw___PRETTY_FUNCTION__:  // primary-expression: __P..Y_F..N__ [GNU]
    IT = PreDefinedExpr::PrettyFunction;
    break;
  }
  
  // Pre-defined identifiers are always of type char *.
  return new PreDefinedExpr(Loc, Context.getPointerType(Context.CharTy), IT);
}

Sema::ExprResult Sema::ParseCharacterConstant(const Token &Tok) {
  llvm::SmallString<16> CharBuffer;
  CharBuffer.resize(Tok.getLength());
  const char *ThisTokBegin = &CharBuffer[0];
  unsigned ActualLength = PP.getSpelling(Tok, ThisTokBegin);
  
  CharLiteralParser Literal(ThisTokBegin, ThisTokBegin+ActualLength,
                            Tok.getLocation(), PP);
  if (Literal.hadError())
    return ExprResult(true);
  return new CharacterLiteral(Literal.getValue(), Context.IntTy, 
                              Tok.getLocation());
}

Action::ExprResult Sema::ParseNumericConstant(const Token &Tok) {
  // fast path for a single digit (which is quite common). A single digit 
  // cannot have a trigraph, escaped newline, radix prefix, or type suffix.
  if (Tok.getLength() == 1) {
    const char *t = PP.getSourceManager().getCharacterData(Tok.getLocation());
    
    unsigned IntSize = Context.getTypeSize(Context.IntTy, Tok.getLocation());
    return ExprResult(new IntegerLiteral(llvm::APInt(IntSize, *t-'0'),
                                         Context.IntTy, 
                                         Tok.getLocation()));
  }
  llvm::SmallString<512> IntegerBuffer;
  IntegerBuffer.resize(Tok.getLength());
  const char *ThisTokBegin = &IntegerBuffer[0];
  
  // Get the spelling of the token, which eliminates trigraphs, etc.
  unsigned ActualLength = PP.getSpelling(Tok, ThisTokBegin);
  NumericLiteralParser Literal(ThisTokBegin, ThisTokBegin+ActualLength, 
                               Tok.getLocation(), PP);
  if (Literal.hadError)
    return ExprResult(true);
  
  if (Literal.isIntegerLiteral()) {
    QualType t;

    // Get the value in the widest-possible width.
    llvm::APInt ResultVal(Context.Target.getIntMaxTWidth(Tok.getLocation()), 0);
   
    if (Literal.GetIntegerValue(ResultVal)) {
      // If this value didn't fit into uintmax_t, warn and force to ull.
      Diag(Tok.getLocation(), diag::warn_integer_too_large);
      t = Context.UnsignedLongLongTy;
      assert(Context.getTypeSize(t, Tok.getLocation()) == 
             ResultVal.getBitWidth() && "long long is not intmax_t?");
    } else {
      // If this value fits into a ULL, try to figure out what else it fits into
      // according to the rules of C99 6.4.4.1p5.
      
      // Octal, Hexadecimal, and integers with a U suffix are allowed to
      // be an unsigned int.
      bool AllowUnsigned = Literal.isUnsigned || Literal.getRadix() != 10;

      // Check from smallest to largest, picking the smallest type we can.
      if (!Literal.isLong) {  // Are int/unsigned possibilities?
        unsigned IntSize = Context.getTypeSize(Context.IntTy,Tok.getLocation());
        // Does it fit in a unsigned int?
        if (ResultVal.isIntN(IntSize)) {
          // Does it fit in a signed int?
          if (!Literal.isUnsigned && ResultVal[IntSize-1] == 0)
            t = Context.IntTy;
          else if (AllowUnsigned)
            t = Context.UnsignedIntTy;
        }
        
        if (!t.isNull())
          ResultVal.trunc(IntSize);
      }
      
      // Are long/unsigned long possibilities?
      if (t.isNull() && !Literal.isLongLong) {
        unsigned LongSize = Context.getTypeSize(Context.LongTy,
                                                Tok.getLocation());
     
        // Does it fit in a unsigned long?
        if (ResultVal.isIntN(LongSize)) {
          // Does it fit in a signed long?
          if (!Literal.isUnsigned && ResultVal[LongSize-1] == 0)
            t = Context.LongTy;
          else if (AllowUnsigned)
            t = Context.UnsignedLongTy;
        }
        if (!t.isNull())
          ResultVal.trunc(LongSize);
      }      
      
      // Finally, check long long if needed.
      if (t.isNull()) {
        unsigned LongLongSize =
          Context.getTypeSize(Context.LongLongTy, Tok.getLocation());
        
        // Does it fit in a unsigned long long?
        if (ResultVal.isIntN(LongLongSize)) {
          // Does it fit in a signed long long?
          if (!Literal.isUnsigned && ResultVal[LongLongSize-1] == 0)
            t = Context.LongLongTy;
          else if (AllowUnsigned)
            t = Context.UnsignedLongLongTy;
        }
      }
      
      // If we still couldn't decide a type, we probably have something that
      // does not fit in a signed long long, but has no U suffix.
      if (t.isNull()) {
        Diag(Tok.getLocation(), diag::warn_integer_too_large_for_signed);
        t = Context.UnsignedLongLongTy;
      }
    }

    return new IntegerLiteral(ResultVal, t, Tok.getLocation());
  } else if (Literal.isFloatingLiteral()) {
    // FIXME: handle float values > 32 (including compute the real type...).
    return new FloatingLiteral(Literal.GetFloatValue(), Context.FloatTy, 
                               Tok.getLocation());
  }
  return ExprResult(true);
}

Action::ExprResult Sema::ParseParenExpr(SourceLocation L, SourceLocation R,
                                        ExprTy *Val) {
  Expr *e = (Expr *)Val;
  assert((e != 0) && "ParseParenExpr() missing expr");
  return new ParenExpr(L, R, e);
}

/// The UsualUnaryConversions() function is *not* called by this routine.
/// See C99 6.3.2.1p[2-4] for more details.
QualType Sema::CheckSizeOfAlignOfOperand(QualType exprType, 
                                         SourceLocation OpLoc, bool isSizeof) {
  // C99 6.5.3.4p1:
  if (isa<FunctionType>(exprType) && isSizeof)
    // alignof(function) is allowed.
    Diag(OpLoc, diag::ext_sizeof_function_type);
  else if (exprType->isVoidType())
    Diag(OpLoc, diag::ext_sizeof_void_type, isSizeof ? "sizeof" : "__alignof");
  else if (exprType->isIncompleteType()) {
    Diag(OpLoc, isSizeof ? diag::err_sizeof_incomplete_type : 
                           diag::err_alignof_incomplete_type,
         exprType.getAsString());
    return QualType(); // error
  }
  // C99 6.5.3.4p4: the type (an unsigned integer type) is size_t.
  return Context.getSizeType();
}

Action::ExprResult Sema::
ParseSizeOfAlignOfTypeExpr(SourceLocation OpLoc, bool isSizeof, 
                           SourceLocation LPLoc, TypeTy *Ty,
                           SourceLocation RPLoc) {
  // If error parsing type, ignore.
  if (Ty == 0) return true;
  
  // Verify that this is a valid expression.
  QualType ArgTy = QualType::getFromOpaquePtr(Ty);
  
  QualType resultType = CheckSizeOfAlignOfOperand(ArgTy, OpLoc, isSizeof);

  if (resultType.isNull())
    return true;
  return new SizeOfAlignOfTypeExpr(isSizeof, ArgTy, resultType, OpLoc, RPLoc);
}


Action::ExprResult Sema::ParsePostfixUnaryOp(SourceLocation OpLoc, 
                                             tok::TokenKind Kind,
                                             ExprTy *Input) {
  UnaryOperator::Opcode Opc;
  switch (Kind) {
  default: assert(0 && "Unknown unary op!");
  case tok::plusplus:   Opc = UnaryOperator::PostInc; break;
  case tok::minusminus: Opc = UnaryOperator::PostDec; break;
  }
  QualType result = CheckIncrementDecrementOperand((Expr *)Input, OpLoc);
  if (result.isNull())
    return true;
  return new UnaryOperator((Expr *)Input, Opc, result, OpLoc);
}

Action::ExprResult Sema::
ParseArraySubscriptExpr(ExprTy *Base, SourceLocation LLoc,
                        ExprTy *Idx, SourceLocation RLoc) {
  Expr *LHSExp = static_cast<Expr*>(Base), *RHSExp = static_cast<Expr*>(Idx);

  // Perform default conversions.
  DefaultFunctionArrayConversion(LHSExp);
  DefaultFunctionArrayConversion(RHSExp);
  
  QualType LHSTy = LHSExp->getType(), RHSTy = RHSExp->getType();

  // C99 6.5.2.1p2: the expression e1[e2] is by definition precisely equivalent
  // to the expression *((e1)+(e2)). This means the array "Base" may actually be 
  // in the subscript position. As a result, we need to derive the array base 
  // and index from the expression types.
  Expr *BaseExpr, *IndexExpr;
  QualType ResultType;
  if (const PointerType *PTy = LHSTy->isPointerType()) {
    BaseExpr = LHSExp;
    IndexExpr = RHSExp;
    // FIXME: need to deal with const...
    ResultType = PTy->getPointeeType();
  } else if (const PointerType *PTy = RHSTy->isPointerType()) {
     // Handle the uncommon case of "123[Ptr]".
    BaseExpr = RHSExp;
    IndexExpr = LHSExp;
    // FIXME: need to deal with const...
    ResultType = PTy->getPointeeType();
  } else if (const VectorType *VTy = LHSTy->isVectorType()) { // vectors: V[123]
    BaseExpr = LHSExp;
    IndexExpr = RHSExp;
    // FIXME: need to deal with const...
    ResultType = VTy->getElementType();
  } else {
    return Diag(LHSExp->getLocStart(), diag::err_typecheck_subscript_value, 
                RHSExp->getSourceRange());
  }              
  // C99 6.5.2.1p1
  if (!IndexExpr->getType()->isIntegerType())
    return Diag(IndexExpr->getLocStart(), diag::err_typecheck_subscript,
                IndexExpr->getSourceRange());

  // C99 6.5.2.1p1: "shall have type "pointer to *object* type".  In practice,
  // the following check catches trying to index a pointer to a function (e.g.
  // void (*)(int)). Functions are not objects in C99.
  if (!ResultType->isObjectType())
    return Diag(BaseExpr->getLocStart(), 
                diag::err_typecheck_subscript_not_object,
                BaseExpr->getType().getAsString(), BaseExpr->getSourceRange());

  return new ArraySubscriptExpr(LHSExp, RHSExp, ResultType, RLoc);
}

Action::ExprResult Sema::
ParseMemberReferenceExpr(ExprTy *Base, SourceLocation OpLoc,
                         tok::TokenKind OpKind, SourceLocation MemberLoc,
                         IdentifierInfo &Member) {
  QualType qualifiedType = ((Expr *)Base)->getType();
  
  assert(!qualifiedType.isNull() && "no type for member expression");
  
  QualType canonType = qualifiedType.getCanonicalType();

  if (OpKind == tok::arrow) {
    if (PointerType *PT = dyn_cast<PointerType>(canonType)) {
      qualifiedType = PT->getPointeeType();
      canonType = qualifiedType.getCanonicalType();
    } else
      return Diag(OpLoc, diag::err_typecheck_member_reference_arrow);
  }
  if (!isa<RecordType>(canonType))
    return Diag(OpLoc, diag::err_typecheck_member_reference_structUnion);
  
  // get the struct/union definition from the type.
  RecordDecl *RD = cast<RecordType>(canonType)->getDecl();
    
  if (canonType->isIncompleteType())
    return Diag(OpLoc, diag::err_typecheck_incomplete_tag, RD->getName());
    
  FieldDecl *MemberDecl = RD->getMember(&Member);
  if (!MemberDecl)
    return Diag(OpLoc, diag::err_typecheck_no_member, Member.getName());
    
  return new MemberExpr((Expr*)Base, OpKind == tok::arrow, 
                        MemberDecl, MemberLoc);
}

/// ParseCallExpr - Handle a call to Fn with the specified array of arguments.
/// This provides the location of the left/right parens and a list of comma
/// locations.
Action::ExprResult Sema::
ParseCallExpr(ExprTy *fn, SourceLocation LParenLoc,
              ExprTy **args, unsigned NumArgsInCall,
              SourceLocation *CommaLocs, SourceLocation RParenLoc) {
  Expr *Fn = static_cast<Expr *>(fn);
  Expr **Args = reinterpret_cast<Expr**>(args);
  assert(Fn && "no function call expression");
  
  UsualUnaryConversions(Fn);
  QualType funcType = Fn->getType();

  // C99 6.5.2.2p1 - "The expression that denotes the called function shall have
  // type pointer to function".
  const PointerType *PT = dyn_cast<PointerType>(funcType);
  if (PT == 0) PT = dyn_cast<PointerType>(funcType.getCanonicalType());
  
  if (PT == 0)
    return Diag(Fn->getLocStart(), diag::err_typecheck_call_not_function,
                SourceRange(Fn->getLocStart(), RParenLoc));
  
  const FunctionType *funcT = dyn_cast<FunctionType>(PT->getPointeeType());
  if (funcT == 0)
    funcT = dyn_cast<FunctionType>(PT->getPointeeType().getCanonicalType());
  
  if (funcT == 0)
    return Diag(Fn->getLocStart(), diag::err_typecheck_call_not_function,
                SourceRange(Fn->getLocStart(), RParenLoc));
    
  // If a prototype isn't declared, the parser implicitly defines a func decl
  QualType resultType = funcT->getResultType();
    
  if (const FunctionTypeProto *proto = dyn_cast<FunctionTypeProto>(funcT)) {
    // C99 6.5.2.2p7 - the arguments are implicitly converted, as if by 
    // assignment, to the types of the corresponding parameter, ...
    
    unsigned NumArgsInProto = proto->getNumArgs();
    unsigned NumArgsToCheck = NumArgsInCall;
    
    if (NumArgsInCall < NumArgsInProto)
      Diag(RParenLoc, diag::err_typecheck_call_too_few_args,
           Fn->getSourceRange());
    else if (NumArgsInCall > NumArgsInProto) {
      if (!proto->isVariadic()) {
        Diag(Args[NumArgsInProto]->getLocStart(), 
             diag::err_typecheck_call_too_many_args, Fn->getSourceRange(),
             SourceRange(Args[NumArgsInProto]->getLocStart(),
                         Args[NumArgsInCall-1]->getLocEnd()));
      }
      NumArgsToCheck = NumArgsInProto;
    }
    // Continue to check argument types (even if we have too few/many args).
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < NumArgsToCheck; i++) {
      Expr *argExpr = Args[i];
      assert(argExpr && "ParseCallExpr(): missing argument expression");
      
      QualType lhsType = proto->getArgType(i);
      QualType rhsType = argExpr->getType();

      // If necessary, apply function/array conversion. C99 6.7.5.3p[7,8]. 
      if (const ArrayType *ary = lhsType->isArrayType())
        lhsType = Context.getPointerType(ary->getElementType());
      else if (lhsType->isFunctionType())
        lhsType = Context.getPointerType(lhsType);

      AssignmentCheckResult result = CheckSingleAssignmentConstraints(lhsType,
                                                                      argExpr);
      SourceLocation l = argExpr->getLocStart();

      // decode the result (notice that AST's are still created for extensions).
      switch (result) {
      case Compatible:
        break;
      case PointerFromInt:
        // check for null pointer constant (C99 6.3.2.3p3)
        if (!argExpr->isNullPointerConstant(Context)) {
          Diag(l, diag::ext_typecheck_passing_pointer_int, 
               lhsType.getAsString(), rhsType.getAsString(),
               Fn->getSourceRange(), argExpr->getSourceRange());
        }
        break;
      case IntFromPointer:
        Diag(l, diag::ext_typecheck_passing_pointer_int, 
             lhsType.getAsString(), rhsType.getAsString(),
             Fn->getSourceRange(), argExpr->getSourceRange());
        break;
      case IncompatiblePointer:
        Diag(l, diag::ext_typecheck_passing_incompatible_pointer, 
             rhsType.getAsString(), lhsType.getAsString(),
             Fn->getSourceRange(), argExpr->getSourceRange());
        break;
      case CompatiblePointerDiscardsQualifiers:
        Diag(l, diag::ext_typecheck_passing_discards_qualifiers,
             rhsType.getAsString(), lhsType.getAsString(),
             Fn->getSourceRange(), argExpr->getSourceRange());
        break;
      case Incompatible:
        return Diag(l, diag::err_typecheck_passing_incompatible,
                 rhsType.getAsString(), lhsType.getAsString(),
                 Fn->getSourceRange(), argExpr->getSourceRange());
      }
    }
    // Even if the types checked, bail if we had the wrong number of arguments.
    if (NumArgsInCall != NumArgsInProto && !proto->isVariadic())
      return true;
  }
  return new CallExpr(Fn, Args, NumArgsInCall, resultType, RParenLoc);
}

Action::ExprResult Sema::
ParseCompoundLiteral(SourceLocation LParenLoc, TypeTy *Ty,
                     SourceLocation RParenLoc, ExprTy *InitExpr) {
  assert((Ty != 0) && "ParseCompoundLiteral(): missing type");
  QualType literalType = QualType::getFromOpaquePtr(Ty);
  // FIXME: put back this assert when initializers are worked out.
  //assert((InitExpr != 0) && "ParseCompoundLiteral(): missing expression");
  Expr *literalExpr = static_cast<Expr*>(InitExpr);
  
  // FIXME: add semantic analysis (C99 6.5.2.5).
  return new CompoundLiteralExpr(literalType, literalExpr);
}

Action::ExprResult Sema::
ParseInitList(SourceLocation LParenLoc, ExprTy **InitList, unsigned NumInit,
              SourceLocation RParenLoc) {
  // FIXME: add semantic analysis (C99 6.7.8). This involves 
  // knowledge of the object being intialized. As a result, the code for
  // doing the semantic analysis will likely be located elsewhere (i.e. in 
  // consumers of InitListExpr (e.g. ParseDeclarator, ParseCompoundLiteral).
  return false; // FIXME instantiate an InitListExpr.
}

Action::ExprResult Sema::
ParseCastExpr(SourceLocation LParenLoc, TypeTy *Ty,
              SourceLocation RParenLoc, ExprTy *Op) {
  assert((Ty != 0) && (Op != 0) && "ParseCastExpr(): missing type or expr");

  Expr *castExpr = static_cast<Expr*>(Op);
  QualType castType = QualType::getFromOpaquePtr(Ty);

  // C99 6.5.4p2: the cast type needs to be void or scalar and the expression
  // type needs to be scalar.
  if (!castType->isScalarType() && !castType->isVoidType()) { 
    return Diag(LParenLoc, diag::err_typecheck_cond_expect_scalar, 
                castType.getAsString(), SourceRange(LParenLoc, RParenLoc));
  }
  if (!castExpr->getType()->isScalarType()) {
    return Diag(castExpr->getLocStart(), 
                diag::err_typecheck_expect_scalar_operand, 
                castExpr->getType().getAsString(), castExpr->getSourceRange());
  }
  return new CastExpr(castType, castExpr, LParenLoc);
}

inline QualType Sema::CheckConditionalOperands( // C99 6.5.15
  Expr *&cond, Expr *&lex, Expr *&rex, SourceLocation questionLoc) {
  UsualUnaryConversions(cond);
  UsualUnaryConversions(lex);
  UsualUnaryConversions(rex);
  QualType condT = cond->getType();
  QualType lexT = lex->getType();
  QualType rexT = rex->getType();

  // first, check the condition.
  if (!condT->isScalarType()) { // C99 6.5.15p2
    Diag(cond->getLocStart(), diag::err_typecheck_cond_expect_scalar, 
         condT.getAsString());
    return QualType();
  }
  // now check the two expressions.
  if (lexT->isArithmeticType() && rexT->isArithmeticType()) { // C99 6.5.15p3,5
    UsualArithmeticConversions(lex, rex);
    return lex->getType();
  }
  if ((lexT->isStructureType() && rexT->isStructureType()) || // C99 6.5.15p3
      (lexT->isUnionType() && rexT->isUnionType())) {
    TagType *lTag = cast<TagType>(lexT.getCanonicalType());
    TagType *rTag = cast<TagType>(rexT.getCanonicalType());
    
    if (lTag->getDecl()->getIdentifier() == rTag->getDecl()->getIdentifier()) 
      return lexT;
    else {
      Diag(questionLoc, diag::err_typecheck_cond_incompatible_operands,
           lexT.getAsString(), rexT.getAsString(),
           lex->getSourceRange(), rex->getSourceRange());
      return QualType();
    }
  }
  // C99 6.5.15p3
  if (lexT->isPointerType() && rex->isNullPointerConstant(Context))
    return lexT;
  if (rexT->isPointerType() && lex->isNullPointerConstant(Context))
    return rexT;
    
  if (lexT->isPointerType() && rexT->isPointerType()) { // C99 6.5.15p3,6
    QualType lhptee, rhptee;
    
    // get the "pointed to" type
    lhptee = cast<PointerType>(lexT.getCanonicalType())->getPointeeType();
    rhptee = cast<PointerType>(rexT.getCanonicalType())->getPointeeType();

    // ignore qualifiers on void (C99 6.5.15p3, clause 6)
    if (lhptee.getUnqualifiedType()->isVoidType() &&
        (rhptee->isObjectType() || rhptee->isIncompleteType()))
      return lexT;
    if (rhptee.getUnqualifiedType()->isVoidType() &&
        (lhptee->isObjectType() || lhptee->isIncompleteType()))
      return rexT;

    // FIXME: C99 6.5.15p6: If both operands are pointers to compatible types
    // *or* to differently qualified versions of compatible types, the result
    // type is a pointer to an appropriately qualified version of the 
    // *composite* type.
    if (!Type::typesAreCompatible(lhptee.getUnqualifiedType(), 
                                  rhptee.getUnqualifiedType())) {
      Diag(questionLoc, diag::ext_typecheck_cond_incompatible_pointers,
           lexT.getAsString(), rexT.getAsString(),
           lex->getSourceRange(), rex->getSourceRange());
      return lexT; // FIXME: this is an _ext - is this return o.k?
    }
  }
  if (lexT->isVoidType() && rexT->isVoidType()) // C99 6.5.15p3
    return lexT;
    
  Diag(questionLoc, diag::err_typecheck_cond_incompatible_operands,
       lexT.getAsString(), rexT.getAsString(),
       lex->getSourceRange(), rex->getSourceRange());
  return QualType();
}

/// ParseConditionalOp - Parse a ?: operation.  Note that 'LHS' may be null
/// in the case of a the GNU conditional expr extension.
Action::ExprResult Sema::ParseConditionalOp(SourceLocation QuestionLoc, 
                                            SourceLocation ColonLoc,
                                            ExprTy *Cond, ExprTy *LHS,
                                            ExprTy *RHS) {
  Expr *CondExpr = (Expr *) Cond;
  Expr *LHSExpr = (Expr *) LHS, *RHSExpr = (Expr *) RHS;
  QualType result = CheckConditionalOperands(CondExpr, LHSExpr, 
                                             RHSExpr, QuestionLoc);
  if (result.isNull())
    return true;
  return new ConditionalOperator(CondExpr, LHSExpr, RHSExpr, result);
}

// promoteExprToType - a helper function to ensure we create exactly one 
// ImplicitCastExpr. As a convenience (to the caller), we return the type.
static void promoteExprToType(Expr *&expr, QualType type) {
  if (ImplicitCastExpr *impCast = dyn_cast<ImplicitCastExpr>(expr))
    impCast->setType(type);
  else 
    expr = new ImplicitCastExpr(type, expr);
  return;
}

/// DefaultFunctionArrayConversion (C99 6.3.2.1p3, C99 6.3.2.1p4).
void Sema::DefaultFunctionArrayConversion(Expr *&e) {
  QualType t = e->getType();
  assert(!t.isNull() && "DefaultFunctionArrayConversion - missing type");

  if (const ReferenceType *ref = t->isReferenceType()) {
    promoteExprToType(e, ref->getReferenceeType()); // C++ [expr]
    t = e->getType();
  }
  if (t->isFunctionType())
    promoteExprToType(e, Context.getPointerType(t));
  else if (const ArrayType *ary = t->isArrayType())
    promoteExprToType(e, Context.getPointerType(ary->getElementType()));
}

/// UsualUnaryConversion - Performs various conversions that are common to most
/// operators (C99 6.3). The conversions of array and function types are 
/// sometimes surpressed. For example, the array->pointer conversion doesn't
/// apply if the array is an argument to the sizeof or address (&) operators.
/// In these instances, this routine should *not* be called.
void Sema::UsualUnaryConversions(Expr *&expr) {
  QualType t = expr->getType();
  assert(!t.isNull() && "UsualUnaryConversions - missing type");
  
  if (const ReferenceType *ref = t->isReferenceType()) {
    promoteExprToType(expr, ref->getReferenceeType()); // C++ [expr]
    t = expr->getType();
  }
  if (t->isPromotableIntegerType()) // C99 6.3.1.1p2
    promoteExprToType(expr, Context.IntTy);
  else
    DefaultFunctionArrayConversion(expr);
}

/// UsualArithmeticConversions - Performs various conversions that are common to 
/// binary operators (C99 6.3.1.8). If both operands aren't arithmetic, this
/// routine returns the first non-arithmetic type found. The client is 
/// responsible for emitting appropriate error diagnostics.
void Sema::UsualArithmeticConversions(Expr *&lhsExpr, Expr *&rhsExpr) {
  UsualUnaryConversions(lhsExpr);
  UsualUnaryConversions(rhsExpr);
  
  QualType lhs = lhsExpr->getType();
  QualType rhs = rhsExpr->getType();
  
  // If both types are identical, no conversion is needed.
  if (lhs == rhs) 
    return;
  
  // If either side is a non-arithmetic type (e.g. a pointer), we are done.
  // The caller can deal with this (e.g. pointer + int).
  if (!lhs->isArithmeticType() || !rhs->isArithmeticType())
    return;
    
  // At this point, we have two different arithmetic types. 
  
  // Handle complex types first (C99 6.3.1.8p1).
  if (lhs->isComplexType() || rhs->isComplexType()) {
    // if we have an integer operand, the result is the complex type.
    if (rhs->isIntegerType()) { // convert the rhs to the lhs complex type.
      promoteExprToType(rhsExpr, lhs);
      return;
    }
    if (lhs->isIntegerType()) { // convert the lhs to the rhs complex type.
      promoteExprToType(lhsExpr, rhs);
      return;
    }
    // Two complex types. Convert the smaller operand to the bigger result.
    if (Context.maxComplexType(lhs, rhs) == lhs) { // convert the rhs
      promoteExprToType(rhsExpr, lhs);
      return;
    }
    promoteExprToType(lhsExpr, rhs); // convert the lhs
    return;
  }
  // Now handle "real" floating types (i.e. float, double, long double).
  if (lhs->isRealFloatingType() || rhs->isRealFloatingType()) {
    // if we have an integer operand, the result is the real floating type.
    if (rhs->isIntegerType()) { // convert rhs to the lhs floating point type.
      promoteExprToType(rhsExpr, lhs);
      return;
    }
    if (lhs->isIntegerType()) { // convert lhs to the rhs floating point type.
      promoteExprToType(lhsExpr, rhs);
      return;
    }
    // We have two real floating types, float/complex combos were handled above.
    // Convert the smaller operand to the bigger result.
    if (Context.maxFloatingType(lhs, rhs) == lhs) { // convert the rhs
      promoteExprToType(rhsExpr, lhs);
      return;
    }
    promoteExprToType(lhsExpr, rhs); // convert the lhs
    return;
  }
  // Finally, we have two differing integer types.
  if (Context.maxIntegerType(lhs, rhs) == lhs) { // convert the rhs
    promoteExprToType(rhsExpr, lhs);
    return;
  }
  promoteExprToType(lhsExpr, rhs); // convert the lhs
  return;
}

// CheckPointerTypesForAssignment - This is a very tricky routine (despite
// being closely modeled after the C99 spec:-). The odd characteristic of this 
// routine is it effectively iqnores the qualifiers on the top level pointee.
// This circumvents the usual type rules specified in 6.2.7p1 & 6.7.5.[1-3].
// FIXME: add a couple examples in this comment.
Sema::AssignmentCheckResult 
Sema::CheckPointerTypesForAssignment(QualType lhsType, QualType rhsType) {
  QualType lhptee, rhptee;
  
  // get the "pointed to" type (ignoring qualifiers at the top level)
  lhptee = cast<PointerType>(lhsType.getCanonicalType())->getPointeeType();
  rhptee = cast<PointerType>(rhsType.getCanonicalType())->getPointeeType();
  
  // make sure we operate on the canonical type
  lhptee = lhptee.getCanonicalType();
  rhptee = rhptee.getCanonicalType();

  AssignmentCheckResult r = Compatible;
  
  // C99 6.5.16.1p1: This following citation is common to constraints 
  // 3 & 4 (below). ...and the type *pointed to* by the left has all the 
  // qualifiers of the type *pointed to* by the right; 
  if ((lhptee.getQualifiers() & rhptee.getQualifiers()) != 
       rhptee.getQualifiers())
    r = CompatiblePointerDiscardsQualifiers;

  // C99 6.5.16.1p1 (constraint 4): If one operand is a pointer to an object or 
  // incomplete type and the other is a pointer to a qualified or unqualified 
  // version of void...
  if (lhptee.getUnqualifiedType()->isVoidType() &&
      (rhptee->isObjectType() || rhptee->isIncompleteType()))
    ;
  else if (rhptee.getUnqualifiedType()->isVoidType() &&
      (lhptee->isObjectType() || lhptee->isIncompleteType()))
    ;
  // C99 6.5.16.1p1 (constraint 3): both operands are pointers to qualified or 
  // unqualified versions of compatible types, ...
  else if (!Type::typesAreCompatible(lhptee.getUnqualifiedType(), 
                                     rhptee.getUnqualifiedType()))
    r = IncompatiblePointer; // this "trumps" PointerAssignDiscardsQualifiers
  return r;
}

/// CheckAssignmentConstraints (C99 6.5.16) - This routine currently 
/// has code to accommodate several GCC extensions when type checking 
/// pointers. Here are some objectionable examples that GCC considers warnings:
///
///  int a, *pint;
///  short *pshort;
///  struct foo *pfoo;
///
///  pint = pshort; // warning: assignment from incompatible pointer type
///  a = pint; // warning: assignment makes integer from pointer without a cast
///  pint = a; // warning: assignment makes pointer from integer without a cast
///  pint = pfoo; // warning: assignment from incompatible pointer type
///
/// As a result, the code for dealing with pointers is more complex than the
/// C99 spec dictates. 
/// Note: the warning above turn into errors when -pedantic-errors is enabled. 
///
Sema::AssignmentCheckResult
Sema::CheckAssignmentConstraints(QualType lhsType, QualType rhsType) {
  if (lhsType == rhsType) // common case, fast path...
    return Compatible;

  if (lhsType->isArithmeticType() && rhsType->isArithmeticType()) {
    if (lhsType->isVectorType() || rhsType->isVectorType()) {
      if (lhsType.getCanonicalType() != rhsType.getCanonicalType())
        return Incompatible;
    }
    return Compatible;
  } else if (lhsType->isPointerType()) {
    if (rhsType->isIntegerType())
      return PointerFromInt;
      
    if (rhsType->isPointerType())
      return CheckPointerTypesForAssignment(lhsType, rhsType);
  } else if (rhsType->isPointerType()) {
    // C99 6.5.16.1p1: the left operand is _Bool and the right is a pointer.
    if ((lhsType->isIntegerType()) && (lhsType != Context.BoolTy))
      return IntFromPointer;

    if (lhsType->isPointerType()) 
      return CheckPointerTypesForAssignment(lhsType, rhsType);
  } else if (isa<TagType>(lhsType) && isa<TagType>(rhsType)) {
    if (Type::tagTypesAreCompatible(lhsType, rhsType))
      return Compatible;
  } else if (lhsType->isReferenceType() || rhsType->isReferenceType()) {
    if (Type::referenceTypesAreCompatible(lhsType, rhsType))
      return Compatible;
  }
  return Incompatible;
}

Sema::AssignmentCheckResult
Sema::CheckSingleAssignmentConstraints(QualType lhsType, Expr *&rExpr) {
  // This check seems unnatural, however it is necessary to insure the proper
  // conversion of functions/arrays. If the conversion were done for all
  // DeclExpr's (created by ParseIdentifierExpr), it would mess up the unary
  // expressions that surpress this implicit conversion (&, sizeof).
  DefaultFunctionArrayConversion(rExpr);
  
  return CheckAssignmentConstraints(lhsType, rExpr->getType());
}

Sema::AssignmentCheckResult
Sema::CheckCompoundAssignmentConstraints(QualType lhsType, QualType rhsType) {
  return CheckAssignmentConstraints(lhsType, rhsType);
}

inline void Sema::InvalidOperands(SourceLocation loc, Expr *&lex, Expr *&rex) {
  Diag(loc, diag::err_typecheck_invalid_operands, 
       lex->getType().getAsString(), rex->getType().getAsString(),
       lex->getSourceRange(), rex->getSourceRange());
}

inline QualType Sema::CheckVectorOperands(SourceLocation loc, Expr *&lex, 
                                                              Expr *&rex) {
  QualType lhsType = lex->getType(), rhsType = rex->getType();
  
  // make sure the vector types are identical. 
  if (lhsType == rhsType)
    return lhsType;
  // You cannot convert between vector values of different size.
  Diag(loc, diag::err_typecheck_vector_not_convertable, 
       lex->getType().getAsString(), rex->getType().getAsString(),
       lex->getSourceRange(), rex->getSourceRange());
  return QualType();
}    

inline QualType Sema::CheckMultiplyDivideOperands(
  Expr *&lex, Expr *&rex, SourceLocation loc) 
{
  QualType lhsType = lex->getType(), rhsType = rex->getType();

  if (lhsType->isVectorType() || rhsType->isVectorType())
    return CheckVectorOperands(loc, lex, rex);
    
  UsualArithmeticConversions(lex, rex);
  
  // handle the common case first (both operands are arithmetic).
  if (lex->getType()->isArithmeticType() && rex->getType()->isArithmeticType())
    return lex->getType();
  InvalidOperands(loc, lex, rex);
  return QualType();
}

inline QualType Sema::CheckRemainderOperands(
  Expr *&lex, Expr *&rex, SourceLocation loc) 
{
  QualType lhsType = lex->getType(), rhsType = rex->getType();

  UsualArithmeticConversions(lex, rex);
  
  // handle the common case first (both operands are arithmetic).
  if (lex->getType()->isIntegerType() && rex->getType()->isIntegerType())
    return lex->getType();
  InvalidOperands(loc, lex, rex);
  return QualType();
}

inline QualType Sema::CheckAdditionOperands( // C99 6.5.6
  Expr *&lex, Expr *&rex, SourceLocation loc) 
{
  if (lex->getType()->isVectorType() || rex->getType()->isVectorType())
    return CheckVectorOperands(loc, lex, rex);

  UsualArithmeticConversions(lex, rex);
  
  // handle the common case first (both operands are arithmetic).
  if (lex->getType()->isArithmeticType() && rex->getType()->isArithmeticType())
    return lex->getType();

  if (lex->getType()->isPointerType() && rex->getType()->isIntegerType())
    return lex->getType();
  if (lex->getType()->isIntegerType() && rex->getType()->isPointerType())
    return rex->getType();
  InvalidOperands(loc, lex, rex);
  return QualType();
}

inline QualType Sema::CheckSubtractionOperands( // C99 6.5.6
  Expr *&lex, Expr *&rex, SourceLocation loc) 
{
  if (lex->getType()->isVectorType() || rex->getType()->isVectorType())
    return CheckVectorOperands(loc, lex, rex);
    
  UsualArithmeticConversions(lex, rex);
  
  // handle the common case first (both operands are arithmetic).
  if (lex->getType()->isArithmeticType() && rex->getType()->isArithmeticType())
    return lex->getType();
    
  if (lex->getType()->isPointerType() && rex->getType()->isIntegerType())
    return lex->getType();
  if (lex->getType()->isPointerType() && rex->getType()->isPointerType())
    return Context.getPointerDiffType();
  InvalidOperands(loc, lex, rex);
  return QualType();
}

inline QualType Sema::CheckShiftOperands( // C99 6.5.7
  Expr *&lex, Expr *&rex, SourceLocation loc)
{
  // FIXME: Shifts don't perform usual arithmetic conversions.  This is wrong
  // for int << longlong -> the result type should be int, not long long.
  UsualArithmeticConversions(lex, rex);
  
  // handle the common case first (both operands are arithmetic).
  if (lex->getType()->isIntegerType() && rex->getType()->isIntegerType())
    return lex->getType();
  InvalidOperands(loc, lex, rex);
  return QualType();
}

inline QualType Sema::CheckRelationalOperands( // C99 6.5.8
  Expr *&lex, Expr *&rex, SourceLocation loc)
{
  UsualUnaryConversions(lex);
  UsualUnaryConversions(rex);
  QualType lType = lex->getType();
  QualType rType = rex->getType();
  
  if (lType->isRealType() && rType->isRealType())
    return Context.IntTy;
  
  if (lType->isPointerType()) {
    if (rType->isPointerType())
      return Context.IntTy;
    if (rType->isIntegerType()) {
      if (!rex->isNullPointerConstant(Context))
        Diag(loc, diag::ext_typecheck_comparison_of_pointer_integer,
             lex->getSourceRange(), rex->getSourceRange());
      return Context.IntTy; // the previous diagnostic is a GCC extension.
    }
  } else if (rType->isPointerType()) {
    if (lType->isIntegerType()) {
      if (!lex->isNullPointerConstant(Context))
        Diag(loc, diag::ext_typecheck_comparison_of_pointer_integer,
             lex->getSourceRange(), rex->getSourceRange());
      return Context.IntTy; // the previous diagnostic is a GCC extension.
    }
  }
  InvalidOperands(loc, lex, rex);
  return QualType();
}

inline QualType Sema::CheckEqualityOperands( // C99 6.5.9
  Expr *&lex, Expr *&rex, SourceLocation loc)
{
  UsualUnaryConversions(lex);
  UsualUnaryConversions(rex);
  QualType lType = lex->getType();
  QualType rType = rex->getType();
  
  if (lType->isArithmeticType() && rType->isArithmeticType())
    return Context.IntTy;
    
  if (lType->isPointerType()) {
    if (rType->isPointerType())
      return Context.IntTy;
    if (rType->isIntegerType()) {
      if (!rex->isNullPointerConstant(Context))
        Diag(loc, diag::ext_typecheck_comparison_of_pointer_integer,
             lex->getSourceRange(), rex->getSourceRange());
      return Context.IntTy; // the previous diagnostic is a GCC extension.
    }
  } else if (rType->isPointerType()) {
    if (lType->isIntegerType()) {
      if (!lex->isNullPointerConstant(Context))
        Diag(loc, diag::ext_typecheck_comparison_of_pointer_integer,
             lex->getSourceRange(), rex->getSourceRange());
      return Context.IntTy; // the previous diagnostic is a GCC extension.
    }
  }
  InvalidOperands(loc, lex, rex);
  return QualType();
}

inline QualType Sema::CheckBitwiseOperands(
  Expr *&lex, Expr *&rex, SourceLocation loc) 
{
  if (lex->getType()->isVectorType() || rex->getType()->isVectorType())
    return CheckVectorOperands(loc, lex, rex);

  UsualArithmeticConversions(lex, rex);
  
  if (lex->getType()->isIntegerType() && rex->getType()->isIntegerType())
    return lex->getType();
  InvalidOperands(loc, lex, rex);
  return QualType();
}

inline QualType Sema::CheckLogicalOperands( // C99 6.5.[13,14]
  Expr *&lex, Expr *&rex, SourceLocation loc) 
{
  UsualUnaryConversions(lex);
  UsualUnaryConversions(rex);
  
  if (lex->getType()->isScalarType() || rex->getType()->isScalarType())
    return Context.IntTy;
  InvalidOperands(loc, lex, rex);
  return QualType();
}

inline QualType Sema::CheckAssignmentOperands( // C99 6.5.16.1
  Expr *lex, Expr *rex, SourceLocation loc, QualType compoundType) 
{
  QualType lhsType = lex->getType();
  QualType rhsType = compoundType.isNull() ? rex->getType() : compoundType;
  bool hadError = false;
  Expr::isModifiableLvalueResult mlval = lex->isModifiableLvalue(); 

  switch (mlval) { // C99 6.5.16p2
    case Expr::MLV_Valid: 
      break;
    case Expr::MLV_ConstQualified:
      Diag(loc, diag::err_typecheck_assign_const, lex->getSourceRange());
      hadError = true;
      break;
    case Expr::MLV_ArrayType: 
      Diag(loc, diag::err_typecheck_array_not_modifiable_lvalue,
           lhsType.getAsString(), lex->getSourceRange());
      return QualType(); 
    case Expr::MLV_NotObjectType: 
      Diag(loc, diag::err_typecheck_non_object_not_modifiable_lvalue,
           lhsType.getAsString(), lex->getSourceRange());
      return QualType();
    case Expr::MLV_InvalidExpression:
      Diag(loc, diag::err_typecheck_expression_not_modifiable_lvalue,
           lex->getSourceRange());
      return QualType();
    case Expr::MLV_IncompleteType:
    case Expr::MLV_IncompleteVoidType:
      Diag(loc, diag::err_typecheck_incomplete_type_not_modifiable_lvalue,
           lhsType.getAsString(), lex->getSourceRange());
      return QualType();
  }
  AssignmentCheckResult result;
  
  if (compoundType.isNull())
    result = CheckSingleAssignmentConstraints(lhsType, rex);
  else
    result = CheckCompoundAssignmentConstraints(lhsType, rhsType);
    
  // decode the result (notice that extensions still return a type).
  switch (result) {
  case Compatible:
    break;
  case Incompatible:
    Diag(loc, diag::err_typecheck_assign_incompatible, 
         lhsType.getAsString(), rhsType.getAsString(),
         lex->getSourceRange(), rex->getSourceRange());
    hadError = true;
    break;
  case PointerFromInt:
    // check for null pointer constant (C99 6.3.2.3p3)
    if (compoundType.isNull() && !rex->isNullPointerConstant(Context)) {
      Diag(loc, diag::ext_typecheck_assign_pointer_int,
           lhsType.getAsString(), rhsType.getAsString(),
           lex->getSourceRange(), rex->getSourceRange());
    }
    break;
  case IntFromPointer: 
    Diag(loc, diag::ext_typecheck_assign_pointer_int, 
         lhsType.getAsString(), rhsType.getAsString(),
         lex->getSourceRange(), rex->getSourceRange());
    break;
  case IncompatiblePointer:
    Diag(loc, diag::ext_typecheck_assign_incompatible_pointer,
         lhsType.getAsString(), rhsType.getAsString(),
         lex->getSourceRange(), rex->getSourceRange());
    break;
  case CompatiblePointerDiscardsQualifiers:
    Diag(loc, diag::ext_typecheck_assign_discards_qualifiers,
         lhsType.getAsString(), rhsType.getAsString(),
         lex->getSourceRange(), rex->getSourceRange());
    break;
  }
  // C99 6.5.16p3: The type of an assignment expression is the type of the
  // left operand unless the left operand has qualified type, in which case
  // it is the unqualified version of the type of the left operand. 
  // C99 6.5.16.1p2: In simple assignment, the value of the right operand
  // is converted to the type of the assignment expression (above).
  // C++ 5.17p1: the type of the assignment expression is that of its left oprdu.
  return hadError ? QualType() : lhsType.getUnqualifiedType();
}

inline QualType Sema::CheckCommaOperands( // C99 6.5.17
  Expr *&lex, Expr *&rex, SourceLocation loc) {
  UsualUnaryConversions(rex);
  return rex->getType();
}

/// CheckIncrementDecrementOperand - unlike most "Check" methods, this routine
/// doesn't need to call UsualUnaryConversions or UsualArithmeticConversions.
QualType Sema::CheckIncrementDecrementOperand(Expr *op, SourceLocation OpLoc) {
  QualType resType = op->getType();
  assert(!resType.isNull() && "no type for increment/decrement expression");

  // C99 6.5.2.4p1
  if (const PointerType *pt = dyn_cast<PointerType>(resType)) {
    if (!pt->getPointeeType()->isObjectType()) { // C99 6.5.2.4p2, 6.5.6p2
      Diag(OpLoc, diag::err_typecheck_arithmetic_incomplete_type,
           resType.getAsString(), op->getSourceRange());
      return QualType();
    }
  } else if (!resType->isRealType()) { 
    // FIXME: Allow Complex as a GCC extension.
    Diag(OpLoc, diag::err_typecheck_illegal_increment_decrement,
         resType.getAsString(), op->getSourceRange());
    return QualType(); 
  }
  // At this point, we know we have a real or pointer type. Now make sure
  // the operand is a modifiable lvalue.
  Expr::isModifiableLvalueResult mlval = op->isModifiableLvalue();
  if (mlval != Expr::MLV_Valid) {
    // FIXME: emit a more precise diagnostic...
    Diag(OpLoc, diag::err_typecheck_invalid_lvalue_incr_decr,
         op->getSourceRange());
    return QualType();
  }
  return resType;
}

/// getPrimaryDeclaration - Helper function for CheckAddressOfOperand().
/// This routine allows us to typecheck complex/recursive expressions
/// where the declaration is needed for type checking. Here are some
/// examples: &s.xx, &s.zz[1].yy, &(1+2), &(XX), &"123"[2].
static Decl *getPrimaryDeclaration(Expr *e) {
  switch (e->getStmtClass()) {
  case Stmt::DeclRefExprClass:
    return cast<DeclRefExpr>(e)->getDecl();
  case Stmt::MemberExprClass:
    return getPrimaryDeclaration(cast<MemberExpr>(e)->getBase());
  case Stmt::ArraySubscriptExprClass:
    return getPrimaryDeclaration(cast<ArraySubscriptExpr>(e)->getBase());
  case Stmt::CallExprClass:
    return getPrimaryDeclaration(cast<CallExpr>(e)->getCallee());
  case Stmt::UnaryOperatorClass:
    return getPrimaryDeclaration(cast<UnaryOperator>(e)->getSubExpr());
  case Stmt::ParenExprClass:
    return getPrimaryDeclaration(cast<ParenExpr>(e)->getSubExpr());
  default:
    return 0;
  }
}

/// CheckAddressOfOperand - The operand of & must be either a function
/// designator or an lvalue designating an object. If it is an lvalue, the 
/// object cannot be declared with storage class register or be a bit field.
/// Note: The usual conversions are *not* applied to the operand of the & 
/// operator (C99 6.3.2.1p[2-4]), and its result is never an lvalue.
QualType Sema::CheckAddressOfOperand(Expr *op, SourceLocation OpLoc) {
  Decl *dcl = getPrimaryDeclaration(op);
  Expr::isLvalueResult lval = op->isLvalue();
  
  if (lval != Expr::LV_Valid) { // C99 6.5.3.2p1
    if (dcl && isa<FunctionDecl>(dcl)) // allow function designators
      ;  
    else { // FIXME: emit more specific diag...
      Diag(OpLoc, diag::err_typecheck_invalid_lvalue_addrof, 
           op->getSourceRange());
      return QualType();
    }
  } else if (dcl) {
    // We have an lvalue with a decl. Make sure the decl is not declared 
    // with the register storage-class specifier.
    if (const VarDecl *vd = dyn_cast<VarDecl>(dcl)) {
      if (vd->getStorageClass() == VarDecl::Register) {
        Diag(OpLoc, diag::err_typecheck_address_of_register, 
             op->getSourceRange());
        return QualType();
      }
    } else 
      assert(0 && "Unknown/unexpected decl type");
    
    // FIXME: add check for bitfields!
  }
  // If the operand has type "type", the result has type "pointer to type".
  return Context.getPointerType(op->getType());
}

QualType Sema::CheckIndirectionOperand(Expr *op, SourceLocation OpLoc) {
  UsualUnaryConversions(op);
  QualType qType = op->getType();
  
  if (PointerType *PT = dyn_cast<PointerType>(qType.getCanonicalType())) {
    QualType ptype = PT->getPointeeType();
    // C99 6.5.3.2p4. "if it points to an object,...".
    if (ptype->isIncompleteType()) { // An incomplete type is not an object
      // GCC compat: special case 'void *' (treat as warning).
      if (ptype->isVoidType()) {
        Diag(OpLoc, diag::ext_typecheck_deref_ptr_to_void, 
             qType.getAsString(), op->getSourceRange());
      } else {
        Diag(OpLoc, diag::err_typecheck_deref_incomplete_type, 
             ptype.getAsString(), op->getSourceRange());
        return QualType();
      }
    }
    return ptype;
  }
  Diag(OpLoc, diag::err_typecheck_indirection_requires_pointer, 
       qType.getAsString(), op->getSourceRange());
  return QualType();
}

static inline BinaryOperator::Opcode ConvertTokenKindToBinaryOpcode(
  tok::TokenKind Kind) {
  BinaryOperator::Opcode Opc;
  switch (Kind) {
  default: assert(0 && "Unknown binop!");
  case tok::star:                 Opc = BinaryOperator::Mul; break;
  case tok::slash:                Opc = BinaryOperator::Div; break;
  case tok::percent:              Opc = BinaryOperator::Rem; break;
  case tok::plus:                 Opc = BinaryOperator::Add; break;
  case tok::minus:                Opc = BinaryOperator::Sub; break;
  case tok::lessless:             Opc = BinaryOperator::Shl; break;
  case tok::greatergreater:       Opc = BinaryOperator::Shr; break;
  case tok::lessequal:            Opc = BinaryOperator::LE; break;
  case tok::less:                 Opc = BinaryOperator::LT; break;
  case tok::greaterequal:         Opc = BinaryOperator::GE; break;
  case tok::greater:              Opc = BinaryOperator::GT; break;
  case tok::exclaimequal:         Opc = BinaryOperator::NE; break;
  case tok::equalequal:           Opc = BinaryOperator::EQ; break;
  case tok::amp:                  Opc = BinaryOperator::And; break;
  case tok::caret:                Opc = BinaryOperator::Xor; break;
  case tok::pipe:                 Opc = BinaryOperator::Or; break;
  case tok::ampamp:               Opc = BinaryOperator::LAnd; break;
  case tok::pipepipe:             Opc = BinaryOperator::LOr; break;
  case tok::equal:                Opc = BinaryOperator::Assign; break;
  case tok::starequal:            Opc = BinaryOperator::MulAssign; break;
  case tok::slashequal:           Opc = BinaryOperator::DivAssign; break;
  case tok::percentequal:         Opc = BinaryOperator::RemAssign; break;
  case tok::plusequal:            Opc = BinaryOperator::AddAssign; break;
  case tok::minusequal:           Opc = BinaryOperator::SubAssign; break;
  case tok::lesslessequal:        Opc = BinaryOperator::ShlAssign; break;
  case tok::greatergreaterequal:  Opc = BinaryOperator::ShrAssign; break;
  case tok::ampequal:             Opc = BinaryOperator::AndAssign; break;
  case tok::caretequal:           Opc = BinaryOperator::XorAssign; break;
  case tok::pipeequal:            Opc = BinaryOperator::OrAssign; break;
  case tok::comma:                Opc = BinaryOperator::Comma; break;
  }
  return Opc;
}

static inline UnaryOperator::Opcode ConvertTokenKindToUnaryOpcode(
  tok::TokenKind Kind) {
  UnaryOperator::Opcode Opc;
  switch (Kind) {
  default: assert(0 && "Unknown unary op!");
  case tok::plusplus:     Opc = UnaryOperator::PreInc; break;
  case tok::minusminus:   Opc = UnaryOperator::PreDec; break;
  case tok::amp:          Opc = UnaryOperator::AddrOf; break;
  case tok::star:         Opc = UnaryOperator::Deref; break;
  case tok::plus:         Opc = UnaryOperator::Plus; break;
  case tok::minus:        Opc = UnaryOperator::Minus; break;
  case tok::tilde:        Opc = UnaryOperator::Not; break;
  case tok::exclaim:      Opc = UnaryOperator::LNot; break;
  case tok::kw_sizeof:    Opc = UnaryOperator::SizeOf; break;
  case tok::kw___alignof: Opc = UnaryOperator::AlignOf; break;
  case tok::kw___real:    Opc = UnaryOperator::Real; break;
  case tok::kw___imag:    Opc = UnaryOperator::Imag; break;
  case tok::kw___extension__: Opc = UnaryOperator::Extension; break;
  }
  return Opc;
}

// Binary Operators.  'Tok' is the token for the operator.
Action::ExprResult Sema::ParseBinOp(SourceLocation TokLoc, tok::TokenKind Kind,
                                    ExprTy *LHS, ExprTy *RHS) {
  BinaryOperator::Opcode Opc = ConvertTokenKindToBinaryOpcode(Kind);
  Expr *lhs = (Expr *)LHS, *rhs = (Expr*)RHS;

  assert((lhs != 0) && "ParseBinOp(): missing left expression");
  assert((rhs != 0) && "ParseBinOp(): missing right expression");

  QualType ResultTy;  // Result type of the binary operator.
  QualType CompTy;    // Computation type for compound assignments (e.g. '+=')
  
  switch (Opc) {
  default:
    assert(0 && "Unknown binary expr!");
  case BinaryOperator::Assign:
    ResultTy = CheckAssignmentOperands(lhs, rhs, TokLoc, QualType());
    break;
  case BinaryOperator::Mul: 
  case BinaryOperator::Div:
    ResultTy = CheckMultiplyDivideOperands(lhs, rhs, TokLoc);
    break;
  case BinaryOperator::Rem:
    ResultTy = CheckRemainderOperands(lhs, rhs, TokLoc);
    break;
  case BinaryOperator::Add:
    ResultTy = CheckAdditionOperands(lhs, rhs, TokLoc);
    break;
  case BinaryOperator::Sub:
    ResultTy = CheckSubtractionOperands(lhs, rhs, TokLoc);
    break;
  case BinaryOperator::Shl: 
  case BinaryOperator::Shr:
    ResultTy = CheckShiftOperands(lhs, rhs, TokLoc);
    break;
  case BinaryOperator::LE:
  case BinaryOperator::LT:
  case BinaryOperator::GE:
  case BinaryOperator::GT:
    ResultTy = CheckRelationalOperands(lhs, rhs, TokLoc);
    break;
  case BinaryOperator::EQ:
  case BinaryOperator::NE:
    ResultTy = CheckEqualityOperands(lhs, rhs, TokLoc);
    break;
  case BinaryOperator::And:
  case BinaryOperator::Xor:
  case BinaryOperator::Or:
    ResultTy = CheckBitwiseOperands(lhs, rhs, TokLoc);
    break;
  case BinaryOperator::LAnd:
  case BinaryOperator::LOr:
    ResultTy = CheckLogicalOperands(lhs, rhs, TokLoc);
    break;
  case BinaryOperator::MulAssign:
  case BinaryOperator::DivAssign:
    CompTy = CheckMultiplyDivideOperands(lhs, rhs, TokLoc);
    if (!CompTy.isNull())
      ResultTy = CheckAssignmentOperands(lhs, rhs, TokLoc, CompTy);
    break;
  case BinaryOperator::RemAssign:
    CompTy = CheckRemainderOperands(lhs, rhs, TokLoc);
    if (!CompTy.isNull())
      ResultTy = CheckAssignmentOperands(lhs, rhs, TokLoc, CompTy);
    break;
  case BinaryOperator::AddAssign:
    CompTy = CheckAdditionOperands(lhs, rhs, TokLoc);
    if (!CompTy.isNull())
      ResultTy = CheckAssignmentOperands(lhs, rhs, TokLoc, CompTy);
    break;
  case BinaryOperator::SubAssign:
    CompTy = CheckSubtractionOperands(lhs, rhs, TokLoc);
    if (!CompTy.isNull())
      ResultTy = CheckAssignmentOperands(lhs, rhs, TokLoc, CompTy);
    break;
  case BinaryOperator::ShlAssign:
  case BinaryOperator::ShrAssign:
    CompTy = CheckShiftOperands(lhs, rhs, TokLoc);
    if (!CompTy.isNull())
      ResultTy = CheckAssignmentOperands(lhs, rhs, TokLoc, CompTy);
    break;
  case BinaryOperator::AndAssign:
  case BinaryOperator::XorAssign:
  case BinaryOperator::OrAssign:
    CompTy = CheckBitwiseOperands(lhs, rhs, TokLoc);
    if (!CompTy.isNull())
      ResultTy = CheckAssignmentOperands(lhs, rhs, TokLoc, CompTy);
    break;
  case BinaryOperator::Comma:
    ResultTy = CheckCommaOperands(lhs, rhs, TokLoc);
    break;
  }
  if (ResultTy.isNull())
    return true;
  if (CompTy.isNull())
    return new BinaryOperator(lhs, rhs, Opc, ResultTy);
  else
    return new CompoundAssignOperator(lhs, rhs, Opc, ResultTy, CompTy);
}

// Unary Operators.  'Tok' is the token for the operator.
Action::ExprResult Sema::ParseUnaryOp(SourceLocation OpLoc, tok::TokenKind Op,
                                      ExprTy *input) {
  Expr *Input = (Expr*)input;
  UnaryOperator::Opcode Opc = ConvertTokenKindToUnaryOpcode(Op);
  QualType resultType;
  switch (Opc) {
  default:
    assert(0 && "Unimplemented unary expr!");
  case UnaryOperator::PreInc:
  case UnaryOperator::PreDec:
    resultType = CheckIncrementDecrementOperand(Input, OpLoc);
    break;
  case UnaryOperator::AddrOf: 
    resultType = CheckAddressOfOperand(Input, OpLoc);
    break;
  case UnaryOperator::Deref: 
    resultType = CheckIndirectionOperand(Input, OpLoc);
    break;
  case UnaryOperator::Plus:
  case UnaryOperator::Minus:
    UsualUnaryConversions(Input);
    resultType = Input->getType();
    if (!resultType->isArithmeticType())  // C99 6.5.3.3p1
      return Diag(OpLoc, diag::err_typecheck_unary_expr, 
                  resultType.getAsString());
    break;
  case UnaryOperator::Not: // bitwise complement
    UsualUnaryConversions(Input);
    resultType = Input->getType();
    if (!resultType->isIntegerType())  // C99 6.5.3.3p1
      return Diag(OpLoc, diag::err_typecheck_unary_expr,
                  resultType.getAsString());
    break;
  case UnaryOperator::LNot: // logical negation
    // Unlike +/-/~, integer promotions aren't done here (C99 6.5.3.3p5).
    DefaultFunctionArrayConversion(Input);
    resultType = Input->getType();
    if (!resultType->isScalarType()) // C99 6.5.3.3p1
      return Diag(OpLoc, diag::err_typecheck_unary_expr,
                  resultType.getAsString());
    // LNot always has type int. C99 6.5.3.3p5.
    resultType = Context.IntTy;
    break;
  case UnaryOperator::SizeOf:
    resultType = CheckSizeOfAlignOfOperand(Input->getType(), OpLoc, true);
    break;
  case UnaryOperator::AlignOf:
    resultType = CheckSizeOfAlignOfOperand(Input->getType(), OpLoc, false);
    break;
  case UnaryOperator::Extension:
    // FIXME: does __extension__ cause any promotions? I would think not.
    resultType = Input->getType();
    break;
  }
  if (resultType.isNull())
    return true;
  return new UnaryOperator(Input, Opc, resultType, OpLoc);
}

/// ParseAddrLabel - Parse the GNU address of label extension: "&&foo".
Sema::ExprResult Sema::ParseAddrLabel(SourceLocation OpLoc, 
                                      SourceLocation LabLoc,
                                      IdentifierInfo *LabelII) {
  // Look up the record for this label identifier.
  LabelStmt *&LabelDecl = LabelMap[LabelII];
  
  // If we haven't seen this label yet, create a forward reference.
  if (LabelDecl == 0)
    LabelDecl = new LabelStmt(LabLoc, LabelII, 0);
  
  // Create the AST node.  The address of a label always has type 'void*'.
  return new AddrLabel(OpLoc, LabLoc, LabelDecl,
                       Context.getPointerType(Context.VoidTy));
}

Sema::ExprResult Sema::ParseStmtExpr(SourceLocation LPLoc, StmtTy *substmt,
                                     SourceLocation RPLoc) { // "({..})"
  Stmt *SubStmt = static_cast<Stmt*>(substmt);
  assert(SubStmt && isa<CompoundStmt>(SubStmt) && "Invalid action invocation!");
  CompoundStmt *Compound = cast<CompoundStmt>(SubStmt);

  // FIXME: there are a variety of strange constraints to enforce here, for
  // example, it is not possible to goto into a stmt expression apparently.
  // More semantic analysis is needed.
  
  // FIXME: the last statement in the compount stmt has its value used.  We
  // should not warn about it being unused.

  // If there are sub stmts in the compound stmt, take the type of the last one
  // as the type of the stmtexpr.
  QualType Ty = Context.VoidTy;
  
  if (!Compound->body_empty())
    if (Expr *LastExpr = dyn_cast<Expr>(Compound->body_back()))
      Ty = LastExpr->getType();
  
  return new StmtExpr(Compound, Ty, LPLoc, RPLoc);
}