src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/client_channel.c

/*
 *
 * Copyright 2015 gRPC authors.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 *
 */

#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/client_channel.h"

#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

#include <grpc/support/alloc.h>
#include <grpc/support/log.h>
#include <grpc/support/string_util.h>
#include <grpc/support/sync.h>
#include <grpc/support/useful.h>

#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/http_connect_handshaker.h"
#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/lb_policy_registry.h"
#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/proxy_mapper_registry.h"
#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/resolver_registry.h"
#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/retry_throttle.h"
#include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/subchannel.h"
#include "src/core/ext/filters/deadline/deadline_filter.h"
#include "src/core/lib/channel/channel_args.h"
#include "src/core/lib/channel/connected_channel.h"
#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/combiner.h"
#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/iomgr.h"
#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/polling_entity.h"
#include "src/core/lib/profiling/timers.h"
#include "src/core/lib/slice/slice_internal.h"
#include "src/core/lib/support/string.h"
#include "src/core/lib/surface/channel.h"
#include "src/core/lib/transport/connectivity_state.h"
#include "src/core/lib/transport/metadata.h"
#include "src/core/lib/transport/metadata_batch.h"
#include "src/core/lib/transport/service_config.h"
#include "src/core/lib/transport/static_metadata.h"

/* Client channel implementation */

grpc_tracer_flag grpc_client_channel_trace = GRPC_TRACER_INITIALIZER(false);

/*************************************************************************
 * METHOD-CONFIG TABLE
 */

typedef enum {
  /* zero so it can be default initialized */
  WAIT_FOR_READY_UNSET = 0,
  WAIT_FOR_READY_FALSE,
  WAIT_FOR_READY_TRUE
} wait_for_ready_value;

typedef struct {
  gpr_refcount refs;
  gpr_timespec timeout;
  wait_for_ready_value wait_for_ready;
} method_parameters;

static method_parameters *method_parameters_ref(
    method_parameters *method_params) {
  gpr_ref(&method_params->refs);
  return method_params;
}

static void method_parameters_unref(method_parameters *method_params) {
  if (gpr_unref(&method_params->refs)) {
    gpr_free(method_params);
  }
}

static void method_parameters_free(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, void *value) {
  method_parameters_unref(value);
}

static bool parse_wait_for_ready(grpc_json *field,
                                 wait_for_ready_value *wait_for_ready) {
  if (field->type != GRPC_JSON_TRUE && field->type != GRPC_JSON_FALSE) {
    return false;
  }
  *wait_for_ready = field->type == GRPC_JSON_TRUE ? WAIT_FOR_READY_TRUE
                                                  : WAIT_FOR_READY_FALSE;
  return true;
}

static bool parse_timeout(grpc_json *field, gpr_timespec *timeout) {
  if (field->type != GRPC_JSON_STRING) return false;
  size_t len = strlen(field->value);
  if (field->value[len - 1] != 's') return false;
  char *buf = gpr_strdup(field->value);
  buf[len - 1] = '\0';  // Remove trailing 's'.
  char *decimal_point = strchr(buf, '.');
  if (decimal_point != NULL) {
    *decimal_point = '\0';
    timeout->tv_nsec = gpr_parse_nonnegative_int(decimal_point + 1);
    if (timeout->tv_nsec == -1) {
      gpr_free(buf);
      return false;
    }
    // There should always be exactly 3, 6, or 9 fractional digits.
    int multiplier = 1;
    switch (strlen(decimal_point + 1)) {
      case 9:
        break;
      case 6:
        multiplier *= 1000;
        break;
      case 3:
        multiplier *= 1000000;
        break;
      default:  // Unsupported number of digits.
        gpr_free(buf);
        return false;
    }
    timeout->tv_nsec *= multiplier;
  }
  timeout->tv_sec = gpr_parse_nonnegative_int(buf);
  gpr_free(buf);
  if (timeout->tv_sec == -1) return false;
  return true;
}

static void *method_parameters_create_from_json(const grpc_json *json) {
  wait_for_ready_value wait_for_ready = WAIT_FOR_READY_UNSET;
  gpr_timespec timeout = {0, 0, GPR_TIMESPAN};
  for (grpc_json *field = json->child; field != NULL; field = field->next) {
    if (field->key == NULL) continue;
    if (strcmp(field->key, "waitForReady") == 0) {
      if (wait_for_ready != WAIT_FOR_READY_UNSET) return NULL;  // Duplicate.
      if (!parse_wait_for_ready(field, &wait_for_ready)) return NULL;
    } else if (strcmp(field->key, "timeout") == 0) {
      if (timeout.tv_sec > 0 || timeout.tv_nsec > 0) return NULL;  // Duplicate.
      if (!parse_timeout(field, &timeout)) return NULL;
    }
  }
  method_parameters *value = gpr_malloc(sizeof(method_parameters));
  gpr_ref_init(&value->refs, 1);
  value->timeout = timeout;
  value->wait_for_ready = wait_for_ready;
  return value;
}

struct external_connectivity_watcher;

/*************************************************************************
 * CHANNEL-WIDE FUNCTIONS
 */

typedef struct client_channel_channel_data {
  /** resolver for this channel */
  grpc_resolver *resolver;
  /** have we started resolving this channel */
  bool started_resolving;
  /** is deadline checking enabled? */
  bool deadline_checking_enabled;
  /** client channel factory */
  grpc_client_channel_factory *client_channel_factory;

  /** combiner protecting all variables below in this data structure */
  grpc_combiner *combiner;
  /** currently active load balancer */
  grpc_lb_policy *lb_policy;
  /** retry throttle data */
  grpc_server_retry_throttle_data *retry_throttle_data;
  /** maps method names to method_parameters structs */
  grpc_slice_hash_table *method_params_table;
  /** incoming resolver result - set by resolver.next() */
  grpc_channel_args *resolver_result;
  /** a list of closures that are all waiting for resolver result to come in */
  grpc_closure_list waiting_for_resolver_result_closures;
  /** resolver callback */
  grpc_closure on_resolver_result_changed;
  /** connectivity state being tracked */
  grpc_connectivity_state_tracker state_tracker;
  /** when an lb_policy arrives, should we try to exit idle */
  bool exit_idle_when_lb_policy_arrives;
  /** owning stack */
  grpc_channel_stack *owning_stack;
  /** interested parties (owned) */
  grpc_pollset_set *interested_parties;

  /* external_connectivity_watcher_list head is guarded by its own mutex, since
   * counts need to be grabbed immediately without polling on a cq */
  gpr_mu external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu;
  struct external_connectivity_watcher *external_connectivity_watcher_list_head;

  /* the following properties are guarded by a mutex since API's require them
     to be instantaneously available */
  gpr_mu info_mu;
  char *info_lb_policy_name;
  /** service config in JSON form */
  char *info_service_config_json;
} channel_data;

/** We create one watcher for each new lb_policy that is returned from a
    resolver, to watch for state changes from the lb_policy. When a state
    change is seen, we update the channel, and create a new watcher. */
typedef struct {
  channel_data *chand;
  grpc_closure on_changed;
  grpc_connectivity_state state;
  grpc_lb_policy *lb_policy;
} lb_policy_connectivity_watcher;

static void watch_lb_policy_locked(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, channel_data *chand,
                                   grpc_lb_policy *lb_policy,
                                   grpc_connectivity_state current_state);

static void set_channel_connectivity_state_locked(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                                  channel_data *chand,
                                                  grpc_connectivity_state state,
                                                  grpc_error *error,
                                                  const char *reason) {
  /* TODO: Improve failure handling:
   * - Make it possible for policies to return GRPC_CHANNEL_TRANSIENT_FAILURE.
   * - Hand over pending picks from old policies during the switch that happens
   *   when resolver provides an update. */
  if (chand->lb_policy != NULL) {
    if (state == GRPC_CHANNEL_TRANSIENT_FAILURE) {
      /* cancel picks with wait_for_ready=false */
      grpc_lb_policy_cancel_picks_locked(
          exec_ctx, chand->lb_policy,
          /* mask= */ GRPC_INITIAL_METADATA_WAIT_FOR_READY,
          /* check= */ 0, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
    } else if (state == GRPC_CHANNEL_SHUTDOWN) {
      /* cancel all picks */
      grpc_lb_policy_cancel_picks_locked(exec_ctx, chand->lb_policy,
                                         /* mask= */ 0, /* check= */ 0,
                                         GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
    }
  }
  if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p: setting connectivity state to %s", chand,
            grpc_connectivity_state_name(state));
  }
  grpc_connectivity_state_set(exec_ctx, &chand->state_tracker, state, error,
                              reason);
}

static void on_lb_policy_state_changed_locked(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                              void *arg, grpc_error *error) {
  lb_policy_connectivity_watcher *w = arg;
  grpc_connectivity_state publish_state = w->state;
  /* check if the notification is for the latest policy */
  if (w->lb_policy == w->chand->lb_policy) {
    if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p: lb_policy=%p state changed to %s", w->chand,
              w->lb_policy, grpc_connectivity_state_name(w->state));
    }
    if (publish_state == GRPC_CHANNEL_SHUTDOWN && w->chand->resolver != NULL) {
      publish_state = GRPC_CHANNEL_TRANSIENT_FAILURE;
      grpc_resolver_channel_saw_error_locked(exec_ctx, w->chand->resolver);
      GRPC_LB_POLICY_UNREF(exec_ctx, w->chand->lb_policy, "channel");
      w->chand->lb_policy = NULL;
    }
    set_channel_connectivity_state_locked(exec_ctx, w->chand, publish_state,
                                          GRPC_ERROR_REF(error), "lb_changed");
    if (w->state != GRPC_CHANNEL_SHUTDOWN) {
      watch_lb_policy_locked(exec_ctx, w->chand, w->lb_policy, w->state);
    }
  }
  GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_UNREF(exec_ctx, w->chand->owning_stack, "watch_lb_policy");
  gpr_free(w);
}

static void watch_lb_policy_locked(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, channel_data *chand,
                                   grpc_lb_policy *lb_policy,
                                   grpc_connectivity_state current_state) {
  lb_policy_connectivity_watcher *w = gpr_malloc(sizeof(*w));
  GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_REF(chand->owning_stack, "watch_lb_policy");
  w->chand = chand;
  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&w->on_changed, on_lb_policy_state_changed_locked, w,
                    grpc_combiner_scheduler(chand->combiner));
  w->state = current_state;
  w->lb_policy = lb_policy;
  grpc_lb_policy_notify_on_state_change_locked(exec_ctx, lb_policy, &w->state,
                                               &w->on_changed);
}

static void start_resolving_locked(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                   channel_data *chand) {
  if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p: starting name resolution", chand);
  }
  GPR_ASSERT(!chand->started_resolving);
  chand->started_resolving = true;
  GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_REF(chand->owning_stack, "resolver");
  grpc_resolver_next_locked(exec_ctx, chand->resolver, &chand->resolver_result,
                            &chand->on_resolver_result_changed);
}

typedef struct {
  char *server_name;
  grpc_server_retry_throttle_data *retry_throttle_data;
} service_config_parsing_state;

static void parse_retry_throttle_params(const grpc_json *field, void *arg) {
  service_config_parsing_state *parsing_state = arg;
  if (strcmp(field->key, "retryThrottling") == 0) {
    if (parsing_state->retry_throttle_data != NULL) return;  // Duplicate.
    if (field->type != GRPC_JSON_OBJECT) return;
    int max_milli_tokens = 0;
    int milli_token_ratio = 0;
    for (grpc_json *sub_field = field->child; sub_field != NULL;
         sub_field = sub_field->next) {
      if (sub_field->key == NULL) return;
      if (strcmp(sub_field->key, "maxTokens") == 0) {
        if (max_milli_tokens != 0) return;  // Duplicate.
        if (sub_field->type != GRPC_JSON_NUMBER) return;
        max_milli_tokens = gpr_parse_nonnegative_int(sub_field->value);
        if (max_milli_tokens == -1) return;
        max_milli_tokens *= 1000;
      } else if (strcmp(sub_field->key, "tokenRatio") == 0) {
        if (milli_token_ratio != 0) return;  // Duplicate.
        if (sub_field->type != GRPC_JSON_NUMBER) return;
        // We support up to 3 decimal digits.
        size_t whole_len = strlen(sub_field->value);
        uint32_t multiplier = 1;
        uint32_t decimal_value = 0;
        const char *decimal_point = strchr(sub_field->value, '.');
        if (decimal_point != NULL) {
          whole_len = (size_t)(decimal_point - sub_field->value);
          multiplier = 1000;
          size_t decimal_len = strlen(decimal_point + 1);
          if (decimal_len > 3) decimal_len = 3;
          if (!gpr_parse_bytes_to_uint32(decimal_point + 1, decimal_len,
                                         &decimal_value)) {
            return;
          }
          uint32_t decimal_multiplier = 1;
          for (size_t i = 0; i < (3 - decimal_len); ++i) {
            decimal_multiplier *= 10;
          }
          decimal_value *= decimal_multiplier;
        }
        uint32_t whole_value;
        if (!gpr_parse_bytes_to_uint32(sub_field->value, whole_len,
                                       &whole_value)) {
          return;
        }
        milli_token_ratio = (int)((whole_value * multiplier) + decimal_value);
        if (milli_token_ratio <= 0) return;
      }
    }
    parsing_state->retry_throttle_data =
        grpc_retry_throttle_map_get_data_for_server(
            parsing_state->server_name, max_milli_tokens, milli_token_ratio);
  }
}

static void on_resolver_result_changed_locked(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                              void *arg, grpc_error *error) {
  channel_data *chand = arg;
  if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p: got resolver result: error=%s", chand,
            grpc_error_string(error));
  }
  // Extract the following fields from the resolver result, if non-NULL.
  char *lb_policy_name = NULL;
  bool lb_policy_name_changed = false;
  grpc_lb_policy *new_lb_policy = NULL;
  char *service_config_json = NULL;
  grpc_server_retry_throttle_data *retry_throttle_data = NULL;
  grpc_slice_hash_table *method_params_table = NULL;
  if (chand->resolver_result != NULL) {
    // Find LB policy name.
    const grpc_arg *channel_arg =
        grpc_channel_args_find(chand->resolver_result, GRPC_ARG_LB_POLICY_NAME);
    if (channel_arg != NULL) {
      GPR_ASSERT(channel_arg->type == GRPC_ARG_STRING);
      lb_policy_name = channel_arg->value.string;
    }
    // Special case: If at least one balancer address is present, we use
    // the grpclb policy, regardless of what the resolver actually specified.
    channel_arg =
        grpc_channel_args_find(chand->resolver_result, GRPC_ARG_LB_ADDRESSES);
    if (channel_arg != NULL && channel_arg->type == GRPC_ARG_POINTER) {
      grpc_lb_addresses *addresses = channel_arg->value.pointer.p;
      bool found_balancer_address = false;
      for (size_t i = 0; i < addresses->num_addresses; ++i) {
        if (addresses->addresses[i].is_balancer) {
          found_balancer_address = true;
          break;
        }
      }
      if (found_balancer_address) {
        if (lb_policy_name != NULL && strcmp(lb_policy_name, "grpclb") != 0) {
          gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
                  "resolver requested LB policy %s but provided at least one "
                  "balancer address -- forcing use of grpclb LB policy",
                  lb_policy_name);
        }
        lb_policy_name = "grpclb";
      }
    }
    // Use pick_first if nothing was specified and we didn't select grpclb
    // above.
    if (lb_policy_name == NULL) lb_policy_name = "pick_first";
    grpc_lb_policy_args lb_policy_args;
    lb_policy_args.args = chand->resolver_result;
    lb_policy_args.client_channel_factory = chand->client_channel_factory;
    lb_policy_args.combiner = chand->combiner;
    // Check to see if we're already using the right LB policy.
    // Note: It's safe to use chand->info_lb_policy_name here without
    // taking a lock on chand->info_mu, because this function is the
    // only thing that modifies its value, and it can only be invoked
    // once at any given time.
    lb_policy_name_changed =
        chand->info_lb_policy_name == NULL ||
        strcmp(chand->info_lb_policy_name, lb_policy_name) != 0;
    if (chand->lb_policy != NULL && !lb_policy_name_changed) {
      // Continue using the same LB policy.  Update with new addresses.
      grpc_lb_policy_update_locked(exec_ctx, chand->lb_policy, &lb_policy_args);
    } else {
      // Instantiate new LB policy.
      new_lb_policy =
          grpc_lb_policy_create(exec_ctx, lb_policy_name, &lb_policy_args);
      if (new_lb_policy == NULL) {
        gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "could not create LB policy \"%s\"", lb_policy_name);
      }
    }
    // Find service config.
    channel_arg =
        grpc_channel_args_find(chand->resolver_result, GRPC_ARG_SERVICE_CONFIG);
    if (channel_arg != NULL) {
      GPR_ASSERT(channel_arg->type == GRPC_ARG_STRING);
      service_config_json = gpr_strdup(channel_arg->value.string);
      grpc_service_config *service_config =
          grpc_service_config_create(service_config_json);
      if (service_config != NULL) {
        channel_arg =
            grpc_channel_args_find(chand->resolver_result, GRPC_ARG_SERVER_URI);
        GPR_ASSERT(channel_arg != NULL);
        GPR_ASSERT(channel_arg->type == GRPC_ARG_STRING);
        grpc_uri *uri =
            grpc_uri_parse(exec_ctx, channel_arg->value.string, true);
        GPR_ASSERT(uri->path[0] != '\0');
        service_config_parsing_state parsing_state;
        memset(&parsing_state, 0, sizeof(parsing_state));
        parsing_state.server_name =
            uri->path[0] == '/' ? uri->path + 1 : uri->path;
        grpc_service_config_parse_global_params(
            service_config, parse_retry_throttle_params, &parsing_state);
        grpc_uri_destroy(uri);
        retry_throttle_data = parsing_state.retry_throttle_data;
        method_params_table = grpc_service_config_create_method_config_table(
            exec_ctx, service_config, method_parameters_create_from_json,
            method_parameters_free);
        grpc_service_config_destroy(service_config);
      }
    }
    // Before we clean up, save a copy of lb_policy_name, since it might
    // be pointing to data inside chand->resolver_result.
    // The copy will be saved in chand->lb_policy_name below.
    lb_policy_name = gpr_strdup(lb_policy_name);
    grpc_channel_args_destroy(exec_ctx, chand->resolver_result);
    chand->resolver_result = NULL;
  }
  if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
            "chand=%p: resolver result: lb_policy_name=\"%s\"%s, "
            "service_config=\"%s\"",
            chand, lb_policy_name, lb_policy_name_changed ? " (changed)" : "",
            service_config_json);
  }
  // Now swap out fields in chand.  Note that the new values may still
  // be NULL if (e.g.) the resolver failed to return results or the
  // results did not contain the necessary data.
  //
  // First, swap out the data used by cc_get_channel_info().
  gpr_mu_lock(&chand->info_mu);
  if (lb_policy_name != NULL) {
    gpr_free(chand->info_lb_policy_name);
    chand->info_lb_policy_name = lb_policy_name;
  }
  if (service_config_json != NULL) {
    gpr_free(chand->info_service_config_json);
    chand->info_service_config_json = service_config_json;
  }
  gpr_mu_unlock(&chand->info_mu);
  // Swap out the retry throttle data.
  if (chand->retry_throttle_data != NULL) {
    grpc_server_retry_throttle_data_unref(chand->retry_throttle_data);
  }
  chand->retry_throttle_data = retry_throttle_data;
  // Swap out the method params table.
  if (chand->method_params_table != NULL) {
    grpc_slice_hash_table_unref(exec_ctx, chand->method_params_table);
  }
  chand->method_params_table = method_params_table;
  // If we have a new LB policy or are shutting down (in which case
  // new_lb_policy will be NULL), swap out the LB policy, unreffing the
  // old one and removing its fds from chand->interested_parties.
  // Note that we do NOT do this if either (a) we updated the existing
  // LB policy above or (b) we failed to create the new LB policy (in
  // which case we want to continue using the most recent one we had).
  if (new_lb_policy != NULL || error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE ||
      chand->resolver == NULL) {
    if (chand->lb_policy != NULL) {
      if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p: unreffing lb_policy=%p", chand,
                chand->lb_policy);
      }
      grpc_pollset_set_del_pollset_set(exec_ctx,
                                       chand->lb_policy->interested_parties,
                                       chand->interested_parties);
      GRPC_LB_POLICY_UNREF(exec_ctx, chand->lb_policy, "channel");
    }
    chand->lb_policy = new_lb_policy;
  }
  // Now that we've swapped out the relevant fields of chand, check for
  // error or shutdown.
  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE || chand->resolver == NULL) {
    if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p: shutting down", chand);
    }
    if (chand->resolver != NULL) {
      if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p: shutting down resolver", chand);
      }
      grpc_resolver_shutdown_locked(exec_ctx, chand->resolver);
      GRPC_RESOLVER_UNREF(exec_ctx, chand->resolver, "channel");
      chand->resolver = NULL;
    }
    set_channel_connectivity_state_locked(
        exec_ctx, chand, GRPC_CHANNEL_SHUTDOWN,
        GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_REFERENCING_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
            "Got resolver result after disconnection", &error, 1),
        "resolver_gone");
    GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_UNREF(exec_ctx, chand->owning_stack, "resolver");
    grpc_closure_list_fail_all(&chand->waiting_for_resolver_result_closures,
                               GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_REFERENCING_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
                                   "Channel disconnected", &error, 1));
    GRPC_CLOSURE_LIST_SCHED(exec_ctx,
                            &chand->waiting_for_resolver_result_closures);
  } else {  // Not shutting down.
    grpc_connectivity_state state = GRPC_CHANNEL_TRANSIENT_FAILURE;
    grpc_error *state_error =
        GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("No load balancing policy");
    if (new_lb_policy != NULL) {
      if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p: initializing new LB policy", chand);
      }
      GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(state_error);
      state = grpc_lb_policy_check_connectivity_locked(exec_ctx, new_lb_policy,
                                                       &state_error);
      grpc_pollset_set_add_pollset_set(exec_ctx,
                                       new_lb_policy->interested_parties,
                                       chand->interested_parties);
      GRPC_CLOSURE_LIST_SCHED(exec_ctx,
                              &chand->waiting_for_resolver_result_closures);
      if (chand->exit_idle_when_lb_policy_arrives) {
        grpc_lb_policy_exit_idle_locked(exec_ctx, new_lb_policy);
        chand->exit_idle_when_lb_policy_arrives = false;
      }
      watch_lb_policy_locked(exec_ctx, chand, new_lb_policy, state);
    }
    set_channel_connectivity_state_locked(
        exec_ctx, chand, state, GRPC_ERROR_REF(state_error), "new_lb+resolver");
    grpc_resolver_next_locked(exec_ctx, chand->resolver,
                              &chand->resolver_result,
                              &chand->on_resolver_result_changed);
    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(state_error);
  }
}

static void start_transport_op_locked(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, void *arg,
                                      grpc_error *error_ignored) {
  grpc_transport_op *op = arg;
  grpc_channel_element *elem = op->handler_private.extra_arg;
  channel_data *chand = elem->channel_data;

  if (op->on_connectivity_state_change != NULL) {
    grpc_connectivity_state_notify_on_state_change(
        exec_ctx, &chand->state_tracker, op->connectivity_state,
        op->on_connectivity_state_change);
    op->on_connectivity_state_change = NULL;
    op->connectivity_state = NULL;
  }

  if (op->send_ping != NULL) {
    if (chand->lb_policy == NULL) {
      GRPC_CLOSURE_SCHED(
          exec_ctx, op->send_ping,
          GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Ping with no load balancing"));
    } else {
      grpc_lb_policy_ping_one_locked(exec_ctx, chand->lb_policy, op->send_ping);
      op->bind_pollset = NULL;
    }
    op->send_ping = NULL;
  }

  if (op->disconnect_with_error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
    if (chand->resolver != NULL) {
      set_channel_connectivity_state_locked(
          exec_ctx, chand, GRPC_CHANNEL_SHUTDOWN,
          GRPC_ERROR_REF(op->disconnect_with_error), "disconnect");
      grpc_resolver_shutdown_locked(exec_ctx, chand->resolver);
      GRPC_RESOLVER_UNREF(exec_ctx, chand->resolver, "channel");
      chand->resolver = NULL;
      if (!chand->started_resolving) {
        grpc_closure_list_fail_all(&chand->waiting_for_resolver_result_closures,
                                   GRPC_ERROR_REF(op->disconnect_with_error));
        GRPC_CLOSURE_LIST_SCHED(exec_ctx,
                                &chand->waiting_for_resolver_result_closures);
      }
      if (chand->lb_policy != NULL) {
        grpc_pollset_set_del_pollset_set(exec_ctx,
                                         chand->lb_policy->interested_parties,
                                         chand->interested_parties);
        GRPC_LB_POLICY_UNREF(exec_ctx, chand->lb_policy, "channel");
        chand->lb_policy = NULL;
      }
    }
    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(op->disconnect_with_error);
  }
  GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_UNREF(exec_ctx, chand->owning_stack, "start_transport_op");

  GRPC_CLOSURE_SCHED(exec_ctx, op->on_consumed, GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
}

static void cc_start_transport_op(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                  grpc_channel_element *elem,
                                  grpc_transport_op *op) {
  channel_data *chand = elem->channel_data;

  GPR_ASSERT(op->set_accept_stream == false);
  if (op->bind_pollset != NULL) {
    grpc_pollset_set_add_pollset(exec_ctx, chand->interested_parties,
                                 op->bind_pollset);
  }

  op->handler_private.extra_arg = elem;
  GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_REF(chand->owning_stack, "start_transport_op");
  GRPC_CLOSURE_SCHED(
      exec_ctx,
      GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&op->handler_private.closure, start_transport_op_locked,
                        op, grpc_combiner_scheduler(chand->combiner)),
      GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
}

static void cc_get_channel_info(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                grpc_channel_element *elem,
                                const grpc_channel_info *info) {
  channel_data *chand = elem->channel_data;
  gpr_mu_lock(&chand->info_mu);
  if (info->lb_policy_name != NULL) {
    *info->lb_policy_name = chand->info_lb_policy_name == NULL
                                ? NULL
                                : gpr_strdup(chand->info_lb_policy_name);
  }
  if (info->service_config_json != NULL) {
    *info->service_config_json =
        chand->info_service_config_json == NULL
            ? NULL
            : gpr_strdup(chand->info_service_config_json);
  }
  gpr_mu_unlock(&chand->info_mu);
}

/* Constructor for channel_data */
static grpc_error *cc_init_channel_elem(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                        grpc_channel_element *elem,
                                        grpc_channel_element_args *args) {
  channel_data *chand = elem->channel_data;
  GPR_ASSERT(args->is_last);
  GPR_ASSERT(elem->filter == &grpc_client_channel_filter);
  // Initialize data members.
  chand->combiner = grpc_combiner_create();
  gpr_mu_init(&chand->info_mu);
  gpr_mu_init(&chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu);

  gpr_mu_lock(&chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu);
  chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_head = NULL;
  gpr_mu_unlock(&chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu);

  chand->owning_stack = args->channel_stack;
  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&chand->on_resolver_result_changed,
                    on_resolver_result_changed_locked, chand,
                    grpc_combiner_scheduler(chand->combiner));
  chand->interested_parties = grpc_pollset_set_create();
  grpc_connectivity_state_init(&chand->state_tracker, GRPC_CHANNEL_IDLE,
                               "client_channel");
  // Record client channel factory.
  const grpc_arg *arg = grpc_channel_args_find(args->channel_args,
                                               GRPC_ARG_CLIENT_CHANNEL_FACTORY);
  if (arg == NULL) {
    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
        "Missing client channel factory in args for client channel filter");
  }
  if (arg->type != GRPC_ARG_POINTER) {
    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
        "client channel factory arg must be a pointer");
  }
  grpc_client_channel_factory_ref(arg->value.pointer.p);
  chand->client_channel_factory = arg->value.pointer.p;
  // Get server name to resolve, using proxy mapper if needed.
  arg = grpc_channel_args_find(args->channel_args, GRPC_ARG_SERVER_URI);
  if (arg == NULL) {
    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
        "Missing server uri in args for client channel filter");
  }
  if (arg->type != GRPC_ARG_STRING) {
    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
        "server uri arg must be a string");
  }
  char *proxy_name = NULL;
  grpc_channel_args *new_args = NULL;
  grpc_proxy_mappers_map_name(exec_ctx, arg->value.string, args->channel_args,
                              &proxy_name, &new_args);
  // Instantiate resolver.
  chand->resolver = grpc_resolver_create(
      exec_ctx, proxy_name != NULL ? proxy_name : arg->value.string,
      new_args != NULL ? new_args : args->channel_args,
      chand->interested_parties, chand->combiner);
  if (proxy_name != NULL) gpr_free(proxy_name);
  if (new_args != NULL) grpc_channel_args_destroy(exec_ctx, new_args);
  if (chand->resolver == NULL) {
    return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("resolver creation failed");
  }
  chand->deadline_checking_enabled =
      grpc_deadline_checking_enabled(args->channel_args);
  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
}

static void shutdown_resolver_locked(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, void *arg,
                                     grpc_error *error) {
  grpc_resolver *resolver = arg;
  grpc_resolver_shutdown_locked(exec_ctx, resolver);
  GRPC_RESOLVER_UNREF(exec_ctx, resolver, "channel");
}

/* Destructor for channel_data */
static void cc_destroy_channel_elem(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                    grpc_channel_element *elem) {
  channel_data *chand = elem->channel_data;
  if (chand->resolver != NULL) {
    GRPC_CLOSURE_SCHED(
        exec_ctx, GRPC_CLOSURE_CREATE(shutdown_resolver_locked, chand->resolver,
                                      grpc_combiner_scheduler(chand->combiner)),
        GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
  }
  if (chand->client_channel_factory != NULL) {
    grpc_client_channel_factory_unref(exec_ctx, chand->client_channel_factory);
  }
  if (chand->lb_policy != NULL) {
    grpc_pollset_set_del_pollset_set(exec_ctx,
                                     chand->lb_policy->interested_parties,
                                     chand->interested_parties);
    GRPC_LB_POLICY_UNREF(exec_ctx, chand->lb_policy, "channel");
  }
  gpr_free(chand->info_lb_policy_name);
  gpr_free(chand->info_service_config_json);
  if (chand->retry_throttle_data != NULL) {
    grpc_server_retry_throttle_data_unref(chand->retry_throttle_data);
  }
  if (chand->method_params_table != NULL) {
    grpc_slice_hash_table_unref(exec_ctx, chand->method_params_table);
  }
  grpc_connectivity_state_destroy(exec_ctx, &chand->state_tracker);
  grpc_pollset_set_destroy(exec_ctx, chand->interested_parties);
  GRPC_COMBINER_UNREF(exec_ctx, chand->combiner, "client_channel");
  gpr_mu_destroy(&chand->info_mu);
  gpr_mu_destroy(&chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu);
}

/*************************************************************************
 * PER-CALL FUNCTIONS
 */

// Max number of batches that can be pending on a call at any given
// time.  This includes:
//   recv_initial_metadata
//   send_initial_metadata
//   recv_message
//   send_message
//   recv_trailing_metadata
//   send_trailing_metadata
#define MAX_WAITING_BATCHES 6

/** Call data.  Holds a pointer to grpc_subchannel_call and the
    associated machinery to create such a pointer.
    Handles queueing of stream ops until a call object is ready, waiting
    for initial metadata before trying to create a call object,
    and handling cancellation gracefully. */
typedef struct client_channel_call_data {
  // State for handling deadlines.
  // The code in deadline_filter.c requires this to be the first field.
  // TODO(roth): This is slightly sub-optimal in that grpc_deadline_state
  // and this struct both independently store a pointer to the call
  // stack and each has its own mutex.  If/when we have time, find a way
  // to avoid this without breaking the grpc_deadline_state abstraction.
  grpc_deadline_state deadline_state;

  grpc_slice path;  // Request path.
  gpr_timespec call_start_time;
  gpr_timespec deadline;
  grpc_server_retry_throttle_data *retry_throttle_data;
  method_parameters *method_params;

  /** either 0 for no call, a pointer to a grpc_subchannel_call (if the lowest
      bit is 0), or a pointer to an error (if the lowest bit is 1) */
  gpr_atm subchannel_call_or_error;
  gpr_arena *arena;

  grpc_lb_policy *lb_policy;  // Holds ref while LB pick is pending.
  grpc_closure lb_pick_closure;

  grpc_connected_subchannel *connected_subchannel;
  grpc_call_context_element subchannel_call_context[GRPC_CONTEXT_COUNT];
  grpc_polling_entity *pollent;

  grpc_transport_stream_op_batch *waiting_for_pick_batches[MAX_WAITING_BATCHES];
  size_t waiting_for_pick_batches_count;

  grpc_transport_stream_op_batch_payload *initial_metadata_payload;

  grpc_call_stack *owning_call;

  grpc_linked_mdelem lb_token_mdelem;

  grpc_closure on_complete;
  grpc_closure *original_on_complete;
} call_data;

typedef struct {
  grpc_subchannel_call *subchannel_call;
  grpc_error *error;
} call_or_error;

static call_or_error get_call_or_error(call_data *p) {
  gpr_atm c = gpr_atm_acq_load(&p->subchannel_call_or_error);
  if (c == 0)
    return (call_or_error){NULL, NULL};
  else if (c & 1)
    return (call_or_error){NULL, (grpc_error *)((c) & ~(gpr_atm)1)};
  else
    return (call_or_error){(grpc_subchannel_call *)c, NULL};
}

static bool set_call_or_error(call_data *p, call_or_error coe) {
  // this should always be under a lock
  call_or_error existing = get_call_or_error(p);
  if (existing.error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(coe.error);
    return false;
  }
  GPR_ASSERT(existing.subchannel_call == NULL);
  if (coe.error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
    GPR_ASSERT(coe.subchannel_call == NULL);
    gpr_atm_rel_store(&p->subchannel_call_or_error, 1 | (gpr_atm)coe.error);
  } else {
    GPR_ASSERT(coe.subchannel_call != NULL);
    gpr_atm_rel_store(&p->subchannel_call_or_error,
                      (gpr_atm)coe.subchannel_call);
  }
  return true;
}

grpc_subchannel_call *grpc_client_channel_get_subchannel_call(
    grpc_call_element *call_elem) {
  return get_call_or_error(call_elem->call_data).subchannel_call;
}

static void waiting_for_pick_batches_add_locked(
    call_data *calld, grpc_transport_stream_op_batch *batch) {
  GPR_ASSERT(calld->waiting_for_pick_batches_count < MAX_WAITING_BATCHES);
  calld->waiting_for_pick_batches[calld->waiting_for_pick_batches_count++] =
      batch;
}

static void waiting_for_pick_batches_fail_locked(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                                 grpc_call_element *elem,
                                                 grpc_error *error) {
  call_data *calld = elem->call_data;
  if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
            "chand=%p calld=%p: failing %" PRIdPTR " pending batches: %s",
            elem->channel_data, calld, calld->waiting_for_pick_batches_count,
            grpc_error_string(error));
  }
  for (size_t i = 0; i < calld->waiting_for_pick_batches_count; ++i) {
    grpc_transport_stream_op_batch_finish_with_failure(
        exec_ctx, calld->waiting_for_pick_batches[i], GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
  }
  calld->waiting_for_pick_batches_count = 0;
  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
}

static void waiting_for_pick_batches_resume_locked(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                                   grpc_call_element *elem) {
  call_data *calld = elem->call_data;
  if (calld->waiting_for_pick_batches_count == 0) return;
  call_or_error coe = get_call_or_error(calld);
  if (coe.error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
    waiting_for_pick_batches_fail_locked(exec_ctx, elem,
                                         GRPC_ERROR_REF(coe.error));
    return;
  }
  if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: sending %" PRIdPTR
                       " pending batches to subchannel_call=%p",
            elem->channel_data, calld, calld->waiting_for_pick_batches_count,
            coe.subchannel_call);
  }
  for (size_t i = 0; i < calld->waiting_for_pick_batches_count; ++i) {
    grpc_subchannel_call_process_op(exec_ctx, coe.subchannel_call,
                                    calld->waiting_for_pick_batches[i]);
  }
  calld->waiting_for_pick_batches_count = 0;
}

// Applies service config to the call.  Must be invoked once we know
// that the resolver has returned results to the channel.
static void apply_service_config_to_call_locked(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                                grpc_call_element *elem) {
  channel_data *chand = elem->channel_data;
  call_data *calld = elem->call_data;
  if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: applying service config to call",
            chand, calld);
  }
  if (chand->retry_throttle_data != NULL) {
    calld->retry_throttle_data =
        grpc_server_retry_throttle_data_ref(chand->retry_throttle_data);
  }
  if (chand->method_params_table != NULL) {
    calld->method_params = grpc_method_config_table_get(
        exec_ctx, chand->method_params_table, calld->path);
    if (calld->method_params != NULL) {
      method_parameters_ref(calld->method_params);
      // If the deadline from the service config is shorter than the one
      // from the client API, reset the deadline timer.
      if (chand->deadline_checking_enabled &&
          gpr_time_cmp(calld->method_params->timeout,
                       gpr_time_0(GPR_TIMESPAN)) != 0) {
        const gpr_timespec per_method_deadline =
            gpr_time_add(calld->call_start_time, calld->method_params->timeout);
        if (gpr_time_cmp(per_method_deadline, calld->deadline) < 0) {
          calld->deadline = per_method_deadline;
          grpc_deadline_state_reset(exec_ctx, elem, calld->deadline);
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

static void create_subchannel_call_locked(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                          grpc_call_element *elem,
                                          grpc_error *error) {
  call_data *calld = elem->call_data;
  grpc_subchannel_call *subchannel_call = NULL;
  const grpc_connected_subchannel_call_args call_args = {
      .pollent = calld->pollent,
      .path = calld->path,
      .start_time = calld->call_start_time,
      .deadline = calld->deadline,
      .arena = calld->arena,
      .context = calld->subchannel_call_context};
  grpc_error *new_error = grpc_connected_subchannel_create_call(
      exec_ctx, calld->connected_subchannel, &call_args, &subchannel_call);
  if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: create subchannel_call=%p: error=%s",
            elem->channel_data, calld, subchannel_call,
            grpc_error_string(new_error));
  }
  GPR_ASSERT(set_call_or_error(
      calld, (call_or_error){.subchannel_call = subchannel_call}));
  if (new_error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
    new_error = grpc_error_add_child(new_error, error);
    waiting_for_pick_batches_fail_locked(exec_ctx, elem, new_error);
  } else {
    waiting_for_pick_batches_resume_locked(exec_ctx, elem);
  }
  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
}

static void subchannel_ready_locked(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                    grpc_call_element *elem,
                                    grpc_error *error) {
  call_data *calld = elem->call_data;
  channel_data *chand = elem->channel_data;
  grpc_polling_entity_del_from_pollset_set(exec_ctx, calld->pollent,
                                           chand->interested_parties);
  call_or_error coe = get_call_or_error(calld);
  if (calld->connected_subchannel == NULL) {
    // Failed to create subchannel.
    grpc_error *failure =
        error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE
            ? GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
                  "Call dropped by load balancing policy")
            : GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_REFERENCING_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
                  "Failed to create subchannel", &error, 1);
    if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
              "chand=%p calld=%p: failed to create subchannel: error=%s", chand,
              calld, grpc_error_string(failure));
    }
    set_call_or_error(calld, (call_or_error){.error = GRPC_ERROR_REF(failure)});
    waiting_for_pick_batches_fail_locked(exec_ctx, elem, failure);
  } else if (coe.error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
    /* already cancelled before subchannel became ready */
    grpc_error *child_errors[] = {error, coe.error};
    grpc_error *cancellation_error =
        GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_REFERENCING_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
            "Cancelled before creating subchannel", child_errors,
            GPR_ARRAY_SIZE(child_errors));
    /* if due to deadline, attach the deadline exceeded status to the error */
    if (gpr_time_cmp(calld->deadline, gpr_now(GPR_CLOCK_MONOTONIC)) < 0) {
      cancellation_error =
          grpc_error_set_int(cancellation_error, GRPC_ERROR_INT_GRPC_STATUS,
                             GRPC_STATUS_DEADLINE_EXCEEDED);
    }
    if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
              "chand=%p calld=%p: cancelled before subchannel became ready: %s",
              chand, calld, grpc_error_string(cancellation_error));
    }
    waiting_for_pick_batches_fail_locked(exec_ctx, elem, cancellation_error);
  } else {
    /* Create call on subchannel. */
    create_subchannel_call_locked(exec_ctx, elem, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
  }
  GRPC_CALL_STACK_UNREF(exec_ctx, calld->owning_call, "pick_subchannel");
  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
}

static char *cc_get_peer(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, grpc_call_element *elem) {
  call_data *calld = elem->call_data;
  grpc_subchannel_call *subchannel_call =
      get_call_or_error(calld).subchannel_call;
  if (subchannel_call == NULL) {
    return NULL;
  } else {
    return grpc_subchannel_call_get_peer(exec_ctx, subchannel_call);
  }
}

/** Return true if subchannel is available immediately (in which case
    subchannel_ready_locked() should not be called), or false otherwise (in
    which case subchannel_ready_locked() should be called when the subchannel
    is available). */
static bool pick_subchannel_locked(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                   grpc_call_element *elem);

typedef struct {
  grpc_call_element *elem;
  bool cancelled;
  grpc_closure closure;
} pick_after_resolver_result_args;

static void pick_after_resolver_result_done_locked(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                                   void *arg,
                                                   grpc_error *error) {
  pick_after_resolver_result_args *args = arg;
  if (args->cancelled) {
    /* cancelled, do nothing */
    if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "call cancelled before resolver result");
    }
  } else {
    channel_data *chand = args->elem->channel_data;
    call_data *calld = args->elem->call_data;
    if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
      if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: resolver failed to return data",
                chand, calld);
      }
      subchannel_ready_locked(exec_ctx, args->elem, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
    } else {
      if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: resolver returned, doing pick",
                chand, calld);
      }
      if (pick_subchannel_locked(exec_ctx, args->elem)) {
        subchannel_ready_locked(exec_ctx, args->elem, GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
      }
    }
  }
  gpr_free(args);
}

static void pick_after_resolver_result_start_locked(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                                    grpc_call_element *elem) {
  channel_data *chand = elem->channel_data;
  call_data *calld = elem->call_data;
  if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
            "chand=%p calld=%p: deferring pick pending resolver result", chand,
            calld);
  }
  pick_after_resolver_result_args *args =
      (pick_after_resolver_result_args *)gpr_zalloc(sizeof(*args));
  args->elem = elem;
  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&args->closure, pick_after_resolver_result_done_locked,
                    args, grpc_combiner_scheduler(chand->combiner));
  grpc_closure_list_append(&chand->waiting_for_resolver_result_closures,
                           &args->closure, GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
}

static void pick_after_resolver_result_cancel_locked(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                                     grpc_call_element *elem,
                                                     grpc_error *error) {
  channel_data *chand = elem->channel_data;
  call_data *calld = elem->call_data;
  // If we don't yet have a resolver result, then a closure for
  // pick_after_resolver_result_done_locked() will have been added to
  // chand->waiting_for_resolver_result_closures, and it may not be invoked
  // until after this call has been destroyed.  We mark the operation as
  // cancelled, so that when pick_after_resolver_result_done_locked()
  // is called, it will be a no-op.  We also immediately invoke
  // subchannel_ready_locked() to propagate the error back to the caller.
  for (grpc_closure *closure = chand->waiting_for_resolver_result_closures.head;
       closure != NULL; closure = closure->next_data.next) {
    pick_after_resolver_result_args *args = closure->cb_arg;
    if (!args->cancelled && args->elem == elem) {
      if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
                "chand=%p calld=%p: "
                "cancelling pick waiting for resolver result",
                chand, calld);
      }
      args->cancelled = true;
      subchannel_ready_locked(exec_ctx, elem,
                              GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_REFERENCING_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
                                  "Pick cancelled", &error, 1));
    }
  }
  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
}

// Callback invoked by grpc_lb_policy_pick_locked() for async picks.
// Unrefs the LB policy after invoking subchannel_ready_locked().
static void pick_callback_done_locked(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, void *arg,
                                      grpc_error *error) {
  grpc_call_element *elem = arg;
  channel_data *chand = elem->channel_data;
  call_data *calld = elem->call_data;
  if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: pick completed asynchronously",
            chand, calld);
  }
  GPR_ASSERT(calld->lb_policy != NULL);
  GRPC_LB_POLICY_UNREF(exec_ctx, calld->lb_policy, "pick_subchannel");
  calld->lb_policy = NULL;
  subchannel_ready_locked(exec_ctx, elem, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
}

// Takes a ref to chand->lb_policy and calls grpc_lb_policy_pick_locked().
// If the pick was completed synchronously, unrefs the LB policy and
// returns true.
static bool pick_callback_start_locked(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                       grpc_call_element *elem,
                                       const grpc_lb_policy_pick_args *inputs) {
  channel_data *chand = elem->channel_data;
  call_data *calld = elem->call_data;
  if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: starting pick on lb_policy=%p",
            chand, calld, chand->lb_policy);
  }
  // Keep a ref to the LB policy in calld while the pick is pending.
  GRPC_LB_POLICY_REF(chand->lb_policy, "pick_subchannel");
  calld->lb_policy = chand->lb_policy;
  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&calld->lb_pick_closure, pick_callback_done_locked, elem,
                    grpc_combiner_scheduler(chand->combiner));
  const bool pick_done = grpc_lb_policy_pick_locked(
      exec_ctx, chand->lb_policy, inputs, &calld->connected_subchannel,
      calld->subchannel_call_context, NULL, &calld->lb_pick_closure);
  if (pick_done) {
    /* synchronous grpc_lb_policy_pick call. Unref the LB policy. */
    if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: pick completed synchronously",
              chand, calld);
    }
    GRPC_LB_POLICY_UNREF(exec_ctx, calld->lb_policy, "pick_subchannel");
    calld->lb_policy = NULL;
  }
  return pick_done;
}

static void pick_callback_cancel_locked(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                        grpc_call_element *elem,
                                        grpc_error *error) {
  channel_data *chand = elem->channel_data;
  call_data *calld = elem->call_data;
  GPR_ASSERT(calld->lb_policy != NULL);
  if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: cancelling pick from LB policy %p",
            chand, calld, calld->lb_policy);
  }
  grpc_lb_policy_cancel_pick_locked(exec_ctx, calld->lb_policy,
                                    &calld->connected_subchannel, error);
}

static bool pick_subchannel_locked(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                   grpc_call_element *elem) {
  GPR_TIMER_BEGIN("pick_subchannel", 0);
  channel_data *chand = elem->channel_data;
  call_data *calld = elem->call_data;
  bool pick_done = false;
  if (chand->lb_policy != NULL) {
    apply_service_config_to_call_locked(exec_ctx, elem);
    // If the application explicitly set wait_for_ready, use that.
    // Otherwise, if the service config specified a value for this
    // method, use that.
    uint32_t initial_metadata_flags =
        calld->initial_metadata_payload->send_initial_metadata
            .send_initial_metadata_flags;
    const bool wait_for_ready_set_from_api =
        initial_metadata_flags &
        GRPC_INITIAL_METADATA_WAIT_FOR_READY_EXPLICITLY_SET;
    const bool wait_for_ready_set_from_service_config =
        calld->method_params != NULL &&
        calld->method_params->wait_for_ready != WAIT_FOR_READY_UNSET;
    if (!wait_for_ready_set_from_api &&
        wait_for_ready_set_from_service_config) {
      if (calld->method_params->wait_for_ready == WAIT_FOR_READY_TRUE) {
        initial_metadata_flags |= GRPC_INITIAL_METADATA_WAIT_FOR_READY;
      } else {
        initial_metadata_flags &= ~GRPC_INITIAL_METADATA_WAIT_FOR_READY;
      }
    }
    const grpc_lb_policy_pick_args inputs = {
        calld->initial_metadata_payload->send_initial_metadata
            .send_initial_metadata,
        initial_metadata_flags, &calld->lb_token_mdelem};
    pick_done = pick_callback_start_locked(exec_ctx, elem, &inputs);
  } else if (chand->resolver != NULL) {
    if (!chand->started_resolving) {
      start_resolving_locked(exec_ctx, chand);
    }
    pick_after_resolver_result_start_locked(exec_ctx, elem);
  } else {
    subchannel_ready_locked(
        exec_ctx, elem, GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Disconnected"));
  }
  GPR_TIMER_END("pick_subchannel", 0);
  return pick_done;
}

static void start_transport_stream_op_batch_locked(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                                   void *arg,
                                                   grpc_error *error_ignored) {
  GPR_TIMER_BEGIN("start_transport_stream_op_batch_locked", 0);
  grpc_transport_stream_op_batch *batch = arg;
  grpc_call_element *elem = batch->handler_private.extra_arg;
  call_data *calld = elem->call_data;
  channel_data *chand = elem->channel_data;
  /* need to recheck that another thread hasn't set the call */
  call_or_error coe = get_call_or_error(calld);
  if (coe.error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
    if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: failing batch with error: %s",
              chand, calld, grpc_error_string(coe.error));
    }
    grpc_transport_stream_op_batch_finish_with_failure(
        exec_ctx, batch, GRPC_ERROR_REF(coe.error));
    goto done;
  }
  if (coe.subchannel_call != NULL) {
    if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
              "chand=%p calld=%p: sending batch to subchannel_call=%p", chand,
              calld, coe.subchannel_call);
    }
    grpc_subchannel_call_process_op(exec_ctx, coe.subchannel_call, batch);
    goto done;
  }
  // Add to waiting-for-pick list.  If we succeed in getting a
  // subchannel call below, we'll handle this batch (along with any
  // other waiting batches) in waiting_for_pick_batches_resume_locked().
  waiting_for_pick_batches_add_locked(calld, batch);
  // If this is a cancellation, cancel the pending pick (if any) and
  // fail any pending batches.
  if (batch->cancel_stream) {
    grpc_error *error = batch->payload->cancel_stream.cancel_error;
    if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: recording cancel_error=%s", chand,
              calld, grpc_error_string(error));
    }
    /* Stash a copy of cancel_error in our call data, so that we can use
       it for subsequent operations.  This ensures that if the call is
       cancelled before any batches are passed down (e.g., if the deadline
       is in the past when the call starts), we can return the right
       error to the caller when the first batch does get passed down. */
    set_call_or_error(calld, (call_or_error){.error = GRPC_ERROR_REF(error)});
    if (calld->lb_policy != NULL) {
      pick_callback_cancel_locked(exec_ctx, elem, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
    } else {
      pick_after_resolver_result_cancel_locked(exec_ctx, elem,
                                               GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
    }
    waiting_for_pick_batches_fail_locked(exec_ctx, elem, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
    goto done;
  }
  /* if we don't have a subchannel, try to get one */
  if (batch->send_initial_metadata) {
    GPR_ASSERT(calld->connected_subchannel == NULL);
    calld->initial_metadata_payload = batch->payload;
    GRPC_CALL_STACK_REF(calld->owning_call, "pick_subchannel");
    /* If a subchannel is not available immediately, the polling entity from
       call_data should be provided to channel_data's interested_parties, so
       that IO of the lb_policy and resolver could be done under it. */
    if (pick_subchannel_locked(exec_ctx, elem)) {
      // Pick was returned synchronously.
      GRPC_CALL_STACK_UNREF(exec_ctx, calld->owning_call, "pick_subchannel");
      if (calld->connected_subchannel == NULL) {
        grpc_error *error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
            "Call dropped by load balancing policy");
        set_call_or_error(calld,
                          (call_or_error){.error = GRPC_ERROR_REF(error)});
        waiting_for_pick_batches_fail_locked(exec_ctx, elem, error);
      } else {
        // Create subchannel call.
        create_subchannel_call_locked(exec_ctx, elem, GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
      }
    } else {
      grpc_polling_entity_add_to_pollset_set(exec_ctx, calld->pollent,
                                             chand->interested_parties);
    }
  }
done:
  GRPC_CALL_STACK_UNREF(exec_ctx, calld->owning_call,
                        "start_transport_stream_op_batch");
  GPR_TIMER_END("start_transport_stream_op_batch_locked", 0);
}

static void on_complete(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, void *arg, grpc_error *error) {
  grpc_call_element *elem = arg;
  call_data *calld = elem->call_data;
  if (calld->retry_throttle_data != NULL) {
    if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
      grpc_server_retry_throttle_data_record_success(
          calld->retry_throttle_data);
    } else {
      // TODO(roth): In a subsequent PR, check the return value here and
      // decide whether or not to retry.  Note that we should only
      // record failures whose statuses match the configured retryable
      // or non-fatal status codes.
      grpc_server_retry_throttle_data_record_failure(
          calld->retry_throttle_data);
    }
  }
  GRPC_CLOSURE_RUN(exec_ctx, calld->original_on_complete,
                   GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
}

/* The logic here is fairly complicated, due to (a) the fact that we
   need to handle the case where we receive the send op before the
   initial metadata op, and (b) the need for efficiency, especially in
   the streaming case.

   We use double-checked locking to initially see if initialization has been
   performed. If it has not, we acquire the combiner and perform initialization.
   If it has, we proceed on the fast path. */
static void cc_start_transport_stream_op_batch(
    grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, grpc_call_element *elem,
    grpc_transport_stream_op_batch *batch) {
  call_data *calld = elem->call_data;
  channel_data *chand = elem->channel_data;
  if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace) ||
      GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_trace_channel)) {
    grpc_call_log_op(GPR_INFO, elem, batch);
  }
  if (chand->deadline_checking_enabled) {
    grpc_deadline_state_client_start_transport_stream_op_batch(exec_ctx, elem,
                                                               batch);
  }
  // Intercept on_complete for recv_trailing_metadata so that we can
  // check retry throttle status.
  if (batch->recv_trailing_metadata) {
    GPR_ASSERT(batch->on_complete != NULL);
    calld->original_on_complete = batch->on_complete;
    GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&calld->on_complete, on_complete, elem,
                      grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
    batch->on_complete = &calld->on_complete;
  }
  /* try to (atomically) get the call */
  call_or_error coe = get_call_or_error(calld);
  GPR_TIMER_BEGIN("cc_start_transport_stream_op_batch", 0);
  if (coe.error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
    if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: failing batch with error: %s",
              chand, calld, grpc_error_string(coe.error));
    }
    grpc_transport_stream_op_batch_finish_with_failure(
        exec_ctx, batch, GRPC_ERROR_REF(coe.error));
    goto done;
  }
  if (coe.subchannel_call != NULL) {
    if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
              "chand=%p calld=%p: sending batch to subchannel_call=%p", chand,
              calld, coe.subchannel_call);
    }
    grpc_subchannel_call_process_op(exec_ctx, coe.subchannel_call, batch);
    goto done;
  }
  /* we failed; lock and figure out what to do */
  if (GRPC_TRACER_ON(grpc_client_channel_trace)) {
    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "chand=%p calld=%p: entering combiner", chand, calld);
  }
  GRPC_CALL_STACK_REF(calld->owning_call, "start_transport_stream_op_batch");
  batch->handler_private.extra_arg = elem;
  GRPC_CLOSURE_SCHED(
      exec_ctx, GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&batch->handler_private.closure,
                                  start_transport_stream_op_batch_locked, batch,
                                  grpc_combiner_scheduler(chand->combiner)),
      GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
done:
  GPR_TIMER_END("cc_start_transport_stream_op_batch", 0);
}

/* Constructor for call_data */
static grpc_error *cc_init_call_elem(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                     grpc_call_element *elem,
                                     const grpc_call_element_args *args) {
  call_data *calld = elem->call_data;
  channel_data *chand = elem->channel_data;
  // Initialize data members.
  calld->path = grpc_slice_ref_internal(args->path);
  calld->call_start_time = args->start_time;
  calld->deadline = gpr_convert_clock_type(args->deadline, GPR_CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
  calld->owning_call = args->call_stack;
  calld->arena = args->arena;
  if (chand->deadline_checking_enabled) {
    grpc_deadline_state_init(exec_ctx, elem, args->call_stack, calld->deadline);
  }
  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
}

/* Destructor for call_data */
static void cc_destroy_call_elem(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                 grpc_call_element *elem,
                                 const grpc_call_final_info *final_info,
                                 grpc_closure *then_schedule_closure) {
  call_data *calld = elem->call_data;
  channel_data *chand = elem->channel_data;
  if (chand->deadline_checking_enabled) {
    grpc_deadline_state_destroy(exec_ctx, elem);
  }
  grpc_slice_unref_internal(exec_ctx, calld->path);
  if (calld->method_params != NULL) {
    method_parameters_unref(calld->method_params);
  }
  call_or_error coe = get_call_or_error(calld);
  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(coe.error);
  if (coe.subchannel_call != NULL) {
    grpc_subchannel_call_set_cleanup_closure(coe.subchannel_call,
                                             then_schedule_closure);
    then_schedule_closure = NULL;
    GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_CALL_UNREF(exec_ctx, coe.subchannel_call,
                               "client_channel_destroy_call");
  }
  GPR_ASSERT(calld->lb_policy == NULL);
  GPR_ASSERT(calld->waiting_for_pick_batches_count == 0);
  if (calld->connected_subchannel != NULL) {
    GRPC_CONNECTED_SUBCHANNEL_UNREF(exec_ctx, calld->connected_subchannel,
                                    "picked");
  }
  for (size_t i = 0; i < GRPC_CONTEXT_COUNT; ++i) {
    if (calld->subchannel_call_context[i].value != NULL) {
      calld->subchannel_call_context[i].destroy(
          calld->subchannel_call_context[i].value);
    }
  }
  GRPC_CLOSURE_SCHED(exec_ctx, then_schedule_closure, GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
}

static void cc_set_pollset_or_pollset_set(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx,
                                          grpc_call_element *elem,
                                          grpc_polling_entity *pollent) {
  call_data *calld = elem->call_data;
  calld->pollent = pollent;
}

/*************************************************************************
 * EXPORTED SYMBOLS
 */

const grpc_channel_filter grpc_client_channel_filter = {
    cc_start_transport_stream_op_batch,
    cc_start_transport_op,
    sizeof(call_data),
    cc_init_call_elem,
    cc_set_pollset_or_pollset_set,
    cc_destroy_call_elem,
    sizeof(channel_data),
    cc_init_channel_elem,
    cc_destroy_channel_elem,
    cc_get_peer,
    cc_get_channel_info,
    "client-channel",
};

static void try_to_connect_locked(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, void *arg,
                                  grpc_error *error_ignored) {
  channel_data *chand = arg;
  if (chand->lb_policy != NULL) {
    grpc_lb_policy_exit_idle_locked(exec_ctx, chand->lb_policy);
  } else {
    chand->exit_idle_when_lb_policy_arrives = true;
    if (!chand->started_resolving && chand->resolver != NULL) {
      start_resolving_locked(exec_ctx, chand);
    }
  }
  GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_UNREF(exec_ctx, chand->owning_stack, "try_to_connect");
}

grpc_connectivity_state grpc_client_channel_check_connectivity_state(
    grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, grpc_channel_element *elem, int try_to_connect) {
  channel_data *chand = elem->channel_data;
  grpc_connectivity_state out =
      grpc_connectivity_state_check(&chand->state_tracker);
  if (out == GRPC_CHANNEL_IDLE && try_to_connect) {
    GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_REF(chand->owning_stack, "try_to_connect");
    GRPC_CLOSURE_SCHED(
        exec_ctx, GRPC_CLOSURE_CREATE(try_to_connect_locked, chand,
                                      grpc_combiner_scheduler(chand->combiner)),
        GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
  }
  return out;
}

typedef struct external_connectivity_watcher {
  channel_data *chand;
  grpc_polling_entity pollent;
  grpc_closure *on_complete;
  grpc_closure *watcher_timer_init;
  grpc_connectivity_state *state;
  grpc_closure my_closure;
  struct external_connectivity_watcher *next;
} external_connectivity_watcher;

static external_connectivity_watcher *lookup_external_connectivity_watcher(
    channel_data *chand, grpc_closure *on_complete) {
  gpr_mu_lock(&chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu);
  external_connectivity_watcher *w =
      chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_head;
  while (w != NULL && w->on_complete != on_complete) {
    w = w->next;
  }
  gpr_mu_unlock(&chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu);
  return w;
}

static void external_connectivity_watcher_list_append(
    channel_data *chand, external_connectivity_watcher *w) {
  GPR_ASSERT(!lookup_external_connectivity_watcher(chand, w->on_complete));

  gpr_mu_lock(&w->chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu);
  GPR_ASSERT(!w->next);
  w->next = chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_head;
  chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_head = w;
  gpr_mu_unlock(&w->chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu);
}

static void external_connectivity_watcher_list_remove(
    channel_data *chand, external_connectivity_watcher *too_remove) {
  GPR_ASSERT(
      lookup_external_connectivity_watcher(chand, too_remove->on_complete));
  gpr_mu_lock(&chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu);
  if (too_remove == chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_head) {
    chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_head = too_remove->next;
    gpr_mu_unlock(&chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu);
    return;
  }
  external_connectivity_watcher *w =
      chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_head;
  while (w != NULL) {
    if (w->next == too_remove) {
      w->next = w->next->next;
      gpr_mu_unlock(&chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu);
      return;
    }
    w = w->next;
  }
  GPR_UNREACHABLE_CODE(return );
}

int grpc_client_channel_num_external_connectivity_watchers(
    grpc_channel_element *elem) {
  channel_data *chand = elem->channel_data;
  int count = 0;

  gpr_mu_lock(&chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu);
  external_connectivity_watcher *w =
      chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_head;
  while (w != NULL) {
    count++;
    w = w->next;
  }
  gpr_mu_unlock(&chand->external_connectivity_watcher_list_mu);

  return count;
}

static void on_external_watch_complete(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, void *arg,
                                       grpc_error *error) {
  external_connectivity_watcher *w = arg;
  grpc_closure *follow_up = w->on_complete;
  grpc_polling_entity_del_from_pollset_set(exec_ctx, &w->pollent,
                                           w->chand->interested_parties);
  GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_UNREF(exec_ctx, w->chand->owning_stack,
                           "external_connectivity_watcher");
  external_connectivity_watcher_list_remove(w->chand, w);
  gpr_free(w);
  GRPC_CLOSURE_RUN(exec_ctx, follow_up, GRPC_ERROR_REF(error));
}

static void watch_connectivity_state_locked(grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, void *arg,
                                            grpc_error *error_ignored) {
  external_connectivity_watcher *w = arg;
  external_connectivity_watcher *found = NULL;
  if (w->state != NULL) {
    external_connectivity_watcher_list_append(w->chand, w);
    GRPC_CLOSURE_RUN(exec_ctx, w->watcher_timer_init, GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
    GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&w->my_closure, on_external_watch_complete, w,
                      grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
    grpc_connectivity_state_notify_on_state_change(
        exec_ctx, &w->chand->state_tracker, w->state, &w->my_closure);
  } else {
    GPR_ASSERT(w->watcher_timer_init == NULL);
    found = lookup_external_connectivity_watcher(w->chand, w->on_complete);
    if (found) {
      GPR_ASSERT(found->on_complete == w->on_complete);
      grpc_connectivity_state_notify_on_state_change(
          exec_ctx, &found->chand->state_tracker, NULL, &found->my_closure);
    }
    grpc_polling_entity_del_from_pollset_set(exec_ctx, &w->pollent,
                                             w->chand->interested_parties);
    GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_UNREF(exec_ctx, w->chand->owning_stack,
                             "external_connectivity_watcher");
    gpr_free(w);
  }
}

void grpc_client_channel_watch_connectivity_state(
    grpc_exec_ctx *exec_ctx, grpc_channel_element *elem,
    grpc_polling_entity pollent, grpc_connectivity_state *state,
    grpc_closure *closure, grpc_closure *watcher_timer_init) {
  channel_data *chand = elem->channel_data;
  external_connectivity_watcher *w = gpr_zalloc(sizeof(*w));
  w->chand = chand;
  w->pollent = pollent;
  w->on_complete = closure;
  w->state = state;
  w->watcher_timer_init = watcher_timer_init;
  grpc_polling_entity_add_to_pollset_set(exec_ctx, &w->pollent,
                                         chand->interested_parties);
  GRPC_CHANNEL_STACK_REF(w->chand->owning_stack,
                         "external_connectivity_watcher");
  GRPC_CLOSURE_SCHED(
      exec_ctx,
      GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&w->my_closure, watch_connectivity_state_locked, w,
                        grpc_combiner_scheduler(chand->combiner)),
      GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
}