misc/mke2fs.c

/*
 * mke2fs.c - Make a ext2fs filesystem.
 *
 * Copyright (C) 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002,
 * 	2003, 2004, 2005 by Theodore Ts'o.
 *
 * %Begin-Header%
 * This file may be redistributed under the terms of the GNU Public
 * License.
 * %End-Header%
 */

/* Usage: mke2fs [options] device
 *
 * The device may be a block device or a image of one, but this isn't
 * enforced (but it's not much fun on a character device :-).
 */

#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 600 /* for inclusion of PATH_MAX in Solaris */

#include "config.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <strings.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <time.h>
#ifdef __linux__
#include <sys/utsname.h>
#include <linux/version.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_GETOPT_H
#include <getopt.h>
#else
extern char *optarg;
extern int optind;
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
#include <unistd.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_STDLIB_H
#include <stdlib.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_ERRNO_H
#include <errno.h>
#endif
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <libgen.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <blkid/blkid.h>

#include "ext2fs/ext2_fs.h"
#include "ext2fs/ext2fsP.h"
#include "et/com_err.h"
#include "uuid/uuid.h"
#include "e2p/e2p.h"
#include "ext2fs/ext2fs.h"
#include "util.h"
#include "profile.h"
#include "prof_err.h"
#include "../version.h"
#include "nls-enable.h"
#include "quota/quotaio.h"
#include "mke2fs.h"

#define STRIDE_LENGTH 8

#define MAX_32_NUM ((((unsigned long long) 1) << 32) - 1)

#ifndef __sparc__
#define ZAP_BOOTBLOCK
#endif

#define DISCARD_STEP_MB		(2048)

extern int isatty(int);
extern FILE *fpopen(const char *cmd, const char *mode);

const char * program_name = "mke2fs";
static const char * device_name /* = NULL */;

/* Command line options */
static int	cflag;
int	verbose;
int	quiet;
static int	super_only;
static int	discard = 1;	/* attempt to discard device before fs creation */
static int	direct_io;
static int	force;
static int	noaction;
static int	num_backups = 2; /* number of backup bg's for sparse_super2 */
static uid_t	root_uid;
static gid_t	root_gid;
int	journal_size;
int	journal_flags;
static int	lazy_itable_init;
static int	packed_meta_blocks;
static char	*bad_blocks_filename = NULL;
static __u32	fs_stride;
static int	quotatype = -1;  /* Initialize both user and group quotas by default */
static __u64	offset;
static blk64_t journal_location = ~0LL;
static int	proceed_delay = -1;
static blk64_t	dev_size;

static struct ext2_super_block fs_param;
static char *fs_uuid = NULL;
static char *creator_os;
static char *volume_label;
static char *mount_dir;
char *journal_device;
static int sync_kludge;	/* Set using the MKE2FS_SYNC env. option */
char **fs_types;

static profile_t	profile;

static int sys_page_size = 4096;

static void usage(void)
{
	fprintf(stderr, _("Usage: %s [-c|-l filename] [-b block-size] "
	"[-C cluster-size]\n\t[-i bytes-per-inode] [-I inode-size] "
	"[-J journal-options]\n"
	"\t[-G flex-group-size] [-N number-of-inodes]\n"
	"\t[-m reserved-blocks-percentage] [-o creator-os]\n"
	"\t[-g blocks-per-group] [-L volume-label] "
	"[-M last-mounted-directory]\n\t[-O feature[,...]] "
	"[-r fs-revision] [-E extended-option[,...]]\n"
	"\t[-t fs-type] [-T usage-type ] [-U UUID] "
	"[-jnqvDFKSV] device [blocks-count]\n"),
		program_name);
	exit(1);
}

static int int_log2(unsigned long long arg)
{
	int	l = 0;

	arg >>= 1;
	while (arg) {
		l++;
		arg >>= 1;
	}
	return l;
}

int int_log10(unsigned long long arg)
{
	int	l;

	for (l=0; arg ; l++)
		arg = arg / 10;
	return l;
}

#ifdef __linux__
static int parse_version_number(const char *s)
{
	int	major, minor, rev;
	char	*endptr;
	const char *cp = s;

	if (!s)
		return 0;
	major = strtol(cp, &endptr, 10);
	if (cp == endptr || *endptr != '.')
		return 0;
	cp = endptr + 1;
	minor = strtol(cp, &endptr, 10);
	if (cp == endptr || *endptr != '.')
		return 0;
	cp = endptr + 1;
	rev = strtol(cp, &endptr, 10);
	if (cp == endptr)
		return 0;
	return KERNEL_VERSION(major, minor, rev);
}

static int is_before_linux_ver(unsigned int major, unsigned int minor,
			       unsigned int rev)
{
	struct		utsname ut;
	static int	linux_version_code = -1;

	if (uname(&ut)) {
		perror("uname");
		exit(1);
	}
	if (linux_version_code < 0)
		linux_version_code = parse_version_number(ut.release);
	if (linux_version_code == 0)
		return 0;

	return linux_version_code < KERNEL_VERSION(major, minor, rev);
}
#else
static int is_before_linux_ver(unsigned int major, unsigned int minor,
			       unsigned int rev)
{
	return 0;
}
#endif

/*
 * Helper function for read_bb_file and test_disk
 */
static void invalid_block(ext2_filsys fs EXT2FS_ATTR((unused)), blk_t blk)
{
	fprintf(stderr, _("Bad block %u out of range; ignored.\n"), blk);
	return;
}

/*
 * Reads the bad blocks list from a file
 */
static void read_bb_file(ext2_filsys fs, badblocks_list *bb_list,
			 const char *bad_blocks_file)
{
	FILE		*f;
	errcode_t	retval;

	f = fopen(bad_blocks_file, "r");
	if (!f) {
		com_err("read_bad_blocks_file", errno,
			_("while trying to open %s"), bad_blocks_file);
		exit(1);
	}
	retval = ext2fs_read_bb_FILE(fs, f, bb_list, invalid_block);
	fclose (f);
	if (retval) {
		com_err("ext2fs_read_bb_FILE", retval, "%s",
			_("while reading in list of bad blocks from file"));
		exit(1);
	}
}

/*
 * Runs the badblocks program to test the disk
 */
static void test_disk(ext2_filsys fs, badblocks_list *bb_list)
{
	FILE		*f;
	errcode_t	retval;
	char		buf[1024];

	sprintf(buf, "badblocks -b %d -X %s%s%s %llu", fs->blocksize,
		quiet ? "" : "-s ", (cflag > 1) ? "-w " : "",
		fs->device_name, ext2fs_blocks_count(fs->super)-1);
	if (verbose)
		printf(_("Running command: %s\n"), buf);
	f = popen(buf, "r");
	if (!f) {
		com_err("popen", errno,
			_("while trying to run '%s'"), buf);
		exit(1);
	}
	retval = ext2fs_read_bb_FILE(fs, f, bb_list, invalid_block);
	pclose(f);
	if (retval) {
		com_err("ext2fs_read_bb_FILE", retval, "%s",
			_("while processing list of bad blocks from program"));
		exit(1);
	}
}

static void handle_bad_blocks(ext2_filsys fs, badblocks_list bb_list)
{
	dgrp_t			i;
	blk_t			j;
	unsigned 		must_be_good;
	blk_t			blk;
	badblocks_iterate	bb_iter;
	errcode_t		retval;
	blk_t			group_block;
	int			group;
	int			group_bad;

	if (!bb_list)
		return;

	/*
	 * The primary superblock and group descriptors *must* be
	 * good; if not, abort.
	 */
	must_be_good = fs->super->s_first_data_block + 1 + fs->desc_blocks;
	for (i = fs->super->s_first_data_block; i <= must_be_good; i++) {
		if (ext2fs_badblocks_list_test(bb_list, i)) {
			fprintf(stderr, _("Block %d in primary "
				"superblock/group descriptor area bad.\n"), i);
			fprintf(stderr, _("Blocks %u through %u must be good "
				"in order to build a filesystem.\n"),
				fs->super->s_first_data_block, must_be_good);
			fputs(_("Aborting....\n"), stderr);
			exit(1);
		}
	}

	/*
	 * See if any of the bad blocks are showing up in the backup
	 * superblocks and/or group descriptors.  If so, issue a
	 * warning and adjust the block counts appropriately.
	 */
	group_block = fs->super->s_first_data_block +
		fs->super->s_blocks_per_group;

	for (i = 1; i < fs->group_desc_count; i++) {
		group_bad = 0;
		for (j=0; j < fs->desc_blocks+1; j++) {
			if (ext2fs_badblocks_list_test(bb_list,
						       group_block + j)) {
				if (!group_bad)
					fprintf(stderr,
_("Warning: the backup superblock/group descriptors at block %u contain\n"
"	bad blocks.\n\n"),
						group_block);
				group_bad++;
				group = ext2fs_group_of_blk2(fs, group_block+j);
				ext2fs_bg_free_blocks_count_set(fs, group, ext2fs_bg_free_blocks_count(fs, group) + 1);
				ext2fs_group_desc_csum_set(fs, group);
				ext2fs_free_blocks_count_add(fs->super, 1);
			}
		}
		group_block += fs->super->s_blocks_per_group;
	}

	/*
	 * Mark all the bad blocks as used...
	 */
	retval = ext2fs_badblocks_list_iterate_begin(bb_list, &bb_iter);
	if (retval) {
		com_err("ext2fs_badblocks_list_iterate_begin", retval, "%s",
			_("while marking bad blocks as used"));
		exit(1);
	}
	while (ext2fs_badblocks_list_iterate(bb_iter, &blk))
		ext2fs_mark_block_bitmap2(fs->block_map, EXT2FS_B2C(fs, blk));
	ext2fs_badblocks_list_iterate_end(bb_iter);
}

static errcode_t packed_allocate_tables(ext2_filsys fs)
{
	errcode_t	retval;
	dgrp_t		i;
	blk64_t		goal = 0;

	for (i = 0; i < fs->group_desc_count; i++) {
		retval = ext2fs_new_block2(fs, goal, NULL, &goal);
		if (retval)
			return retval;
		ext2fs_block_alloc_stats2(fs, goal, +1);
		ext2fs_block_bitmap_loc_set(fs, i, goal);
	}
	for (i = 0; i < fs->group_desc_count; i++) {
		retval = ext2fs_new_block2(fs, goal, NULL, &goal);
		if (retval)
			return retval;
		ext2fs_block_alloc_stats2(fs, goal, +1);
		ext2fs_inode_bitmap_loc_set(fs, i, goal);
	}
	for (i = 0; i < fs->group_desc_count; i++) {
		blk64_t end = ext2fs_blocks_count(fs->super) - 1;
		retval = ext2fs_get_free_blocks2(fs, goal, end,
						 fs->inode_blocks_per_group,
						 fs->block_map, &goal);
		if (retval)
			return retval;
		ext2fs_block_alloc_stats_range(fs, goal,
					       fs->inode_blocks_per_group, +1);
		ext2fs_inode_table_loc_set(fs, i, goal);
		ext2fs_group_desc_csum_set(fs, i);
	}
	return 0;
}

static void write_inode_tables(ext2_filsys fs, int lazy_flag, int itable_zeroed)
{
	errcode_t	retval;
	blk64_t		blk;
	dgrp_t		i;
	int		num;
	struct ext2fs_numeric_progress_struct progress;

	ext2fs_numeric_progress_init(fs, &progress,
				     _("Writing inode tables: "),
				     fs->group_desc_count);

	for (i = 0; i < fs->group_desc_count; i++) {
		ext2fs_numeric_progress_update(fs, &progress, i);

		blk = ext2fs_inode_table_loc(fs, i);
		num = fs->inode_blocks_per_group;

		if (lazy_flag)
			num = ext2fs_div_ceil((fs->super->s_inodes_per_group -
					       ext2fs_bg_itable_unused(fs, i)) *
					      EXT2_INODE_SIZE(fs->super),
					      EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE(fs->super));
		if (!lazy_flag || itable_zeroed) {
			/* The kernel doesn't need to zero the itable blocks */
			ext2fs_bg_flags_set(fs, i, EXT2_BG_INODE_ZEROED);
			ext2fs_group_desc_csum_set(fs, i);
		}
		retval = ext2fs_zero_blocks2(fs, blk, num, &blk, &num);
		if (retval) {
			fprintf(stderr, _("\nCould not write %d "
				  "blocks in inode table starting at %llu: %s\n"),
				num, blk, error_message(retval));
			exit(1);
		}
		if (sync_kludge) {
			if (sync_kludge == 1)
				sync();
			else if ((i % sync_kludge) == 0)
				sync();
		}
	}
	ext2fs_zero_blocks2(0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
	ext2fs_numeric_progress_close(fs, &progress,
				      _("done                            \n"));
}

static void create_root_dir(ext2_filsys fs)
{
	errcode_t		retval;
	struct ext2_inode	inode;

	retval = ext2fs_mkdir(fs, EXT2_ROOT_INO, EXT2_ROOT_INO, 0);
	if (retval) {
		com_err("ext2fs_mkdir", retval, "%s",
			_("while creating root dir"));
		exit(1);
	}
	if (root_uid != 0 || root_gid != 0) {
		retval = ext2fs_read_inode(fs, EXT2_ROOT_INO, &inode);
		if (retval) {
			com_err("ext2fs_read_inode", retval, "%s",
				_("while reading root inode"));
			exit(1);
		}

		inode.i_uid = root_uid;
		ext2fs_set_i_uid_high(inode, root_uid >> 16);
		inode.i_gid = root_gid;
		ext2fs_set_i_gid_high(inode, root_gid >> 16);

		retval = ext2fs_write_new_inode(fs, EXT2_ROOT_INO, &inode);
		if (retval) {
			com_err("ext2fs_write_inode", retval, "%s",
				_("while setting root inode ownership"));
			exit(1);
		}
	}
}

static void create_lost_and_found(ext2_filsys fs)
{
	unsigned int		lpf_size = 0;
	errcode_t		retval;
	ext2_ino_t		ino;
	const char		*name = "lost+found";
	int			i;

	fs->umask = 077;
	retval = ext2fs_mkdir(fs, EXT2_ROOT_INO, 0, name);
	if (retval) {
		com_err("ext2fs_mkdir", retval, "%s",
			_("while creating /lost+found"));
		exit(1);
	}

	retval = ext2fs_lookup(fs, EXT2_ROOT_INO, name, strlen(name), 0, &ino);
	if (retval) {
		com_err("ext2_lookup", retval, "%s",
			_("while looking up /lost+found"));
		exit(1);
	}

	for (i=1; i < EXT2_NDIR_BLOCKS; i++) {
		/* Ensure that lost+found is at least 2 blocks, so we always
		 * test large empty blocks for big-block filesystems.  */
		if ((lpf_size += fs->blocksize) >= 16*1024 &&
		    lpf_size >= 2 * fs->blocksize)
			break;
		retval = ext2fs_expand_dir(fs, ino);
		if (retval) {
			com_err("ext2fs_expand_dir", retval, "%s",
				_("while expanding /lost+found"));
			exit(1);
		}
	}
}

static void create_bad_block_inode(ext2_filsys fs, badblocks_list bb_list)
{
	errcode_t	retval;

	ext2fs_mark_inode_bitmap2(fs->inode_map, EXT2_BAD_INO);
	ext2fs_inode_alloc_stats2(fs, EXT2_BAD_INO, +1, 0);
	retval = ext2fs_update_bb_inode(fs, bb_list);
	if (retval) {
		com_err("ext2fs_update_bb_inode", retval, "%s",
			_("while setting bad block inode"));
		exit(1);
	}

}

static void reserve_inodes(ext2_filsys fs)
{
	ext2_ino_t	i;

	for (i = EXT2_ROOT_INO + 1; i < EXT2_FIRST_INODE(fs->super); i++)
		ext2fs_inode_alloc_stats2(fs, i, +1, 0);
	ext2fs_mark_ib_dirty(fs);
}

#define BSD_DISKMAGIC   (0x82564557UL)  /* The disk magic number */
#define BSD_MAGICDISK   (0x57455682UL)  /* The disk magic number reversed */
#define BSD_LABEL_OFFSET        64

static void zap_sector(ext2_filsys fs, int sect, int nsect)
{
	char *buf;
	int retval;
	unsigned int *magic;

	buf = malloc(512*nsect);
	if (!buf) {
		printf(_("Out of memory erasing sectors %d-%d\n"),
		       sect, sect + nsect - 1);
		exit(1);
	}

	if (sect == 0) {
		/* Check for a BSD disklabel, and don't erase it if so */
		retval = io_channel_read_blk64(fs->io, 0, -512, buf);
		if (retval)
			fprintf(stderr,
				_("Warning: could not read block 0: %s\n"),
				error_message(retval));
		else {
			magic = (unsigned int *) (buf + BSD_LABEL_OFFSET);
			if ((*magic == BSD_DISKMAGIC) ||
			    (*magic == BSD_MAGICDISK))
				return;
		}
	}

	memset(buf, 0, 512*nsect);
	io_channel_set_blksize(fs->io, 512);
	retval = io_channel_write_blk64(fs->io, sect, -512*nsect, buf);
	io_channel_set_blksize(fs->io, fs->blocksize);
	free(buf);
	if (retval)
		fprintf(stderr, _("Warning: could not erase sector %d: %s\n"),
			sect, error_message(retval));
}

static void create_journal_dev(ext2_filsys fs)
{
	struct ext2fs_numeric_progress_struct progress;
	errcode_t		retval;
	char			*buf;
	blk64_t			blk, err_blk;
	int			c, count, err_count;

	retval = ext2fs_create_journal_superblock(fs,
				  ext2fs_blocks_count(fs->super), 0, &buf);
	if (retval) {
		com_err("create_journal_dev", retval, "%s",
			_("while initializing journal superblock"));
		exit(1);
	}

	if (journal_flags & EXT2_MKJOURNAL_LAZYINIT)
		goto write_superblock;

	ext2fs_numeric_progress_init(fs, &progress,
				     _("Zeroing journal device: "),
				     ext2fs_blocks_count(fs->super));
	blk = 0;
	count = ext2fs_blocks_count(fs->super);
	while (count > 0) {
		if (count > 1024)
			c = 1024;
		else
			c = count;
		retval = ext2fs_zero_blocks2(fs, blk, c, &err_blk, &err_count);
		if (retval) {
			com_err("create_journal_dev", retval,
				_("while zeroing journal device "
				  "(block %llu, count %d)"),
				err_blk, err_count);
			exit(1);
		}
		blk += c;
		count -= c;
		ext2fs_numeric_progress_update(fs, &progress, blk);
	}
	ext2fs_zero_blocks2(0, 0, 0, 0, 0);

	ext2fs_numeric_progress_close(fs, &progress, NULL);
write_superblock:
	retval = io_channel_write_blk64(fs->io,
					fs->super->s_first_data_block+1,
					1, buf);
	if (retval) {
		com_err("create_journal_dev", retval, "%s",
			_("while writing journal superblock"));
		exit(1);
	}
}

static void show_stats(ext2_filsys fs)
{
	struct ext2_super_block *s = fs->super;
	char 			buf[80];
        char                    *os;
	blk64_t			group_block;
	dgrp_t			i;
	int			need, col_left;

	if (!verbose) {
		printf(_("Creating filesystem with %llu %dk blocks and "
			 "%u inodes\n"),
		       ext2fs_blocks_count(s), fs->blocksize >> 10,
		       s->s_inodes_count);
		goto skip_details;
	}

	if (ext2fs_blocks_count(&fs_param) != ext2fs_blocks_count(s))
		fprintf(stderr, _("warning: %llu blocks unused.\n\n"),
		       ext2fs_blocks_count(&fs_param) - ext2fs_blocks_count(s));

	memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
	strncpy(buf, s->s_volume_name, sizeof(s->s_volume_name));
	printf(_("Filesystem label=%s\n"), buf);
	os = e2p_os2string(fs->super->s_creator_os);
	if (os)
		printf(_("OS type: %s\n"), os);
	free(os);
	printf(_("Block size=%u (log=%u)\n"), fs->blocksize,
		s->s_log_block_size);
	if (EXT2_HAS_RO_COMPAT_FEATURE(fs->super,
				       EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_BIGALLOC))
		printf(_("Cluster size=%u (log=%u)\n"),
		       fs->blocksize << fs->cluster_ratio_bits,
		       s->s_log_cluster_size);
	else
		printf(_("Fragment size=%u (log=%u)\n"), EXT2_CLUSTER_SIZE(s),
		       s->s_log_cluster_size);
	printf(_("Stride=%u blocks, Stripe width=%u blocks\n"),
	       s->s_raid_stride, s->s_raid_stripe_width);
	printf(_("%u inodes, %llu blocks\n"), s->s_inodes_count,
	       ext2fs_blocks_count(s));
	printf(_("%llu blocks (%2.2f%%) reserved for the super user\n"),
		ext2fs_r_blocks_count(s),
	       100.0 *  ext2fs_r_blocks_count(s) / ext2fs_blocks_count(s));
	printf(_("First data block=%u\n"), s->s_first_data_block);
	if (root_uid != 0 || root_gid != 0)
		printf(_("Root directory owner=%u:%u\n"), root_uid, root_gid);
	if (s->s_reserved_gdt_blocks)
		printf(_("Maximum filesystem blocks=%lu\n"),
		       (s->s_reserved_gdt_blocks + fs->desc_blocks) *
		       EXT2_DESC_PER_BLOCK(s) * s->s_blocks_per_group);
	if (fs->group_desc_count > 1)
		printf(_("%u block groups\n"), fs->group_desc_count);
	else
		printf(_("%u block group\n"), fs->group_desc_count);
	if (EXT2_HAS_RO_COMPAT_FEATURE(fs->super,
				       EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_BIGALLOC))
		printf(_("%u blocks per group, %u clusters per group\n"),
		       s->s_blocks_per_group, s->s_clusters_per_group);
	else
		printf(_("%u blocks per group, %u fragments per group\n"),
		       s->s_blocks_per_group, s->s_clusters_per_group);
	printf(_("%u inodes per group\n"), s->s_inodes_per_group);

skip_details:
	if (fs->group_desc_count == 1) {
		printf("\n");
		return;
	}

	if (!e2p_is_null_uuid(s->s_uuid))
		printf(_("Filesystem UUID: %s\n"), e2p_uuid2str(s->s_uuid));
	printf("%s", _("Superblock backups stored on blocks: "));
	group_block = s->s_first_data_block;
	col_left = 0;
	for (i = 1; i < fs->group_desc_count; i++) {
		group_block += s->s_blocks_per_group;
		if (!ext2fs_bg_has_super(fs, i))
			continue;
		if (i != 1)
			printf(", ");
		need = int_log10(group_block) + 2;
		if (need > col_left) {
			printf("\n\t");
			col_left = 72;
		}
		col_left -= need;
		printf("%llu", group_block);
	}
	printf("\n\n");
}

/*
 * Set the S_CREATOR_OS field.  Return true if OS is known,
 * otherwise, 0.
 */
static int set_os(struct ext2_super_block *sb, char *os)
{
	if (isdigit (*os))
		sb->s_creator_os = atoi (os);
	else if (strcasecmp(os, "linux") == 0)
		sb->s_creator_os = EXT2_OS_LINUX;
	else if (strcasecmp(os, "GNU") == 0 || strcasecmp(os, "hurd") == 0)
		sb->s_creator_os = EXT2_OS_HURD;
	else if (strcasecmp(os, "freebsd") == 0)
		sb->s_creator_os = EXT2_OS_FREEBSD;
	else if (strcasecmp(os, "lites") == 0)
		sb->s_creator_os = EXT2_OS_LITES;
	else
		return 0;
	return 1;
}

#define PATH_SET "PATH=/sbin"

static void parse_extended_opts(struct ext2_super_block *param,
				const char *opts)
{
	char	*buf, *token, *next, *p, *arg, *badopt = 0;
	int	len;
	int	r_usage = 0;

	len = strlen(opts);
	buf = malloc(len+1);
	if (!buf) {
		fprintf(stderr, "%s",
			_("Couldn't allocate memory to parse options!\n"));
		exit(1);
	}
	strcpy(buf, opts);
	for (token = buf; token && *token; token = next) {
		p = strchr(token, ',');
		next = 0;
		if (p) {
			*p = 0;
			next = p+1;
		}
		arg = strchr(token, '=');
		if (arg) {
			*arg = 0;
			arg++;
		}
		if (strcmp(token, "desc-size") == 0 ||
		    strcmp(token, "desc_size") == 0) {
			int desc_size;

			if (!(fs_param.s_feature_incompat &
			      EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_64BIT)) {
				fprintf(stderr,
					_("%s requires '-O 64bit'\n"), token);
				r_usage++;
				continue;
			}
			if (param->s_reserved_gdt_blocks != 0) {
				fprintf(stderr,
					_("'%s' must be before 'resize=%u'\n"),
					token, param->s_reserved_gdt_blocks);
				r_usage++;
				continue;
			}
			if (!arg) {
				r_usage++;
				badopt = token;
				continue;
			}
			desc_size = strtoul(arg, &p, 0);
			if (*p || (desc_size & (desc_size - 1))) {
				fprintf(stderr,
					_("Invalid desc_size: '%s'\n"), arg);
				r_usage++;
				continue;
			}
			param->s_desc_size = desc_size;
		} else if (strcmp(token, "offset") == 0) {
			if (!arg) {
				r_usage++;
				badopt = token;
				continue;
			}
			offset = strtoull(arg, &p, 0);
			if (*p) {
				fprintf(stderr, _("Invalid offset: %s\n"),
					arg);
				r_usage++;
				continue;
			}
		} else if (strcmp(token, "mmp_update_interval") == 0) {
			if (!arg) {
				r_usage++;
				badopt = token;
				continue;
			}
			param->s_mmp_update_interval = strtoul(arg, &p, 0);
			if (*p) {
				fprintf(stderr,
					_("Invalid mmp_update_interval: %s\n"),
					arg);
				r_usage++;
				continue;
			}
		} else if (strcmp(token, "num_backup_sb") == 0) {
			if (!arg) {
				r_usage++;
				badopt = token;
				continue;
			}
			num_backups = strtoul(arg, &p, 0);
			if (*p || num_backups > 2) {
				fprintf(stderr,
					_("Invalid # of backup "
					  "superblocks: %s\n"),
					arg);
				r_usage++;
				continue;
			}
		} else if (strcmp(token, "packed_meta_blocks") == 0) {
			if (arg)
				packed_meta_blocks = strtoul(arg, &p, 0);
			else
				packed_meta_blocks = 1;
			if (packed_meta_blocks)
				journal_location = 0;
		} else if (strcmp(token, "stride") == 0) {
			if (!arg) {
				r_usage++;
				badopt = token;
				continue;
			}
			param->s_raid_stride = strtoul(arg, &p, 0);
			if (*p) {
				fprintf(stderr,
					_("Invalid stride parameter: %s\n"),
					arg);
				r_usage++;
				continue;
			}
		} else if (strcmp(token, "stripe-width") == 0 ||
			   strcmp(token, "stripe_width") == 0) {
			if (!arg) {
				r_usage++;
				badopt = token;
				continue;
			}
			param->s_raid_stripe_width = strtoul(arg, &p, 0);
			if (*p) {
				fprintf(stderr,
					_("Invalid stripe-width parameter: %s\n"),
					arg);
				r_usage++;
				continue;
			}
		} else if (!strcmp(token, "resize")) {
			blk64_t resize;
			unsigned long bpg, rsv_groups;
			unsigned long group_desc_count, desc_blocks;
			unsigned int gdpb, blocksize;
			int rsv_gdb;

			if (!arg) {
				r_usage++;
				badopt = token;
				continue;
			}

			resize = parse_num_blocks2(arg,
						   param->s_log_block_size);

			if (resize == 0) {
				fprintf(stderr,
					_("Invalid resize parameter: %s\n"),
					arg);
				r_usage++;
				continue;
			}
			if (resize <= ext2fs_blocks_count(param)) {
				fprintf(stderr, "%s",
					_("The resize maximum must be greater "
					  "than the filesystem size.\n"));
				r_usage++;
				continue;
			}

			blocksize = EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE(param);
			bpg = param->s_blocks_per_group;
			if (!bpg)
				bpg = blocksize * 8;
			gdpb = EXT2_DESC_PER_BLOCK(param);
			group_desc_count = (__u32) ext2fs_div64_ceil(
				ext2fs_blocks_count(param), bpg);
			desc_blocks = (group_desc_count +
				       gdpb - 1) / gdpb;
			rsv_groups = ext2fs_div64_ceil(resize, bpg);
			rsv_gdb = ext2fs_div_ceil(rsv_groups, gdpb) -
				desc_blocks;
			if (rsv_gdb > (int) EXT2_ADDR_PER_BLOCK(param))
				rsv_gdb = EXT2_ADDR_PER_BLOCK(param);

			if (rsv_gdb > 0) {
				if (param->s_rev_level == EXT2_GOOD_OLD_REV) {
					fprintf(stderr, "%s",
	_("On-line resizing not supported with revision 0 filesystems\n"));
					free(buf);
					exit(1);
				}
				param->s_feature_compat |=
					EXT2_FEATURE_COMPAT_RESIZE_INODE;

				param->s_reserved_gdt_blocks = rsv_gdb;
			}
		} else if (!strcmp(token, "test_fs")) {
			param->s_flags |= EXT2_FLAGS_TEST_FILESYS;
		} else if (!strcmp(token, "lazy_itable_init")) {
			if (arg)
				lazy_itable_init = strtoul(arg, &p, 0);
			else
				lazy_itable_init = 1;
		} else if (!strcmp(token, "lazy_journal_init")) {
			if (arg)
				journal_flags |= strtoul(arg, &p, 0) ?
						EXT2_MKJOURNAL_LAZYINIT : 0;
			else
				journal_flags |= EXT2_MKJOURNAL_LAZYINIT;
		} else if (!strcmp(token, "root_owner")) {
			if (arg) {
				root_uid = strtoul(arg, &p, 0);
				if (*p != ':') {
					fprintf(stderr,
						_("Invalid root_owner: '%s'\n"),
						arg);
					r_usage++;
					continue;
				}
				p++;
				root_gid = strtoul(p, &p, 0);
				if (*p) {
					fprintf(stderr,
						_("Invalid root_owner: '%s'\n"),
						arg);
					r_usage++;
					continue;
				}
			} else {
				root_uid = getuid();
				root_gid = getgid();
			}
		} else if (!strcmp(token, "discard")) {
			discard = 1;
		} else if (!strcmp(token, "nodiscard")) {
			discard = 0;
		} else if (!strcmp(token, "quotatype")) {
			if (!arg) {
				r_usage++;
				badopt = token;
				continue;
			}
			if (!strncmp(arg, "usr", 3)) {
				quotatype = 0;
			} else if (!strncmp(arg, "grp", 3)) {
				quotatype = 1;
			} else {
				fprintf(stderr,
					_("Invalid quotatype parameter: %s\n"),
					arg);
				r_usage++;
				continue;
			}
		} else {
			r_usage++;
			badopt = token;
		}
	}
	if (r_usage) {
		fprintf(stderr, _("\nBad option(s) specified: %s\n\n"
			"Extended options are separated by commas, "
			"and may take an argument which\n"
			"\tis set off by an equals ('=') sign.\n\n"
			"Valid extended options are:\n"
			"\tmmp_update_interval=<interval>\n"
			"\tnum_backup_sb=<0|1|2>\n"
			"\tstride=<RAID per-disk data chunk in blocks>\n"
			"\tstripe-width=<RAID stride * data disks in blocks>\n"
			"\toffset=<offset to create the file system>\n"
			"\tresize=<resize maximum size in blocks>\n"
			"\tpacked_meta_blocks=<0 to disable, 1 to enable>\n"
			"\tlazy_itable_init=<0 to disable, 1 to enable>\n"
			"\tlazy_journal_init=<0 to disable, 1 to enable>\n"
			"\troot_uid=<uid of root directory>\n"
			"\troot_gid=<gid of root directory>\n"
			"\ttest_fs\n"
			"\tdiscard\n"
			"\tnodiscard\n"
			"\tquotatype=<usr OR grp>\n\n"),
			badopt ? badopt : "");
		free(buf);
		exit(1);
	}
	if (param->s_raid_stride &&
	    (param->s_raid_stripe_width % param->s_raid_stride) != 0)
		fprintf(stderr, _("\nWarning: RAID stripe-width %u not an even "
				  "multiple of stride %u.\n\n"),
			param->s_raid_stripe_width, param->s_raid_stride);

	free(buf);
}

static __u32 ok_features[3] = {
	/* Compat */
	EXT3_FEATURE_COMPAT_HAS_JOURNAL |
		EXT2_FEATURE_COMPAT_RESIZE_INODE |
		EXT2_FEATURE_COMPAT_DIR_INDEX |
		EXT2_FEATURE_COMPAT_EXT_ATTR |
		EXT4_FEATURE_COMPAT_SPARSE_SUPER2,
	/* Incompat */
	EXT2_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_FILETYPE|
		EXT3_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_EXTENTS|
		EXT3_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_JOURNAL_DEV|
		EXT2_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_META_BG|
		EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_FLEX_BG|
		EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_MMP |
		EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_64BIT,
	/* R/O compat */
	EXT2_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_LARGE_FILE|
		EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_HUGE_FILE|
		EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_DIR_NLINK|
		EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_EXTRA_ISIZE|
		EXT2_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_SPARSE_SUPER|
		EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_GDT_CSUM|
		EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_BIGALLOC|
#ifdef CONFIG_QUOTA
		EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_QUOTA|
#endif
		0
};


static void syntax_err_report(const char *filename, long err, int line_num)
{
	fprintf(stderr,
		_("Syntax error in mke2fs config file (%s, line #%d)\n\t%s\n"),
		filename, line_num, error_message(err));
	exit(1);
}

static const char *config_fn[] = { ROOT_SYSCONFDIR "/mke2fs.conf", 0 };

static void edit_feature(const char *str, __u32 *compat_array)
{
	if (!str)
		return;

	if (e2p_edit_feature(str, compat_array, ok_features)) {
		fprintf(stderr, _("Invalid filesystem option set: %s\n"),
			str);
		exit(1);
	}
}

static void edit_mntopts(const char *str, __u32 *mntopts)
{
	if (!str)
		return;

	if (e2p_edit_mntopts(str, mntopts, ~0)) {
		fprintf(stderr, _("Invalid mount option set: %s\n"),
			str);
		exit(1);
	}
}

struct str_list {
	char **list;
	int num;
	int max;
};

static errcode_t init_list(struct str_list *sl)
{
	sl->num = 0;
	sl->max = 0;
	sl->list = malloc((sl->max+1) * sizeof(char *));
	if (!sl->list)
		return ENOMEM;
	sl->list[0] = 0;
	return 0;
}

static errcode_t push_string(struct str_list *sl, const char *str)
{
	char **new_list;

	if (sl->num >= sl->max) {
		sl->max += 2;
		new_list = realloc(sl->list, (sl->max+1) * sizeof(char *));
		if (!new_list)
			return ENOMEM;
		sl->list = new_list;
	}
	sl->list[sl->num] = malloc(strlen(str)+1);
	if (sl->list[sl->num] == 0)
		return ENOMEM;
	strcpy(sl->list[sl->num], str);
	sl->num++;
	sl->list[sl->num] = 0;
	return 0;
}

static void print_str_list(char **list)
{
	char **cpp;

	for (cpp = list; *cpp; cpp++) {
		printf("'%s'", *cpp);
		if (cpp[1])
			fputs(", ", stdout);
	}
	fputc('\n', stdout);
}

/*
 * Return TRUE if the profile has the given subsection
 */
static int profile_has_subsection(profile_t prof, const char *section,
				  const char *subsection)
{
	void			*state;
	const char		*names[4];
	char			*name;
	int			ret = 0;

	names[0] = section;
	names[1] = subsection;
	names[2] = 0;

	if (profile_iterator_create(prof, names,
				    PROFILE_ITER_LIST_SECTION |
				    PROFILE_ITER_RELATIONS_ONLY, &state))
		return 0;

	if ((profile_iterator(&state, &name, 0) == 0) && name) {
		free(name);
		ret = 1;
	}

	profile_iterator_free(&state);
	return ret;
}

static char **parse_fs_type(const char *fs_type,
			    const char *usage_types,
			    struct ext2_super_block *sb,
			    blk64_t fs_blocks_count,
			    char *progname)
{
	const char	*ext_type = 0;
	char		*parse_str;
	char		*profile_type = 0;
	char		*cp, *t;
	const char	*size_type;
	struct str_list	list;
	unsigned long long meg;
	int		is_hurd = 0;

	if (init_list(&list))
		return 0;

	if (creator_os && (!strcasecmp(creator_os, "GNU") ||
			   !strcasecmp(creator_os, "hurd")))
		is_hurd = 1;

	if (fs_type)
		ext_type = fs_type;
	else if (is_hurd)
		ext_type = "ext2";
	else if (!strcmp(program_name, "mke3fs"))
		ext_type = "ext3";
	else if (!strcmp(program_name, "mke4fs"))
		ext_type = "ext4";
	else if (progname) {
		ext_type = strrchr(progname, '/');
		if (ext_type)
			ext_type++;
		else
			ext_type = progname;

		if (!strncmp(ext_type, "mkfs.", 5)) {
			ext_type += 5;
			if (ext_type[0] == 0)
				ext_type = 0;
		} else
			ext_type = 0;
	}

	if (!ext_type) {
		profile_get_string(profile, "defaults", "fs_type", 0,
				   "ext2", &profile_type);
		ext_type = profile_type;
		if (!strcmp(ext_type, "ext2") && (journal_size != 0))
			ext_type = "ext3";
	}


	if (!profile_has_subsection(profile, "fs_types", ext_type) &&
	    strcmp(ext_type, "ext2")) {
		printf(_("\nYour mke2fs.conf file does not define the "
			 "%s filesystem type.\n"), ext_type);
		if (!strcmp(ext_type, "ext3") || !strcmp(ext_type, "ext4") ||
		    !strcmp(ext_type, "ext4dev")) {
			printf("%s", _("You probably need to install an "
				       "updated mke2fs.conf file.\n\n"));
		}
		if (!force) {
			printf("%s", _("Aborting...\n"));
			exit(1);
		}
	}

	meg = (1024 * 1024) / EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE(sb);
	if (fs_blocks_count < 3 * meg)
		size_type = "floppy";
	else if (fs_blocks_count < 512 * meg)
		size_type = "small";
	else if (fs_blocks_count < 4 * 1024 * 1024 * meg)
		size_type = "default";
	else if (fs_blocks_count < 16 * 1024 * 1024 * meg)
		size_type = "big";
	else
		size_type = "huge";

	if (!usage_types)
		usage_types = size_type;

	parse_str = malloc(strlen(usage_types)+1);
	if (!parse_str) {
		free(profile_type);
		free(list.list);
		return 0;
	}
	strcpy(parse_str, usage_types);

	if (ext_type)
		push_string(&list, ext_type);
	cp = parse_str;
	while (1) {
		t = strchr(cp, ',');
		if (t)
			*t = '\0';

		if (*cp) {
			if (profile_has_subsection(profile, "fs_types", cp))
				push_string(&list, cp);
			else if (strcmp(cp, "default") != 0)
				fprintf(stderr,
					_("\nWarning: the fs_type %s is not "
					  "defined in mke2fs.conf\n\n"),
					cp);
		}
		if (t)
			cp = t+1;
		else
			break;
	}
	free(parse_str);
	free(profile_type);
	if (is_hurd)
		push_string(&list, "hurd");
	return (list.list);
}

char *get_string_from_profile(char **types, const char *opt,
				     const char *def_val)
{
	char *ret = 0;
	int i;

	for (i=0; types[i]; i++);
	for (i-=1; i >=0 ; i--) {
		profile_get_string(profile, "fs_types", types[i],
				   opt, 0, &ret);
		if (ret)
			return ret;
	}
	profile_get_string(profile, "defaults", opt, 0, def_val, &ret);
	return (ret);
}

int get_int_from_profile(char **types, const char *opt, int def_val)
{
	int ret;
	char **cpp;

	profile_get_integer(profile, "defaults", opt, 0, def_val, &ret);
	for (cpp = types; *cpp; cpp++)
		profile_get_integer(profile, "fs_types", *cpp, opt, ret, &ret);
	return ret;
}

static unsigned int get_uint_from_profile(char **types, const char *opt,
					unsigned int def_val)
{
	unsigned int ret;
	char **cpp;

	profile_get_uint(profile, "defaults", opt, 0, def_val, &ret);
	for (cpp = types; *cpp; cpp++)
		profile_get_uint(profile, "fs_types", *cpp, opt, ret, &ret);
	return ret;
}

static double get_double_from_profile(char **types, const char *opt,
				      double def_val)
{
	double ret;
	char **cpp;

	profile_get_double(profile, "defaults", opt, 0, def_val, &ret);
	for (cpp = types; *cpp; cpp++)
		profile_get_double(profile, "fs_types", *cpp, opt, ret, &ret);
	return ret;
}

int get_bool_from_profile(char **types, const char *opt, int def_val)
{
	int ret;
	char **cpp;

	profile_get_boolean(profile, "defaults", opt, 0, def_val, &ret);
	for (cpp = types; *cpp; cpp++)
		profile_get_boolean(profile, "fs_types", *cpp, opt, ret, &ret);
	return ret;
}

extern const char *mke2fs_default_profile;
static const char *default_files[] = { "<default>", 0 };

#ifdef HAVE_BLKID_PROBE_GET_TOPOLOGY
/*
 * Sets the geometry of a device (stripe/stride), and returns the
 * device's alignment offset, if any, or a negative error.
 */
static int get_device_geometry(const char *file,
			       struct ext2_super_block *fs_param,
			       int psector_size)
{
	int rc = -1;
	int blocksize;
	blkid_probe pr;
	blkid_topology tp;
	unsigned long min_io;
	unsigned long opt_io;
	struct stat statbuf;

	/* Nothing to do for a regular file */
	if (!stat(file, &statbuf) && S_ISREG(statbuf.st_mode))
		return 0;

	pr = blkid_new_probe_from_filename(file);
	if (!pr)
		goto out;

	tp = blkid_probe_get_topology(pr);
	if (!tp)
		goto out;

	min_io = blkid_topology_get_minimum_io_size(tp);
	opt_io = blkid_topology_get_optimal_io_size(tp);
	blocksize = EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE(fs_param);
	if ((min_io == 0) && (psector_size > blocksize))
		min_io = psector_size;
	if ((opt_io == 0) && min_io)
		opt_io = min_io;
	if ((opt_io == 0) && (psector_size > blocksize))
		opt_io = psector_size;

	/* setting stripe/stride to blocksize is pointless */
	if (min_io > blocksize)
		fs_param->s_raid_stride = min_io / blocksize;
	if (opt_io > blocksize)
		fs_param->s_raid_stripe_width = opt_io / blocksize;

	rc = blkid_topology_get_alignment_offset(tp);
out:
	blkid_free_probe(pr);
	return rc;
}
#endif

static void PRS(int argc, char *argv[])
{
	int		b, c, flags;
	int		cluster_size = 0;
	char 		*tmp, **cpp;
	int		blocksize = 0;
	int		inode_ratio = 0;
	int		inode_size = 0;
	unsigned long	flex_bg_size = 0;
	double		reserved_ratio = -1.0;
	int		lsector_size = 0, psector_size = 0;
	int		show_version_only = 0, is_device = 0;
	unsigned long long num_inodes = 0; /* unsigned long long to catch too-large input */
	errcode_t	retval;
	char *		oldpath = getenv("PATH");
	char *		extended_opts = 0;
	char *		fs_type = 0;
	char *		usage_types = 0;
	/*
	 * NOTE: A few words about fs_blocks_count and blocksize:
	 *
	 * Initially, blocksize is set to zero, which implies 1024.
	 * If -b is specified, blocksize is updated to the user's value.
	 *
	 * Next, the device size or the user's "blocks" command line argument
	 * is used to set fs_blocks_count; the units are blocksize.
	 *
	 * Later, if blocksize hasn't been set and the profile specifies a
	 * blocksize, then blocksize is updated and fs_blocks_count is scaled
	 * appropriately.  Note the change in units!
	 *
	 * Finally, we complain about fs_blocks_count > 2^32 on a non-64bit fs.
	 */
	blk64_t		fs_blocks_count = 0;
	long		sysval;
	int		s_opt = -1, r_opt = -1;
	char		*fs_features = 0;
	int		use_bsize;
	char		*newpath;
	int		pathlen = sizeof(PATH_SET) + 1;

	if (oldpath)
		pathlen += strlen(oldpath);
	newpath = malloc(pathlen);
	if (!newpath) {
		fprintf(stderr, "%s",
			_("Couldn't allocate memory for new PATH.\n"));
		exit(1);
	}
	strcpy(newpath, PATH_SET);

	/* Update our PATH to include /sbin  */
	if (oldpath) {
		strcat (newpath, ":");
		strcat (newpath, oldpath);
	}
	putenv (newpath);

	tmp = getenv("MKE2FS_SYNC");
	if (tmp)
		sync_kludge = atoi(tmp);

	/* Determine the system page size if possible */
#ifdef HAVE_SYSCONF
#if (!defined(_SC_PAGESIZE) && defined(_SC_PAGE_SIZE))
#define _SC_PAGESIZE _SC_PAGE_SIZE
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PAGESIZE
	sysval = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
	if (sysval > 0)
		sys_page_size = sysval;
#endif /* _SC_PAGESIZE */
#endif /* HAVE_SYSCONF */

	if ((tmp = getenv("MKE2FS_CONFIG")) != NULL)
		config_fn[0] = tmp;
	profile_set_syntax_err_cb(syntax_err_report);
	retval = profile_init(config_fn, &profile);
	if (retval == ENOENT) {
		retval = profile_init(default_files, &profile);
		if (retval)
			goto profile_error;
		retval = profile_set_default(profile, mke2fs_default_profile);
		if (retval)
			goto profile_error;
	} else if (retval) {
profile_error:
		fprintf(stderr, _("Couldn't init profile successfully"
				  " (error: %ld).\n"), retval);
		exit(1);
	}

	setbuf(stdout, NULL);
	setbuf(stderr, NULL);
	add_error_table(&et_ext2_error_table);
	add_error_table(&et_prof_error_table);
	memset(&fs_param, 0, sizeof(struct ext2_super_block));
	fs_param.s_rev_level = 1;  /* Create revision 1 filesystems now */

	if (is_before_linux_ver(2, 2, 0))
		fs_param.s_rev_level = 0;

	if (argc && *argv) {
		program_name = get_progname(*argv);

		/* If called as mkfs.ext3, create a journal inode */
		if (!strcmp(program_name, "mkfs.ext3") ||
		    !strcmp(program_name, "mke3fs"))
			journal_size = -1;
	}

	while ((c = getopt (argc, argv,
		    "b:cg:i:jl:m:no:qr:s:t:vC:DE:FG:I:J:KL:M:N:O:R:ST:U:V")) != EOF) {
		switch (c) {
		case 'b':
			blocksize = parse_num_blocks2(optarg, -1);
			b = (blocksize > 0) ? blocksize : -blocksize;
			if (b < EXT2_MIN_BLOCK_SIZE ||
			    b > EXT2_MAX_BLOCK_SIZE) {
				com_err(program_name, 0,
					_("invalid block size - %s"), optarg);
				exit(1);
			}
			if (blocksize > 4096)
				fprintf(stderr, _("Warning: blocksize %d not "
						  "usable on most systems.\n"),
					blocksize);
			if (blocksize > 0)
				fs_param.s_log_block_size =
					int_log2(blocksize >>
						 EXT2_MIN_BLOCK_LOG_SIZE);
			break;
		case 'c':	/* Check for bad blocks */
			cflag++;
			break;
		case 'C':
			cluster_size = parse_num_blocks2(optarg, -1);
			if (cluster_size <= EXT2_MIN_CLUSTER_SIZE ||
			    cluster_size > EXT2_MAX_CLUSTER_SIZE) {
				com_err(program_name, 0,
					_("invalid cluster size - %s"),
					optarg);
				exit(1);
			}
			break;
		case 'D':
			direct_io = 1;
			break;
		case 'R':
			com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
				_("'-R' is deprecated, use '-E' instead"));
			/* fallthrough */
		case 'E':
			extended_opts = optarg;
			break;
		case 'F':
			force++;
			break;
		case 'g':
			fs_param.s_blocks_per_group = strtoul(optarg, &tmp, 0);
			if (*tmp) {
				com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
				_("Illegal number for blocks per group"));
				exit(1);
			}
			if ((fs_param.s_blocks_per_group % 8) != 0) {
				com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
				_("blocks per group must be multiple of 8"));
				exit(1);
			}
			break;
		case 'G':
			flex_bg_size = strtoul(optarg, &tmp, 0);
			if (*tmp) {
				com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
					_("Illegal number for flex_bg size"));
				exit(1);
			}
			if (flex_bg_size < 1 ||
			    (flex_bg_size & (flex_bg_size-1)) != 0) {
				com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
					_("flex_bg size must be a power of 2"));
				exit(1);
			}
			if (flex_bg_size > MAX_32_NUM) {
				com_err(program_name, 0,
				_("flex_bg size (%lu) must be less than"
				" or equal to 2^31"), flex_bg_size);
				exit(1);
			}
			break;
		case 'i':
			inode_ratio = strtoul(optarg, &tmp, 0);
			if (inode_ratio < EXT2_MIN_BLOCK_SIZE ||
			    inode_ratio > EXT2_MAX_BLOCK_SIZE * 1024 ||
			    *tmp) {
				com_err(program_name, 0,
					_("invalid inode ratio %s (min %d/max %d)"),
					optarg, EXT2_MIN_BLOCK_SIZE,
					EXT2_MAX_BLOCK_SIZE * 1024);
				exit(1);
			}
			break;
		case 'I':
			inode_size = strtoul(optarg, &tmp, 0);
			if (*tmp) {
				com_err(program_name, 0,
					_("invalid inode size - %s"), optarg);
				exit(1);
			}
			break;
		case 'j':
			if (!journal_size)
				journal_size = -1;
			break;
		case 'J':
			parse_journal_opts(optarg);
			break;
		case 'K':
			fprintf(stderr, "%s",
				_("Warning: -K option is deprecated and "
				  "should not be used anymore. Use "
				  "\'-E nodiscard\' extended option "
				  "instead!\n"));
			discard = 0;
			break;
		case 'l':
			bad_blocks_filename = realloc(bad_blocks_filename,
						      strlen(optarg) + 1);
			if (!bad_blocks_filename) {
				com_err(program_name, ENOMEM, "%s",
					_("in malloc for bad_blocks_filename"));
				exit(1);
			}
			strcpy(bad_blocks_filename, optarg);
			break;
		case 'L':
			volume_label = optarg;
			break;
		case 'm':
			reserved_ratio = strtod(optarg, &tmp);
			if ( *tmp || reserved_ratio > 50 ||
			     reserved_ratio < 0) {
				com_err(program_name, 0,
					_("invalid reserved blocks percent - %s"),
					optarg);
				exit(1);
			}
			break;
		case 'M':
			mount_dir = optarg;
			break;
		case 'n':
			noaction++;
			break;
		case 'N':
			num_inodes = strtoul(optarg, &tmp, 0);
			if (*tmp) {
				com_err(program_name, 0,
					_("bad num inodes - %s"), optarg);
					exit(1);
			}
			break;
		case 'o':
			creator_os = optarg;
			break;
		case 'O':
			fs_features = optarg;
			break;
		case 'q':
			quiet = 1;
			break;
		case 'r':
			r_opt = strtoul(optarg, &tmp, 0);
			if (*tmp) {
				com_err(program_name, 0,
					_("bad revision level - %s"), optarg);
				exit(1);
			}
			if (r_opt > EXT2_MAX_SUPP_REV) {
				com_err(program_name, EXT2_ET_REV_TOO_HIGH,
					_("while trying to create revision %d"), r_opt);
				exit(1);
			}
			fs_param.s_rev_level = r_opt;
			break;
		case 's':	/* deprecated */
			s_opt = atoi(optarg);
			break;
		case 'S':
			super_only = 1;
			break;
		case 't':
			if (fs_type) {
				com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
				    _("The -t option may only be used once"));
				exit(1);
			}
			fs_type = strdup(optarg);
			break;
		case 'T':
			if (usage_types) {
				com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
				    _("The -T option may only be used once"));
				exit(1);
			}
			usage_types = strdup(optarg);
			break;
		case 'U':
			fs_uuid = optarg;
			break;
		case 'v':
			verbose = 1;
			break;
		case 'V':
			/* Print version number and exit */
			show_version_only++;
			break;
		default:
			usage();
		}
	}
	if ((optind == argc) && !show_version_only)
		usage();
	device_name = argv[optind++];

	if (!quiet || show_version_only)
		fprintf (stderr, "mke2fs %s (%s)\n", E2FSPROGS_VERSION,
			 E2FSPROGS_DATE);

	if (show_version_only) {
		fprintf(stderr, _("\tUsing %s\n"),
			error_message(EXT2_ET_BASE));
		exit(0);
	}

	/*
	 * If there's no blocksize specified and there is a journal
	 * device, use it to figure out the blocksize
	 */
	if (blocksize <= 0 && journal_device) {
		ext2_filsys	jfs;
		io_manager	io_ptr;

#ifdef CONFIG_TESTIO_DEBUG
		if (getenv("TEST_IO_FLAGS") || getenv("TEST_IO_BLOCK")) {
			io_ptr = test_io_manager;
			test_io_backing_manager = unix_io_manager;
		} else
#endif
			io_ptr = unix_io_manager;
		retval = ext2fs_open(journal_device,
				     EXT2_FLAG_JOURNAL_DEV_OK, 0,
				     0, io_ptr, &jfs);
		if (retval) {
			com_err(program_name, retval,
				_("while trying to open journal device %s\n"),
				journal_device);
			exit(1);
		}
		if ((blocksize < 0) && (jfs->blocksize < (unsigned) (-blocksize))) {
			com_err(program_name, 0,
				_("Journal dev blocksize (%d) smaller than "
				  "minimum blocksize %d\n"), jfs->blocksize,
				-blocksize);
			exit(1);
		}
		blocksize = jfs->blocksize;
		printf(_("Using journal device's blocksize: %d\n"), blocksize);
		fs_param.s_log_block_size =
			int_log2(blocksize >> EXT2_MIN_BLOCK_LOG_SIZE);
		ext2fs_close_free(&jfs);
	}

	if (optind < argc) {
		fs_blocks_count = parse_num_blocks2(argv[optind++],
						   fs_param.s_log_block_size);
		if (!fs_blocks_count) {
			com_err(program_name, 0,
				_("invalid blocks '%s' on device '%s'"),
				argv[optind - 1], device_name);
			exit(1);
		}
	}
	if (optind < argc)
		usage();

	profile_get_integer(profile, "options", "proceed_delay", 0, 0,
			    &proceed_delay);

	/* The isatty() test is so we don't break existing scripts */
	flags = CREATE_FILE;
	if (isatty(0) && isatty(1))
		flags |= CHECK_FS_EXIST;
	if (!quiet)
		flags |= VERBOSE_CREATE;
	if (fs_blocks_count == 0)
		flags |= NO_SIZE;
	if (!check_plausibility(device_name, flags, &is_device) && !force)
		proceed_question(proceed_delay);

	check_mount(device_name, force, _("filesystem"));

	/* Determine the size of the device (if possible) */
	if (noaction && fs_blocks_count) {
		dev_size = fs_blocks_count;
		retval = 0;
	} else
		retval = ext2fs_get_device_size2(device_name,
						 EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE(&fs_param),
						 &dev_size);

	if (retval && (retval != EXT2_ET_UNIMPLEMENTED)) {
		com_err(program_name, retval, "%s",
			_("while trying to determine filesystem size"));
		exit(1);
	}
	if (!fs_blocks_count) {
		if (retval == EXT2_ET_UNIMPLEMENTED) {
			com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
				_("Couldn't determine device size; you "
				"must specify\nthe size of the "
				"filesystem\n"));
			exit(1);
		} else {
			if (dev_size == 0) {
				com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
				_("Device size reported to be zero.  "
				  "Invalid partition specified, or\n\t"
				  "partition table wasn't reread "
				  "after running fdisk, due to\n\t"
				  "a modified partition being busy "
				  "and in use.  You may need to reboot\n\t"
				  "to re-read your partition table.\n"
				  ));
				exit(1);
			}
			fs_blocks_count = dev_size;
			if (sys_page_size > EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE(&fs_param))
				fs_blocks_count &= ~((blk64_t) ((sys_page_size /
					     EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE(&fs_param))-1));
		}
	} else if (!force && is_device && (fs_blocks_count > dev_size)) {
		com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
			_("Filesystem larger than apparent device size."));
		proceed_question(proceed_delay);
	}

	if (!fs_type)
		profile_get_string(profile, "devices", device_name,
				   "fs_type", 0, &fs_type);
	if (!usage_types)
		profile_get_string(profile, "devices", device_name,
				   "usage_types", 0, &usage_types);

	/*
	 * We have the file system (or device) size, so we can now
	 * determine the appropriate file system types so the fs can
	 * be appropriately configured.
	 */
	fs_types = parse_fs_type(fs_type, usage_types, &fs_param,
				 fs_blocks_count ? fs_blocks_count : dev_size,
				 argv[0]);
	if (!fs_types) {
		fprintf(stderr, "%s", _("Failed to parse fs types list\n"));
		exit(1);
	}

	/* Figure out what features should be enabled */

	tmp = NULL;
	if (fs_param.s_rev_level != EXT2_GOOD_OLD_REV) {
		tmp = get_string_from_profile(fs_types, "base_features",
		      "sparse_super,filetype,resize_inode,dir_index");
		edit_feature(tmp, &fs_param.s_feature_compat);
		free(tmp);

		/* And which mount options as well */
		tmp = get_string_from_profile(fs_types, "default_mntopts",
					      "acl,user_xattr");
		edit_mntopts(tmp, &fs_param.s_default_mount_opts);
		if (tmp)
			free(tmp);

		for (cpp = fs_types; *cpp; cpp++) {
			tmp = NULL;
			profile_get_string(profile, "fs_types", *cpp,
					   "features", "", &tmp);
			if (tmp && *tmp)
				edit_feature(tmp, &fs_param.s_feature_compat);
			if (tmp)
				free(tmp);
		}
		tmp = get_string_from_profile(fs_types, "default_features",
					      "");
	}
	edit_feature(fs_features ? fs_features : tmp,
		     &fs_param.s_feature_compat);
	if (tmp)
		free(tmp);

	/* Get the hardware sector sizes, if available */
	retval = ext2fs_get_device_sectsize(device_name, &lsector_size);
	if (retval) {
		com_err(program_name, retval, "%s",
			_("while trying to determine hardware sector size"));
		exit(1);
	}
	retval = ext2fs_get_device_phys_sectsize(device_name, &psector_size);
	if (retval) {
		com_err(program_name, retval, "%s",
			_("while trying to determine physical sector size"));
		exit(1);
	}

	tmp = getenv("MKE2FS_DEVICE_SECTSIZE");
	if (tmp != NULL)
		lsector_size = atoi(tmp);
	tmp = getenv("MKE2FS_DEVICE_PHYS_SECTSIZE");
	if (tmp != NULL)
		psector_size = atoi(tmp);

	/* Older kernels may not have physical/logical distinction */
	if (!psector_size)
		psector_size = lsector_size;

	if (blocksize <= 0) {
		use_bsize = get_int_from_profile(fs_types, "blocksize", 4096);

		if (use_bsize == -1) {
			use_bsize = sys_page_size;
			if (is_before_linux_ver(2, 6, 0) && use_bsize > 4096)
				use_bsize = 4096;
		}
		if (lsector_size && use_bsize < lsector_size)
			use_bsize = lsector_size;
		if ((blocksize < 0) && (use_bsize < (-blocksize)))
			use_bsize = -blocksize;
		blocksize = use_bsize;
		fs_blocks_count /= (blocksize / 1024);
	} else {
		if (blocksize < lsector_size) {			/* Impossible */
			com_err(program_name, EINVAL, "%s",
				_("while setting blocksize; too small "
				  "for device\n"));
			exit(1);
		} else if ((blocksize < psector_size) &&
			   (psector_size <= sys_page_size)) {	/* Suboptimal */
			fprintf(stderr, _("Warning: specified blocksize %d is "
				"less than device physical sectorsize %d\n"),
				blocksize, psector_size);
		}
	}

	fs_param.s_log_block_size =
		int_log2(blocksize >> EXT2_MIN_BLOCK_LOG_SIZE);

	/*
	 * We now need to do a sanity check of fs_blocks_count for
	 * 32-bit vs 64-bit block number support.
	 */
	if ((fs_blocks_count > MAX_32_NUM) &&
	    (fs_param.s_feature_incompat & EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_64BIT))
		fs_param.s_feature_compat &= ~EXT2_FEATURE_COMPAT_RESIZE_INODE;
	if ((fs_blocks_count > MAX_32_NUM) &&
	    !(fs_param.s_feature_incompat & EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_64BIT) &&
	    get_bool_from_profile(fs_types, "auto_64-bit_support", 0)) {
		fs_param.s_feature_incompat |= EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_64BIT;
		fs_param.s_feature_compat &= ~EXT2_FEATURE_COMPAT_RESIZE_INODE;
	}
	if ((fs_blocks_count > MAX_32_NUM) &&
	    !(fs_param.s_feature_incompat & EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_64BIT)) {
		fprintf(stderr, _("%s: Size of device (0x%llx blocks) %s "
				  "too big to be expressed\n\t"
				  "in 32 bits using a blocksize of %d.\n"),
			program_name, fs_blocks_count, device_name,
			EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE(&fs_param));
		exit(1);
	}

	ext2fs_blocks_count_set(&fs_param, fs_blocks_count);

	if (fs_param.s_feature_incompat & EXT3_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_JOURNAL_DEV) {
		fs_types[0] = strdup("journal");
		fs_types[1] = 0;
	}

	if (verbose) {
		fputs(_("fs_types for mke2fs.conf resolution: "), stdout);
		print_str_list(fs_types);
	}

	if (r_opt == EXT2_GOOD_OLD_REV &&
	    (fs_param.s_feature_compat || fs_param.s_feature_incompat ||
	     fs_param.s_feature_ro_compat)) {
		fprintf(stderr, "%s", _("Filesystem features not supported "
					"with revision 0 filesystems\n"));
		exit(1);
	}

	if (s_opt > 0) {
		if (r_opt == EXT2_GOOD_OLD_REV) {
			fprintf(stderr, "%s",
				_("Sparse superblocks not supported "
				  "with revision 0 filesystems\n"));
			exit(1);
		}
		fs_param.s_feature_ro_compat |=
			EXT2_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_SPARSE_SUPER;
	} else if (s_opt == 0)
		fs_param.s_feature_ro_compat &=
			~EXT2_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_SPARSE_SUPER;

	if (journal_size != 0) {
		if (r_opt == EXT2_GOOD_OLD_REV) {
			fprintf(stderr, "%s", _("Journals not supported with "
						"revision 0 filesystems\n"));
			exit(1);
		}
		fs_param.s_feature_compat |=
			EXT3_FEATURE_COMPAT_HAS_JOURNAL;
	}

	/* Get reserved_ratio from profile if not specified on cmd line. */
	if (reserved_ratio < 0.0) {
		reserved_ratio = get_double_from_profile(
					fs_types, "reserved_ratio", 5.0);
		if (reserved_ratio > 50 || reserved_ratio < 0) {
			com_err(program_name, 0,
				_("invalid reserved blocks percent - %lf"),
				reserved_ratio);
			exit(1);
		}
	}

	if (fs_param.s_feature_incompat &
	    EXT3_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_JOURNAL_DEV) {
		reserved_ratio = 0;
		fs_param.s_feature_incompat = EXT3_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_JOURNAL_DEV;
		fs_param.s_feature_compat = 0;
		fs_param.s_feature_ro_compat = 0;
 	}

	/* Check the user's mkfs options for 64bit */
	if ((fs_param.s_feature_incompat & EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_64BIT) &&
	    !(fs_param.s_feature_incompat & EXT3_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_EXTENTS)) {
		printf("%s", _("Extents MUST be enabled for a 64-bit "
			       "filesystem.  Pass -O extents to rectify.\n"));
		exit(1);
	}

	/* Set first meta blockgroup via an environment variable */
	/* (this is mostly for debugging purposes) */
	if ((fs_param.s_feature_incompat & EXT2_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_META_BG) &&
	    ((tmp = getenv("MKE2FS_FIRST_META_BG"))))
		fs_param.s_first_meta_bg = atoi(tmp);
	if (fs_param.s_feature_ro_compat & EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_BIGALLOC) {
		if (!cluster_size)
			cluster_size = get_int_from_profile(fs_types,
							    "cluster_size",
							    blocksize*16);
		fs_param.s_log_cluster_size =
			int_log2(cluster_size >> EXT2_MIN_CLUSTER_LOG_SIZE);
		if (fs_param.s_log_cluster_size &&
		    fs_param.s_log_cluster_size < fs_param.s_log_block_size) {
			com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
				_("The cluster size may not be "
				  "smaller than the block size.\n"));
			exit(1);
		}
	} else if (cluster_size) {
		com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
			_("specifying a cluster size requires the "
			  "bigalloc feature"));
		exit(1);
	} else
		fs_param.s_log_cluster_size = fs_param.s_log_block_size;

	if (inode_ratio == 0) {
		inode_ratio = get_int_from_profile(fs_types, "inode_ratio",
						   8192);
		if (inode_ratio < blocksize)
			inode_ratio = blocksize;
		if (inode_ratio < EXT2_CLUSTER_SIZE(&fs_param))
			inode_ratio = EXT2_CLUSTER_SIZE(&fs_param);
	}

#ifdef HAVE_BLKID_PROBE_GET_TOPOLOGY
	retval = get_device_geometry(device_name, &fs_param, psector_size);
	if (retval < 0) {
		fprintf(stderr,
			_("warning: Unable to get device geometry for %s\n"),
			device_name);
	} else if (retval) {
		printf(_("%s alignment is offset by %lu bytes.\n"),
		       device_name, retval);
		printf(_("This may result in very poor performance, "
			  "(re)-partitioning suggested.\n"));
	}
#endif

	num_backups = get_int_from_profile(fs_types, "num_backup_sb", 2);

	blocksize = EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE(&fs_param);

	/*
	 * Initialize s_desc_size so that the parse_extended_opts()
	 * can correctly handle "-E resize=NNN" if the 64-bit option
	 * is set.
	 */
	if (fs_param.s_feature_incompat & EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_64BIT)
		fs_param.s_desc_size = EXT2_MIN_DESC_SIZE_64BIT;

	/* This check should happen beyond the last assignment to blocksize */
	if (blocksize > sys_page_size) {
		if (!force) {
			com_err(program_name, 0,
				_("%d-byte blocks too big for system (max %d)"),
				blocksize, sys_page_size);
			proceed_question(proceed_delay);
		}
		fprintf(stderr, _("Warning: %d-byte blocks too big for system "
				  "(max %d), forced to continue\n"),
			blocksize, sys_page_size);
	}

	/*
	 * On newer kernels we do have lazy_itable_init support. So pick the
	 * right default in case ext4 module is not loaded.
	 */
	if (is_before_linux_ver(2, 6, 37))
		lazy_itable_init = 0;
	else
		lazy_itable_init = 1;

	if (access("/sys/fs/ext4/features/lazy_itable_init", R_OK) == 0)
		lazy_itable_init = 1;

	lazy_itable_init = get_bool_from_profile(fs_types,
						 "lazy_itable_init",
						 lazy_itable_init);
	discard = get_bool_from_profile(fs_types, "discard" , discard);
	journal_flags |= get_bool_from_profile(fs_types,
					       "lazy_journal_init", 0) ?
					       EXT2_MKJOURNAL_LAZYINIT : 0;
	journal_flags |= EXT2_MKJOURNAL_NO_MNT_CHECK;

	if (!journal_location_string)
		journal_location_string = get_string_from_profile(fs_types,
						"journal_location", "");
	if ((journal_location == ~0ULL) && journal_location_string &&
	    *journal_location_string)
		journal_location = parse_num_blocks2(journal_location_string,
						fs_param.s_log_block_size);
	free(journal_location_string);

	packed_meta_blocks = get_bool_from_profile(fs_types,
						   "packed_meta_blocks", 0);
	if (packed_meta_blocks)
		journal_location = 0;

	/* Get options from profile */
	for (cpp = fs_types; *cpp; cpp++) {
		tmp = NULL;
		profile_get_string(profile, "fs_types", *cpp, "options", "", &tmp);
			if (tmp && *tmp)
				parse_extended_opts(&fs_param, tmp);
			free(tmp);
	}

	if (extended_opts)
		parse_extended_opts(&fs_param, extended_opts);

	/* Can't support bigalloc feature without extents feature */
	if ((fs_param.s_feature_ro_compat & EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_BIGALLOC) &&
	    !(fs_param.s_feature_incompat & EXT3_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_EXTENTS)) {
		com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
			_("Can't support bigalloc feature without "
			  "extents feature"));
		exit(1);
	}

	if ((fs_param.s_feature_incompat & EXT2_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_META_BG) &&
	    (fs_param.s_feature_compat & EXT2_FEATURE_COMPAT_RESIZE_INODE)) {
		fprintf(stderr, "%s", _("The resize_inode and meta_bg "
					"features are not compatible.\n"
					"They can not be both enabled "
					"simultaneously.\n"));
		exit(1);
	}

	if (!quiet &&
	    (fs_param.s_feature_ro_compat & EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_BIGALLOC))
		fprintf(stderr, "%s", _("\nWarning: the bigalloc feature is "
				  "still under development\n"
				  "See https://ext4.wiki.kernel.org/"
				  "index.php/Bigalloc for more information\n\n"));

	/* Since sparse_super is the default, we would only have a problem
	 * here if it was explicitly disabled.
	 */
	if ((fs_param.s_feature_compat & EXT2_FEATURE_COMPAT_RESIZE_INODE) &&
	    !(fs_param.s_feature_ro_compat&EXT2_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_SPARSE_SUPER)) {
		com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
			_("reserved online resize blocks not supported "
			  "on non-sparse filesystem"));
		exit(1);
	}

	if (fs_param.s_blocks_per_group) {
		if (fs_param.s_blocks_per_group < 256 ||
		    fs_param.s_blocks_per_group > 8 * (unsigned) blocksize) {
			com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
				_("blocks per group count out of range"));
			exit(1);
		}
	}

	/*
	 * If the bigalloc feature is enabled, then the -g option will
	 * specify the number of clusters per group.
	 */
	if (fs_param.s_feature_ro_compat & EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_BIGALLOC) {
		fs_param.s_clusters_per_group = fs_param.s_blocks_per_group;
		fs_param.s_blocks_per_group = 0;
	}

	if (inode_size == 0)
		inode_size = get_int_from_profile(fs_types, "inode_size", 0);
	if (!flex_bg_size && (fs_param.s_feature_incompat &
			      EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_FLEX_BG))
		flex_bg_size = get_uint_from_profile(fs_types,
						     "flex_bg_size", 16);
	if (flex_bg_size) {
		if (!(fs_param.s_feature_incompat &
		      EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_FLEX_BG)) {
			com_err(program_name, 0, "%s",
				_("Flex_bg feature not enabled, so "
				  "flex_bg size may not be specified"));
			exit(1);
		}
		fs_param.s_log_groups_per_flex = int_log2(flex_bg_size);
	}

	if (inode_size && fs_param.s_rev_level >= EXT2_DYNAMIC_REV) {
		if (inode_size < EXT2_GOOD_OLD_INODE_SIZE ||
		    inode_size > EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE(&fs_param) ||
		    inode_size & (inode_size - 1)) {
			com_err(program_name, 0,
				_("invalid inode size %d (min %d/max %d)"),
				inode_size, EXT2_GOOD_OLD_INODE_SIZE,
				blocksize);
			exit(1);
		}
		fs_param.s_inode_size = inode_size;
	}

	/* Make sure number of inodes specified will fit in 32 bits */
	if (num_inodes == 0) {
		unsigned long long n;
		n = ext2fs_blocks_count(&fs_param) * blocksize / inode_ratio;
		if (n > MAX_32_NUM) {
			if (fs_param.s_feature_incompat &
			    EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_64BIT)
				num_inodes = MAX_32_NUM;
			else {
				com_err(program_name, 0,
					_("too many inodes (%llu), raise "
					  "inode ratio?"), n);
				exit(1);
			}
		}
	} else if (num_inodes > MAX_32_NUM) {
		com_err(program_name, 0,
			_("too many inodes (%llu), specify < 2^32 inodes"),
			  num_inodes);
		exit(1);
	}
	/*
	 * Calculate number of inodes based on the inode ratio
	 */
	fs_param.s_inodes_count = num_inodes ? num_inodes :
		(ext2fs_blocks_count(&fs_param) * blocksize) / inode_ratio;

	if ((((unsigned long long)fs_param.s_inodes_count) *
	     (inode_size ? inode_size : EXT2_GOOD_OLD_INODE_SIZE)) >=
	    ((ext2fs_blocks_count(&fs_param)) *
	     EXT2_BLOCK_SIZE(&fs_param))) {
		com_err(program_name, 0, _("inode_size (%u) * inodes_count "
					  "(%u) too big for a\n\t"
					  "filesystem with %llu blocks, "
					  "specify higher inode_ratio (-i)\n\t"
					  "or lower inode count (-N).\n"),
			inode_size ? inode_size : EXT2_GOOD_OLD_INODE_SIZE,
			fs_param.s_inodes_count,
			(unsigned long long) ext2fs_blocks_count(&fs_param));
		exit(1);
	}

	/*
	 * Calculate number of blocks to reserve
	 */
	ext2fs_r_blocks_count_set(&fs_param, reserved_ratio *
				  ext2fs_blocks_count(&fs_param) / 100.0);

	if (fs_param.s_feature_compat & EXT4_FEATURE_COMPAT_SPARSE_SUPER2) {
		if (num_backups >= 1)
			fs_param.s_backup_bgs[0] = 1;
		if (num_backups >= 2)
			fs_param.s_backup_bgs[1] = ~0;
	}

	free(fs_type);
	free(usage_types);
}

static int should_do_undo(const char *name)
{
	errcode_t retval;
	io_channel channel;
	__u16	s_magic;
	struct ext2_super_block super;
	io_manager manager = unix_io_manager;
	int csum_flag, force_undo;

	csum_flag = EXT2_HAS_RO_COMPAT_FEATURE(&fs_param,
					       EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_GDT_CSUM);
	force_undo = get_int_from_profile(fs_types, "force_undo", 0);
	if (!force_undo && (!csum_flag || !lazy_itable_init))
		return 0;

	retval = manager->open(name, IO_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE,  &channel);
	if (retval) {
		/*
		 * We don't handle error cases instead we
		 * declare that the file system doesn't exist
		 * and let the rest of mke2fs take care of
		 * error
		 */
		retval = 0;
		goto open_err_out;
	}

	io_channel_set_blksize(channel, SUPERBLOCK_OFFSET);
	retval = io_channel_read_blk64(channel, 1, -SUPERBLOCK_SIZE, &super);
	if (retval) {
		retval = 0;
		goto err_out;
	}

#if defined(WORDS_BIGENDIAN)
	s_magic = ext2fs_swab16(super.s_magic);
#else
	s_magic = super.s_magic;
#endif

	if (s_magic == EXT2_SUPER_MAGIC)
		retval = 1;

err_out:
	io_channel_close(channel);

open_err_out:

	return retval;
}

static int mke2fs_setup_tdb(const char *name, io_manager *io_ptr)
{
	errcode_t retval = ENOMEM;
	char *tdb_dir = NULL, *tdb_file = NULL;
	char *dev_name, *tmp_name;
	int free_tdb_dir = 0;

	/*
	 * Configuration via a conf file would be
	 * nice
	 */
	tdb_dir = getenv("E2FSPROGS_UNDO_DIR");
	if (!tdb_dir) {
		profile_get_string(profile, "defaults",
				   "undo_dir", 0, "/var/lib/e2fsprogs",
				   &tdb_dir);
		free_tdb_dir = 1;
	}

	if (!strcmp(tdb_dir, "none") || (tdb_dir[0] == 0) ||
	    access(tdb_dir, W_OK)) {
		if (free_tdb_dir)
			free(tdb_dir);
		return 0;
	}

	tmp_name = strdup(name);
	if (!tmp_name)
		goto errout;
	dev_name = basename(tmp_name);
	tdb_file = malloc(strlen(tdb_dir) + 8 + strlen(dev_name) + 7 + 1);
	if (!tdb_file) {
		free(tmp_name);
		goto errout;
	}
	sprintf(tdb_file, "%s/mke2fs-%s.e2undo", tdb_dir, dev_name);
	free(tmp_name);

	if ((unlink(tdb_file) < 0) && (errno != ENOENT)) {
		retval = errno;
		goto errout;
	}

	set_undo_io_backing_manager(*io_ptr);
	*io_ptr = undo_io_manager;
	retval = set_undo_io_backup_file(tdb_file);
	if (retval)
		goto errout;
	printf(_("Overwriting existing filesystem; this can be undone "
		 "using the command:\n"
		 "    e2undo %s %s\n\n"), tdb_file, name);

	if (free_tdb_dir)
		free(tdb_dir);
	free(tdb_file);
	return 0;

errout:
	if (free_tdb_dir)
		free(tdb_dir);
	free(tdb_file);
	com_err(program_name, retval, "%s",
		_("while trying to setup undo file\n"));
	return retval;
}

static int mke2fs_discard_device(ext2_filsys fs)
{
	struct ext2fs_numeric_progress_struct progress;
	blk64_t blocks = ext2fs_blocks_count(fs->super);
	blk64_t count = DISCARD_STEP_MB;
	blk64_t cur;
	int retval = 0;

	/*
	 * Let's try if discard really works on the device, so
	 * we do not print numeric progress resulting in failure
	 * afterwards.
	 */
	retval = io_channel_discard(fs->io, 0, fs->blocksize);
	if (retval)
		return retval;
	cur = fs->blocksize;

	count *= (1024 * 1024);
	count /= fs->blocksize;

	ext2fs_numeric_progress_init(fs, &progress,
				     _("Discarding device blocks: "),
				     blocks);
	while (cur < blocks) {
		ext2fs_numeric_progress_update(fs, &progress, cur);

		if (cur + count > blocks)
			count = blocks - cur;

		retval = io_channel_discard(fs->io, cur, count);
		if (retval)
			break;
		cur += count;
	}

	if (retval) {
		ext2fs_numeric_progress_close(fs, &progress,
				      _("failed - "));
		if (!quiet)
			printf("%s\n",error_message(retval));
	} else
		ext2fs_numeric_progress_close(fs, &progress,
				      _("done                            \n"));

	return retval;
}

static void fix_cluster_bg_counts(ext2_filsys fs)
{
	blk64_t		block, num_blocks, last_block, next;
	blk64_t		tot_free = 0;
	errcode_t	retval;
	dgrp_t		group = 0;
	int		grp_free = 0;

	num_blocks = ext2fs_blocks_count(fs->super);
	last_block = ext2fs_group_last_block2(fs, group);
	block = fs->super->s_first_data_block;
	while (block < num_blocks) {
		retval = ext2fs_find_first_zero_block_bitmap2(fs->block_map,
						block, last_block, &next);
		if (retval == 0)
			block = next;
		else {
			block = last_block + 1;
			goto next_bg;
		}

		retval = ext2fs_find_first_set_block_bitmap2(fs->block_map,
						block, last_block, &next);
		if (retval)
			next = last_block + 1;
		grp_free += EXT2FS_NUM_B2C(fs, next - block);
		tot_free += next - block;
		block = next;

		if (block > last_block) {
		next_bg:
			ext2fs_bg_free_blocks_count_set(fs, group, grp_free);
			ext2fs_group_desc_csum_set(fs, group);
			grp_free = 0;
			group++;
			last_block = ext2fs_group_last_block2(fs, group);
		}
	}
	ext2fs_free_blocks_count_set(fs->super, tot_free);
}

static int create_quota_inodes(ext2_filsys fs)
{
	quota_ctx_t qctx;

	quota_init_context(&qctx, fs, -1);
	quota_compute_usage(qctx);
	quota_write_inode(qctx, quotatype);
	quota_release_context(&qctx);

	return 0;
}

int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
	errcode_t	retval = 0;
	ext2_filsys	fs;
	badblocks_list	bb_list = 0;
	unsigned int	journal_blocks = 0;
	unsigned int	i, checkinterval;
	int		max_mnt_count;
	int		val, hash_alg;
	int		flags;
	int		old_bitmaps;
	io_manager	io_ptr;
	char		opt_string[40];
	char		*hash_alg_str;
	int		itable_zeroed = 0;

#ifdef ENABLE_NLS
	setlocale(LC_MESSAGES, "");
	setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "");
	bindtextdomain(NLS_CAT_NAME, LOCALEDIR);
	textdomain(NLS_CAT_NAME);
	set_com_err_gettext(gettext);
#endif
	PRS(argc, argv);

#ifdef CONFIG_TESTIO_DEBUG
	if (getenv("TEST_IO_FLAGS") || getenv("TEST_IO_BLOCK")) {
		io_ptr = test_io_manager;
		test_io_backing_manager = unix_io_manager;
	} else
#endif
		io_ptr = unix_io_manager;

	if (should_do_undo(device_name)) {
		retval = mke2fs_setup_tdb(device_name, &io_ptr);
		if (retval)
			exit(1);
	}

	/*
	 * Initialize the superblock....
	 */
	flags = EXT2_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE;
	if (direct_io)
		flags |= EXT2_FLAG_DIRECT_IO;
	profile_get_boolean(profile, "options", "old_bitmaps", 0, 0,
			    &old_bitmaps);
	if (!old_bitmaps)
		flags |= EXT2_FLAG_64BITS;
	/*
	 * By default, we print how many inode tables or block groups
	 * or whatever we've written so far.  The quiet flag disables
	 * this, along with a lot of other output.
	 */
	if (!quiet)
		flags |= EXT2_FLAG_PRINT_PROGRESS;
	retval = ext2fs_initialize(device_name, flags, &fs_param, io_ptr, &fs);
	if (retval) {
		com_err(device_name, retval, "%s",
			_("while setting up superblock"));
		exit(1);
	}

	/* Calculate journal blocks */
	if (!journal_device && ((journal_size) ||
		(fs_param.s_feature_compat &
		 EXT3_FEATURE_COMPAT_HAS_JOURNAL)))
		journal_blocks = figure_journal_size(journal_size, fs);

	/* Can't undo discard ... */
	if (!noaction && discard && dev_size && (io_ptr != undo_io_manager)) {
		retval = mke2fs_discard_device(fs);
		if (!retval && io_channel_discard_zeroes_data(fs->io)) {
			if (verbose)
				printf("%s",
				       _("Discard succeeded and will return "
					 "0s - skipping inode table wipe\n"));
			lazy_itable_init = 1;
			itable_zeroed = 1;
			zero_hugefile = 0;
		}
	}

	sprintf(opt_string, "tdb_data_size=%d", fs->blocksize <= 4096 ?
		32768 : fs->blocksize * 8);
	io_channel_set_options(fs->io, opt_string);
	if (offset) {
		sprintf(opt_string, "offset=%llu", offset);
		io_channel_set_options(fs->io, opt_string);
	}

	if (fs_param.s_flags & EXT2_FLAGS_TEST_FILESYS)
		fs->super->s_flags |= EXT2_FLAGS_TEST_FILESYS;

	if ((fs_param.s_feature_incompat &
	     (EXT3_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_EXTENTS|EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_FLEX_BG)) ||
	    (fs_param.s_feature_ro_compat &
	     (EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_HUGE_FILE|EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_GDT_CSUM|
	      EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_DIR_NLINK|
	      EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_EXTRA_ISIZE)))
		fs->super->s_kbytes_written = 1;

	/*
	 * Wipe out the old on-disk superblock
	 */
	if (!noaction)
		zap_sector(fs, 2, 6);

	/*
	 * Parse or generate a UUID for the filesystem
	 */
	if (fs_uuid) {
		if (uuid_parse(fs_uuid, fs->super->s_uuid) !=0) {
			com_err(device_name, 0, "could not parse UUID: %s\n",
				fs_uuid);
			exit(1);
		}
	} else
		uuid_generate(fs->super->s_uuid);

	/*
	 * Initialize the directory index variables
	 */
	hash_alg_str = get_string_from_profile(fs_types, "hash_alg",
					       "half_md4");
	hash_alg = e2p_string2hash(hash_alg_str);
	free(hash_alg_str);
	fs->super->s_def_hash_version = (hash_alg >= 0) ? hash_alg :
		EXT2_HASH_HALF_MD4;
	uuid_generate((unsigned char *) fs->super->s_hash_seed);

	/*
	 * Periodic checks can be enabled/disabled via config file.
	 * Note we override the kernel include file's idea of what the default
	 * check interval (never) should be.  It's a good idea to check at
	 * least *occasionally*, specially since servers will never rarely get
	 * to reboot, since Linux is so robust these days.  :-)
	 *
	 * 180 days (six months) seems like a good value.
	 */
#ifdef EXT2_DFL_CHECKINTERVAL
#undef EXT2_DFL_CHECKINTERVAL
#endif
#define EXT2_DFL_CHECKINTERVAL (86400L * 180L)

	if (get_bool_from_profile(fs_types, "enable_periodic_fsck", 0)) {
		fs->super->s_checkinterval = EXT2_DFL_CHECKINTERVAL;
		fs->super->s_max_mnt_count = EXT2_DFL_MAX_MNT_COUNT;
		/*
		 * Add "jitter" to the superblock's check interval so that we
		 * don't check all the filesystems at the same time.  We use a
		 * kludgy hack of using the UUID to derive a random jitter value
		 */
		for (i = 0, val = 0 ; i < sizeof(fs->super->s_uuid); i++)
			val += fs->super->s_uuid[i];
		fs->super->s_max_mnt_count += val % EXT2_DFL_MAX_MNT_COUNT;
	} else
		fs->super->s_max_mnt_count = -1;

	/*
	 * Override the creator OS, if applicable
	 */
	if (creator_os && !set_os(fs->super, creator_os)) {
		com_err (program_name, 0, _("unknown os - %s"), creator_os);
		exit(1);
	}

	/*
	 * For the Hurd, we will turn off filetype since it doesn't
	 * support it.
	 */
	if (fs->super->s_creator_os == EXT2_OS_HURD)
		fs->super->s_feature_incompat &=
			~EXT2_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_FILETYPE;

	/*
	 * Set the volume label...
	 */
	if (volume_label) {
		memset(fs->super->s_volume_name, 0,
		       sizeof(fs->super->s_volume_name));
		strncpy(fs->super->s_volume_name, volume_label,
			sizeof(fs->super->s_volume_name));
	}

	/*
	 * Set the last mount directory
	 */
	if (mount_dir) {
		memset(fs->super->s_last_mounted, 0,
		       sizeof(fs->super->s_last_mounted));
		strncpy(fs->super->s_last_mounted, mount_dir,
			sizeof(fs->super->s_last_mounted));
	}

	if (!quiet || noaction)
		show_stats(fs);

	if (noaction)
		exit(0);

	if (fs->super->s_feature_incompat &
	    EXT3_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_JOURNAL_DEV) {
		create_journal_dev(fs);
		exit(ext2fs_close_free(&fs) ? 1 : 0);
	}

	if (bad_blocks_filename)
		read_bb_file(fs, &bb_list, bad_blocks_filename);
	if (cflag)
		test_disk(fs, &bb_list);
	handle_bad_blocks(fs, bb_list);

	fs->stride = fs_stride = fs->super->s_raid_stride;
	if (!quiet)
		printf("%s", _("Allocating group tables: "));
	if ((fs->super->s_feature_incompat & EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_FLEX_BG) &&
	    packed_meta_blocks)
		retval = packed_allocate_tables(fs);
	else
		retval = ext2fs_allocate_tables(fs);
	if (retval) {
		com_err(program_name, retval, "%s",
			_("while trying to allocate filesystem tables"));
		exit(1);
	}
	if (!quiet)
		printf("%s", _("done                            \n"));

	retval = ext2fs_convert_subcluster_bitmap(fs, &fs->block_map);
	if (retval) {
		com_err(program_name, retval, "%s",
			_("\n\twhile converting subcluster bitmap"));
		exit(1);
	}

	if (super_only) {
		fs->super->s_state |= EXT2_ERROR_FS;
		fs->flags &= ~(EXT2_FLAG_IB_DIRTY|EXT2_FLAG_BB_DIRTY);
		/* 
		 * The command "mke2fs -S" is used to recover
		 * corrupted file systems, so do not mark any of the
		 * inodes as unused; we want e2fsck to consider all
		 * inodes as potentially containing recoverable data.
		 */
		if (fs->super->s_feature_ro_compat &
		    EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_GDT_CSUM) {
			for (i = 0; i < fs->group_desc_count; i++)
				ext2fs_bg_itable_unused_set(fs, i, 0);
		}
	} else {
		/* rsv must be a power of two (64kB is MD RAID sb alignment) */
		blk64_t rsv = 65536 / fs->blocksize;
		blk64_t blocks = ext2fs_blocks_count(fs->super);
		blk64_t start;
		blk64_t ret_blk;

#ifdef ZAP_BOOTBLOCK
		zap_sector(fs, 0, 2);
#endif

		/*
		 * Wipe out any old MD RAID (or other) metadata at the end
		 * of the device.  This will also verify that the device is
		 * as large as we think.  Be careful with very small devices.
		 */
		start = (blocks & ~(rsv - 1));
		if (start > rsv)
			start -= rsv;
		if (start > 0)
			retval = ext2fs_zero_blocks2(fs, start, blocks - start,
						    &ret_blk, NULL);

		if (retval) {
			com_err(program_name, retval,
				_("while zeroing block %llu at end of filesystem"),
				ret_blk);
		}
		write_inode_tables(fs, lazy_itable_init, itable_zeroed);
		create_root_dir(fs);
		create_lost_and_found(fs);
		reserve_inodes(fs);
		create_bad_block_inode(fs, bb_list);
		if (fs->super->s_feature_compat &
		    EXT2_FEATURE_COMPAT_RESIZE_INODE) {
			retval = ext2fs_create_resize_inode(fs);
			if (retval) {
				com_err("ext2fs_create_resize_inode", retval,
					"%s",
				_("while reserving blocks for online resize"));
				exit(1);
			}
		}
	}

	if (journal_device) {
		ext2_filsys	jfs;

		if (!check_plausibility(journal_device, CHECK_BLOCK_DEV,
					NULL) && !force)
			proceed_question(proceed_delay);
		check_mount(journal_device, force, _("journal"));

		retval = ext2fs_open(journal_device, EXT2_FLAG_RW|
				     EXT2_FLAG_JOURNAL_DEV_OK, 0,
				     fs->blocksize, unix_io_manager, &jfs);
		if (retval) {
			com_err(program_name, retval,
				_("while trying to open journal device %s\n"),
				journal_device);
			exit(1);
		}
		if (!quiet) {
			printf(_("Adding journal to device %s: "),
			       journal_device);
			fflush(stdout);
		}
		retval = ext2fs_add_journal_device(fs, jfs);
		if(retval) {
			com_err (program_name, retval,
				 _("\n\twhile trying to add journal to device %s"),
				 journal_device);
			exit(1);
		}
		if (!quiet)
			printf("%s", _("done\n"));
		ext2fs_close_free(&jfs);
		free(journal_device);
	} else if ((journal_size) ||
		   (fs_param.s_feature_compat &
		    EXT3_FEATURE_COMPAT_HAS_JOURNAL)) {
		if (super_only) {
			printf("%s", _("Skipping journal creation in super-only mode\n"));
			fs->super->s_journal_inum = EXT2_JOURNAL_INO;
			goto no_journal;
		}

		if (!journal_blocks) {
			fs->super->s_feature_compat &=
				~EXT3_FEATURE_COMPAT_HAS_JOURNAL;
			goto no_journal;
		}
		if (!quiet) {
			printf(_("Creating journal (%u blocks): "),
			       journal_blocks);
			fflush(stdout);
		}
		retval = ext2fs_add_journal_inode2(fs, journal_blocks,
						   journal_location,
						   journal_flags);
		if (retval) {
			com_err(program_name, retval, "%s",
				_("\n\twhile trying to create journal"));
			exit(1);
		}
		if (!quiet)
			printf("%s", _("done\n"));
	}
no_journal:
	if (!super_only &&
	    fs->super->s_feature_incompat & EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_MMP) {
		retval = ext2fs_mmp_init(fs);
		if (retval) {
			fprintf(stderr, "%s",
				_("\nError while enabling multiple "
				  "mount protection feature."));
			exit(1);
		}
		if (!quiet)
			printf(_("Multiple mount protection is enabled "
				 "with update interval %d seconds.\n"),
			       fs->super->s_mmp_update_interval);
	}

	if (EXT2_HAS_RO_COMPAT_FEATURE(&fs_param,
				       EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_BIGALLOC))
		fix_cluster_bg_counts(fs);
	if (EXT2_HAS_RO_COMPAT_FEATURE(&fs_param,
				       EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_QUOTA))
		create_quota_inodes(fs);

	retval = mk_hugefiles(fs, device_name);
	if (retval)
		com_err(program_name, retval, "while creating huge files");

	if (!quiet)
		printf("%s", _("Writing superblocks and "
		       "filesystem accounting information: "));
	checkinterval = fs->super->s_checkinterval;
	max_mnt_count = fs->super->s_max_mnt_count;
	retval = ext2fs_close_free(&fs);
	if (retval) {
		fprintf(stderr, "%s",
			_("\nWarning, had trouble writing out superblocks."));
	} else if (!quiet) {
		printf("%s", _("done\n\n"));
		if (!getenv("MKE2FS_SKIP_CHECK_MSG"))
			print_check_message(max_mnt_count, checkinterval);
	}

	remove_error_table(&et_ext2_error_table);
	remove_error_table(&et_prof_error_table);
	profile_release(profile);
	for (i=0; fs_types[i]; i++)
		free(fs_types[i]);
	free(fs_types);
	return retval;
}