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Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +00001 GNU Free Documentation License
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +00002 Version 1.2, November 2002
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +00003
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +00004
5 Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
6 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +00007 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
8 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
9
10
110. PREAMBLE
12
13The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +000014functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
15assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
16with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
17Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
18to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
19for modifications made by others.
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +000020
21This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
22works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
23complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
24license designed for free software.
25
26We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
27software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
28program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
29software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
30it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
31whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
32principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
33
34
351. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
36
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +000037This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
38contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
39distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
40world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
41work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below,
42refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
43licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you
44copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
45under copyright law.
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +000046
47A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
48Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
49modifications and/or translated into another language.
50
51A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
52the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
53publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
54(or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +000055within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +000056textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
57mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
58connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
59commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
60them.
61
62The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
63are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +000064that says that the Document is released under this License. If a
65section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
66allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero
67Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant
68Sections then there are none.
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +000069
70The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
71as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +000072the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may
73be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +000074
75A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
76represented in a format whose specification is available to the
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +000077general public, that is suitable for revising the document
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +000078straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
79pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
80drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
81for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
82to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +000083format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
84or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
85An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
86of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +000087
88Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
89ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
90or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +000091HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of
92transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats
93include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
94proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +000095processing tools are not generally available, and the
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +000096machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
97processors for output purposes only.
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +000098
99The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
100plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
101this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
102formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means
103the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
104preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
105
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +0000106A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose
107title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
108text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
109specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements",
110"Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title"
111of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
112section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
113
114The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
115states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
116Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
117License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
118implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
119no effect on the meaning of this License.
120
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +0000121
1222. VERBATIM COPYING
123
124You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
125commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
126copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
127to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
128conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
129technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
130copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
131compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
132number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
133
134You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
135you may publicly display copies.
136
137
1383. COPYING IN QUANTITY
139
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +0000140If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
141printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
142Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
143copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +0000144Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
145the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
146you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
147the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
148visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
149Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
150the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
151as verbatim copying in other respects.
152
153If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
154legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
155reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
156pages.
157
158If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
159more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
160copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +0000161a computer-network location from which the general network-using
162public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
163a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
164If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
165when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
166that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
167location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
168Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
169edition to the public.
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +0000170
171It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
172Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
173them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
174
175
1764. MODIFICATIONS
177
178You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
179the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
180the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
181Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
182and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
183of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
184
185A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
186 from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
187 (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
188 of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
189 if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
190B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
191 responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
192 Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +0000193 Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
194 unless they release you from this requirement.
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +0000195C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
196 Modified Version, as the publisher.
197D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
198E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
199 adjacent to the other copyright notices.
200F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
201 giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
202 terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
203G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
204 and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
205H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +0000206I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add
207 to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +0000208 publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +0000209 there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +0000210 stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
211 given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
212 Version as stated in the previous sentence.
213J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
214 public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
215 the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
216 it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section.
217 You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
218 least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
219 publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +0000220K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
221 Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all
222 the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +0000223 and/or dedications given therein.
224L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
225 unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
226 or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +0000227M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +0000228 may not be included in the Modified Version.
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +0000229N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +0000230 or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +0000231O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +0000232
233If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
234appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
235copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
236of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
237list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
238These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
239
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +0000240You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +0000241nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
242parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
243been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
244standard.
245
246You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
247passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
248of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
249Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
250through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
251includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
252by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
253you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
254permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
255
256The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
257give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
258imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
259
260
2615. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
262
263You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
264License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
265versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
266Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
267list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +0000268license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +0000269
270The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
271multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
272copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
273different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
274adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
275author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
276Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
277Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
278
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +0000279In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"
280in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
281"History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",
282and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
283Entitled "Endorsements".
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +0000284
285
2866. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
287
288You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
289released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
290License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
291the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
292verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
293
294You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
295it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
296License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
297other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
298
299
3007. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
301
302A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
303and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +0000304distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright
305resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
306of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
307When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
308apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
309derivative works of the Document.
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +0000310
311If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +0000312copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
313the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
314covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
315electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
316Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
317aggregate.
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +0000318
319
3208. TRANSLATION
321
322Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
323distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
324Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
325permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
326translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
327original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +0000328translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
329Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
330the original English version of this License and the original versions
331of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
332the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
333or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
334
335If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
336"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
337its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
338title.
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +0000339
340
3419. TERMINATION
342
343You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
344as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
345copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
346automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
347parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
348License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
349parties remain in full compliance.
350
351
35210. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
353
354The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
355of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
356versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
357differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
358http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
359
360Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
361If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
362License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
363following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
364of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
365Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
366number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
367as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
368
369
370ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
371
372To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
373the License in the document and put the following copyright and
374license notices just after the title page:
375
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +0000376 Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
377 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
378 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
379 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
380 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
381 A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
382 Free Documentation License".
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +0000383
Josh Coalson1b7604d2006-11-17 06:47:31 +0000384If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
385replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
386
387 with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
388 Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
389
390If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
391combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
392situation.
Josh Coalsonc2fb0b32001-06-08 00:12:28 +0000393
394If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
395recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
396free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
397to permit their use in free software.