Lib/test/test_builtin.py

# Python test set -- built-in functions

import test.test_support, unittest
from test.test_support import fcmp, have_unicode, TESTFN, unlink, \
                              run_unittest, run_with_locale
from operator import neg

import sys, warnings, cStringIO, random, fractions, UserDict
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", "hex../oct.. of negative int",
                        FutureWarning, __name__)
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", "integer argument expected",
                        DeprecationWarning, "unittest")

# count the number of test runs.
# used to skip running test_execfile() multiple times
numruns = 0

class Squares:

    def __init__(self, max):
        self.max = max
        self.sofar = []

    def __len__(self): return len(self.sofar)

    def __getitem__(self, i):
        if not 0 <= i < self.max: raise IndexError
        n = len(self.sofar)
        while n <= i:
            self.sofar.append(n*n)
            n += 1
        return self.sofar[i]

class StrSquares:

    def __init__(self, max):
        self.max = max
        self.sofar = []

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.sofar)

    def __getitem__(self, i):
        if not 0 <= i < self.max:
            raise IndexError
        n = len(self.sofar)
        while n <= i:
            self.sofar.append(str(n*n))
            n += 1
        return self.sofar[i]

class BitBucket:
    def write(self, line):
        pass

L = [
        ('0', 0),
        ('1', 1),
        ('9', 9),
        ('10', 10),
        ('99', 99),
        ('100', 100),
        ('314', 314),
        (' 314', 314),
        ('314 ', 314),
        ('  \t\t  314  \t\t  ', 314),
        (repr(sys.maxint), sys.maxint),
        ('  1x', ValueError),
        ('  1  ', 1),
        ('  1\02  ', ValueError),
        ('', ValueError),
        (' ', ValueError),
        ('  \t\t  ', ValueError)
]
if have_unicode:
    L += [
        (unicode('0'), 0),
        (unicode('1'), 1),
        (unicode('9'), 9),
        (unicode('10'), 10),
        (unicode('99'), 99),
        (unicode('100'), 100),
        (unicode('314'), 314),
        (unicode(' 314'), 314),
        (unicode('\u0663\u0661\u0664 ','raw-unicode-escape'), 314),
        (unicode('  \t\t  314  \t\t  '), 314),
        (unicode('  1x'), ValueError),
        (unicode('  1  '), 1),
        (unicode('  1\02  '), ValueError),
        (unicode(''), ValueError),
        (unicode(' '), ValueError),
        (unicode('  \t\t  '), ValueError),
        (unichr(0x200), ValueError),
]

class TestFailingBool:
    def __nonzero__(self):
        raise RuntimeError

class TestFailingIter:
    def __iter__(self):
        raise RuntimeError

class BuiltinTest(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_import(self):
        __import__('sys')
        __import__('time')
        __import__('string')
        __import__(name='sys')
        __import__(name='time', level=0)
        self.assertRaises(ImportError, __import__, 'spamspam')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, __import__, 1, 2, 3, 4)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, __import__, '')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, __import__, 'sys', name='sys')

    def test_abs(self):
        # int
        self.assertEqual(abs(0), 0)
        self.assertEqual(abs(1234), 1234)
        self.assertEqual(abs(-1234), 1234)
        self.assertTrue(abs(-sys.maxint-1) > 0)
        # float
        self.assertEqual(abs(0.0), 0.0)
        self.assertEqual(abs(3.14), 3.14)
        self.assertEqual(abs(-3.14), 3.14)
        # long
        self.assertEqual(abs(0L), 0L)
        self.assertEqual(abs(1234L), 1234L)
        self.assertEqual(abs(-1234L), 1234L)
        # str
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, abs, 'a')

    def test_all(self):
        self.assertEqual(all([2, 4, 6]), True)
        self.assertEqual(all([2, None, 6]), False)
        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, all, [2, TestFailingBool(), 6])
        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, all, TestFailingIter())
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, all, 10)               # Non-iterable
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, all)                   # No args
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, all, [2, 4, 6], [])    # Too many args
        self.assertEqual(all([]), True)                     # Empty iterator
        S = [50, 60]
        self.assertEqual(all(x > 42 for x in S), True)
        S = [50, 40, 60]
        self.assertEqual(all(x > 42 for x in S), False)

    def test_any(self):
        self.assertEqual(any([None, None, None]), False)
        self.assertEqual(any([None, 4, None]), True)
        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, any, [None, TestFailingBool(), 6])
        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, all, TestFailingIter())
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, any, 10)               # Non-iterable
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, any)                   # No args
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, any, [2, 4, 6], [])    # Too many args
        self.assertEqual(any([]), False)                    # Empty iterator
        S = [40, 60, 30]
        self.assertEqual(any(x > 42 for x in S), True)
        S = [10, 20, 30]
        self.assertEqual(any(x > 42 for x in S), False)

    def test_neg(self):
        x = -sys.maxint-1
        self.assert_(isinstance(x, int))
        self.assertEqual(-x, sys.maxint+1)

    def test_apply(self):
        def f0(*args):
            self.assertEqual(args, ())
        def f1(a1):
            self.assertEqual(a1, 1)
        def f2(a1, a2):
            self.assertEqual(a1, 1)
            self.assertEqual(a2, 2)
        def f3(a1, a2, a3):
            self.assertEqual(a1, 1)
            self.assertEqual(a2, 2)
            self.assertEqual(a3, 3)
        apply(f0, ())
        apply(f1, (1,))
        apply(f2, (1, 2))
        apply(f3, (1, 2, 3))

        # A PyCFunction that takes only positional parameters should allow an
        # empty keyword dictionary to pass without a complaint, but raise a
        # TypeError if the dictionary is non-empty.
        apply(id, (1,), {})
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, apply, id, (1,), {"foo": 1})
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, apply)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, apply, id, 42)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, apply, id, (42,), 42)

    def test_callable(self):
        self.assert_(callable(len))
        def f(): pass
        self.assert_(callable(f))
        class C:
            def meth(self): pass
        self.assert_(callable(C))
        x = C()
        self.assert_(callable(x.meth))
        self.assert_(not callable(x))
        class D(C):
            def __call__(self): pass
        y = D()
        self.assert_(callable(y))
        y()

    def test_chr(self):
        self.assertEqual(chr(32), ' ')
        self.assertEqual(chr(65), 'A')
        self.assertEqual(chr(97), 'a')
        self.assertEqual(chr(0xff), '\xff')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, chr, 256)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, chr)

    def test_cmp(self):
        self.assertEqual(cmp(-1, 1), -1)
        self.assertEqual(cmp(1, -1), 1)
        self.assertEqual(cmp(1, 1), 0)
        # verify that circular objects are not handled
        a = []; a.append(a)
        b = []; b.append(b)
        from UserList import UserList
        c = UserList(); c.append(c)
        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, cmp, a, b)
        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, cmp, b, c)
        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, cmp, c, a)
        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, cmp, a, c)
       # okay, now break the cycles
        a.pop(); b.pop(); c.pop()
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cmp)

    def test_coerce(self):
        self.assert_(not fcmp(coerce(1, 1.1), (1.0, 1.1)))
        self.assertEqual(coerce(1, 1L), (1L, 1L))
        self.assert_(not fcmp(coerce(1L, 1.1), (1.0, 1.1)))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, coerce)
        class BadNumber:
            def __coerce__(self, other):
                raise ValueError
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, coerce, 42, BadNumber())
        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, coerce, 0.5, int("12345" * 1000))

    def test_compile(self):
        compile('print 1\n', '', 'exec')
        bom = '\xef\xbb\xbf'
        compile(bom + 'print 1\n', '', 'exec')
        compile(source='pass', filename='?', mode='exec')
        compile(dont_inherit=0, filename='tmp', source='0', mode='eval')
        compile('pass', '?', dont_inherit=1, mode='exec')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, compile)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, compile, 'print 42\n', '<string>', 'badmode')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, compile, 'print 42\n', '<string>', 'single', 0xff)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, compile, chr(0), 'f', 'exec')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, compile, 'pass', '?', 'exec',
                          mode='eval', source='0', filename='tmp')
        if have_unicode:
            compile(unicode('print u"\xc3\xa5"\n', 'utf8'), '', 'exec')
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, compile, unichr(0), 'f', 'exec')
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, compile, unicode('a = 1'), 'f', 'bad')


    def test_delattr(self):
        import sys
        sys.spam = 1
        delattr(sys, 'spam')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, delattr)

    def test_dir(self):
        # dir(wrong number of arguments)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, dir, 42, 42)

        # dir() - local scope
        local_var = 1
        self.assert_('local_var' in dir())

        # dir(module)
        import sys
        self.assert_('exit' in dir(sys))

        # dir(module_with_invalid__dict__)
        import types
        class Foo(types.ModuleType):
            __dict__ = 8
        f = Foo("foo")
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, dir, f)

        # dir(type)
        self.assert_("strip" in dir(str))
        self.assert_("__mro__" not in dir(str))

        # dir(obj)
        class Foo(object):
            def __init__(self):
                self.x = 7
                self.y = 8
                self.z = 9
        f = Foo()
        self.assert_("y" in dir(f))

        # dir(obj_no__dict__)
        class Foo(object):
            __slots__ = []
        f = Foo()
        self.assert_("__repr__" in dir(f))

        # dir(obj_no__class__with__dict__)
        # (an ugly trick to cause getattr(f, "__class__") to fail)
        class Foo(object):
            __slots__ = ["__class__", "__dict__"]
            def __init__(self):
                self.bar = "wow"
        f = Foo()
        self.assert_("__repr__" not in dir(f))
        self.assert_("bar" in dir(f))

        # dir(obj_using __dir__)
        class Foo(object):
            def __dir__(self):
                return ["kan", "ga", "roo"]
        f = Foo()
        self.assert_(dir(f) == ["ga", "kan", "roo"])

        # dir(obj__dir__not_list)
        class Foo(object):
            def __dir__(self):
                return 7
        f = Foo()
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, dir, f)

    def test_divmod(self):
        self.assertEqual(divmod(12, 7), (1, 5))
        self.assertEqual(divmod(-12, 7), (-2, 2))
        self.assertEqual(divmod(12, -7), (-2, -2))
        self.assertEqual(divmod(-12, -7), (1, -5))

        self.assertEqual(divmod(12L, 7L), (1L, 5L))
        self.assertEqual(divmod(-12L, 7L), (-2L, 2L))
        self.assertEqual(divmod(12L, -7L), (-2L, -2L))
        self.assertEqual(divmod(-12L, -7L), (1L, -5L))

        self.assertEqual(divmod(12, 7L), (1, 5L))
        self.assertEqual(divmod(-12, 7L), (-2, 2L))
        self.assertEqual(divmod(12L, -7), (-2L, -2))
        self.assertEqual(divmod(-12L, -7), (1L, -5))

        self.assertEqual(divmod(-sys.maxint-1, -1),
                         (sys.maxint+1, 0))

        self.assert_(not fcmp(divmod(3.25, 1.0), (3.0, 0.25)))
        self.assert_(not fcmp(divmod(-3.25, 1.0), (-4.0, 0.75)))
        self.assert_(not fcmp(divmod(3.25, -1.0), (-4.0, -0.75)))
        self.assert_(not fcmp(divmod(-3.25, -1.0), (3.0, -0.25)))

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, divmod)

    def test_eval(self):
        self.assertEqual(eval('1+1'), 2)
        self.assertEqual(eval(' 1+1\n'), 2)
        globals = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
        locals = {'b': 200, 'c': 300}
        self.assertEqual(eval('a', globals) , 1)
        self.assertEqual(eval('a', globals, locals), 1)
        self.assertEqual(eval('b', globals, locals), 200)
        self.assertEqual(eval('c', globals, locals), 300)
        if have_unicode:
            self.assertEqual(eval(unicode('1+1')), 2)
            self.assertEqual(eval(unicode(' 1+1\n')), 2)
        globals = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
        locals = {'b': 200, 'c': 300}
        if have_unicode:
            self.assertEqual(eval(unicode('a'), globals), 1)
            self.assertEqual(eval(unicode('a'), globals, locals), 1)
            self.assertEqual(eval(unicode('b'), globals, locals), 200)
            self.assertEqual(eval(unicode('c'), globals, locals), 300)
            bom = '\xef\xbb\xbf'
            self.assertEqual(eval(bom + 'a', globals, locals), 1)
            self.assertEqual(eval(unicode('u"\xc3\xa5"', 'utf8'), globals),
                             unicode('\xc3\xa5', 'utf8'))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, eval)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, eval, ())

    def test_general_eval(self):
        # Tests that general mappings can be used for the locals argument

        class M:
            "Test mapping interface versus possible calls from eval()."
            def __getitem__(self, key):
                if key == 'a':
                    return 12
                raise KeyError
            def keys(self):
                return list('xyz')

        m = M()
        g = globals()
        self.assertEqual(eval('a', g, m), 12)
        self.assertRaises(NameError, eval, 'b', g, m)
        self.assertEqual(eval('dir()', g, m), list('xyz'))
        self.assertEqual(eval('globals()', g, m), g)
        self.assertEqual(eval('locals()', g, m), m)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, eval, 'a', m)
        class A:
            "Non-mapping"
            pass
        m = A()
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, eval, 'a', g, m)

        # Verify that dict subclasses work as well
        class D(dict):
            def __getitem__(self, key):
                if key == 'a':
                    return 12
                return dict.__getitem__(self, key)
            def keys(self):
                return list('xyz')

        d = D()
        self.assertEqual(eval('a', g, d), 12)
        self.assertRaises(NameError, eval, 'b', g, d)
        self.assertEqual(eval('dir()', g, d), list('xyz'))
        self.assertEqual(eval('globals()', g, d), g)
        self.assertEqual(eval('locals()', g, d), d)

        # Verify locals stores (used by list comps)
        eval('[locals() for i in (2,3)]', g, d)
        eval('[locals() for i in (2,3)]', g, UserDict.UserDict())

        class SpreadSheet:
            "Sample application showing nested, calculated lookups."
            _cells = {}
            def __setitem__(self, key, formula):
                self._cells[key] = formula
            def __getitem__(self, key):
                return eval(self._cells[key], globals(), self)

        ss = SpreadSheet()
        ss['a1'] = '5'
        ss['a2'] = 'a1*6'
        ss['a3'] = 'a2*7'
        self.assertEqual(ss['a3'], 210)

        # Verify that dir() catches a non-list returned by eval
        # SF bug #1004669
        class C:
            def __getitem__(self, item):
                raise KeyError(item)
            def keys(self):
                return 'a'
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, eval, 'dir()', globals(), C())

    # Done outside of the method test_z to get the correct scope
    z = 0
    f = open(TESTFN, 'w')
    f.write('z = z+1\n')
    f.write('z = z*2\n')
    f.close()
    execfile(TESTFN)

    def test_execfile(self):
        global numruns
        if numruns:
            return
        numruns += 1

        globals = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
        locals = {'b': 200, 'c': 300}

        self.assertEqual(self.__class__.z, 2)
        globals['z'] = 0
        execfile(TESTFN, globals)
        self.assertEqual(globals['z'], 2)
        locals['z'] = 0
        execfile(TESTFN, globals, locals)
        self.assertEqual(locals['z'], 2)

        class M:
            "Test mapping interface versus possible calls from execfile()."
            def __init__(self):
                self.z = 10
            def __getitem__(self, key):
                if key == 'z':
                    return self.z
                raise KeyError
            def __setitem__(self, key, value):
                if key == 'z':
                    self.z = value
                    return
                raise KeyError

        locals = M()
        locals['z'] = 0
        execfile(TESTFN, globals, locals)
        self.assertEqual(locals['z'], 2)

        unlink(TESTFN)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, execfile)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, execfile, TESTFN, {}, ())
        import os
        self.assertRaises(IOError, execfile, os.curdir)
        self.assertRaises(IOError, execfile, "I_dont_exist")

    def test_filter(self):
        self.assertEqual(filter(lambda c: 'a' <= c <= 'z', 'Hello World'), 'elloorld')
        self.assertEqual(filter(None, [1, 'hello', [], [3], '', None, 9, 0]), [1, 'hello', [3], 9])
        self.assertEqual(filter(lambda x: x > 0, [1, -3, 9, 0, 2]), [1, 9, 2])
        self.assertEqual(filter(None, Squares(10)), [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81])
        self.assertEqual(filter(lambda x: x%2, Squares(10)), [1, 9, 25, 49, 81])
        def identity(item):
            return 1
        filter(identity, Squares(5))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, filter)
        class BadSeq(object):
            def __getitem__(self, index):
                if index<4:
                    return 42
                raise ValueError
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, filter, lambda x: x, BadSeq())
        def badfunc():
            pass
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, filter, badfunc, range(5))

        # test bltinmodule.c::filtertuple()
        self.assertEqual(filter(None, (1, 2)), (1, 2))
        self.assertEqual(filter(lambda x: x>=3, (1, 2, 3, 4)), (3, 4))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, filter, 42, (1, 2))

        # test bltinmodule.c::filterstring()
        self.assertEqual(filter(None, "12"), "12")
        self.assertEqual(filter(lambda x: x>="3", "1234"), "34")
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, filter, 42, "12")
        class badstr(str):
            def __getitem__(self, index):
                raise ValueError
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, filter, lambda x: x >="3", badstr("1234"))

        class badstr2(str):
            def __getitem__(self, index):
                return 42
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, filter, lambda x: x >=42, badstr2("1234"))

        class weirdstr(str):
            def __getitem__(self, index):
                return weirdstr(2*str.__getitem__(self, index))
        self.assertEqual(filter(lambda x: x>="33", weirdstr("1234")), "3344")

        class shiftstr(str):
            def __getitem__(self, index):
                return chr(ord(str.__getitem__(self, index))+1)
        self.assertEqual(filter(lambda x: x>="3", shiftstr("1234")), "345")

        if have_unicode:
            # test bltinmodule.c::filterunicode()
            self.assertEqual(filter(None, unicode("12")), unicode("12"))
            self.assertEqual(filter(lambda x: x>="3", unicode("1234")), unicode("34"))
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, filter, 42, unicode("12"))
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, filter, lambda x: x >="3", badstr(unicode("1234")))

            class badunicode(unicode):
                def __getitem__(self, index):
                    return 42
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, filter, lambda x: x >=42, badunicode("1234"))

            class weirdunicode(unicode):
                def __getitem__(self, index):
                    return weirdunicode(2*unicode.__getitem__(self, index))
            self.assertEqual(
                filter(lambda x: x>=unicode("33"), weirdunicode("1234")), unicode("3344"))

            class shiftunicode(unicode):
                def __getitem__(self, index):
                    return unichr(ord(unicode.__getitem__(self, index))+1)
            self.assertEqual(
                filter(lambda x: x>=unicode("3"), shiftunicode("1234")),
                unicode("345")
            )

    def test_filter_subclasses(self):
        # test that filter() never returns tuple, str or unicode subclasses
        # and that the result always goes through __getitem__
        funcs = (None, bool, lambda x: True)
        class tuple2(tuple):
            def __getitem__(self, index):
                return 2*tuple.__getitem__(self, index)
        class str2(str):
            def __getitem__(self, index):
                return 2*str.__getitem__(self, index)
        inputs = {
            tuple2: {(): (), (1, 2, 3): (2, 4, 6)},
            str2:   {"": "", "123": "112233"}
        }
        if have_unicode:
            class unicode2(unicode):
                def __getitem__(self, index):
                    return 2*unicode.__getitem__(self, index)
            inputs[unicode2] = {
                unicode(): unicode(),
                unicode("123"): unicode("112233")
            }

        for (cls, inps) in inputs.iteritems():
            for (inp, exp) in inps.iteritems():
                # make sure the output goes through __getitem__
                # even if func is None
                self.assertEqual(
                    filter(funcs[0], cls(inp)),
                    filter(funcs[1], cls(inp))
                )
                for func in funcs:
                    outp = filter(func, cls(inp))
                    self.assertEqual(outp, exp)
                    self.assert_(not isinstance(outp, cls))

    def test_float(self):
        self.assertEqual(float(3.14), 3.14)
        self.assertEqual(float(314), 314.0)
        self.assertEqual(float(314L), 314.0)
        self.assertEqual(float("  3.14  "), 3.14)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, float, "  0x3.1  ")
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, float, "  -0x3.p-1  ")
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, float, "  +0x3.p-1  ")
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, float, "++3.14")
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, float, "+-3.14")
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, float, "-+3.14")
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, float, "--3.14")
        if have_unicode:
            self.assertEqual(float(unicode("  3.14  ")), 3.14)
            self.assertEqual(float(unicode("  \u0663.\u0661\u0664  ",'raw-unicode-escape')), 3.14)
            # Implementation limitation in PyFloat_FromString()
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, float, unicode("1"*10000))

    @run_with_locale('LC_NUMERIC', 'fr_FR', 'de_DE')
    def test_float_with_comma(self):
        # set locale to something that doesn't use '.' for the decimal point
        # float must not accept the locale specific decimal point but
        # it still has to accept the normal python syntac
        import locale
        if not locale.localeconv()['decimal_point'] == ',':
            return

        self.assertEqual(float("  3.14  "), 3.14)
        self.assertEqual(float("+3.14  "), 3.14)
        self.assertEqual(float("-3.14  "), -3.14)
        self.assertEqual(float(".14  "), .14)
        self.assertEqual(float("3.  "), 3.0)
        self.assertEqual(float("3.e3  "), 3000.0)
        self.assertEqual(float("3.2e3  "), 3200.0)
        self.assertEqual(float("2.5e-1  "), 0.25)
        self.assertEqual(float("5e-1"), 0.5)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, float, "  3,14  ")
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, float, "  +3,14  ")
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, float, "  -3,14  ")
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, float, "  0x3.1  ")
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, float, "  -0x3.p-1  ")
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, float, "  +0x3.p-1  ")
        self.assertEqual(float("  25.e-1  "), 2.5)
        self.assertEqual(fcmp(float("  .25e-1  "), .025), 0)

    def test_floatconversion(self):
        # Make sure that calls to __float__() work properly
        class Foo0:
            def __float__(self):
                return 42.

        class Foo1(object):
            def __float__(self):
                return 42.

        class Foo2(float):
            def __float__(self):
                return 42.

        class Foo3(float):
            def __new__(cls, value=0.):
                return float.__new__(cls, 2*value)

            def __float__(self):
                return self

        class Foo4(float):
            def __float__(self):
                return 42

        self.assertAlmostEqual(float(Foo0()), 42.)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(float(Foo1()), 42.)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(float(Foo2()), 42.)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(float(Foo3(21)), 42.)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, float, Foo4(42))

    def test_floatasratio(self):
        for f, ratio in [
                (0.875, (7, 8)),
                (-0.875, (-7, 8)),
                (0.0, (0, 1)),
                (11.5, (23, 2)),
            ]:
            self.assertEqual(f.as_integer_ratio(), ratio)

        for i in range(10000):
            f = random.random()
            f *= 10 ** random.randint(-100, 100)
            n, d = f.as_integer_ratio()
            self.assertEqual(float(n).__truediv__(d), f)

        R = fractions.Fraction
        self.assertEqual(R(0, 1),
                         R(*float(0.0).as_integer_ratio()))
        self.assertEqual(R(5, 2),
                         R(*float(2.5).as_integer_ratio()))
        self.assertEqual(R(1, 2),
                         R(*float(0.5).as_integer_ratio()))
        self.assertEqual(R(4728779608739021, 2251799813685248),
                         R(*float(2.1).as_integer_ratio()))
        self.assertEqual(R(-4728779608739021, 2251799813685248),
                         R(*float(-2.1).as_integer_ratio()))
        self.assertEqual(R(-2100, 1),
                         R(*float(-2100.0).as_integer_ratio()))

        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, float('inf').as_integer_ratio)
        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, float('-inf').as_integer_ratio)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, float('nan').as_integer_ratio)

    def test_getattr(self):
        import sys
        self.assert_(getattr(sys, 'stdout') is sys.stdout)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, getattr, sys, 1)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, getattr, sys, 1, "foo")
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, getattr)
        if have_unicode:
            self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, getattr, sys, unichr(sys.maxunicode))

    def test_hasattr(self):
        import sys
        self.assert_(hasattr(sys, 'stdout'))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, hasattr, sys, 1)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, hasattr)
        if have_unicode:
            self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, hasattr, sys, unichr(sys.maxunicode))

    def test_hash(self):
        hash(None)
        self.assertEqual(hash(1), hash(1L))
        self.assertEqual(hash(1), hash(1.0))
        hash('spam')
        if have_unicode:
            self.assertEqual(hash('spam'), hash(unicode('spam')))
        hash((0,1,2,3))
        def f(): pass
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, hash, [])
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, hash, {})
        # Bug 1536021: Allow hash to return long objects
        class X:
            def __hash__(self):
                return 2**100
        self.assertEquals(type(hash(X())), int)
        class Y(object):
            def __hash__(self):
                return 2**100
        self.assertEquals(type(hash(Y())), int)
        class Z(long):
            def __hash__(self):
                return self
        self.assertEquals(hash(Z(42)), hash(42L))

    def test_hex(self):
        self.assertEqual(hex(16), '0x10')
        self.assertEqual(hex(16L), '0x10L')
        self.assertEqual(hex(-16), '-0x10')
        self.assertEqual(hex(-16L), '-0x10L')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, hex, {})

    def test_id(self):
        id(None)
        id(1)
        id(1L)
        id(1.0)
        id('spam')
        id((0,1,2,3))
        id([0,1,2,3])
        id({'spam': 1, 'eggs': 2, 'ham': 3})

    # Test input() later, together with raw_input

    def test_int(self):
        self.assertEqual(int(314), 314)
        self.assertEqual(int(3.14), 3)
        self.assertEqual(int(314L), 314)
        # Check that conversion from float truncates towards zero
        self.assertEqual(int(-3.14), -3)
        self.assertEqual(int(3.9), 3)
        self.assertEqual(int(-3.9), -3)
        self.assertEqual(int(3.5), 3)
        self.assertEqual(int(-3.5), -3)
        # Different base:
        self.assertEqual(int("10",16), 16L)
        if have_unicode:
            self.assertEqual(int(unicode("10"),16), 16L)
        # Test conversion from strings and various anomalies
        for s, v in L:
            for sign in "", "+", "-":
                for prefix in "", " ", "\t", "  \t\t  ":
                    ss = prefix + sign + s
                    vv = v
                    if sign == "-" and v is not ValueError:
                        vv = -v
                    try:
                        self.assertEqual(int(ss), vv)
                    except v:
                        pass

        s = repr(-1-sys.maxint)
        x = int(s)
        self.assertEqual(x+1, -sys.maxint)
        self.assert_(isinstance(x, int))
        # should return long
        self.assertEqual(int(s[1:]), sys.maxint+1)

        # should return long
        x = int(1e100)
        self.assert_(isinstance(x, long))
        x = int(-1e100)
        self.assert_(isinstance(x, long))


        # SF bug 434186:  0x80000000/2 != 0x80000000>>1.
        # Worked by accident in Windows release build, but failed in debug build.
        # Failed in all Linux builds.
        x = -1-sys.maxint
        self.assertEqual(x >> 1, x//2)

        self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, '123\0')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, '53', 40)

        # SF bug 1545497: embedded NULs were not detected with
        # explicit base
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, '123\0', 10)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, '123\x00 245', 20)

        x = int('1' * 600)
        self.assert_(isinstance(x, long))

        if have_unicode:
            x = int(unichr(0x661) * 600)
            self.assert_(isinstance(x, long))

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, int, 1, 12)

        self.assertEqual(int('0123', 0), 83)
        self.assertEqual(int('0x123', 16), 291)

        # Bug 1679: "0x" is not a valid hex literal
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, "0x", 16)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, "0x", 0)

        self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, "0o", 8)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, "0o", 0)

        self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, "0b", 2)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, "0b", 0)


        # SF bug 1334662: int(string, base) wrong answers
        # Various representations of 2**32 evaluated to 0
        # rather than 2**32 in previous versions

        self.assertEqual(int('100000000000000000000000000000000', 2), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('102002022201221111211', 3), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('10000000000000000', 4), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('32244002423141', 5), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('1550104015504', 6), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('211301422354', 7), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('40000000000', 8), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('12068657454', 9), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('4294967296', 10), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('1904440554', 11), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('9ba461594', 12), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('535a79889', 13), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('2ca5b7464', 14), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('1a20dcd81', 15), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('100000000', 16), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('a7ffda91', 17), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('704he7g4', 18), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('4f5aff66', 19), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('3723ai4g', 20), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('281d55i4', 21), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('1fj8b184', 22), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('1606k7ic', 23), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('mb994ag', 24), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('hek2mgl', 25), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('dnchbnm', 26), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('b28jpdm', 27), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('8pfgih4', 28), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('76beigg', 29), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('5qmcpqg', 30), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('4q0jto4', 31), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('4000000', 32), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('3aokq94', 33), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('2qhxjli', 34), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('2br45qb', 35), 4294967296L)
        self.assertEqual(int('1z141z4', 36), 4294967296L)

        # tests with base 0
        # this fails on 3.0, but in 2.x the old octal syntax is allowed
        self.assertEqual(int(' 0123  ', 0), 83)
        self.assertEqual(int(' 0123  ', 0), 83)
        self.assertEqual(int('000', 0), 0)
        self.assertEqual(int('0o123', 0), 83)
        self.assertEqual(int('0x123', 0), 291)
        self.assertEqual(int('0b100', 0), 4)
        self.assertEqual(int(' 0O123   ', 0), 83)
        self.assertEqual(int(' 0X123  ', 0), 291)
        self.assertEqual(int(' 0B100 ', 0), 4)

        # without base still base 10
        self.assertEqual(int('0123'), 123)
        self.assertEqual(int('0123', 10), 123)

        # tests with prefix and base != 0
        self.assertEqual(int('0x123', 16), 291)
        self.assertEqual(int('0o123', 8), 83)
        self.assertEqual(int('0b100', 2), 4)
        self.assertEqual(int('0X123', 16), 291)
        self.assertEqual(int('0O123', 8), 83)
        self.assertEqual(int('0B100', 2), 4)

        # the code has special checks for the first character after the
        #  type prefix
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, '0b2', 2)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, '0b02', 2)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, '0B2', 2)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, '0B02', 2)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, '0o8', 8)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, '0o08', 8)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, '0O8', 8)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, '0O08', 8)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, '0xg', 16)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, '0x0g', 16)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, '0Xg', 16)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, '0X0g', 16)

        # SF bug 1334662: int(string, base) wrong answers
        # Checks for proper evaluation of 2**32 + 1
        self.assertEqual(int('100000000000000000000000000000001', 2), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('102002022201221111212', 3), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('10000000000000001', 4), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('32244002423142', 5), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('1550104015505', 6), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('211301422355', 7), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('40000000001', 8), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('12068657455', 9), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('4294967297', 10), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('1904440555', 11), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('9ba461595', 12), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('535a7988a', 13), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('2ca5b7465', 14), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('1a20dcd82', 15), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('100000001', 16), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('a7ffda92', 17), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('704he7g5', 18), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('4f5aff67', 19), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('3723ai4h', 20), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('281d55i5', 21), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('1fj8b185', 22), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('1606k7id', 23), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('mb994ah', 24), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('hek2mgm', 25), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('dnchbnn', 26), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('b28jpdn', 27), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('8pfgih5', 28), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('76beigh', 29), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('5qmcpqh', 30), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('4q0jto5', 31), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('4000001', 32), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('3aokq95', 33), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('2qhxjlj', 34), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('2br45qc', 35), 4294967297L)
        self.assertEqual(int('1z141z5', 36), 4294967297L)

    def test_intconversion(self):
        # Test __int__()
        class ClassicMissingMethods:
            pass
        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, int, ClassicMissingMethods())

        class MissingMethods(object):
            pass
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, int, MissingMethods())

        class Foo0:
            def __int__(self):
                return 42

        class Foo1(object):
            def __int__(self):
                return 42

        class Foo2(int):
            def __int__(self):
                return 42

        class Foo3(int):
            def __int__(self):
                return self

        class Foo4(int):
            def __int__(self):
                return 42L

        class Foo5(int):
            def __int__(self):
                return 42.

        self.assertEqual(int(Foo0()), 42)
        self.assertEqual(int(Foo1()), 42)
        self.assertEqual(int(Foo2()), 42)
        self.assertEqual(int(Foo3()), 0)
        self.assertEqual(int(Foo4()), 42L)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, int, Foo5())

        class Classic:
            pass
        for base in (object, Classic):
            class IntOverridesTrunc(base):
                def __int__(self):
                    return 42
                def __trunc__(self):
                    return -12
            self.assertEqual(int(IntOverridesTrunc()), 42)

            class JustTrunc(base):
                def __trunc__(self):
                    return 42
            self.assertEqual(int(JustTrunc()), 42)

            for trunc_result_base in (object, Classic):
                class Integral(trunc_result_base):
                    def __int__(self):
                        return 42

                class TruncReturnsNonInt(base):
                    def __trunc__(self):
                        return Integral()
                self.assertEqual(int(TruncReturnsNonInt()), 42)

                class NonIntegral(trunc_result_base):
                    def __trunc__(self):
                        # Check that we avoid infinite recursion.
                        return NonIntegral()

                class TruncReturnsNonIntegral(base):
                    def __trunc__(self):
                        return NonIntegral()
                try:
                    int(TruncReturnsNonIntegral())
                except TypeError as e:
                    self.assertEquals(str(e),
                                      "__trunc__ returned non-Integral"
                                      " (type NonIntegral)")
                else:
                    self.fail("Failed to raise TypeError with %s" %
                              ((base, trunc_result_base),))

    def test_intern(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, intern)
        s = "never interned before"
        self.assert_(intern(s) is s)
        s2 = s.swapcase().swapcase()
        self.assert_(intern(s2) is s)

        # Subclasses of string can't be interned, because they
        # provide too much opportunity for insane things to happen.
        # We don't want them in the interned dict and if they aren't
        # actually interned, we don't want to create the appearance
        # that they are by allowing intern() to succeeed.
        class S(str):
            def __hash__(self):
                return 123

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, intern, S("abc"))

        # It's still safe to pass these strings to routines that
        # call intern internally, e.g. PyObject_SetAttr().
        s = S("abc")
        setattr(s, s, s)
        self.assertEqual(getattr(s, s), s)

    def test_iter(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, iter)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, iter, 42, 42)
        lists = [("1", "2"), ["1", "2"], "12"]
        if have_unicode:
            lists.append(unicode("12"))
        for l in lists:
            i = iter(l)
            self.assertEqual(i.next(), '1')
            self.assertEqual(i.next(), '2')
            self.assertRaises(StopIteration, i.next)

    def test_isinstance(self):
        class C:
            pass
        class D(C):
            pass
        class E:
            pass
        c = C()
        d = D()
        e = E()
        self.assert_(isinstance(c, C))
        self.assert_(isinstance(d, C))
        self.assert_(not isinstance(e, C))
        self.assert_(not isinstance(c, D))
        self.assert_(not isinstance('foo', E))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, isinstance, E, 'foo')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, isinstance)

    def test_issubclass(self):
        class C:
            pass
        class D(C):
            pass
        class E:
            pass
        c = C()
        d = D()
        e = E()
        self.assert_(issubclass(D, C))
        self.assert_(issubclass(C, C))
        self.assert_(not issubclass(C, D))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, issubclass, 'foo', E)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, issubclass, E, 'foo')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, issubclass)

    def test_len(self):
        self.assertEqual(len('123'), 3)
        self.assertEqual(len(()), 0)
        self.assertEqual(len((1, 2, 3, 4)), 4)
        self.assertEqual(len([1, 2, 3, 4]), 4)
        self.assertEqual(len({}), 0)
        self.assertEqual(len({'a':1, 'b': 2}), 2)
        class BadSeq:
            def __len__(self):
                raise ValueError
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, len, BadSeq())

    def test_list(self):
        self.assertEqual(list([]), [])
        l0_3 = [0, 1, 2, 3]
        l0_3_bis = list(l0_3)
        self.assertEqual(l0_3, l0_3_bis)
        self.assert_(l0_3 is not l0_3_bis)
        self.assertEqual(list(()), [])
        self.assertEqual(list((0, 1, 2, 3)), [0, 1, 2, 3])
        self.assertEqual(list(''), [])
        self.assertEqual(list('spam'), ['s', 'p', 'a', 'm'])

        if sys.maxint == 0x7fffffff:
            # This test can currently only work on 32-bit machines.
            # XXX If/when PySequence_Length() returns a ssize_t, it should be
            # XXX re-enabled.
            # Verify clearing of bug #556025.
            # This assumes that the max data size (sys.maxint) == max
            # address size this also assumes that the address size is at
            # least 4 bytes with 8 byte addresses, the bug is not well
            # tested
            #
            # Note: This test is expected to SEGV under Cygwin 1.3.12 or
            # earlier due to a newlib bug.  See the following mailing list
            # thread for the details:

            #     http://sources.redhat.com/ml/newlib/2002/msg00369.html
            self.assertRaises(MemoryError, list, xrange(sys.maxint // 2))

        # This code used to segfault in Py2.4a3
        x = []
        x.extend(-y for y in x)
        self.assertEqual(x, [])

    def test_long(self):
        self.assertEqual(long(314), 314L)
        self.assertEqual(long(3.14), 3L)
        self.assertEqual(long(314L), 314L)
        # Check that conversion from float truncates towards zero
        self.assertEqual(long(-3.14), -3L)
        self.assertEqual(long(3.9), 3L)
        self.assertEqual(long(-3.9), -3L)
        self.assertEqual(long(3.5), 3L)
        self.assertEqual(long(-3.5), -3L)
        self.assertEqual(long("-3"), -3L)
        if have_unicode:
            self.assertEqual(long(unicode("-3")), -3L)
        # Different base:
        self.assertEqual(long("10",16), 16L)
        if have_unicode:
            self.assertEqual(long(unicode("10"),16), 16L)
        # Check conversions from string (same test set as for int(), and then some)
        LL = [
                ('1' + '0'*20, 10L**20),
                ('1' + '0'*100, 10L**100)
        ]
        L2 = L[:]
        if have_unicode:
            L2 += [
                (unicode('1') + unicode('0')*20, 10L**20),
                (unicode('1') + unicode('0')*100, 10L**100),
        ]
        for s, v in L2 + LL:
            for sign in "", "+", "-":
                for prefix in "", " ", "\t", "  \t\t  ":
                    ss = prefix + sign + s
                    vv = v
                    if sign == "-" and v is not ValueError:
                        vv = -v
                    try:
                        self.assertEqual(long(ss), long(vv))
                    except v:
                        pass

        self.assertRaises(ValueError, long, '123\0')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, long, '53', 40)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, long, 1, 12)

        # SF patch #1638879: embedded NULs were not detected with
        # explicit base
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, long, '123\0', 10)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, long, '123\x00 245', 20)

        self.assertEqual(long('100000000000000000000000000000000', 2),
                         4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('102002022201221111211', 3), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('10000000000000000', 4), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('32244002423141', 5), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('1550104015504', 6), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('211301422354', 7), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('40000000000', 8), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('12068657454', 9), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('4294967296', 10), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('1904440554', 11), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('9ba461594', 12), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('535a79889', 13), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('2ca5b7464', 14), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('1a20dcd81', 15), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('100000000', 16), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('a7ffda91', 17), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('704he7g4', 18), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('4f5aff66', 19), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('3723ai4g', 20), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('281d55i4', 21), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('1fj8b184', 22), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('1606k7ic', 23), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('mb994ag', 24), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('hek2mgl', 25), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('dnchbnm', 26), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('b28jpdm', 27), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('8pfgih4', 28), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('76beigg', 29), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('5qmcpqg', 30), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('4q0jto4', 31), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('4000000', 32), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('3aokq94', 33), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('2qhxjli', 34), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('2br45qb', 35), 4294967296)
        self.assertEqual(long('1z141z4', 36), 4294967296)

        self.assertEqual(long('100000000000000000000000000000001', 2),
                         4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('102002022201221111212', 3), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('10000000000000001', 4), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('32244002423142', 5), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('1550104015505', 6), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('211301422355', 7), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('40000000001', 8), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('12068657455', 9), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('4294967297', 10), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('1904440555', 11), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('9ba461595', 12), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('535a7988a', 13), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('2ca5b7465', 14), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('1a20dcd82', 15), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('100000001', 16), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('a7ffda92', 17), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('704he7g5', 18), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('4f5aff67', 19), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('3723ai4h', 20), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('281d55i5', 21), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('1fj8b185', 22), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('1606k7id', 23), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('mb994ah', 24), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('hek2mgm', 25), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('dnchbnn', 26), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('b28jpdn', 27), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('8pfgih5', 28), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('76beigh', 29), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('5qmcpqh', 30), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('4q0jto5', 31), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('4000001', 32), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('3aokq95', 33), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('2qhxjlj', 34), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('2br45qc', 35), 4294967297)
        self.assertEqual(long('1z141z5', 36), 4294967297)


    def test_longconversion(self):
        # Test __long__()
        class ClassicMissingMethods:
            pass
        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, long, ClassicMissingMethods())

        class MissingMethods(object):
            pass
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, long, MissingMethods())

        class Foo0:
            def __long__(self):
                return 42L

        class Foo1(object):
            def __long__(self):
                return 42L

        class Foo2(long):
            def __long__(self):
                return 42L

        class Foo3(long):
            def __long__(self):
                return self

        class Foo4(long):
            def __long__(self):
                return 42

        class Foo5(long):
            def __long__(self):
                return 42.

        self.assertEqual(long(Foo0()), 42L)
        self.assertEqual(long(Foo1()), 42L)
        self.assertEqual(long(Foo2()), 42L)
        self.assertEqual(long(Foo3()), 0)
        self.assertEqual(long(Foo4()), 42)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, long, Foo5())

        class Classic:
            pass
        for base in (object, Classic):
            class LongOverridesTrunc(base):
                def __long__(self):
                    return 42
                def __trunc__(self):
                    return -12
            self.assertEqual(long(LongOverridesTrunc()), 42)

            class JustTrunc(base):
                def __trunc__(self):
                    return 42
            self.assertEqual(long(JustTrunc()), 42)

            for trunc_result_base in (object, Classic):
                class Integral(trunc_result_base):
                    def __int__(self):
                        return 42

                class TruncReturnsNonLong(base):
                    def __trunc__(self):
                        return Integral()
                self.assertEqual(long(TruncReturnsNonLong()), 42)

                class NonIntegral(trunc_result_base):
                    def __trunc__(self):
                        # Check that we avoid infinite recursion.
                        return NonIntegral()

                class TruncReturnsNonIntegral(base):
                    def __trunc__(self):
                        return NonIntegral()
                try:
                    long(TruncReturnsNonIntegral())
                except TypeError as e:
                    self.assertEquals(str(e),
                                      "__trunc__ returned non-Integral"
                                      " (type NonIntegral)")
                else:
                    self.fail("Failed to raise TypeError with %s" %
                              ((base, trunc_result_base),))

    def test_map(self):
        self.assertEqual(
            map(None, 'hello world'),
            ['h','e','l','l','o',' ','w','o','r','l','d']
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            map(None, 'abcd', 'efg'),
            [('a', 'e'), ('b', 'f'), ('c', 'g'), ('d', None)]
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            map(None, range(10)),
            [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            map(lambda x: x*x, range(1,4)),
            [1, 4, 9]
        )
        try:
            from math import sqrt
        except ImportError:
            def sqrt(x):
                return pow(x, 0.5)
        self.assertEqual(
            map(lambda x: map(sqrt,x), [[16, 4], [81, 9]]),
            [[4.0, 2.0], [9.0, 3.0]]
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            map(lambda x, y: x+y, [1,3,2], [9,1,4]),
            [10, 4, 6]
        )

        def plus(*v):
            accu = 0
            for i in v: accu = accu + i
            return accu
        self.assertEqual(
            map(plus, [1, 3, 7]),
            [1, 3, 7]
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            map(plus, [1, 3, 7], [4, 9, 2]),
            [1+4, 3+9, 7+2]
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            map(plus, [1, 3, 7], [4, 9, 2], [1, 1, 0]),
            [1+4+1, 3+9+1, 7+2+0]
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            map(None, Squares(10)),
            [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            map(int, Squares(10)),
            [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            map(None, Squares(3), Squares(2)),
            [(0,0), (1,1), (4,None)]
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            map(max, Squares(3), Squares(2)),
            [0, 1, 4]
        )
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, map)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, map, lambda x: x, 42)
        self.assertEqual(map(None, [42]), [42])
        class BadSeq:
            def __getitem__(self, index):
                raise ValueError
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, map, lambda x: x, BadSeq())
        def badfunc(x):
            raise RuntimeError
        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, map, badfunc, range(5))

    def test_max(self):
        self.assertEqual(max('123123'), '3')
        self.assertEqual(max(1, 2, 3), 3)
        self.assertEqual(max((1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3)), 3)
        self.assertEqual(max([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]), 3)

        self.assertEqual(max(1, 2L, 3.0), 3.0)
        self.assertEqual(max(1L, 2.0, 3), 3)
        self.assertEqual(max(1.0, 2, 3L), 3L)

        for stmt in (
            "max(key=int)",                 # no args
            "max(1, key=int)",              # single arg not iterable
            "max(1, 2, keystone=int)",      # wrong keyword
            "max(1, 2, key=int, abc=int)",  # two many keywords
            "max(1, 2, key=1)",             # keyfunc is not callable
            ):
            try:
                exec(stmt) in globals()
            except TypeError:
                pass
            else:
                self.fail(stmt)

        self.assertEqual(max((1,), key=neg), 1)     # one elem iterable
        self.assertEqual(max((1,2), key=neg), 1)    # two elem iterable
        self.assertEqual(max(1, 2, key=neg), 1)     # two elems

        data = [random.randrange(200) for i in range(100)]
        keys = dict((elem, random.randrange(50)) for elem in data)
        f = keys.__getitem__
        self.assertEqual(max(data, key=f),
                         sorted(reversed(data), key=f)[-1])

    def test_min(self):
        self.assertEqual(min('123123'), '1')
        self.assertEqual(min(1, 2, 3), 1)
        self.assertEqual(min((1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3)), 1)
        self.assertEqual(min([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]), 1)

        self.assertEqual(min(1, 2L, 3.0), 1)
        self.assertEqual(min(1L, 2.0, 3), 1L)
        self.assertEqual(min(1.0, 2, 3L), 1.0)

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, min)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, min, 42)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, min, ())
        class BadSeq:
            def __getitem__(self, index):
                raise ValueError
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, min, BadSeq())
        class BadNumber:
            def __cmp__(self, other):
                raise ValueError
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, min, (42, BadNumber()))

        for stmt in (
            "min(key=int)",                 # no args
            "min(1, key=int)",              # single arg not iterable
            "min(1, 2, keystone=int)",      # wrong keyword
            "min(1, 2, key=int, abc=int)",  # two many keywords
            "min(1, 2, key=1)",             # keyfunc is not callable
            ):
            try:
                exec(stmt) in globals()
            except TypeError:
                pass
            else:
                self.fail(stmt)

        self.assertEqual(min((1,), key=neg), 1)     # one elem iterable
        self.assertEqual(min((1,2), key=neg), 2)    # two elem iterable
        self.assertEqual(min(1, 2, key=neg), 2)     # two elems

        data = [random.randrange(200) for i in range(100)]
        keys = dict((elem, random.randrange(50)) for elem in data)
        f = keys.__getitem__
        self.assertEqual(min(data, key=f),
                         sorted(data, key=f)[0])

    def test_next(self):
        it = iter(range(2))
        self.assertEqual(next(it), 0)
        self.assertEqual(next(it), 1)
        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, it)
        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, it)
        self.assertEquals(next(it, 42), 42)

        class Iter(object):
            def __iter__(self):
                return self
            def next(self):
                raise StopIteration

        it = iter(Iter())
        self.assertEquals(next(it, 42), 42)
        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, it)

        def gen():
            yield 1
            return

        it = gen()
        self.assertEquals(next(it), 1)
        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, it)
        self.assertEquals(next(it, 42), 42)

    def test_oct(self):
        self.assertEqual(oct(100), '0144')
        self.assertEqual(oct(100L), '0144L')
        self.assertEqual(oct(-100), '-0144')
        self.assertEqual(oct(-100L), '-0144L')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, oct, ())

    def write_testfile(self):
        # NB the first 4 lines are also used to test input and raw_input, below
        fp = open(TESTFN, 'w')
        try:
            fp.write('1+1\n')
            fp.write('1+1\n')
            fp.write('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog')
            fp.write('.\n')
            fp.write('Dear John\n')
            fp.write('XXX'*100)
            fp.write('YYY'*100)
        finally:
            fp.close()

    def test_open(self):
        self.write_testfile()
        fp = open(TESTFN, 'r')
        try:
            self.assertEqual(fp.readline(4), '1+1\n')
            self.assertEqual(fp.readline(4), '1+1\n')
            self.assertEqual(fp.readline(), 'The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\n')
            self.assertEqual(fp.readline(4), 'Dear')
            self.assertEqual(fp.readline(100), ' John\n')
            self.assertEqual(fp.read(300), 'XXX'*100)
            self.assertEqual(fp.read(1000), 'YYY'*100)
        finally:
            fp.close()
        unlink(TESTFN)

    def test_ord(self):
        self.assertEqual(ord(' '), 32)
        self.assertEqual(ord('A'), 65)
        self.assertEqual(ord('a'), 97)
        if have_unicode:
            self.assertEqual(ord(unichr(sys.maxunicode)), sys.maxunicode)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ord, 42)
        if have_unicode:
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, ord, unicode("12"))

    def test_pow(self):
        self.assertEqual(pow(0,0), 1)
        self.assertEqual(pow(0,1), 0)
        self.assertEqual(pow(1,0), 1)
        self.assertEqual(pow(1,1), 1)

        self.assertEqual(pow(2,0), 1)
        self.assertEqual(pow(2,10), 1024)
        self.assertEqual(pow(2,20), 1024*1024)
        self.assertEqual(pow(2,30), 1024*1024*1024)

        self.assertEqual(pow(-2,0), 1)
        self.assertEqual(pow(-2,1), -2)
        self.assertEqual(pow(-2,2), 4)
        self.assertEqual(pow(-2,3), -8)

        self.assertEqual(pow(0L,0), 1)
        self.assertEqual(pow(0L,1), 0)
        self.assertEqual(pow(1L,0), 1)
        self.assertEqual(pow(1L,1), 1)

        self.assertEqual(pow(2L,0), 1)
        self.assertEqual(pow(2L,10), 1024)
        self.assertEqual(pow(2L,20), 1024*1024)
        self.assertEqual(pow(2L,30), 1024*1024*1024)

        self.assertEqual(pow(-2L,0), 1)
        self.assertEqual(pow(-2L,1), -2)
        self.assertEqual(pow(-2L,2), 4)
        self.assertEqual(pow(-2L,3), -8)

        self.assertAlmostEqual(pow(0.,0), 1.)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(pow(0.,1), 0.)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(pow(1.,0), 1.)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(pow(1.,1), 1.)

        self.assertAlmostEqual(pow(2.,0), 1.)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(pow(2.,10), 1024.)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(pow(2.,20), 1024.*1024.)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(pow(2.,30), 1024.*1024.*1024.)

        self.assertAlmostEqual(pow(-2.,0), 1.)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(pow(-2.,1), -2.)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(pow(-2.,2), 4.)
        self.assertAlmostEqual(pow(-2.,3), -8.)

        for x in 2, 2L, 2.0:
            for y in 10, 10L, 10.0:
                for z in 1000, 1000L, 1000.0:
                    if isinstance(x, float) or \
                       isinstance(y, float) or \
                       isinstance(z, float):
                        self.assertRaises(TypeError, pow, x, y, z)
                    else:
                        self.assertAlmostEqual(pow(x, y, z), 24.0)

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, pow, -1, -2, 3)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, pow, 1, 2, 0)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, pow, -1L, -2L, 3L)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, pow, 1L, 2L, 0L)
        # Will return complex in 3.0:
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, pow, -342.43, 0.234)

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, pow)

    def test_range(self):
        self.assertEqual(range(3), [0, 1, 2])
        self.assertEqual(range(1, 5), [1, 2, 3, 4])
        self.assertEqual(range(0), [])
        self.assertEqual(range(-3), [])
        self.assertEqual(range(1, 10, 3), [1, 4, 7])
        self.assertEqual(range(5, -5, -3), [5, 2, -1, -4])

        # Now test range() with longs
        self.assertEqual(range(-2**100), [])
        self.assertEqual(range(0, -2**100), [])
        self.assertEqual(range(0, 2**100, -1), [])
        self.assertEqual(range(0, 2**100, -1), [])

        a = long(10 * sys.maxint)
        b = long(100 * sys.maxint)
        c = long(50 * sys.maxint)

        self.assertEqual(range(a, a+2), [a, a+1])
        self.assertEqual(range(a+2, a, -1L), [a+2, a+1])
        self.assertEqual(range(a+4, a, -2), [a+4, a+2])

        seq = range(a, b, c)
        self.assert_(a in seq)
        self.assert_(b not in seq)
        self.assertEqual(len(seq), 2)

        seq = range(b, a, -c)
        self.assert_(b in seq)
        self.assert_(a not in seq)
        self.assertEqual(len(seq), 2)

        seq = range(-a, -b, -c)
        self.assert_(-a in seq)
        self.assert_(-b not in seq)
        self.assertEqual(len(seq), 2)

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, range)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, range, 1, 2, 3, 4)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, range, 1, 2, 0)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, range, a, a + 1, long(0))

        class badzero(int):
            def __cmp__(self, other):
                raise RuntimeError
        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, range, a, a + 1, badzero(1))

        # Reject floats when it would require PyLongs to represent.
        # (smaller floats still accepted, but deprecated)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, range, 1e100, 1e101, 1e101)

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, range, 0, "spam")
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, range, 0, 42, "spam")

        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, range, -sys.maxint, sys.maxint)
        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, range, 0, 2*sys.maxint)

    def test_input_and_raw_input(self):
        self.write_testfile()
        fp = open(TESTFN, 'r')
        savestdin = sys.stdin
        savestdout = sys.stdout # Eats the echo
        try:
            sys.stdin = fp
            sys.stdout = BitBucket()
            self.assertEqual(input(), 2)
            self.assertEqual(input('testing\n'), 2)
            self.assertEqual(raw_input(), 'The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.')
            self.assertEqual(raw_input('testing\n'), 'Dear John')

            # SF 1535165: don't segfault on closed stdin
            # sys.stdout must be a regular file for triggering
            sys.stdout = savestdout
            sys.stdin.close()
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, input)

            sys.stdout = BitBucket()
            sys.stdin = cStringIO.StringIO("NULL\0")
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, input, 42, 42)
            sys.stdin = cStringIO.StringIO("    'whitespace'")
            self.assertEqual(input(), 'whitespace')
            sys.stdin = cStringIO.StringIO()
            self.assertRaises(EOFError, input)

            # SF 876178: make sure input() respect future options.
            sys.stdin = cStringIO.StringIO('1/2')
            sys.stdout = cStringIO.StringIO()
            exec compile('print input()', 'test_builtin_tmp', 'exec')
            sys.stdin.seek(0, 0)
            exec compile('from __future__ import division;print input()',
                         'test_builtin_tmp', 'exec')
            sys.stdin.seek(0, 0)
            exec compile('print input()', 'test_builtin_tmp', 'exec')
            # The result we expect depends on whether new division semantics
            # are already in effect.
            if 1/2 == 0:
                # This test was compiled with old semantics.
                expected = ['0', '0.5', '0']
            else:
                # This test was compiled with new semantics (e.g., -Qnew
                # was given on the command line.
                expected = ['0.5', '0.5', '0.5']
            self.assertEqual(sys.stdout.getvalue().splitlines(), expected)

            del sys.stdout
            self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, input, 'prompt')
            del sys.stdin
            self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, input, 'prompt')
        finally:
            sys.stdin = savestdin
            sys.stdout = savestdout
            fp.close()
            unlink(TESTFN)

    def test_reduce(self):
        self.assertEqual(reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, ['a', 'b', 'c'], ''), 'abc')
        self.assertEqual(
            reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, [['a', 'c'], [], ['d', 'w']], []),
            ['a','c','d','w']
        )
        self.assertEqual(reduce(lambda x, y: x*y, range(2,8), 1), 5040)
        self.assertEqual(
            reduce(lambda x, y: x*y, range(2,21), 1L),
            2432902008176640000L
        )
        self.assertEqual(reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, Squares(10)), 285)
        self.assertEqual(reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, Squares(10), 0), 285)
        self.assertEqual(reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, Squares(0), 0), 0)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, reduce)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, reduce, 42, 42)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, reduce, 42, 42, 42)
        self.assertEqual(reduce(42, "1"), "1") # func is never called with one item
        self.assertEqual(reduce(42, "", "1"), "1") # func is never called with one item
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, reduce, 42, (42, 42))

        class BadSeq:
            def __getitem__(self, index):
                raise ValueError
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, reduce, 42, BadSeq())

    def test_reload(self):
        import marshal
        reload(marshal)
        import string
        reload(string)
        ## import sys
        ## self.assertRaises(ImportError, reload, sys)

    def test_repr(self):
        self.assertEqual(repr(''), '\'\'')
        self.assertEqual(repr(0), '0')
        self.assertEqual(repr(0L), '0L')
        self.assertEqual(repr(()), '()')
        self.assertEqual(repr([]), '[]')
        self.assertEqual(repr({}), '{}')
        a = []
        a.append(a)
        self.assertEqual(repr(a), '[[...]]')
        a = {}
        a[0] = a
        self.assertEqual(repr(a), '{0: {...}}')

    def test_round(self):
        self.assertEqual(round(0.0), 0.0)
        self.assertEqual(type(round(0.0)), float)  # Will be int in 3.0.
        self.assertEqual(round(1.0), 1.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(10.0), 10.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(1000000000.0), 1000000000.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(1e20), 1e20)

        self.assertEqual(round(-1.0), -1.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(-10.0), -10.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(-1000000000.0), -1000000000.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(-1e20), -1e20)

        self.assertEqual(round(0.1), 0.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(1.1), 1.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(10.1), 10.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(1000000000.1), 1000000000.0)

        self.assertEqual(round(-1.1), -1.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(-10.1), -10.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(-1000000000.1), -1000000000.0)

        self.assertEqual(round(0.9), 1.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(9.9), 10.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(999999999.9), 1000000000.0)

        self.assertEqual(round(-0.9), -1.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(-9.9), -10.0)
        self.assertEqual(round(-999999999.9), -1000000000.0)

        self.assertEqual(round(-8.0, -1), -10.0)
        self.assertEqual(type(round(-8.0, -1)), float)

        self.assertEqual(type(round(-8.0, 0)), float)
        self.assertEqual(type(round(-8.0, 1)), float)

        # Check half rounding behaviour.
        self.assertEqual(round(5.5), 6)
        self.assertEqual(round(6.5), 7)
        self.assertEqual(round(-5.5), -6)
        self.assertEqual(round(-6.5), -7)

        # Check behavior on ints
        self.assertEqual(round(0), 0)
        self.assertEqual(round(8), 8)
        self.assertEqual(round(-8), -8)
        self.assertEqual(type(round(0)), float)  # Will be int in 3.0.
        self.assertEqual(type(round(-8, -1)), float)
        self.assertEqual(type(round(-8, 0)), float)
        self.assertEqual(type(round(-8, 1)), float)

        # test new kwargs
        self.assertEqual(round(number=-8.0, ndigits=-1), -10.0)

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, round)

        # test generic rounding delegation for reals
        class TestRound(object):
            def __float__(self):
                return 23.0

        class TestNoRound(object):
            pass

        self.assertEqual(round(TestRound()), 23)

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, round, 1, 2, 3)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, round, TestNoRound())

        t = TestNoRound()
        t.__float__ = lambda *args: args
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, round, t)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, round, t, 0)

    def test_setattr(self):
        setattr(sys, 'spam', 1)
        self.assertEqual(sys.spam, 1)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, sys, 1, 'spam')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr)

    def test_str(self):
        self.assertEqual(str(''), '')
        self.assertEqual(str(0), '0')
        self.assertEqual(str(0L), '0')
        self.assertEqual(str(()), '()')
        self.assertEqual(str([]), '[]')
        self.assertEqual(str({}), '{}')
        a = []
        a.append(a)
        self.assertEqual(str(a), '[[...]]')
        a = {}
        a[0] = a
        self.assertEqual(str(a), '{0: {...}}')

    def test_sum(self):
        self.assertEqual(sum([]), 0)
        self.assertEqual(sum(range(2,8)), 27)
        self.assertEqual(sum(iter(range(2,8))), 27)
        self.assertEqual(sum(Squares(10)), 285)
        self.assertEqual(sum(iter(Squares(10))), 285)
        self.assertEqual(sum([[1], [2], [3]], []), [1, 2, 3])

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, sum)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, sum, 42)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, sum, ['a', 'b', 'c'])
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, sum, ['a', 'b', 'c'], '')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, sum, [[1], [2], [3]])
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, sum, [{2:3}])
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, sum, [{2:3}]*2, {2:3})

        class BadSeq:
            def __getitem__(self, index):
                raise ValueError
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, sum, BadSeq())

    def test_tuple(self):
        self.assertEqual(tuple(()), ())
        t0_3 = (0, 1, 2, 3)
        t0_3_bis = tuple(t0_3)
        self.assert_(t0_3 is t0_3_bis)
        self.assertEqual(tuple([]), ())
        self.assertEqual(tuple([0, 1, 2, 3]), (0, 1, 2, 3))
        self.assertEqual(tuple(''), ())
        self.assertEqual(tuple('spam'), ('s', 'p', 'a', 'm'))

    def test_type(self):
        self.assertEqual(type(''),  type('123'))
        self.assertNotEqual(type(''), type(()))

    def test_unichr(self):
        if have_unicode:
            self.assertEqual(unichr(32), unicode(' '))
            self.assertEqual(unichr(65), unicode('A'))
            self.assertEqual(unichr(97), unicode('a'))
            self.assertEqual(
                unichr(sys.maxunicode),
                unicode('\\U%08x' % (sys.maxunicode), 'unicode-escape')
            )
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, unichr, sys.maxunicode+1)
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, unichr)

    # We don't want self in vars(), so these are static methods

    @staticmethod
    def get_vars_f0():
        return vars()

    @staticmethod
    def get_vars_f2():
        BuiltinTest.get_vars_f0()
        a = 1
        b = 2
        return vars()

    def test_vars(self):
        self.assertEqual(set(vars()), set(dir()))
        import sys
        self.assertEqual(set(vars(sys)), set(dir(sys)))
        self.assertEqual(self.get_vars_f0(), {})
        self.assertEqual(self.get_vars_f2(), {'a': 1, 'b': 2})
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, vars, 42, 42)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, vars, 42)

    def test_zip(self):
        a = (1, 2, 3)
        b = (4, 5, 6)
        t = [(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]
        self.assertEqual(zip(a, b), t)
        b = [4, 5, 6]
        self.assertEqual(zip(a, b), t)
        b = (4, 5, 6, 7)
        self.assertEqual(zip(a, b), t)
        class I:
            def __getitem__(self, i):
                if i < 0 or i > 2: raise IndexError
                return i + 4
        self.assertEqual(zip(a, I()), t)
        self.assertEqual(zip(), [])
        self.assertEqual(zip(*[]), [])
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, zip, None)
        class G:
            pass
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, zip, a, G())

        # Make sure zip doesn't try to allocate a billion elements for the
        # result list when one of its arguments doesn't say how long it is.
        # A MemoryError is the most likely failure mode.
        class SequenceWithoutALength:
            def __getitem__(self, i):
                if i == 5:
                    raise IndexError
                else:
                    return i
        self.assertEqual(
            zip(SequenceWithoutALength(), xrange(2**30)),
            list(enumerate(range(5)))
        )

        class BadSeq:
            def __getitem__(self, i):
                if i == 5:
                    raise ValueError
                else:
                    return i
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, zip, BadSeq(), BadSeq())

    def test_format(self):
        # Test the basic machinery of the format() builtin.  Don't test
        #  the specifics of the various formatters
        self.assertEqual(format(3, ''), '3')

        # Returns some classes to use for various tests.  There's
        #  an old-style version, and a new-style version
        def classes_new():
            class A(object):
                def __init__(self, x):
                    self.x = x
                def __format__(self, format_spec):
                    return str(self.x) + format_spec
            class DerivedFromA(A):
                pass

            class Simple(object): pass
            class DerivedFromSimple(Simple):
                def __init__(self, x):
                    self.x = x
                def __format__(self, format_spec):
                    return str(self.x) + format_spec
            class DerivedFromSimple2(DerivedFromSimple): pass
            return A, DerivedFromA, DerivedFromSimple, DerivedFromSimple2

        # In 3.0, classes_classic has the same meaning as classes_new
        def classes_classic():
            class A:
                def __init__(self, x):
                    self.x = x
                def __format__(self, format_spec):
                    return str(self.x) + format_spec
            class DerivedFromA(A):
                pass

            class Simple: pass
            class DerivedFromSimple(Simple):
                def __init__(self, x):
                    self.x = x
                def __format__(self, format_spec):
                    return str(self.x) + format_spec
            class DerivedFromSimple2(DerivedFromSimple): pass
            return A, DerivedFromA, DerivedFromSimple, DerivedFromSimple2

        def class_test(A, DerivedFromA, DerivedFromSimple, DerivedFromSimple2):
            self.assertEqual(format(A(3), 'spec'), '3spec')
            self.assertEqual(format(DerivedFromA(4), 'spec'), '4spec')
            self.assertEqual(format(DerivedFromSimple(5), 'abc'), '5abc')
            self.assertEqual(format(DerivedFromSimple2(10), 'abcdef'),
                             '10abcdef')

        class_test(*classes_new())
        class_test(*classes_classic())

        def empty_format_spec(value):
            # test that:
            #  format(x, '') == str(x)
            #  format(x) == str(x)
            self.assertEqual(format(value, ""), str(value))
            self.assertEqual(format(value), str(value))

        # for builtin types, format(x, "") == str(x)
        empty_format_spec(17**13)
        empty_format_spec(1.0)
        empty_format_spec(3.1415e104)
        empty_format_spec(-3.1415e104)
        empty_format_spec(3.1415e-104)
        empty_format_spec(-3.1415e-104)
        empty_format_spec(object)
        empty_format_spec(None)

        # TypeError because self.__format__ returns the wrong type
        class BadFormatResult:
            def __format__(self, format_spec):
                return 1.0
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, format, BadFormatResult(), "")

        # TypeError because format_spec is not unicode or str
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, format, object(), 4)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, format, object(), object())

        # tests for object.__format__ really belong elsewhere, but
        #  there's no good place to put them
        x = object().__format__('')
        self.assert_(x.startswith('<object object at'))

        # first argument to object.__format__ must be string
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, object().__format__, 3)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, object().__format__, object())
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, object().__format__, None)

        # make sure we can take a subclass of str as a format spec
        class DerivedFromStr(str): pass
        self.assertEqual(format(0, DerivedFromStr('10')), '         0')

    def test_bin(self):
        self.assertEqual(bin(0), '0b0')
        self.assertEqual(bin(1), '0b1')
        self.assertEqual(bin(-1), '-0b1')
        self.assertEqual(bin(2**65), '0b1' + '0' * 65)
        self.assertEqual(bin(2**65-1), '0b' + '1' * 65)
        self.assertEqual(bin(-(2**65)), '-0b1' + '0' * 65)
        self.assertEqual(bin(-(2**65-1)), '-0b' + '1' * 65)

class TestSorted(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_basic(self):
        data = range(100)
        copy = data[:]
        random.shuffle(copy)
        self.assertEqual(data, sorted(copy))
        self.assertNotEqual(data, copy)

        data.reverse()
        random.shuffle(copy)
        self.assertEqual(data, sorted(copy, cmp=lambda x, y: cmp(y,x)))
        self.assertNotEqual(data, copy)
        random.shuffle(copy)
        self.assertEqual(data, sorted(copy, key=lambda x: -x))
        self.assertNotEqual(data, copy)
        random.shuffle(copy)
        self.assertEqual(data, sorted(copy, reverse=1))
        self.assertNotEqual(data, copy)

    def test_inputtypes(self):
        s = 'abracadabra'
        types = [list, tuple]
        if have_unicode:
            types.insert(0, unicode)
        for T in types:
            self.assertEqual(sorted(s), sorted(T(s)))

        s = ''.join(dict.fromkeys(s).keys())  # unique letters only
        types = [set, frozenset, list, tuple, dict.fromkeys]
        if have_unicode:
            types.insert(0, unicode)
        for T in types:
            self.assertEqual(sorted(s), sorted(T(s)))

    def test_baddecorator(self):
        data = 'The quick Brown fox Jumped over The lazy Dog'.split()
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, sorted, data, None, lambda x,y: 0)

def test_main(verbose=None):
    test_classes = (BuiltinTest, TestSorted)

    run_unittest(*test_classes)

    # verify reference counting
    if verbose and hasattr(sys, "gettotalrefcount"):
        import gc
        counts = [None] * 5
        for i in xrange(len(counts)):
            run_unittest(*test_classes)
            gc.collect()
            counts[i] = sys.gettotalrefcount()
        print counts


if __name__ == "__main__":
    test_main(verbose=True)