src/cppbor.cpp - platform/external/libcppbor - Gitiles

 /*
  * Copyright 2019 Google LLC
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  * You may obtain a copy of the License at
  *
  *     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  *
  * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */

 #include "cppbor.h"

 #include <inttypes.h>
 #include <openssl/sha.h>
 #include <cstdint>

 #include "cppbor_parse.h"

 using std::string;
 using std::vector;

 #ifndef __TRUSTY__
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #define LOG_TAG "CppBor"
 #else
 #define CHECK(x) (void)(x)
 #endif

 namespace cppbor {

 namespace {

 template <typename T, typename Iterator, typename = std::enable_if<std::is_unsigned<T>::value>>
 Iterator writeBigEndian(T value, Iterator pos) {
     for (unsigned i = 0; i < sizeof(value); ++i) {
         *pos++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(value >> (8 * (sizeof(value) - 1)));
         value = static_cast<T>(value << 8);
     }
     return pos;
 }

 template <typename T, typename = std::enable_if<std::is_unsigned<T>::value>>
 void writeBigEndian(T value, std::function<void(uint8_t)>& cb) {
     for (unsigned i = 0; i < sizeof(value); ++i) {
         cb(static_cast<uint8_t>(value >> (8 * (sizeof(value) - 1))));
         value = static_cast<T>(value << 8);
     }
 }

 bool cborAreAllElementsNonCompound(const Item* compoundItem) {
     if (compoundItem->type() == ARRAY) {
         const Array* array = compoundItem->asArray();
         for (size_t n = 0; n < array->size(); n++) {
             const Item* entry = (*array)[n].get();
             switch (entry->type()) {
                 case ARRAY:
                 case MAP:
                     return false;
                 default:
                     break;
             }
         }
     } else {
         const Map* map = compoundItem->asMap();
         for (auto& [keyEntry, valueEntry] : *map) {
             switch (keyEntry->type()) {
                 case ARRAY:
                 case MAP:
                     return false;
                 default:
                     break;
             }
             switch (valueEntry->type()) {
                 case ARRAY:
                 case MAP:
                     return false;
                 default:
                     break;
             }
         }
     }
     return true;
 }

 bool prettyPrintInternal(const Item* item, string& out, size_t indent, size_t maxBStrSize,
                          const vector<string>& mapKeysToNotPrint) {
     if (!item) {
         out.append("<NULL>");
         return false;
     }

     char buf[80];

     string indentString(indent, ' ');

     size_t tagCount = item->semanticTagCount();
     while (tagCount > 0) {
         --tagCount;
         snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "tag %" PRIu64 " ", item->semanticTag(tagCount));
         out.append(buf);
     }

     switch (item->type()) {
         case SEMANTIC:
             // Handled above.
             break;

         case UINT:
             snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%" PRIu64, item->asUint()->unsignedValue());
             out.append(buf);
             break;

         case NINT:
             snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%" PRId64, item->asNint()->value());
             out.append(buf);
             break;

         case BSTR: {
             const uint8_t* valueData;
             size_t valueSize;
             const Bstr* bstr = item->asBstr();
             if (bstr != nullptr) {
                 const vector<uint8_t>& value = bstr->value();
                 valueData = value.data();
                 valueSize = value.size();
             } else {
                 const ViewBstr* viewBstr = item->asViewBstr();
                 assert(viewBstr != nullptr);

                 valueData = viewBstr->view().data();
                 valueSize = viewBstr->view().size();
             }

             if (valueSize > maxBStrSize) {
                 unsigned char digest[SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH];
                 SHA_CTX ctx;
                 SHA1_Init(&ctx);
                 SHA1_Update(&ctx, valueData, valueSize);
                 SHA1_Final(digest, &ctx);
                 char buf2[SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH * 2 + 1];
                 for (size_t n = 0; n < SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH; n++) {
                     snprintf(buf2 + n * 2, 3, "%02x", digest[n]);
                 }
                 snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "<bstr size=%zd sha1=%s>", valueSize, buf2);
                 out.append(buf);
             } else {
                 out.append("{");
                 for (size_t n = 0; n < valueSize; n++) {
                     if (n > 0) {
                         out.append(", ");
                     }
                     snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "0x%02x", valueData[n]);
                     out.append(buf);
                 }
                 out.append("}");
             }
         } break;

         case TSTR:
             out.append("'");
             {
                 // TODO: escape "'" characters
                 if (item->asTstr() != nullptr) {
                     out.append(item->asTstr()->value().c_str());
                 } else {
                     const ViewTstr* viewTstr = item->asViewTstr();
                     assert(viewTstr != nullptr);
                     out.append(viewTstr->view());
                 }
             }
             out.append("'");
             break;

         case ARRAY: {
             const Array* array = item->asArray();
             if (array->size() == 0) {
                 out.append("[]");
             } else if (cborAreAllElementsNonCompound(array)) {
                 out.append("[");
                 for (size_t n = 0; n < array->size(); n++) {
                     if (!prettyPrintInternal((*array)[n].get(), out, indent + 2, maxBStrSize,
                                              mapKeysToNotPrint)) {
                         return false;
                     }
                     out.append(", ");
                 }
                 out.append("]");
             } else {
                 out.append("[\n" + indentString);
                 for (size_t n = 0; n < array->size(); n++) {
                     out.append("  ");
                     if (!prettyPrintInternal((*array)[n].get(), out, indent + 2, maxBStrSize,
                                              mapKeysToNotPrint)) {
                         return false;
                     }
                     out.append(",\n" + indentString);
                 }
                 out.append("]");
             }
         } break;

         case MAP: {
             const Map* map = item->asMap();

             if (map->size() == 0) {
                 out.append("{}");
             } else {
                 out.append("{\n" + indentString);
                 for (auto& [map_key, map_value] : *map) {
                     out.append("  ");

                     if (!prettyPrintInternal(map_key.get(), out, indent + 2, maxBStrSize,
                                              mapKeysToNotPrint)) {
                         return false;
                     }
                     out.append(" : ");
                     if (map_key->type() == TSTR &&
                         std::find(mapKeysToNotPrint.begin(), mapKeysToNotPrint.end(),
                                   map_key->asTstr()->value()) != mapKeysToNotPrint.end()) {
                         out.append("<not printed>");
                     } else {
                         if (!prettyPrintInternal(map_value.get(), out, indent + 2, maxBStrSize,
                                                  mapKeysToNotPrint)) {
                             return false;
                         }
                     }
                     out.append(",\n" + indentString);
                 }
                 out.append("}");
             }
         } break;

         case SIMPLE:
             const Bool* asBool = item->asSimple()->asBool();
             const Null* asNull = item->asSimple()->asNull();
             if (asBool != nullptr) {
                 out.append(asBool->value() ? "true" : "false");
             } else if (asNull != nullptr) {
                 out.append("null");
             } else {
 #ifndef __TRUSTY__
                 LOG(ERROR) << "Only boolean/null is implemented for SIMPLE";
 #endif  // __TRUSTY__
                 return false;
             }
             break;
     }

     return true;
 }

 }  // namespace

 size_t headerSize(uint64_t addlInfo) {
     if (addlInfo < ONE_BYTE_LENGTH) return 1;
     if (addlInfo <= std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max()) return 2;
     if (addlInfo <= std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max()) return 3;
     if (addlInfo <= std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) return 5;
     return 9;
 }

 uint8_t* encodeHeader(MajorType type, uint64_t addlInfo, uint8_t* pos, const uint8_t* end) {
     size_t sz = headerSize(addlInfo);
     if (end - pos < static_cast<ssize_t>(sz)) return nullptr;
     switch (sz) {
         case 1:
             *pos++ = type | static_cast<uint8_t>(addlInfo);
             return pos;
         case 2:
             *pos++ = type | ONE_BYTE_LENGTH;
             *pos++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(addlInfo);
             return pos;
         case 3:
             *pos++ = type | TWO_BYTE_LENGTH;
             return writeBigEndian(static_cast<uint16_t>(addlInfo), pos);
         case 5:
             *pos++ = type | FOUR_BYTE_LENGTH;
             return writeBigEndian(static_cast<uint32_t>(addlInfo), pos);
         case 9:
             *pos++ = type | EIGHT_BYTE_LENGTH;
             return writeBigEndian(addlInfo, pos);
         default:
             CHECK(false);  // Impossible to get here.
             return nullptr;
     }
 }

 void encodeHeader(MajorType type, uint64_t addlInfo, EncodeCallback encodeCallback) {
     size_t sz = headerSize(addlInfo);
     switch (sz) {
         case 1:
             encodeCallback(type | static_cast<uint8_t>(addlInfo));
             break;
         case 2:
             encodeCallback(type | ONE_BYTE_LENGTH);
             encodeCallback(static_cast<uint8_t>(addlInfo));
             break;
         case 3:
             encodeCallback(type | TWO_BYTE_LENGTH);
             writeBigEndian(static_cast<uint16_t>(addlInfo), encodeCallback);
             break;
         case 5:
             encodeCallback(type | FOUR_BYTE_LENGTH);
             writeBigEndian(static_cast<uint32_t>(addlInfo), encodeCallback);
             break;
         case 9:
             encodeCallback(type | EIGHT_BYTE_LENGTH);
             writeBigEndian(addlInfo, encodeCallback);
             break;
         default:
             CHECK(false);  // Impossible to get here.
     }
 }

 bool Item::operator==(const Item& other) const& {
     if (type() != other.type()) return false;
     switch (type()) {
         case UINT:
             return *asUint() == *(other.asUint());
         case NINT:
             return *asNint() == *(other.asNint());
         case BSTR:
             if (asBstr() != nullptr && other.asBstr() != nullptr) {
                 return *asBstr() == *(other.asBstr());
             }
             if (asViewBstr() != nullptr && other.asViewBstr() != nullptr) {
                 return *asViewBstr() == *(other.asViewBstr());
             }
             // Interesting corner case: comparing a Bstr and ViewBstr with
             // identical contents. The function currently returns false for
             // this case.
             // TODO: if it should return true, this needs a deep comparison
             return false;
         case TSTR:
             if (asTstr() != nullptr && other.asTstr() != nullptr) {
                 return *asTstr() == *(other.asTstr());
             }
             if (asViewTstr() != nullptr && other.asViewTstr() != nullptr) {
                 return *asViewTstr() == *(other.asViewTstr());
             }
             // Same corner case as Bstr
             return false;
         case ARRAY:
             return *asArray() == *(other.asArray());
         case MAP:
             return *asMap() == *(other.asMap());
         case SIMPLE:
             return *asSimple() == *(other.asSimple());
         case SEMANTIC:
             return *asSemanticTag() == *(other.asSemanticTag());
         default:
             CHECK(false);  // Impossible to get here.
             return false;
     }
 }

 Nint::Nint(int64_t v) : mValue(v) {
     CHECK(v < 0);
 }

 bool Simple::operator==(const Simple& other) const& {
     if (simpleType() != other.simpleType()) return false;

     switch (simpleType()) {
         case BOOLEAN:
             return *asBool() == *(other.asBool());
         case NULL_T:
             return true;
         default:
             CHECK(false);  // Impossible to get here.
             return false;
     }
 }

 uint8_t* Bstr::encode(uint8_t* pos, const uint8_t* end) const {
     pos = encodeHeader(mValue.size(), pos, end);
     if (!pos || end - pos < static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(mValue.size())) return nullptr;
     return std::copy(mValue.begin(), mValue.end(), pos);
 }

 void Bstr::encodeValue(EncodeCallback encodeCallback) const {
     for (auto c : mValue) {
         encodeCallback(c);
     }
 }

 uint8_t* ViewBstr::encode(uint8_t* pos, const uint8_t* end) const {
     pos = encodeHeader(mView.size(), pos, end);
     if (!pos || end - pos < static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(mView.size())) return nullptr;
     return std::copy(mView.begin(), mView.end(), pos);
 }

 void ViewBstr::encodeValue(EncodeCallback encodeCallback) const {
     for (auto c : mView) {
         encodeCallback(static_cast<uint8_t>(c));
     }
 }

 uint8_t* Tstr::encode(uint8_t* pos, const uint8_t* end) const {
     pos = encodeHeader(mValue.size(), pos, end);
     if (!pos || end - pos < static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(mValue.size())) return nullptr;
     return std::copy(mValue.begin(), mValue.end(), pos);
 }

 void Tstr::encodeValue(EncodeCallback encodeCallback) const {
     for (auto c : mValue) {
         encodeCallback(static_cast<uint8_t>(c));
     }
 }

 uint8_t* ViewTstr::encode(uint8_t* pos, const uint8_t* end) const {
     pos = encodeHeader(mView.size(), pos, end);
     if (!pos || end - pos < static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(mView.size())) return nullptr;
     return std::copy(mView.begin(), mView.end(), pos);
 }

 void ViewTstr::encodeValue(EncodeCallback encodeCallback) const {
     for (auto c : mView) {
         encodeCallback(static_cast<uint8_t>(c));
     }
 }

 bool Array::operator==(const Array& other) const& {
     return size() == other.size()
            // Can't use vector::operator== because the contents are pointers.  std::equal lets us
            // provide a predicate that does the dereferencing.
            && std::equal(mEntries.begin(), mEntries.end(), other.mEntries.begin(),
                          [](auto& a, auto& b) -> bool { return *a == *b; });
 }

 uint8_t* Array::encode(uint8_t* pos, const uint8_t* end) const {
     pos = encodeHeader(size(), pos, end);
     if (!pos) return nullptr;
     for (auto& entry : mEntries) {
         pos = entry->encode(pos, end);
         if (!pos) return nullptr;
     }
     return pos;
 }

 void Array::encode(EncodeCallback encodeCallback) const {
     encodeHeader(size(), encodeCallback);
     for (auto& entry : mEntries) {
         entry->encode(encodeCallback);
     }
 }

 std::unique_ptr<Item> Array::clone() const {
     auto res = std::make_unique<Array>();
     for (size_t i = 0; i < mEntries.size(); i++) {
         res->add(mEntries[i]->clone());
     }
     return res;
 }

 bool Map::operator==(const Map& other) const& {
     return size() == other.size()
            // Can't use vector::operator== because the contents are pairs of pointers.  std::equal
            // lets us provide a predicate that does the dereferencing.
            && std::equal(begin(), end(), other.begin(), [](auto& a, auto& b) {
                   return *a.first == *b.first && *a.second == *b.second;
               });
 }

 uint8_t* Map::encode(uint8_t* pos, const uint8_t* end) const {
     pos = encodeHeader(size(), pos, end);
     if (!pos) return nullptr;
     for (auto& entry : mEntries) {
         pos = entry.first->encode(pos, end);
         if (!pos) return nullptr;
         pos = entry.second->encode(pos, end);
         if (!pos) return nullptr;
     }
     return pos;
 }

 void Map::encode(EncodeCallback encodeCallback) const {
     encodeHeader(size(), encodeCallback);
     for (auto& entry : mEntries) {
         entry.first->encode(encodeCallback);
         entry.second->encode(encodeCallback);
     }
 }

 bool Map::keyLess(const Item* a, const Item* b) {
     // CBOR map canonicalization rules are:

     // 1. If two keys have different lengths, the shorter one sorts earlier.
     if (a->encodedSize() < b->encodedSize()) return true;
     if (a->encodedSize() > b->encodedSize()) return false;

     // 2. If two keys have the same length, the one with the lower value in (byte-wise) lexical
     // order sorts earlier.  This requires encoding both items.
     auto encodedA = a->encode();
     auto encodedB = b->encode();

     return std::lexicographical_compare(encodedA.begin(), encodedA.end(),  //
                                         encodedB.begin(), encodedB.end());
 }

 void recursivelyCanonicalize(std::unique_ptr<Item>& item) {
     switch (item->type()) {
         case UINT:
         case NINT:
         case BSTR:
         case TSTR:
         case SIMPLE:
             return;

         case ARRAY:
             std::for_each(item->asArray()->begin(), item->asArray()->end(),
                           recursivelyCanonicalize);
             return;

         case MAP:
             item->asMap()->canonicalize(true /* recurse */);
             return;

         case SEMANTIC:
             // This can't happen.  SemanticTags delegate their type() method to the contained Item's
             // type.
             assert(false);
             return;
     }
 }

 Map& Map::canonicalize(bool recurse) & {
     if (recurse) {
         for (auto& entry : mEntries) {
             recursivelyCanonicalize(entry.first);
             recursivelyCanonicalize(entry.second);
         }
     }

     if (size() < 2 || mCanonicalized) {
         // Trivially or already canonical; do nothing.
         return *this;
     }

     std::sort(begin(), end(),
               [](auto& a, auto& b) { return keyLess(a.first.get(), b.first.get()); });
     mCanonicalized = true;
     return *this;
 }

 std::unique_ptr<Item> Map::clone() const {
     auto res = std::make_unique<Map>();
     for (auto& [key, value] : *this) {
         res->add(key->clone(), value->clone());
     }
     res->mCanonicalized = mCanonicalized;
     return res;
 }

 std::unique_ptr<Item> SemanticTag::clone() const {
     return std::make_unique<SemanticTag>(mValue, mTaggedItem->clone());
 }

 uint8_t* SemanticTag::encode(uint8_t* pos, const uint8_t* end) const {
     // Can't use the encodeHeader() method that calls type() to get the major type, since that will
     // return the tagged Item's type.
     pos = ::cppbor::encodeHeader(kMajorType, mValue, pos, end);
     if (!pos) return nullptr;
     return mTaggedItem->encode(pos, end);
 }

 void SemanticTag::encode(EncodeCallback encodeCallback) const {
     // Can't use the encodeHeader() method that calls type() to get the major type, since that will
     // return the tagged Item's type.
     ::cppbor::encodeHeader(kMajorType, mValue, encodeCallback);
     mTaggedItem->encode(encodeCallback);
 }

 size_t SemanticTag::semanticTagCount() const {
     size_t levelCount = 1;  // Count this level.
     const SemanticTag* cur = this;
     while (cur->mTaggedItem && (cur = cur->mTaggedItem->asSemanticTag()) != nullptr) ++levelCount;
     return levelCount;
 }

 uint64_t SemanticTag::semanticTag(size_t nesting) const {
     // Getting the value of a specific nested tag is a bit tricky, because we start with the outer
     // tag and don't know how many are inside.  We count the number of nesting levels to find out
     // how many there are in total, then to get the one we want we have to walk down levelCount -
     // nesting steps.
     size_t levelCount = semanticTagCount();
     if (nesting >= levelCount) return 0;

     levelCount -= nesting;
     const SemanticTag* cur = this;
     while (--levelCount > 0) cur = cur->mTaggedItem->asSemanticTag();

     return cur->mValue;
 }

 string prettyPrint(const Item* item, size_t maxBStrSize, const vector<string>& mapKeysToNotPrint) {
     string out;
     prettyPrintInternal(item, out, 0, maxBStrSize, mapKeysToNotPrint);
     return out;
 }
 string prettyPrint(const vector<uint8_t>& encodedCbor, size_t maxBStrSize,
                    const vector<string>& mapKeysToNotPrint) {
     auto [item, _, message] = parse(encodedCbor);
     if (item == nullptr) {
 #ifndef __TRUSTY__
         LOG(ERROR) << "Data to pretty print is not valid CBOR: " << message;
 #endif  // __TRUSTY__
         return "";
     }

     return prettyPrint(item.get(), maxBStrSize, mapKeysToNotPrint);
 }

 }  // namespace cppbor
	/*
	* Copyright 2019 Google LLC
	*
	* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
	* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
	* You may obtain a copy of the License at
	*
	* https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
	*
	* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
	* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
	* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
	* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
	* limitations under the License.
	*/

	#include "cppbor.h"

	#include <inttypes.h>
	#include <openssl/sha.h>
	#include <cstdint>

	#include "cppbor_parse.h"

	using std::string;
	using std::vector;

	#ifndef __TRUSTY__
	#include <android-base/logging.h>
	#define LOG_TAG "CppBor"
	#else
	#define CHECK(x) (void)(x)
	#endif

	namespace cppbor {

	namespace {

	template <typename T, typename Iterator, typename = std::enable_if<std::is_unsigned<T>::value>>
	Iterator writeBigEndian(T value, Iterator pos) {
	for (unsigned i = 0; i < sizeof(value); ++i) {
	pos++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(value >> (8 (sizeof(value) - 1)));
	value = static_cast<T>(value << 8);
	}
	return pos;
	}

	template <typename T, typename = std::enable_if<std::is_unsigned<T>::value>>
	void writeBigEndian(T value, std::function<void(uint8_t)>& cb) {
	for (unsigned i = 0; i < sizeof(value); ++i) {
	cb(static_cast<uint8_t>(value >> (8 * (sizeof(value) - 1))));
	value = static_cast<T>(value << 8);
	}
	}

	bool cborAreAllElementsNonCompound(const Item* compoundItem) {
	if (compoundItem->type() == ARRAY) {
	const Array* array = compoundItem->asArray();
	for (size_t n = 0; n < array->size(); n++) {
	const Item* entry = (*array)[n].get();
	switch (entry->type()) {
	case ARRAY:
	case MAP:
	return false;
	default:
	break;
	}
	}
	} else {
	const Map* map = compoundItem->asMap();
	for (auto& [keyEntry, valueEntry] : *map) {
	switch (keyEntry->type()) {
	case ARRAY:
	case MAP:
	return false;
	default:
	break;
	}
	switch (valueEntry->type()) {
	case ARRAY:
	case MAP:
	return false;
	default:
	break;
	}
	}
	}
	return true;
	}

	bool prettyPrintInternal(const Item* item, string& out, size_t indent, size_t maxBStrSize,
	const vector<string>& mapKeysToNotPrint) {
	if (!item) {
	out.append("<NULL>");
	return false;
	}

	char buf[80];

	string indentString(indent, ' ');

	size_t tagCount = item->semanticTagCount();
	while (tagCount > 0) {
	--tagCount;
	snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "tag %" PRIu64 " ", item->semanticTag(tagCount));
	out.append(buf);
	}

	switch (item->type()) {
	case SEMANTIC:
	// Handled above.
	break;

	case UINT:
	snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%" PRIu64, item->asUint()->unsignedValue());
	out.append(buf);
	break;

	case NINT:
	snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%" PRId64, item->asNint()->value());
	out.append(buf);
	break;

	case BSTR: {
	const uint8_t* valueData;
	size_t valueSize;
	const Bstr* bstr = item->asBstr();
	if (bstr != nullptr) {
	const vector<uint8_t>& value = bstr->value();
	valueData = value.data();
	valueSize = value.size();
	} else {
	const ViewBstr* viewBstr = item->asViewBstr();
	assert(viewBstr != nullptr);

	valueData = viewBstr->view().data();
	valueSize = viewBstr->view().size();
	}

	if (valueSize > maxBStrSize) {
	unsigned char digest[SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH];
	SHA_CTX ctx;
	SHA1_Init(&ctx);
	SHA1_Update(&ctx, valueData, valueSize);
	SHA1_Final(digest, &ctx);
	char buf2[SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH * 2 + 1];
	for (size_t n = 0; n < SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH; n++) {
	snprintf(buf2 + n * 2, 3, "%02x", digest[n]);
	}
	snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "<bstr size=%zd sha1=%s>", valueSize, buf2);
	out.append(buf);
	} else {
	out.append("{");
	for (size_t n = 0; n < valueSize; n++) {
	if (n > 0) {
	out.append(", ");
	}
	snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "0x%02x", valueData[n]);
	out.append(buf);
	}
	out.append("}");
	}
	} break;

	case TSTR:
	out.append("'");
	{
	// TODO: escape "'" characters
	if (item->asTstr() != nullptr) {
	out.append(item->asTstr()->value().c_str());
	} else {
	const ViewTstr* viewTstr = item->asViewTstr();
	assert(viewTstr != nullptr);
	out.append(viewTstr->view());
	}
	}
	out.append("'");
	break;

	case ARRAY: {
	const Array* array = item->asArray();
	if (array->size() == 0) {
	out.append("[]");
	} else if (cborAreAllElementsNonCompound(array)) {
	out.append("[");
	for (size_t n = 0; n < array->size(); n++) {
	if (!prettyPrintInternal((*array)[n].get(), out, indent + 2, maxBStrSize,
	mapKeysToNotPrint)) {
	return false;
	}
	out.append(", ");
	}
	out.append("]");
	} else {
	out.append("[\n" + indentString);
	for (size_t n = 0; n < array->size(); n++) {
	out.append(" ");
	if (!prettyPrintInternal((*array)[n].get(), out, indent + 2, maxBStrSize,
	mapKeysToNotPrint)) {
	return false;
	}
	out.append(",\n" + indentString);
	}
	out.append("]");
	}
	} break;

	case MAP: {
	const Map* map = item->asMap();

	if (map->size() == 0) {
	out.append("{}");
	} else {
	out.append("{\n" + indentString);
	for (auto& [map_key, map_value] : *map) {
	out.append(" ");

	if (!prettyPrintInternal(map_key.get(), out, indent + 2, maxBStrSize,
	mapKeysToNotPrint)) {
	return false;
	}
	out.append(" : ");
	if (map_key->type() == TSTR &&
	std::find(mapKeysToNotPrint.begin(), mapKeysToNotPrint.end(),
	map_key->asTstr()->value()) != mapKeysToNotPrint.end()) {
	out.append("<not printed>");
	} else {
	if (!prettyPrintInternal(map_value.get(), out, indent + 2, maxBStrSize,
	mapKeysToNotPrint)) {
	return false;
	}
	}
	out.append(",\n" + indentString);
	}
	out.append("}");
	}
	} break;

	case SIMPLE:
	const Bool* asBool = item->asSimple()->asBool();
	const Null* asNull = item->asSimple()->asNull();
	if (asBool != nullptr) {
	out.append(asBool->value() ? "true" : "false");
	} else if (asNull != nullptr) {
	out.append("null");
	} else {
	#ifndef __TRUSTY__
	LOG(ERROR) << "Only boolean/null is implemented for SIMPLE";
	#endif // __TRUSTY__
	return false;
	}
	break;
	}

	return true;
	}

	} // namespace

	size_t headerSize(uint64_t addlInfo) {
	if (addlInfo < ONE_BYTE_LENGTH) return 1;
	if (addlInfo <= std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max()) return 2;
	if (addlInfo <= std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max()) return 3;
	if (addlInfo <= std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) return 5;
	return 9;
	}

	uint8_t* encodeHeader(MajorType type, uint64_t addlInfo, uint8_t* pos, const uint8_t* end) {
	size_t sz = headerSize(addlInfo);
	if (end - pos < static_cast<ssize_t>(sz)) return nullptr;
	switch (sz) {
	case 1:
	*pos++ = type \| static_cast<uint8_t>(addlInfo);
	return pos;
	case 2:
	*pos++ = type \| ONE_BYTE_LENGTH;
	*pos++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(addlInfo);
	return pos;
	case 3:
	*pos++ = type \| TWO_BYTE_LENGTH;
	return writeBigEndian(static_cast<uint16_t>(addlInfo), pos);
	case 5:
	*pos++ = type \| FOUR_BYTE_LENGTH;
	return writeBigEndian(static_cast<uint32_t>(addlInfo), pos);
	case 9:
	*pos++ = type \| EIGHT_BYTE_LENGTH;
	return writeBigEndian(addlInfo, pos);
	default:
	CHECK(false); // Impossible to get here.
	return nullptr;
	}
	}

	void encodeHeader(MajorType type, uint64_t addlInfo, EncodeCallback encodeCallback) {
	size_t sz = headerSize(addlInfo);
	switch (sz) {
	case 1:
	encodeCallback(type \| static_cast<uint8_t>(addlInfo));
	break;
	case 2:
	encodeCallback(type \| ONE_BYTE_LENGTH);
	encodeCallback(static_cast<uint8_t>(addlInfo));
	break;
	case 3:
	encodeCallback(type \| TWO_BYTE_LENGTH);
	writeBigEndian(static_cast<uint16_t>(addlInfo), encodeCallback);
	break;
	case 5:
	encodeCallback(type \| FOUR_BYTE_LENGTH);
	writeBigEndian(static_cast<uint32_t>(addlInfo), encodeCallback);
	break;
	case 9:
	encodeCallback(type \| EIGHT_BYTE_LENGTH);
	writeBigEndian(addlInfo, encodeCallback);
	break;
	default:
	CHECK(false); // Impossible to get here.
	}
	}

	bool Item::operator==(const Item& other) const& {
	if (type() != other.type()) return false;
	switch (type()) {
	case UINT:
	return asUint() == (other.asUint());
	case NINT:
	return asNint() == (other.asNint());
	case BSTR:
	if (asBstr() != nullptr && other.asBstr() != nullptr) {
	return asBstr() == (other.asBstr());
	}
	if (asViewBstr() != nullptr && other.asViewBstr() != nullptr) {
	return asViewBstr() == (other.asViewBstr());
	}
	// Interesting corner case: comparing a Bstr and ViewBstr with
	// identical contents. The function currently returns false for
	// this case.
	// TODO: if it should return true, this needs a deep comparison
	return false;
	case TSTR:
	if (asTstr() != nullptr && other.asTstr() != nullptr) {
	return asTstr() == (other.asTstr());
	}
	if (asViewTstr() != nullptr && other.asViewTstr() != nullptr) {
	return asViewTstr() == (other.asViewTstr());
	}
	// Same corner case as Bstr
	return false;
	case ARRAY:
	return asArray() == (other.asArray());
	case MAP:
	return asMap() == (other.asMap());
	case SIMPLE:
	return asSimple() == (other.asSimple());
	case SEMANTIC:
	return asSemanticTag() == (other.asSemanticTag());
	default:
	CHECK(false); // Impossible to get here.
	return false;
	}
	}

	Nint::Nint(int64_t v) : mValue(v) {
	CHECK(v < 0);
	}

	bool Simple::operator==(const Simple& other) const& {
	if (simpleType() != other.simpleType()) return false;

	switch (simpleType()) {
	case BOOLEAN:
	return asBool() == (other.asBool());
	case NULL_T:
	return true;
	default:
	CHECK(false); // Impossible to get here.
	return false;
	}
	}

	uint8_t* Bstr::encode(uint8_t* pos, const uint8_t* end) const {
	pos = encodeHeader(mValue.size(), pos, end);
	if (!pos \|\| end - pos < static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(mValue.size())) return nullptr;
	return std::copy(mValue.begin(), mValue.end(), pos);
	}

	void Bstr::encodeValue(EncodeCallback encodeCallback) const {
	for (auto c : mValue) {
	encodeCallback(c);
	}
	}

	uint8_t* ViewBstr::encode(uint8_t* pos, const uint8_t* end) const {
	pos = encodeHeader(mView.size(), pos, end);
	if (!pos \|\| end - pos < static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(mView.size())) return nullptr;
	return std::copy(mView.begin(), mView.end(), pos);
	}

	void ViewBstr::encodeValue(EncodeCallback encodeCallback) const {
	for (auto c : mView) {
	encodeCallback(static_cast<uint8_t>(c));
	}
	}

	uint8_t* Tstr::encode(uint8_t* pos, const uint8_t* end) const {
	pos = encodeHeader(mValue.size(), pos, end);
	if (!pos \|\| end - pos < static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(mValue.size())) return nullptr;
	return std::copy(mValue.begin(), mValue.end(), pos);
	}

	void Tstr::encodeValue(EncodeCallback encodeCallback) const {
	for (auto c : mValue) {
	encodeCallback(static_cast<uint8_t>(c));
	}
	}

	uint8_t* ViewTstr::encode(uint8_t* pos, const uint8_t* end) const {
	pos = encodeHeader(mView.size(), pos, end);
	if (!pos \|\| end - pos < static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(mView.size())) return nullptr;
	return std::copy(mView.begin(), mView.end(), pos);
	}

	void ViewTstr::encodeValue(EncodeCallback encodeCallback) const {
	for (auto c : mView) {
	encodeCallback(static_cast<uint8_t>(c));
	}
	}

	bool Array::operator==(const Array& other) const& {
	return size() == other.size()
	// Can't use vector::operator== because the contents are pointers. std::equal lets us
	// provide a predicate that does the dereferencing.
	&& std::equal(mEntries.begin(), mEntries.end(), other.mEntries.begin(),
	[](auto& a, auto& b) -> bool { return a == b; });
	}

	uint8_t* Array::encode(uint8_t* pos, const uint8_t* end) const {
	pos = encodeHeader(size(), pos, end);
	if (!pos) return nullptr;
	for (auto& entry : mEntries) {
	pos = entry->encode(pos, end);
	if (!pos) return nullptr;
	}
	return pos;
	}

	void Array::encode(EncodeCallback encodeCallback) const {
	encodeHeader(size(), encodeCallback);
	for (auto& entry : mEntries) {
	entry->encode(encodeCallback);
	}
	}

	std::unique_ptr<Item> Array::clone() const {
	auto res = std::make_unique<Array>();
	for (size_t i = 0; i < mEntries.size(); i++) {
	res->add(mEntries[i]->clone());
	}
	return res;
	}

	bool Map::operator==(const Map& other) const& {
	return size() == other.size()
	// Can't use vector::operator== because the contents are pairs of pointers. std::equal
	// lets us provide a predicate that does the dereferencing.
	&& std::equal(begin(), end(), other.begin(), [](auto& a, auto& b) {
	return a.first == b.first && a.second == b.second;
	});
	}

	uint8_t* Map::encode(uint8_t* pos, const uint8_t* end) const {
	pos = encodeHeader(size(), pos, end);
	if (!pos) return nullptr;
	for (auto& entry : mEntries) {
	pos = entry.first->encode(pos, end);
	if (!pos) return nullptr;
	pos = entry.second->encode(pos, end);
	if (!pos) return nullptr;
	}
	return pos;
	}

	void Map::encode(EncodeCallback encodeCallback) const {
	encodeHeader(size(), encodeCallback);
	for (auto& entry : mEntries) {
	entry.first->encode(encodeCallback);
	entry.second->encode(encodeCallback);
	}
	}

	bool Map::keyLess(const Item* a, const Item* b) {
	// CBOR map canonicalization rules are:

	// 1. If two keys have different lengths, the shorter one sorts earlier.
	if (a->encodedSize() < b->encodedSize()) return true;
	if (a->encodedSize() > b->encodedSize()) return false;

	// 2. If two keys have the same length, the one with the lower value in (byte-wise) lexical
	// order sorts earlier. This requires encoding both items.
	auto encodedA = a->encode();
	auto encodedB = b->encode();

	return std::lexicographical_compare(encodedA.begin(), encodedA.end(), //
	encodedB.begin(), encodedB.end());
	}

	void recursivelyCanonicalize(std::unique_ptr<Item>& item) {
	switch (item->type()) {
	case UINT:
	case NINT:
	case BSTR:
	case TSTR:
	case SIMPLE:
	return;

	case ARRAY:
	std::for_each(item->asArray()->begin(), item->asArray()->end(),
	recursivelyCanonicalize);
	return;

	case MAP:
	item->asMap()->canonicalize(true /* recurse */);
	return;

	case SEMANTIC:
	// This can't happen. SemanticTags delegate their type() method to the contained Item's
	// type.
	assert(false);
	return;
	}
	}

	Map& Map::canonicalize(bool recurse) & {
	if (recurse) {
	for (auto& entry : mEntries) {
	recursivelyCanonicalize(entry.first);
	recursivelyCanonicalize(entry.second);
	}
	}

	if (size() < 2 \|\| mCanonicalized) {
	// Trivially or already canonical; do nothing.
	return *this;
	}

	std::sort(begin(), end(),
	[](auto& a, auto& b) { return keyLess(a.first.get(), b.first.get()); });
	mCanonicalized = true;
	return *this;
	}

	std::unique_ptr<Item> Map::clone() const {
	auto res = std::make_unique<Map>();
	for (auto& [key, value] : *this) {
	res->add(key->clone(), value->clone());
	}
	res->mCanonicalized = mCanonicalized;
	return res;
	}

	std::unique_ptr<Item> SemanticTag::clone() const {
	return std::make_unique<SemanticTag>(mValue, mTaggedItem->clone());
	}

	uint8_t* SemanticTag::encode(uint8_t* pos, const uint8_t* end) const {
	// Can't use the encodeHeader() method that calls type() to get the major type, since that will
	// return the tagged Item's type.
	pos = ::cppbor::encodeHeader(kMajorType, mValue, pos, end);
	if (!pos) return nullptr;
	return mTaggedItem->encode(pos, end);
	}

	void SemanticTag::encode(EncodeCallback encodeCallback) const {
	// Can't use the encodeHeader() method that calls type() to get the major type, since that will
	// return the tagged Item's type.
	::cppbor::encodeHeader(kMajorType, mValue, encodeCallback);
	mTaggedItem->encode(encodeCallback);
	}

	size_t SemanticTag::semanticTagCount() const {
	size_t levelCount = 1; // Count this level.
	const SemanticTag* cur = this;
	while (cur->mTaggedItem && (cur = cur->mTaggedItem->asSemanticTag()) != nullptr) ++levelCount;
	return levelCount;
	}

	uint64_t SemanticTag::semanticTag(size_t nesting) const {
	// Getting the value of a specific nested tag is a bit tricky, because we start with the outer
	// tag and don't know how many are inside. We count the number of nesting levels to find out
	// how many there are in total, then to get the one we want we have to walk down levelCount -
	// nesting steps.
	size_t levelCount = semanticTagCount();
	if (nesting >= levelCount) return 0;

	levelCount -= nesting;
	const SemanticTag* cur = this;
	while (--levelCount > 0) cur = cur->mTaggedItem->asSemanticTag();

	return cur->mValue;
	}

	string prettyPrint(const Item* item, size_t maxBStrSize, const vector<string>& mapKeysToNotPrint) {
	string out;
	prettyPrintInternal(item, out, 0, maxBStrSize, mapKeysToNotPrint);
	return out;
	}
	string prettyPrint(const vector<uint8_t>& encodedCbor, size_t maxBStrSize,
	const vector<string>& mapKeysToNotPrint) {
	auto [item, _, message] = parse(encodedCbor);
	if (item == nullptr) {
	#ifndef __TRUSTY__
	LOG(ERROR) << "Data to pretty print is not valid CBOR: " << message;
	#endif // __TRUSTY__
	return "";
	}

	return prettyPrint(item.get(), maxBStrSize, mapKeysToNotPrint);
	}

	} // namespace cppbor