| /* Range object implementation */ | 
 |  | 
 | #include "Python.h" | 
 |  | 
 | typedef struct { | 
 |     PyObject_HEAD | 
 |     long        start; | 
 |     long        step; | 
 |     long        len; | 
 | } rangeobject; | 
 |  | 
 | /* Return number of items in range (lo, hi, step).  step != 0 | 
 |  * required.  The result always fits in an unsigned long. | 
 |  */ | 
 | static unsigned long | 
 | get_len_of_range(long lo, long hi, long step) | 
 | { | 
 |     /* ------------------------------------------------------------- | 
 |     If step > 0 and lo >= hi, or step < 0 and lo <= hi, the range is empty. | 
 |     Else for step > 0, if n values are in the range, the last one is | 
 |     lo + (n-1)*step, which must be <= hi-1.  Rearranging, | 
 |     n <= (hi - lo - 1)/step + 1, so taking the floor of the RHS gives | 
 |     the proper value.  Since lo < hi in this case, hi-lo-1 >= 0, so | 
 |     the RHS is non-negative and so truncation is the same as the | 
 |     floor.  Letting M be the largest positive long, the worst case | 
 |     for the RHS numerator is hi=M, lo=-M-1, and then | 
 |     hi-lo-1 = M-(-M-1)-1 = 2*M.  Therefore unsigned long has enough | 
 |     precision to compute the RHS exactly.  The analysis for step < 0 | 
 |     is similar. | 
 |     ---------------------------------------------------------------*/ | 
 |     assert(step != 0); | 
 |     if (step > 0 && lo < hi) | 
 |     return 1UL + (hi - 1UL - lo) / step; | 
 |     else if (step < 0 && lo > hi) | 
 |     return 1UL + (lo - 1UL - hi) / (0UL - step); | 
 |     else | 
 |     return 0UL; | 
 | } | 
 |  | 
 | /* Return a stop value suitable for reconstructing the xrange from | 
 |  * a (start, stop, step) triple.  Used in range_repr and range_reduce. | 
 |  * Computes start + len * step, clipped to the range [LONG_MIN, LONG_MAX]. | 
 |  */ | 
 | static long | 
 | get_stop_for_range(rangeobject *r) | 
 | { | 
 |     long last; | 
 |  | 
 |     if (r->len == 0) | 
 |         return r->start; | 
 |  | 
 |     /* The tricky bit is avoiding overflow.  We first compute the last entry in | 
 |        the xrange, start + (len - 1) * step, which is guaranteed to lie within | 
 |        the range of a long, and then add step to it.  See the range_reverse | 
 |        comments for an explanation of the casts below. | 
 |     */ | 
 |     last = (long)(r->start + (unsigned long)(r->len - 1) * r->step); | 
 |     if (r->step > 0) | 
 |         return last > LONG_MAX - r->step ? LONG_MAX : last + r->step; | 
 |     else | 
 |         return last < LONG_MIN - r->step ? LONG_MIN : last + r->step; | 
 | } | 
 |  | 
 | static PyObject * | 
 | range_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw) | 
 | { | 
 |     rangeobject *obj; | 
 |     long ilow = 0, ihigh = 0, istep = 1; | 
 |     unsigned long n; | 
 |  | 
 |     if (!_PyArg_NoKeywords("xrange()", kw)) | 
 |         return NULL; | 
 |  | 
 |     if (PyTuple_Size(args) <= 1) { | 
 |         if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, | 
 |                         "l;xrange() requires 1-3 int arguments", | 
 |                         &ihigh)) | 
 |             return NULL; | 
 |     } | 
 |     else { | 
 |         if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, | 
 |                         "ll|l;xrange() requires 1-3 int arguments", | 
 |                         &ilow, &ihigh, &istep)) | 
 |             return NULL; | 
 |     } | 
 |     if (istep == 0) { | 
 |         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "xrange() arg 3 must not be zero"); | 
 |         return NULL; | 
 |     } | 
 |     n = get_len_of_range(ilow, ihigh, istep); | 
 |     if (n > (unsigned long)LONG_MAX || (long)n > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX) { | 
 |         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, | 
 |                         "xrange() result has too many items"); | 
 |         return NULL; | 
 |     } | 
 |  | 
 |     obj = PyObject_New(rangeobject, &PyRange_Type); | 
 |     if (obj == NULL) | 
 |         return NULL; | 
 |     obj->start = ilow; | 
 |     obj->len   = (long)n; | 
 |     obj->step  = istep; | 
 |     return (PyObject *) obj; | 
 | } | 
 |  | 
 | PyDoc_STRVAR(range_doc, | 
 | "xrange(stop) -> xrange object\n\ | 
 | xrange(start, stop[, step]) -> xrange object\n\ | 
 | \n\ | 
 | Like range(), but instead of returning a list, returns an object that\n\ | 
 | generates the numbers in the range on demand.  For looping, this is \n\ | 
 | slightly faster than range() and more memory efficient."); | 
 |  | 
 | static PyObject * | 
 | range_item(rangeobject *r, Py_ssize_t i) | 
 | { | 
 |     if (i < 0 || i >= r->len) { | 
 |         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, | 
 |                         "xrange object index out of range"); | 
 |         return NULL; | 
 |     } | 
 |     /* do calculation entirely using unsigned longs, to avoid | 
 |        undefined behaviour due to signed overflow. */ | 
 |     return PyInt_FromLong((long)(r->start + (unsigned long)i * r->step)); | 
 | } | 
 |  | 
 | static Py_ssize_t | 
 | range_length(rangeobject *r) | 
 | { | 
 |     return (Py_ssize_t)(r->len); | 
 | } | 
 |  | 
 | static PyObject * | 
 | range_repr(rangeobject *r) | 
 | { | 
 |     PyObject *rtn; | 
 |  | 
 |     if (r->start == 0 && r->step == 1) | 
 |         rtn = PyString_FromFormat("xrange(%ld)", | 
 |                                   get_stop_for_range(r)); | 
 |  | 
 |     else if (r->step == 1) | 
 |         rtn = PyString_FromFormat("xrange(%ld, %ld)", | 
 |                                   r->start, | 
 |                                   get_stop_for_range(r)); | 
 |  | 
 |     else | 
 |         rtn = PyString_FromFormat("xrange(%ld, %ld, %ld)", | 
 |                                   r->start, | 
 |                                   get_stop_for_range(r), | 
 |                                   r->step); | 
 |     return rtn; | 
 | } | 
 |  | 
 | /* Pickling support */ | 
 | static PyObject * | 
 | range_reduce(rangeobject *r, PyObject *args) | 
 | { | 
 |     return Py_BuildValue("(O(lll))", Py_TYPE(r), | 
 |                          r->start, | 
 |                          get_stop_for_range(r), | 
 |                          r->step); | 
 | } | 
 |  | 
 | static PySequenceMethods range_as_sequence = { | 
 |     (lenfunc)range_length,      /* sq_length */ | 
 |     0,                          /* sq_concat */ | 
 |     0,                          /* sq_repeat */ | 
 |     (ssizeargfunc)range_item, /* sq_item */ | 
 |     0,                          /* sq_slice */ | 
 | }; | 
 |  | 
 | static PyObject * range_iter(PyObject *seq); | 
 | static PyObject * range_reverse(PyObject *seq); | 
 |  | 
 | PyDoc_STRVAR(reverse_doc, | 
 | "Returns a reverse iterator."); | 
 |  | 
 | static PyMethodDef range_methods[] = { | 
 |     {"__reversed__",            (PyCFunction)range_reverse, METH_NOARGS, reverse_doc}, | 
 |     {"__reduce__",              (PyCFunction)range_reduce, METH_VARARGS}, | 
 |     {NULL,              NULL}           /* sentinel */ | 
 | }; | 
 |  | 
 | PyTypeObject PyRange_Type = { | 
 |     PyObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type) | 
 |     0,                          /* Number of items for varobject */ | 
 |     "xrange",                   /* Name of this type */ | 
 |     sizeof(rangeobject),        /* Basic object size */ | 
 |     0,                          /* Item size for varobject */ | 
 |     (destructor)PyObject_Del, /* tp_dealloc */ | 
 |     0,                          /* tp_print */ | 
 |     0,                          /* tp_getattr */ | 
 |     0,                          /* tp_setattr */ | 
 |     0,                          /* tp_compare */ | 
 |     (reprfunc)range_repr,       /* tp_repr */ | 
 |     0,                          /* tp_as_number */ | 
 |     &range_as_sequence,         /* tp_as_sequence */ | 
 |     0,                          /* tp_as_mapping */ | 
 |     0,                          /* tp_hash */ | 
 |     0,                          /* tp_call */ | 
 |     0,                          /* tp_str */ | 
 |     PyObject_GenericGetAttr,  /* tp_getattro */ | 
 |     0,                          /* tp_setattro */ | 
 |     0,                          /* tp_as_buffer */ | 
 |     Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT,         /* tp_flags */ | 
 |     range_doc,                  /* tp_doc */ | 
 |     0,                          /* tp_traverse */ | 
 |     0,                          /* tp_clear */ | 
 |     0,                          /* tp_richcompare */ | 
 |     0,                          /* tp_weaklistoffset */ | 
 |     range_iter,                 /* tp_iter */ | 
 |     0,                          /* tp_iternext */ | 
 |     range_methods,              /* tp_methods */ | 
 |     0,                          /* tp_members */ | 
 |     0,                          /* tp_getset */ | 
 |     0,                          /* tp_base */ | 
 |     0,                          /* tp_dict */ | 
 |     0,                          /* tp_descr_get */ | 
 |     0,                          /* tp_descr_set */ | 
 |     0,                          /* tp_dictoffset */ | 
 |     0,                          /* tp_init */ | 
 |     0,                          /* tp_alloc */ | 
 |     range_new,                  /* tp_new */ | 
 | }; | 
 |  | 
 | /*********************** Xrange Iterator **************************/ | 
 |  | 
 | typedef struct { | 
 |     PyObject_HEAD | 
 |     long        index; | 
 |     long        start; | 
 |     long        step; | 
 |     long        len; | 
 | } rangeiterobject; | 
 |  | 
 | static PyObject * | 
 | rangeiter_next(rangeiterobject *r) | 
 | { | 
 |     if (r->index < r->len) | 
 |         return PyInt_FromLong(r->start + (r->index++) * r->step); | 
 |     return NULL; | 
 | } | 
 |  | 
 | static PyObject * | 
 | rangeiter_len(rangeiterobject *r) | 
 | { | 
 |     return PyInt_FromLong(r->len - r->index); | 
 | } | 
 |  | 
 | PyDoc_STRVAR(length_hint_doc, "Private method returning an estimate of len(list(it))."); | 
 |  | 
 | static PyMethodDef rangeiter_methods[] = { | 
 |     {"__length_hint__", (PyCFunction)rangeiter_len, METH_NOARGS, length_hint_doc}, | 
 |     {NULL,              NULL}           /* sentinel */ | 
 | }; | 
 |  | 
 | static PyTypeObject Pyrangeiter_Type = { | 
 |     PyObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type) | 
 |     0,                                      /* ob_size */ | 
 |     "rangeiterator",                        /* tp_name */ | 
 |     sizeof(rangeiterobject),                /* tp_basicsize */ | 
 |     0,                                      /* tp_itemsize */ | 
 |     /* methods */ | 
 |     (destructor)PyObject_Del,                   /* tp_dealloc */ | 
 |     0,                                      /* tp_print */ | 
 |     0,                                      /* tp_getattr */ | 
 |     0,                                      /* tp_setattr */ | 
 |     0,                                      /* tp_compare */ | 
 |     0,                                      /* tp_repr */ | 
 |     0,                                      /* tp_as_number */ | 
 |     0,                                          /* tp_as_sequence */ | 
 |     0,                                      /* tp_as_mapping */ | 
 |     0,                                      /* tp_hash */ | 
 |     0,                                      /* tp_call */ | 
 |     0,                                      /* tp_str */ | 
 |     PyObject_GenericGetAttr,                /* tp_getattro */ | 
 |     0,                                      /* tp_setattro */ | 
 |     0,                                      /* tp_as_buffer */ | 
 |     Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT,                         /* tp_flags */ | 
 |     0,                                      /* tp_doc */ | 
 |     0,                                          /* tp_traverse */ | 
 |     0,                                      /* tp_clear */ | 
 |     0,                                      /* tp_richcompare */ | 
 |     0,                                      /* tp_weaklistoffset */ | 
 |     PyObject_SelfIter,                          /* tp_iter */ | 
 |     (iternextfunc)rangeiter_next,               /* tp_iternext */ | 
 |     rangeiter_methods,                          /* tp_methods */ | 
 |     0, | 
 | }; | 
 |  | 
 | static PyObject * | 
 | range_iter(PyObject *seq) | 
 | { | 
 |     rangeiterobject *it; | 
 |  | 
 |     if (!PyRange_Check(seq)) { | 
 |         PyErr_BadInternalCall(); | 
 |         return NULL; | 
 |     } | 
 |     it = PyObject_New(rangeiterobject, &Pyrangeiter_Type); | 
 |     if (it == NULL) | 
 |         return NULL; | 
 |     it->index = 0; | 
 |     it->start = ((rangeobject *)seq)->start; | 
 |     it->step = ((rangeobject *)seq)->step; | 
 |     it->len = ((rangeobject *)seq)->len; | 
 |     return (PyObject *)it; | 
 | } | 
 |  | 
 | static PyObject * | 
 | range_reverse(PyObject *seq) | 
 | { | 
 |     rangeiterobject *it; | 
 |     long start, step, len; | 
 |  | 
 |     if (!PyRange_Check(seq)) { | 
 |         PyErr_BadInternalCall(); | 
 |         return NULL; | 
 |     } | 
 |     it = PyObject_New(rangeiterobject, &Pyrangeiter_Type); | 
 |     if (it == NULL) | 
 |         return NULL; | 
 |  | 
 |     start = ((rangeobject *)seq)->start; | 
 |     step = ((rangeobject *)seq)->step; | 
 |     len = ((rangeobject *)seq)->len; | 
 |  | 
 |     it->index = 0; | 
 |     it->len = len; | 
 |     /* the casts below guard against signed overflow by turning it | 
 |        into unsigned overflow instead.  The correctness of this | 
 |        code still depends on conversion from unsigned long to long | 
 |        wrapping modulo ULONG_MAX+1, which isn't guaranteed (see | 
 |        C99 6.3.1.3p3) but seems to hold in practice for all | 
 |        platforms we're likely to meet. | 
 |  | 
 |        If step == LONG_MIN then we still end up with LONG_MIN | 
 |        after negation; but this works out, since we've still got | 
 |        the correct value modulo ULONG_MAX+1, and the range_item | 
 |        calculation is also done modulo ULONG_MAX+1. | 
 |     */ | 
 |     it->start = (long)(start + (unsigned long)(len-1) * step); | 
 |     it->step = (long)(0UL-step); | 
 |  | 
 |     return (PyObject *)it; | 
 | } |