e2fsck/crc32.c

/*
 * crc32.c --- CRC32 function
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2008 Theodore Ts'o.
 *
 * %Begin-Header%
 * This file may be redistributed under the terms of the GNU Public
 * License.
 * %End-Header%
 */

/*
 * Oct 15, 2000 Matt Domsch <Matt_Domsch@dell.com>
 * Nicer crc32 functions/docs submitted by linux@horizon.com.  Thanks!
 * Code was from the public domain, copyright abandoned.  Code was
 * subsequently included in the kernel, thus was re-licensed under the
 * GNU GPL v2.
 *
 * Oct 12, 2000 Matt Domsch <Matt_Domsch@dell.com>
 * Same crc32 function was used in 5 other places in the kernel.
 * I made one version, and deleted the others.
 * There are various incantations of crc32().  Some use a seed of 0 or ~0.
 * Some xor at the end with ~0.  The generic crc32() function takes
 * seed as an argument, and doesn't xor at the end.  Then individual
 * users can do whatever they need.
 *   drivers/net/smc9194.c uses seed ~0, doesn't xor with ~0.
 *   fs/jffs2 uses seed 0, doesn't xor with ~0.
 *   fs/partitions/efi.c uses seed ~0, xor's with ~0.
 *
 * This source code is licensed under the GNU General Public License,
 * Version 2.  See the file COPYING for more details.
 */

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>

#ifdef UNITTEST
#undef ENABLE_NLS
#endif
#include "e2fsck.h"

#include "crc32defs.h"
#if CRC_LE_BITS == 8
#define tole(x) __constant_cpu_to_le32(x)
#define tobe(x) __constant_cpu_to_be32(x)
#else
#define tole(x) (x)
#define tobe(x) (x)
#endif
#include "crc32table.h"

#ifdef UNITTEST

/**
 * crc32_le() - Calculate bitwise little-endian Ethernet AUTODIN II CRC32
 * @crc: seed value for computation.  ~0 for Ethernet, sometimes 0 for
 *	other uses, or the previous crc32 value if computing incrementally.
 * @p: pointer to buffer over which CRC is run
 * @len: length of buffer @p
 */
__u32 crc32_le(__u32 crc, unsigned char const *p, size_t len);

#if CRC_LE_BITS == 1
/*
 * In fact, the table-based code will work in this case, but it can be
 * simplified by inlining the table in ?: form.
 */

__u32 crc32_le(__u32 crc, unsigned char const *p, size_t len)
{
	int i;
	while (len--) {
		crc ^= *p++;
		for (i = 0; i < 8; i++)
			crc = (crc >> 1) ^ ((crc & 1) ? CRCPOLY_LE : 0);
	}
	return crc;
}
#else				/* Table-based approach */

__u32 crc32_le(__u32 crc, unsigned char const *p, size_t len)
{
# if CRC_LE_BITS == 8
	const __u32      *b =(__u32 *)p;
	const __u32      *tab = crc32table_le;

# ifdef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
#  define DO_CRC(x) crc = tab[ ((crc >> 24) ^ (x)) & 255] ^ (crc<<8)
# else
#  define DO_CRC(x) crc = tab[ (crc ^ (x)) & 255 ] ^ (crc>>8)
# endif

	crc = __cpu_to_le32(crc);
	/* Align it */
	if(unlikely(((long)b)&3 && len)){
		do {
			__u8 *p = (__u8 *)b;
			DO_CRC(*p++);
			b = (void *)p;
		} while ((--len) && ((long)b)&3 );
	}
	if(likely(len >= 4)){
		/* load data 32 bits wide, xor data 32 bits wide. */
		size_t save_len = len & 3;
	        len = len >> 2;
		--b; /* use pre increment below(*++b) for speed */
		do {
			crc ^= *++b;
			DO_CRC(0);
			DO_CRC(0);
			DO_CRC(0);
			DO_CRC(0);
		} while (--len);
		b++; /* point to next byte(s) */
		len = save_len;
	}
	/* And the last few bytes */
	if(len){
		do {
			__u8 *p = (__u8 *)b;
			DO_CRC(*p++);
			b = (void *)p;
		} while (--len);
	}

	return __le32_to_cpu(crc);
#undef ENDIAN_SHIFT
#undef DO_CRC

# elif CRC_LE_BITS == 4
	while (len--) {
		crc ^= *p++;
		crc = (crc >> 4) ^ crc32table_le[crc & 15];
		crc = (crc >> 4) ^ crc32table_le[crc & 15];
	}
	return crc;
# elif CRC_LE_BITS == 2
	while (len--) {
		crc ^= *p++;
		crc = (crc >> 2) ^ crc32table_le[crc & 3];
		crc = (crc >> 2) ^ crc32table_le[crc & 3];
		crc = (crc >> 2) ^ crc32table_le[crc & 3];
		crc = (crc >> 2) ^ crc32table_le[crc & 3];
	}
	return crc;
# endif
}
#endif

#endif /* UNITTEST */

/**
 * crc32_be() - Calculate bitwise big-endian Ethernet AUTODIN II CRC32
 * @crc: seed value for computation.  ~0 for Ethernet, sometimes 0 for
 *	other uses, or the previous crc32 value if computing incrementally.
 * @p: pointer to buffer over which CRC is run
 * @len: length of buffer @p
 */
__u32 crc32_be(__u32 crc, unsigned char const *p, size_t len);

#if CRC_BE_BITS == 1
/*
 * In fact, the table-based code will work in this case, but it can be
 * simplified by inlining the table in ?: form.
 */

__u32 crc32_be(__u32 crc, unsigned char const *p, size_t len)
{
	int i;
	while (len--) {
		crc ^= *p++ << 24;
		for (i = 0; i < 8; i++)
			crc =
			    (crc << 1) ^ ((crc & 0x80000000) ? CRCPOLY_BE :
					  0);
	}
	return crc;
}

#else				/* Table-based approach */
__u32 crc32_be(__u32 crc, unsigned char const *p, size_t len)
{
# if CRC_BE_BITS == 8
	const __u32      *b =(const __u32 *)p;
	const __u32      *tab = crc32table_be;

# ifdef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
#  define DO_CRC(x) crc = tab[ ((crc >> 24) ^ (x)) & 255] ^ (crc<<8)
# else
#  define DO_CRC(x) crc = tab[ (crc ^ (x)) & 255 ] ^ (crc>>8)
# endif

	crc = __cpu_to_be32(crc);
	/* Align it */
	if(unlikely(((long)b)&3 && len)){
		do {
			const __u8 *q = (const __u8 *)b;
			DO_CRC(*q++);
			b = (const __u32 *)q;
		} while ((--len) && ((long)b)&3 );
	}
	if(likely(len >= 4)){
		/* load data 32 bits wide, xor data 32 bits wide. */
		size_t save_len = len & 3;
	        len = len >> 2;
		--b; /* use pre increment below(*++b) for speed */
		do {
			crc ^= *++b;
			DO_CRC(0);
			DO_CRC(0);
			DO_CRC(0);
			DO_CRC(0);
		} while (--len);
		b++; /* point to next byte(s) */
		len = save_len;
	}
	/* And the last few bytes */
	if(len){
		do {
			const __u8 *q = (const __u8 *)b;
			DO_CRC(*q++);
			b = (const void *)q;
		} while (--len);
	}
	return __be32_to_cpu(crc);
#undef ENDIAN_SHIFT
#undef DO_CRC

# elif CRC_BE_BITS == 4
	while (len--) {
		crc ^= *p++ << 24;
		crc = (crc << 4) ^ crc32table_be[crc >> 28];
		crc = (crc << 4) ^ crc32table_be[crc >> 28];
	}
	return crc;
# elif CRC_BE_BITS == 2
	while (len--) {
		crc ^= *p++ << 24;
		crc = (crc << 2) ^ crc32table_be[crc >> 30];
		crc = (crc << 2) ^ crc32table_be[crc >> 30];
		crc = (crc << 2) ^ crc32table_be[crc >> 30];
		crc = (crc << 2) ^ crc32table_be[crc >> 30];
	}
	return crc;
# endif
}
#endif

/*
 * A brief CRC tutorial.
 *
 * A CRC is a long-division remainder.  You add the CRC to the message,
 * and the whole thing (message+CRC) is a multiple of the given
 * CRC polynomial.  To check the CRC, you can either check that the
 * CRC matches the recomputed value, *or* you can check that the
 * remainder computed on the message+CRC is 0.  This latter approach
 * is used by a lot of hardware implementations, and is why so many
 * protocols put the end-of-frame flag after the CRC.
 *
 * It's actually the same long division you learned in school, except that
 * - We're working in binary, so the digits are only 0 and 1, and
 * - When dividing polynomials, there are no carries.  Rather than add and
 *   subtract, we just xor.  Thus, we tend to get a bit sloppy about
 *   the difference between adding and subtracting.
 *
 * A 32-bit CRC polynomial is actually 33 bits long.  But since it's
 * 33 bits long, bit 32 is always going to be set, so usually the CRC
 * is written in hex with the most significant bit omitted.  (If you're
 * familiar with the IEEE 754 floating-point format, it's the same idea.)
 *
 * Note that a CRC is computed over a string of *bits*, so you have
 * to decide on the endianness of the bits within each byte.  To get
 * the best error-detecting properties, this should correspond to the
 * order they're actually sent.  For example, standard RS-232 serial is
 * little-endian; the most significant bit (sometimes used for parity)
 * is sent last.  And when appending a CRC word to a message, you should
 * do it in the right order, matching the endianness.
 *
 * Just like with ordinary division, the remainder is always smaller than
 * the divisor (the CRC polynomial) you're dividing by.  Each step of the
 * division, you take one more digit (bit) of the dividend and append it
 * to the current remainder.  Then you figure out the appropriate multiple
 * of the divisor to subtract to being the remainder back into range.
 * In binary, it's easy - it has to be either 0 or 1, and to make the
 * XOR cancel, it's just a copy of bit 32 of the remainder.
 *
 * When computing a CRC, we don't care about the quotient, so we can
 * throw the quotient bit away, but subtract the appropriate multiple of
 * the polynomial from the remainder and we're back to where we started,
 * ready to process the next bit.
 *
 * A big-endian CRC written this way would be coded like:
 * for (i = 0; i < input_bits; i++) {
 * 	multiple = remainder & 0x80000000 ? CRCPOLY : 0;
 * 	remainder = (remainder << 1 | next_input_bit()) ^ multiple;
 * }
 * Notice how, to get at bit 32 of the shifted remainder, we look
 * at bit 31 of the remainder *before* shifting it.
 *
 * But also notice how the next_input_bit() bits we're shifting into
 * the remainder don't actually affect any decision-making until
 * 32 bits later.  Thus, the first 32 cycles of this are pretty boring.
 * Also, to add the CRC to a message, we need a 32-bit-long hole for it at
 * the end, so we have to add 32 extra cycles shifting in zeros at the
 * end of every message,
 *
 * So the standard trick is to rearrage merging in the next_input_bit()
 * until the moment it's needed.  Then the first 32 cycles can be precomputed,
 * and merging in the final 32 zero bits to make room for the CRC can be
 * skipped entirely.
 * This changes the code to:
 * for (i = 0; i < input_bits; i++) {
 *      remainder ^= next_input_bit() << 31;
 * 	multiple = (remainder & 0x80000000) ? CRCPOLY : 0;
 * 	remainder = (remainder << 1) ^ multiple;
 * }
 * With this optimization, the little-endian code is simpler:
 * for (i = 0; i < input_bits; i++) {
 *      remainder ^= next_input_bit();
 * 	multiple = (remainder & 1) ? CRCPOLY : 0;
 * 	remainder = (remainder >> 1) ^ multiple;
 * }
 *
 * Note that the other details of endianness have been hidden in CRCPOLY
 * (which must be bit-reversed) and next_input_bit().
 *
 * However, as long as next_input_bit is returning the bits in a sensible
 * order, we can actually do the merging 8 or more bits at a time rather
 * than one bit at a time:
 * for (i = 0; i < input_bytes; i++) {
 * 	remainder ^= next_input_byte() << 24;
 * 	for (j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
 * 		multiple = (remainder & 0x80000000) ? CRCPOLY : 0;
 * 		remainder = (remainder << 1) ^ multiple;
 * 	}
 * }
 * Or in little-endian:
 * for (i = 0; i < input_bytes; i++) {
 * 	remainder ^= next_input_byte();
 * 	for (j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
 * 		multiple = (remainder & 1) ? CRCPOLY : 0;
 * 		remainder = (remainder << 1) ^ multiple;
 * 	}
 * }
 * If the input is a multiple of 32 bits, you can even XOR in a 32-bit
 * word at a time and increase the inner loop count to 32.
 *
 * You can also mix and match the two loop styles, for example doing the
 * bulk of a message byte-at-a-time and adding bit-at-a-time processing
 * for any fractional bytes at the end.
 *
 * The only remaining optimization is to the byte-at-a-time table method.
 * Here, rather than just shifting one bit of the remainder to decide
 * in the correct multiple to subtract, we can shift a byte at a time.
 * This produces a 40-bit (rather than a 33-bit) intermediate remainder,
 * but again the multiple of the polynomial to subtract depends only on
 * the high bits, the high 8 bits in this case.
 *
 * The multiple we need in that case is the low 32 bits of a 40-bit
 * value whose high 8 bits are given, and which is a multiple of the
 * generator polynomial.  This is simply the CRC-32 of the given
 * one-byte message.
 *
 * Two more details: normally, appending zero bits to a message which
 * is already a multiple of a polynomial produces a larger multiple of that
 * polynomial.  To enable a CRC to detect this condition, it's common to
 * invert the CRC before appending it.  This makes the remainder of the
 * message+crc come out not as zero, but some fixed non-zero value.
 *
 * The same problem applies to zero bits prepended to the message, and
 * a similar solution is used.  Instead of starting with a remainder of
 * 0, an initial remainder of all ones is used.  As long as you start
 * the same way on decoding, it doesn't make a difference.
 */

#ifdef UNITTEST

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

const __u8 byte_rev_table[256] = {
	0x00, 0x80, 0x40, 0xc0, 0x20, 0xa0, 0x60, 0xe0,
	0x10, 0x90, 0x50, 0xd0, 0x30, 0xb0, 0x70, 0xf0,
	0x08, 0x88, 0x48, 0xc8, 0x28, 0xa8, 0x68, 0xe8,
	0x18, 0x98, 0x58, 0xd8, 0x38, 0xb8, 0x78, 0xf8,
	0x04, 0x84, 0x44, 0xc4, 0x24, 0xa4, 0x64, 0xe4,
	0x14, 0x94, 0x54, 0xd4, 0x34, 0xb4, 0x74, 0xf4,
	0x0c, 0x8c, 0x4c, 0xcc, 0x2c, 0xac, 0x6c, 0xec,
	0x1c, 0x9c, 0x5c, 0xdc, 0x3c, 0xbc, 0x7c, 0xfc,
	0x02, 0x82, 0x42, 0xc2, 0x22, 0xa2, 0x62, 0xe2,
	0x12, 0x92, 0x52, 0xd2, 0x32, 0xb2, 0x72, 0xf2,
	0x0a, 0x8a, 0x4a, 0xca, 0x2a, 0xaa, 0x6a, 0xea,
	0x1a, 0x9a, 0x5a, 0xda, 0x3a, 0xba, 0x7a, 0xfa,
	0x06, 0x86, 0x46, 0xc6, 0x26, 0xa6, 0x66, 0xe6,
	0x16, 0x96, 0x56, 0xd6, 0x36, 0xb6, 0x76, 0xf6,
	0x0e, 0x8e, 0x4e, 0xce, 0x2e, 0xae, 0x6e, 0xee,
	0x1e, 0x9e, 0x5e, 0xde, 0x3e, 0xbe, 0x7e, 0xfe,
	0x01, 0x81, 0x41, 0xc1, 0x21, 0xa1, 0x61, 0xe1,
	0x11, 0x91, 0x51, 0xd1, 0x31, 0xb1, 0x71, 0xf1,
	0x09, 0x89, 0x49, 0xc9, 0x29, 0xa9, 0x69, 0xe9,
	0x19, 0x99, 0x59, 0xd9, 0x39, 0xb9, 0x79, 0xf9,
	0x05, 0x85, 0x45, 0xc5, 0x25, 0xa5, 0x65, 0xe5,
	0x15, 0x95, 0x55, 0xd5, 0x35, 0xb5, 0x75, 0xf5,
	0x0d, 0x8d, 0x4d, 0xcd, 0x2d, 0xad, 0x6d, 0xed,
	0x1d, 0x9d, 0x5d, 0xdd, 0x3d, 0xbd, 0x7d, 0xfd,
	0x03, 0x83, 0x43, 0xc3, 0x23, 0xa3, 0x63, 0xe3,
	0x13, 0x93, 0x53, 0xd3, 0x33, 0xb3, 0x73, 0xf3,
	0x0b, 0x8b, 0x4b, 0xcb, 0x2b, 0xab, 0x6b, 0xeb,
	0x1b, 0x9b, 0x5b, 0xdb, 0x3b, 0xbb, 0x7b, 0xfb,
	0x07, 0x87, 0x47, 0xc7, 0x27, 0xa7, 0x67, 0xe7,
	0x17, 0x97, 0x57, 0xd7, 0x37, 0xb7, 0x77, 0xf7,
	0x0f, 0x8f, 0x4f, 0xcf, 0x2f, 0xaf, 0x6f, 0xef,
	0x1f, 0x9f, 0x5f, 0xdf, 0x3f, 0xbf, 0x7f, 0xff,
};

static inline __u8 bitrev8(__u8 byte)
{
	return byte_rev_table[byte];
}

static inline __u16 bitrev16(__u16 x)
{
	return (bitrev8(x & 0xff) << 8) | bitrev8(x >> 8);
}

/**
 * bitrev32 - reverse the order of bits in a u32 value
 * @x: value to be bit-reversed
 */
static __u32 bitrev32(__u32 x)
{
	return (bitrev16(x & 0xffff) << 16) | bitrev16(x >> 16);
}

#if 0				/*Not used at present */

static void
buf_dump(char const *prefix, unsigned char const *buf, size_t len)
{
	fputs(prefix, stdout);
	while (len--)
		printf(" %02x", *buf++);
	putchar('\n');

}
#endif

static void bytereverse(unsigned char *buf, size_t len)
{
	while (len--) {
		unsigned char x = bitrev8(*buf);
		*buf++ = x;
	}
}

static void random_garbage(unsigned char *buf, size_t len)
{
	while (len--)
		*buf++ = (unsigned char) random();
}

#if 0				/* Not used at present */
static void store_le(__u32 x, unsigned char *buf)
{
	buf[0] = (unsigned char) x;
	buf[1] = (unsigned char) (x >> 8);
	buf[2] = (unsigned char) (x >> 16);
	buf[3] = (unsigned char) (x >> 24);
}
#endif

static void store_be(__u32 x, unsigned char *buf)
{
	buf[0] = (unsigned char) (x >> 24);
	buf[1] = (unsigned char) (x >> 16);
	buf[2] = (unsigned char) (x >> 8);
	buf[3] = (unsigned char) x;
}

/*
 * This checks that CRC(buf + CRC(buf)) = 0, and that
 * CRC commutes with bit-reversal.  This has the side effect
 * of bytewise bit-reversing the input buffer, and returns
 * the CRC of the reversed buffer.
 */
static __u32 test_step(__u32 init, unsigned char *buf, size_t len)
{
	__u32 crc1, crc2;
	size_t i;

	crc1 = crc32_be(init, buf, len);
	store_be(crc1, buf + len);
	crc2 = crc32_be(init, buf, len + 4);
	if (crc2)
		printf("\nCRC cancellation fail: 0x%08x should be 0\n",
		       crc2);

	for (i = 0; i <= len + 4; i++) {
		crc2 = crc32_be(init, buf, i);
		crc2 = crc32_be(crc2, buf + i, len + 4 - i);
		if (crc2)
			printf("\nCRC split fail: 0x%08x\n", crc2);
	}

	/* Now swap it around for the other test */

	bytereverse(buf, len + 4);
	init = bitrev32(init);
	crc2 = bitrev32(crc1);
	if (crc1 != bitrev32(crc2))
		printf("\nBit reversal fail: 0x%08x -> 0x%08x -> 0x%08x\n",
		       crc1, crc2, bitrev32(crc2));
	crc1 = crc32_le(init, buf, len);
	if (crc1 != crc2)
		printf("\nCRC endianness fail: 0x%08x != 0x%08x\n", crc1,
		       crc2);
	crc2 = crc32_le(init, buf, len + 4);
	if (crc2)
		printf("\nCRC cancellation fail: 0x%08x should be 0\n",
		       crc2);

	for (i = 0; i <= len + 4; i++) {
		crc2 = crc32_le(init, buf, i);
		crc2 = crc32_le(crc2, buf + i, len + 4 - i);
		if (crc2)
			printf("\nCRC split fail: 0x%08x\n", crc2);
	}

	return crc1;
}

#define SIZE 64
#define INIT1 0
#define INIT2 0

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
	unsigned char buf1[SIZE + 4];
	unsigned char buf2[SIZE + 4];
	unsigned char buf3[SIZE + 4];
	int i, j;
	__u32 crc1, crc2, crc3;
	int exit_status = 0;

	for (i = 0; i <= SIZE; i++) {
		printf("\rTesting length %d...", i);
		fflush(stdout);
		random_garbage(buf1, i);
		random_garbage(buf2, i);
		for (j = 0; j < i; j++)
			buf3[j] = buf1[j] ^ buf2[j];

		crc1 = test_step(INIT1, buf1, i);
		crc2 = test_step(INIT2, buf2, i);
		/* Now check that CRC(buf1 ^ buf2) = CRC(buf1) ^ CRC(buf2) */
		crc3 = test_step(INIT1 ^ INIT2, buf3, i);
		if (crc3 != (crc1 ^ crc2)) {
			printf("CRC XOR fail: 0x%08x != 0x%08x ^ 0x%08x\n",
			       crc3, crc1, crc2);
			exit_status++;
		}
	}
	printf("\nAll test complete.  No failures expected.\n");
	return 0;
}

#endif				/* UNITTEST */