Objects/abstract.c

/* Abstract Object Interface (many thanks to Jim Fulton) */

#include "Python.h"
#include <ctype.h>
#include "structmember.h" /* we need the offsetof() macro from there */
#include "longintrepr.h"

#define NEW_STYLE_NUMBER(o) PyType_HasFeature((o)->ob_type, \
                Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES)


/* Shorthands to return certain errors */

static PyObject *
type_error(const char *msg, PyObject *obj)
{
    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, msg, obj->ob_type->tp_name);
    return NULL;
}

static PyObject *
null_error(void)
{
    if (!PyErr_Occurred())
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                        "null argument to internal routine");
    return NULL;
}

/* Operations on any object */

int
PyObject_Cmp(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2, int *result)
{
    int r;

    if (o1 == NULL || o2 == NULL) {
        null_error();
        return -1;
    }
    r = PyObject_Compare(o1, o2);
    if (PyErr_Occurred())
        return -1;
    *result = r;
    return 0;
}

PyObject *
PyObject_Type(PyObject *o)
{
    PyObject *v;

    if (o == NULL)
        return null_error();
    v = (PyObject *)o->ob_type;
    Py_INCREF(v);
    return v;
}

Py_ssize_t
PyObject_Size(PyObject *o)
{
    PySequenceMethods *m;

    if (o == NULL) {
        null_error();
        return -1;
    }

    m = o->ob_type->tp_as_sequence;
    if (m && m->sq_length)
        return m->sq_length(o);

    return PyMapping_Size(o);
}

#undef PyObject_Length
Py_ssize_t
PyObject_Length(PyObject *o)
{
    return PyObject_Size(o);
}
#define PyObject_Length PyObject_Size


/* The length hint function returns a non-negative value from o.__len__()
   or o.__length_hint__().  If those methods aren't found or return a negative
   value, then the defaultvalue is returned.  If one of the calls fails,
   this function returns -1.
*/

Py_ssize_t
_PyObject_LengthHint(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t defaultvalue)
{
    static PyObject *hintstrobj = NULL;
    PyObject *ro, *hintmeth;
    Py_ssize_t rv;

    /* try o.__len__() */
    rv = PyObject_Size(o);
    if (rv >= 0)
        return rv;
    if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
        if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_TypeError) &&
            !PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError))
                return -1;
        PyErr_Clear();
    }

    if (PyInstance_Check(o))
        return defaultvalue;
    /* try o.__length_hint__() */
    hintmeth = _PyObject_LookupSpecial(o, "__length_hint__", &hintstrobj);
    if (hintmeth == NULL) {
        if (PyErr_Occurred())
            return -1;
        else
            return defaultvalue;
    }
    ro = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(hintmeth, NULL);
    Py_DECREF(hintmeth);
    if (ro == NULL) {
        if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_TypeError) &&
            !PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError))
            return -1;
        PyErr_Clear();
        return defaultvalue;
    }
    rv = PyNumber_Check(ro) ? PyInt_AsSsize_t(ro) : defaultvalue;
    Py_DECREF(ro);
    return rv;
}

PyObject *
PyObject_GetItem(PyObject *o, PyObject *key)
{
    PyMappingMethods *m;

    if (o == NULL || key == NULL)
        return null_error();

    m = o->ob_type->tp_as_mapping;
    if (m && m->mp_subscript)
        return m->mp_subscript(o, key);

    if (o->ob_type->tp_as_sequence) {
        if (PyIndex_Check(key)) {
            Py_ssize_t key_value;
            key_value = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(key, PyExc_IndexError);
            if (key_value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
                return NULL;
            return PySequence_GetItem(o, key_value);
        }
        else if (o->ob_type->tp_as_sequence->sq_item)
            return type_error("sequence index must "
                              "be integer, not '%.200s'", key);
    }

    return type_error("'%.200s' object has no attribute '__getitem__'", o);
}

int
PyObject_SetItem(PyObject *o, PyObject *key, PyObject *value)
{
    PyMappingMethods *m;

    if (o == NULL || key == NULL || value == NULL) {
        null_error();
        return -1;
    }
    m = o->ob_type->tp_as_mapping;
    if (m && m->mp_ass_subscript)
        return m->mp_ass_subscript(o, key, value);

    if (o->ob_type->tp_as_sequence) {
        if (PyIndex_Check(key)) {
            Py_ssize_t key_value;
            key_value = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(key, PyExc_IndexError);
            if (key_value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
                return -1;
            return PySequence_SetItem(o, key_value, value);
        }
        else if (o->ob_type->tp_as_sequence->sq_ass_item) {
            type_error("sequence index must be "
                       "integer, not '%.200s'", key);
            return -1;
        }
    }

    type_error("'%.200s' object does not support item assignment", o);
    return -1;
}

int
PyObject_DelItem(PyObject *o, PyObject *key)
{
    PyMappingMethods *m;

    if (o == NULL || key == NULL) {
        null_error();
        return -1;
    }
    m = o->ob_type->tp_as_mapping;
    if (m && m->mp_ass_subscript)
        return m->mp_ass_subscript(o, key, (PyObject*)NULL);

    if (o->ob_type->tp_as_sequence) {
        if (PyIndex_Check(key)) {
            Py_ssize_t key_value;
            key_value = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(key, PyExc_IndexError);
            if (key_value == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
                return -1;
            return PySequence_DelItem(o, key_value);
        }
        else if (o->ob_type->tp_as_sequence->sq_ass_item) {
            type_error("sequence index must be "
                       "integer, not '%.200s'", key);
            return -1;
        }
    }

    type_error("'%.200s' object does not support item deletion", o);
    return -1;
}

int
PyObject_DelItemString(PyObject *o, char *key)
{
    PyObject *okey;
    int ret;

    if (o == NULL || key == NULL) {
        null_error();
        return -1;
    }
    okey = PyString_FromString(key);
    if (okey == NULL)
        return -1;
    ret = PyObject_DelItem(o, okey);
    Py_DECREF(okey);
    return ret;
}

int
PyObject_AsCharBuffer(PyObject *obj,
                          const char **buffer,
                          Py_ssize_t *buffer_len)
{
    PyBufferProcs *pb;
    char *pp;
    Py_ssize_t len;

    if (obj == NULL || buffer == NULL || buffer_len == NULL) {
        null_error();
        return -1;
    }
    pb = obj->ob_type->tp_as_buffer;
    if (pb == NULL ||
         pb->bf_getcharbuffer == NULL ||
         pb->bf_getsegcount == NULL) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "expected a string or other character buffer object");
        return -1;
    }
    if ((*pb->bf_getsegcount)(obj,NULL) != 1) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "expected a single-segment buffer object");
        return -1;
    }
    len = (*pb->bf_getcharbuffer)(obj, 0, &pp);
    if (len < 0)
        return -1;
    *buffer = pp;
    *buffer_len = len;
    return 0;
}

int
PyObject_CheckReadBuffer(PyObject *obj)
{
    PyBufferProcs *pb = obj->ob_type->tp_as_buffer;

    if (pb == NULL ||
        pb->bf_getreadbuffer == NULL ||
        pb->bf_getsegcount == NULL ||
        (*pb->bf_getsegcount)(obj, NULL) != 1)
        return 0;
    return 1;
}

int PyObject_AsReadBuffer(PyObject *obj,
                          const void **buffer,
                          Py_ssize_t *buffer_len)
{
    PyBufferProcs *pb;
    void *pp;
    Py_ssize_t len;

    if (obj == NULL || buffer == NULL || buffer_len == NULL) {
        null_error();
        return -1;
    }
    pb = obj->ob_type->tp_as_buffer;
    if (pb == NULL ||
         pb->bf_getreadbuffer == NULL ||
         pb->bf_getsegcount == NULL) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "expected a readable buffer object");
        return -1;
    }
    if ((*pb->bf_getsegcount)(obj, NULL) != 1) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "expected a single-segment buffer object");
        return -1;
    }
    len = (*pb->bf_getreadbuffer)(obj, 0, &pp);
    if (len < 0)
        return -1;
    *buffer = pp;
    *buffer_len = len;
    return 0;
}

int PyObject_AsWriteBuffer(PyObject *obj,
                           void **buffer,
                           Py_ssize_t *buffer_len)
{
    PyBufferProcs *pb;
    void*pp;
    Py_ssize_t len;

    if (obj == NULL || buffer == NULL || buffer_len == NULL) {
        null_error();
        return -1;
    }
    pb = obj->ob_type->tp_as_buffer;
    if (pb == NULL ||
         pb->bf_getwritebuffer == NULL ||
         pb->bf_getsegcount == NULL) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "expected a writeable buffer object");
        return -1;
    }
    if ((*pb->bf_getsegcount)(obj, NULL) != 1) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "expected a single-segment buffer object");
        return -1;
    }
    len = (*pb->bf_getwritebuffer)(obj,0,&pp);
    if (len < 0)
        return -1;
    *buffer = pp;
    *buffer_len = len;
    return 0;
}

/* Buffer C-API for Python 3.0 */

int
PyObject_GetBuffer(PyObject *obj, Py_buffer *view, int flags)
{
    if (!PyObject_CheckBuffer(obj)) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "'%100s' does not have the buffer interface",
                     Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name);
        return -1;
    }
    return (*(obj->ob_type->tp_as_buffer->bf_getbuffer))(obj, view, flags);
}

static int
_IsFortranContiguous(Py_buffer *view)
{
    Py_ssize_t sd, dim;
    int i;

    if (view->ndim == 0) return 1;
    if (view->strides == NULL) return (view->ndim == 1);

    sd = view->itemsize;
    if (view->ndim == 1) return (view->shape[0] == 1 ||
                               sd == view->strides[0]);
    for (i=0; i<view->ndim; i++) {
        dim = view->shape[i];
        if (dim == 0) return 1;
        if (view->strides[i] != sd) return 0;
        sd *= dim;
    }
    return 1;
}

static int
_IsCContiguous(Py_buffer *view)
{
    Py_ssize_t sd, dim;
    int i;

    if (view->ndim == 0) return 1;
    if (view->strides == NULL) return 1;

    sd = view->itemsize;
    if (view->ndim == 1) return (view->shape[0] == 1 ||
                               sd == view->strides[0]);
    for (i=view->ndim-1; i>=0; i--) {
        dim = view->shape[i];
        if (dim == 0) return 1;
        if (view->strides[i] != sd) return 0;
        sd *= dim;
    }
    return 1;
}

int
PyBuffer_IsContiguous(Py_buffer *view, char fort)
{

    if (view->suboffsets != NULL) return 0;

    if (fort == 'C')
        return _IsCContiguous(view);
    else if (fort == 'F')
        return _IsFortranContiguous(view);
    else if (fort == 'A')
        return (_IsCContiguous(view) || _IsFortranContiguous(view));
    return 0;
}


void*
PyBuffer_GetPointer(Py_buffer *view, Py_ssize_t *indices)
{
    char* pointer;
    int i;
    pointer = (char *)view->buf;
    for (i = 0; i < view->ndim; i++) {
        pointer += view->strides[i]*indices[i];
        if ((view->suboffsets != NULL) && (view->suboffsets[i] >= 0)) {
            pointer = *((char**)pointer) + view->suboffsets[i];
        }
    }
    return (void*)pointer;
}


void
_Py_add_one_to_index_F(int nd, Py_ssize_t *index, const Py_ssize_t *shape)
{
    int k;

    for (k=0; k<nd; k++) {
        if (index[k] < shape[k]-1) {
            index[k]++;
            break;
        }
        else {
            index[k] = 0;
        }
    }
}

void
_Py_add_one_to_index_C(int nd, Py_ssize_t *index, const Py_ssize_t *shape)
{
    int k;

    for (k=nd-1; k>=0; k--) {
        if (index[k] < shape[k]-1) {
            index[k]++;
            break;
        }
        else {
            index[k] = 0;
        }
    }
}

  /* view is not checked for consistency in either of these.  It is
     assumed that the size of the buffer is view->len in
     view->len / view->itemsize elements.
  */

int
PyBuffer_ToContiguous(void *buf, Py_buffer *view, Py_ssize_t len, char fort)
{
    int k;
    void (*addone)(int, Py_ssize_t *, const Py_ssize_t *);
    Py_ssize_t *indices, elements;
    char *dest, *ptr;

    if (len > view->len) {
        len = view->len;
    }

    if (PyBuffer_IsContiguous(view, fort)) {
        /* simplest copy is all that is needed */
        memcpy(buf, view->buf, len);
        return 0;
    }

    /* Otherwise a more elaborate scheme is needed */

    /* view->ndim <= 64 */
    indices = (Py_ssize_t *)PyMem_Malloc(sizeof(Py_ssize_t)*(view->ndim));
    if (indices == NULL) {
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return -1;
    }
    for (k=0; k<view->ndim;k++) {
        indices[k] = 0;
    }

    if (fort == 'F') {
        addone = _Py_add_one_to_index_F;
    }
    else {
        addone = _Py_add_one_to_index_C;
    }
    dest = buf;
    /* XXX : This is not going to be the fastest code in the world
             several optimizations are possible.
     */
    elements = len / view->itemsize;
    while (elements--) {
        ptr = PyBuffer_GetPointer(view, indices);
        memcpy(dest, ptr, view->itemsize);
        dest += view->itemsize;
        addone(view->ndim, indices, view->shape);
    }
    PyMem_Free(indices);
    return 0;
}

int
PyBuffer_FromContiguous(Py_buffer *view, void *buf, Py_ssize_t len, char fort)
{
    int k;
    void (*addone)(int, Py_ssize_t *, const Py_ssize_t *);
    Py_ssize_t *indices, elements;
    char *src, *ptr;

    if (len > view->len) {
        len = view->len;
    }

    if (PyBuffer_IsContiguous(view, fort)) {
        /* simplest copy is all that is needed */
        memcpy(view->buf, buf, len);
        return 0;
    }

    /* Otherwise a more elaborate scheme is needed */

    /* view->ndim <= 64 */
    indices = (Py_ssize_t *)PyMem_Malloc(sizeof(Py_ssize_t)*(view->ndim));
    if (indices == NULL) {
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return -1;
    }
    for (k=0; k<view->ndim;k++) {
        indices[k] = 0;
    }

    if (fort == 'F') {
        addone = _Py_add_one_to_index_F;
    }
    else {
        addone = _Py_add_one_to_index_C;
    }
    src = buf;
    /* XXX : This is not going to be the fastest code in the world
             several optimizations are possible.
     */
    elements = len / view->itemsize;
    while (elements--) {
        ptr = PyBuffer_GetPointer(view, indices);
        memcpy(ptr, src, view->itemsize);
        src += view->itemsize;
        addone(view->ndim, indices, view->shape);
    }

    PyMem_Free(indices);
    return 0;
}

int PyObject_CopyData(PyObject *dest, PyObject *src)
{
    Py_buffer view_dest, view_src;
    int k;
    Py_ssize_t *indices, elements;
    char *dptr, *sptr;

    if (!PyObject_CheckBuffer(dest) ||
        !PyObject_CheckBuffer(src)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "both destination and source must have the "\
                        "buffer interface");
        return -1;
    }

    if (PyObject_GetBuffer(dest, &view_dest, PyBUF_FULL) != 0) return -1;
    if (PyObject_GetBuffer(src, &view_src, PyBUF_FULL_RO) != 0) {
        PyBuffer_Release(&view_dest);
        return -1;
    }

    if (view_dest.len < view_src.len) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_BufferError,
                        "destination is too small to receive data from source");
        PyBuffer_Release(&view_dest);
        PyBuffer_Release(&view_src);
        return -1;
    }

    if ((PyBuffer_IsContiguous(&view_dest, 'C') &&
         PyBuffer_IsContiguous(&view_src, 'C')) ||
        (PyBuffer_IsContiguous(&view_dest, 'F') &&
         PyBuffer_IsContiguous(&view_src, 'F'))) {
        /* simplest copy is all that is needed */
        memcpy(view_dest.buf, view_src.buf, view_src.len);
        PyBuffer_Release(&view_dest);
        PyBuffer_Release(&view_src);
        return 0;
    }

    /* Otherwise a more elaborate copy scheme is needed */

    /* XXX(nnorwitz): need to check for overflow! */
    indices = (Py_ssize_t *)PyMem_Malloc(sizeof(Py_ssize_t)*view_src.ndim);
    if (indices == NULL) {
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        PyBuffer_Release(&view_dest);
        PyBuffer_Release(&view_src);
        return -1;
    }
    for (k=0; k<view_src.ndim;k++) {
        indices[k] = 0;
    }
    elements = 1;
    for (k=0; k<view_src.ndim; k++) {
        /* XXX(nnorwitz): can this overflow? */
        elements *= view_src.shape[k];
    }
    while (elements--) {
        _Py_add_one_to_index_C(view_src.ndim, indices, view_src.shape);
        dptr = PyBuffer_GetPointer(&view_dest, indices);
        sptr = PyBuffer_GetPointer(&view_src, indices);
        memcpy(dptr, sptr, view_src.itemsize);
    }
    PyMem_Free(indices);
    PyBuffer_Release(&view_dest);
    PyBuffer_Release(&view_src);
    return 0;
}

void
PyBuffer_FillContiguousStrides(int nd, Py_ssize_t *shape,
                               Py_ssize_t *strides, int itemsize,
                               char fort)
{
    int k;
    Py_ssize_t sd;

    sd = itemsize;
    if (fort == 'F') {
        for (k=0; k<nd; k++) {
            strides[k] = sd;
            sd *= shape[k];
        }
    }
    else {
        for (k=nd-1; k>=0; k--) {
            strides[k] = sd;
            sd *= shape[k];
        }
    }
    return;
}

int
PyBuffer_FillInfo(Py_buffer *view, PyObject *obj, void *buf, Py_ssize_t len,
              int readonly, int flags)
{
    if (view == NULL) return 0;
    if (((flags & PyBUF_WRITABLE) == PyBUF_WRITABLE) &&
        (readonly == 1)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_BufferError,
                        "Object is not writable.");
        return -1;
    }

    view->obj = obj;
    if (obj)
        Py_INCREF(obj);
    view->buf = buf;
    view->len = len;
    view->readonly = readonly;
    view->itemsize = 1;
    view->format = NULL;
    if ((flags & PyBUF_FORMAT) == PyBUF_FORMAT)
        view->format = "B";
    view->ndim = 1;
    view->shape = NULL;
    if ((flags & PyBUF_ND) == PyBUF_ND)
        view->shape = &(view->len);
    view->strides = NULL;
    if ((flags & PyBUF_STRIDES) == PyBUF_STRIDES)
        view->strides = &(view->itemsize);
    view->suboffsets = NULL;
    view->internal = NULL;
    return 0;
}

void
PyBuffer_Release(Py_buffer *view)
{
    PyObject *obj = view->obj;
    if (obj && Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_as_buffer && Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_as_buffer->bf_releasebuffer)
        Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_as_buffer->bf_releasebuffer(obj, view);
    Py_XDECREF(obj);
    view->obj = NULL;
}

PyObject *
PyObject_Format(PyObject* obj, PyObject *format_spec)
{
    PyObject *empty = NULL;
    PyObject *result = NULL;
#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
    int spec_is_unicode;
    int result_is_unicode;
#endif

    /* If no format_spec is provided, use an empty string */
    if (format_spec == NULL) {
        empty = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, 0);
        format_spec = empty;
    }

    /* Check the format_spec type, and make sure it's str or unicode */
#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
    if (PyUnicode_Check(format_spec))
        spec_is_unicode = 1;
    else if (PyString_Check(format_spec))
        spec_is_unicode = 0;
    else {
#else
    if (!PyString_Check(format_spec)) {
#endif
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "format expects arg 2 to be string "
                     "or unicode, not %.100s", Py_TYPE(format_spec)->tp_name);
        goto done;
    }

    /* Check for a __format__ method and call it. */
    if (PyInstance_Check(obj)) {
        /* We're an instance of a classic class */
        PyObject *bound_method = PyObject_GetAttrString(obj, "__format__");
        if (bound_method != NULL) {
            result = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(bound_method,
                                                  format_spec,
                                                  NULL);
            Py_DECREF(bound_method);
        } else {
            PyObject *self_as_str = NULL;
            PyObject *format_method = NULL;
            Py_ssize_t format_len;

            PyErr_Clear();
            /* Per the PEP, convert to str (or unicode,
               depending on the type of the format
               specifier).  For new-style classes, this
               logic is done by object.__format__(). */
#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
            if (spec_is_unicode) {
                format_len = PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(format_spec);
                self_as_str = PyObject_Unicode(obj);
            } else
#endif
            {
                format_len = PyString_GET_SIZE(format_spec);
                self_as_str = PyObject_Str(obj);
            }
            if (self_as_str == NULL)
                goto done1;

            if (format_len > 0) {
                /* See the almost identical code in
                   typeobject.c for new-style
                   classes. */
                if (PyErr_WarnEx(
                    PyExc_PendingDeprecationWarning,
                    "object.__format__ with a non-empty "
                    "format string is deprecated", 1)
                     < 0) {
                    goto done1;
                }
                /* Eventually this will become an
                   error:
                PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                   "non-empty format string passed to "
                   "object.__format__");
                goto done1;
                */
            }

            /* Then call str.__format__ on that result */
            format_method = PyObject_GetAttrString(self_as_str, "__format__");
            if (format_method == NULL) {
                goto done1;
            }
            result = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(format_method,
                                                  format_spec,
                                                  NULL);
done1:
            Py_XDECREF(self_as_str);
            Py_XDECREF(format_method);
            if (result == NULL)
                goto done;
        }
    } else {
        /* Not an instance of a classic class, use the code
           from py3k */
        static PyObject *format_cache = NULL;

        /* Find the (unbound!) __format__ method (a borrowed
           reference) */
        PyObject *method = _PyObject_LookupSpecial(obj, "__format__",
                                                   &format_cache);
        if (method == NULL) {
            if (!PyErr_Occurred())
                PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                             "Type %.100s doesn't define __format__",
                             Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name);
            goto done;
        }
        /* And call it. */
        result = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(method, format_spec, NULL);
        Py_DECREF(method);
    }

    if (result == NULL)
        goto done;

    /* Check the result type, and make sure it's str or unicode */
#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
    if (PyUnicode_Check(result))
        result_is_unicode = 1;
    else if (PyString_Check(result))
        result_is_unicode = 0;
    else {
#else
    if (!PyString_Check(result)) {
#endif
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "%.100s.__format__ must return string or "
                     "unicode, not %.100s", Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name,
                     Py_TYPE(result)->tp_name);
        Py_DECREF(result);
        result = NULL;
        goto done;
    }

    /* Convert to unicode, if needed.  Required if spec is unicode
       and result is str */
#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
    if (spec_is_unicode && !result_is_unicode) {
        PyObject *tmp = PyObject_Unicode(result);
        /* This logic works whether or not tmp is NULL */
        Py_DECREF(result);
        result = tmp;
    }
#endif

done:
    Py_XDECREF(empty);
    return result;
}

/* Operations on numbers */

int
PyNumber_Check(PyObject *o)
{
    return o && o->ob_type->tp_as_number &&
           (o->ob_type->tp_as_number->nb_int ||
        o->ob_type->tp_as_number->nb_float);
}

/* Binary operators */

/* New style number protocol support */

#define NB_SLOT(x) offsetof(PyNumberMethods, x)
#define NB_BINOP(nb_methods, slot) \
        (*(binaryfunc*)(& ((char*)nb_methods)[slot]))
#define NB_TERNOP(nb_methods, slot) \
        (*(ternaryfunc*)(& ((char*)nb_methods)[slot]))

/*
  Calling scheme used for binary operations:

  v     w       Action
  -------------------------------------------------------------------
  new   new     w.op(v,w)[*], v.op(v,w), w.op(v,w)
  new   old     v.op(v,w), coerce(v,w), v.op(v,w)
  old   new     w.op(v,w), coerce(v,w), v.op(v,w)
  old   old     coerce(v,w), v.op(v,w)

  [*] only when v->ob_type != w->ob_type && w->ob_type is a subclass of
      v->ob_type

  Legend:
  -------
  * new == new style number
  * old == old style number
  * Action indicates the order in which operations are tried until either
    a valid result is produced or an error occurs.

 */

static PyObject *
binary_op1(PyObject *v, PyObject *w, const int op_slot)
{
    PyObject *x;
    binaryfunc slotv = NULL;
    binaryfunc slotw = NULL;

    if (v->ob_type->tp_as_number != NULL && NEW_STYLE_NUMBER(v))
        slotv = NB_BINOP(v->ob_type->tp_as_number, op_slot);
    if (w->ob_type != v->ob_type &&
        w->ob_type->tp_as_number != NULL && NEW_STYLE_NUMBER(w)) {
        slotw = NB_BINOP(w->ob_type->tp_as_number, op_slot);
        if (slotw == slotv)
            slotw = NULL;
    }
    if (slotv) {
        if (slotw && PyType_IsSubtype(w->ob_type, v->ob_type)) {
            x = slotw(v, w);
            if (x != Py_NotImplemented)
                return x;
            Py_DECREF(x); /* can't do it */
            slotw = NULL;
        }
        x = slotv(v, w);
        if (x != Py_NotImplemented)
            return x;
        Py_DECREF(x); /* can't do it */
    }
    if (slotw) {
        x = slotw(v, w);
        if (x != Py_NotImplemented)
            return x;
        Py_DECREF(x); /* can't do it */
    }
    if (!NEW_STYLE_NUMBER(v) || !NEW_STYLE_NUMBER(w)) {
        int err = PyNumber_CoerceEx(&v, &w);
        if (err < 0) {
            return NULL;
        }
        if (err == 0) {
            PyNumberMethods *mv = v->ob_type->tp_as_number;
            if (mv) {
                binaryfunc slot;
                slot = NB_BINOP(mv, op_slot);
                if (slot) {
                    x = slot(v, w);
                    Py_DECREF(v);
                    Py_DECREF(w);
                    return x;
                }
            }
            /* CoerceEx incremented the reference counts */
            Py_DECREF(v);
            Py_DECREF(w);
        }
    }
    Py_INCREF(Py_NotImplemented);
    return Py_NotImplemented;
}

static PyObject *
binop_type_error(PyObject *v, PyObject *w, const char *op_name)
{
    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                 "unsupported operand type(s) for %.100s: "
                 "'%.100s' and '%.100s'",
                 op_name,
                 v->ob_type->tp_name,
                 w->ob_type->tp_name);
    return NULL;
}

static PyObject *
binary_op(PyObject *v, PyObject *w, const int op_slot, const char *op_name)
{
    PyObject *result = binary_op1(v, w, op_slot);
    if (result == Py_NotImplemented) {
        Py_DECREF(result);
        return binop_type_error(v, w, op_name);
    }
    return result;
}


/*
  Calling scheme used for ternary operations:

  *** In some cases, w.op is called before v.op; see binary_op1. ***

  v     w       z       Action
  -------------------------------------------------------------------
  new   new     new     v.op(v,w,z), w.op(v,w,z), z.op(v,w,z)
  new   old     new     v.op(v,w,z), z.op(v,w,z), coerce(v,w,z), v.op(v,w,z)
  old   new     new     w.op(v,w,z), z.op(v,w,z), coerce(v,w,z), v.op(v,w,z)
  old   old     new     z.op(v,w,z), coerce(v,w,z), v.op(v,w,z)
  new   new     old     v.op(v,w,z), w.op(v,w,z), coerce(v,w,z), v.op(v,w,z)
  new   old     old     v.op(v,w,z), coerce(v,w,z), v.op(v,w,z)
  old   new     old     w.op(v,w,z), coerce(v,w,z), v.op(v,w,z)
  old   old     old     coerce(v,w,z), v.op(v,w,z)

  Legend:
  -------
  * new == new style number
  * old == old style number
  * Action indicates the order in which operations are tried until either
    a valid result is produced or an error occurs.
  * coerce(v,w,z) actually does: coerce(v,w), coerce(v,z), coerce(w,z) and
    only if z != Py_None; if z == Py_None, then it is treated as absent
    variable and only coerce(v,w) is tried.

 */

static PyObject *
ternary_op(PyObject *v,
           PyObject *w,
           PyObject *z,
           const int op_slot,
           const char *op_name)
{
    PyNumberMethods *mv, *mw, *mz;
    PyObject *x = NULL;
    ternaryfunc slotv = NULL;
    ternaryfunc slotw = NULL;
    ternaryfunc slotz = NULL;

    mv = v->ob_type->tp_as_number;
    mw = w->ob_type->tp_as_number;
    if (mv != NULL && NEW_STYLE_NUMBER(v))
        slotv = NB_TERNOP(mv, op_slot);
    if (w->ob_type != v->ob_type &&
        mw != NULL && NEW_STYLE_NUMBER(w)) {
        slotw = NB_TERNOP(mw, op_slot);
        if (slotw == slotv)
            slotw = NULL;
    }
    if (slotv) {
        if (slotw && PyType_IsSubtype(w->ob_type, v->ob_type)) {
            x = slotw(v, w, z);
            if (x != Py_NotImplemented)
                return x;
            Py_DECREF(x); /* can't do it */
            slotw = NULL;
        }
        x = slotv(v, w, z);
        if (x != Py_NotImplemented)
            return x;
        Py_DECREF(x); /* can't do it */
    }
    if (slotw) {
        x = slotw(v, w, z);
        if (x != Py_NotImplemented)
            return x;
        Py_DECREF(x); /* can't do it */
    }
    mz = z->ob_type->tp_as_number;
    if (mz != NULL && NEW_STYLE_NUMBER(z)) {
        slotz = NB_TERNOP(mz, op_slot);
        if (slotz == slotv || slotz == slotw)
            slotz = NULL;
        if (slotz) {
            x = slotz(v, w, z);
            if (x != Py_NotImplemented)
                return x;
            Py_DECREF(x); /* can't do it */
        }
    }

    if (!NEW_STYLE_NUMBER(v) || !NEW_STYLE_NUMBER(w) ||
                    (z != Py_None && !NEW_STYLE_NUMBER(z))) {
        /* we have an old style operand, coerce */
        PyObject *v1, *z1, *w2, *z2;
        int c;

        c = PyNumber_Coerce(&v, &w);
        if (c != 0)
            goto error3;

        /* Special case: if the third argument is None, it is
           treated as absent argument and not coerced. */
        if (z == Py_None) {
            if (v->ob_type->tp_as_number) {
                slotz = NB_TERNOP(v->ob_type->tp_as_number,
                                  op_slot);
                if (slotz)
                    x = slotz(v, w, z);
                else
                    c = -1;
            }
            else
                c = -1;
            goto error2;
        }
        v1 = v;
        z1 = z;
        c = PyNumber_Coerce(&v1, &z1);
        if (c != 0)
            goto error2;
        w2 = w;
        z2 = z1;
        c = PyNumber_Coerce(&w2, &z2);
        if (c != 0)
            goto error1;

        if (v1->ob_type->tp_as_number != NULL) {
            slotv = NB_TERNOP(v1->ob_type->tp_as_number,
                              op_slot);
            if (slotv)
                x = slotv(v1, w2, z2);
            else
                c = -1;
        }
        else
            c = -1;

        Py_DECREF(w2);
        Py_DECREF(z2);
    error1:
        Py_DECREF(v1);
        Py_DECREF(z1);
    error2:
        Py_DECREF(v);
        Py_DECREF(w);
    error3:
        if (c >= 0)
            return x;
    }

    if (z == Py_None)
        PyErr_Format(
            PyExc_TypeError,
            "unsupported operand type(s) for ** or pow(): "
            "'%.100s' and '%.100s'",
            v->ob_type->tp_name,
            w->ob_type->tp_name);
    else
        PyErr_Format(
            PyExc_TypeError,
            "unsupported operand type(s) for pow(): "
            "'%.100s', '%.100s', '%.100s'",
            v->ob_type->tp_name,
            w->ob_type->tp_name,
            z->ob_type->tp_name);
    return NULL;
}

#define BINARY_FUNC(func, op, op_name) \
    PyObject * \
    func(PyObject *v, PyObject *w) { \
        return binary_op(v, w, NB_SLOT(op), op_name); \
    }

BINARY_FUNC(PyNumber_Or, nb_or, "|")
BINARY_FUNC(PyNumber_Xor, nb_xor, "^")
BINARY_FUNC(PyNumber_And, nb_and, "&")
BINARY_FUNC(PyNumber_Lshift, nb_lshift, "<<")
BINARY_FUNC(PyNumber_Rshift, nb_rshift, ">>")
BINARY_FUNC(PyNumber_Subtract, nb_subtract, "-")
BINARY_FUNC(PyNumber_Divide, nb_divide, "/")
BINARY_FUNC(PyNumber_Divmod, nb_divmod, "divmod()")

PyObject *
PyNumber_Add(PyObject *v, PyObject *w)
{
    PyObject *result = binary_op1(v, w, NB_SLOT(nb_add));
    if (result == Py_NotImplemented) {
        PySequenceMethods *m = v->ob_type->tp_as_sequence;
        Py_DECREF(result);
        if (m && m->sq_concat) {
            return (*m->sq_concat)(v, w);
        }
        result = binop_type_error(v, w, "+");
    }
    return result;
}

static PyObject *
sequence_repeat(ssizeargfunc repeatfunc, PyObject *seq, PyObject *n)
{
    Py_ssize_t count;
    if (PyIndex_Check(n)) {
        count = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(n, PyExc_OverflowError);
        if (count == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
            return NULL;
    }
    else {
        return type_error("can't multiply sequence by "
                          "non-int of type '%.200s'", n);
    }
    return (*repeatfunc)(seq, count);
}

PyObject *
PyNumber_Multiply(PyObject *v, PyObject *w)
{
    PyObject *result = binary_op1(v, w, NB_SLOT(nb_multiply));
    if (result == Py_NotImplemented) {
        PySequenceMethods *mv = v->ob_type->tp_as_sequence;
        PySequenceMethods *mw = w->ob_type->tp_as_sequence;
        Py_DECREF(result);
        if  (mv && mv->sq_repeat) {
            return sequence_repeat(mv->sq_repeat, v, w);
        }
        else if (mw && mw->sq_repeat) {
            return sequence_repeat(mw->sq_repeat, w, v);
        }
        result = binop_type_error(v, w, "*");
    }
    return result;
}

PyObject *
PyNumber_FloorDivide(PyObject *v, PyObject *w)
{
    /* XXX tp_flags test */
    return binary_op(v, w, NB_SLOT(nb_floor_divide), "//");
}

PyObject *
PyNumber_TrueDivide(PyObject *v, PyObject *w)
{
    /* XXX tp_flags test */
    return binary_op(v, w, NB_SLOT(nb_true_divide), "/");
}

PyObject *
PyNumber_Remainder(PyObject *v, PyObject *w)
{
    return binary_op(v, w, NB_SLOT(nb_remainder), "%");
}

PyObject *
PyNumber_Power(PyObject *v, PyObject *w, PyObject *z)
{
    return ternary_op(v, w, z, NB_SLOT(nb_power), "** or pow()");
}

/* Binary in-place operators */

/* The in-place operators are defined to fall back to the 'normal',
   non in-place operations, if the in-place methods are not in place.

   - If the left hand object has the appropriate struct members, and
     they are filled, call the appropriate function and return the
     result.  No coercion is done on the arguments; the left-hand object
     is the one the operation is performed on, and it's up to the
     function to deal with the right-hand object.

   - Otherwise, in-place modification is not supported. Handle it exactly as
     a non in-place operation of the same kind.

   */

#define HASINPLACE(t) \
    PyType_HasFeature((t)->ob_type, Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_INPLACEOPS)

static PyObject *
binary_iop1(PyObject *v, PyObject *w, const int iop_slot, const int op_slot)
{
    PyNumberMethods *mv = v->ob_type->tp_as_number;
    if (mv != NULL && HASINPLACE(v)) {
        binaryfunc slot = NB_BINOP(mv, iop_slot);
        if (slot) {
            PyObject *x = (slot)(v, w);
            if (x != Py_NotImplemented) {
                return x;
            }
            Py_DECREF(x);
        }
    }
    return binary_op1(v, w, op_slot);
}

static PyObject *
binary_iop(PyObject *v, PyObject *w, const int iop_slot, const int op_slot,
                const char *op_name)
{
    PyObject *result = binary_iop1(v, w, iop_slot, op_slot);
    if (result == Py_NotImplemented) {
        Py_DECREF(result);
        return binop_type_error(v, w, op_name);
    }
    return result;
}

#define INPLACE_BINOP(func, iop, op, op_name) \
    PyObject * \
    func(PyObject *v, PyObject *w) { \
        return binary_iop(v, w, NB_SLOT(iop), NB_SLOT(op), op_name); \
    }

INPLACE_BINOP(PyNumber_InPlaceOr, nb_inplace_or, nb_or, "|=")
INPLACE_BINOP(PyNumber_InPlaceXor, nb_inplace_xor, nb_xor, "^=")
INPLACE_BINOP(PyNumber_InPlaceAnd, nb_inplace_and, nb_and, "&=")
INPLACE_BINOP(PyNumber_InPlaceLshift, nb_inplace_lshift, nb_lshift, "<<=")
INPLACE_BINOP(PyNumber_InPlaceRshift, nb_inplace_rshift, nb_rshift, ">>=")
INPLACE_BINOP(PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract, nb_inplace_subtract, nb_subtract, "-=")
INPLACE_BINOP(PyNumber_InPlaceDivide, nb_inplace_divide, nb_divide, "/=")

PyObject *
PyNumber_InPlaceFloorDivide(PyObject *v, PyObject *w)
{
    /* XXX tp_flags test */
    return binary_iop(v, w, NB_SLOT(nb_inplace_floor_divide),
                      NB_SLOT(nb_floor_divide), "//=");
}

PyObject *
PyNumber_InPlaceTrueDivide(PyObject *v, PyObject *w)
{
    /* XXX tp_flags test */
    return binary_iop(v, w, NB_SLOT(nb_inplace_true_divide),
                      NB_SLOT(nb_true_divide), "/=");
}

PyObject *
PyNumber_InPlaceAdd(PyObject *v, PyObject *w)
{
    PyObject *result = binary_iop1(v, w, NB_SLOT(nb_inplace_add),
                                   NB_SLOT(nb_add));
    if (result == Py_NotImplemented) {
        PySequenceMethods *m = v->ob_type->tp_as_sequence;
        Py_DECREF(result);
        if (m != NULL) {
            binaryfunc f = NULL;
            if (HASINPLACE(v))
                f = m->sq_inplace_concat;
            if (f == NULL)
                f = m->sq_concat;
            if (f != NULL)
                return (*f)(v, w);
        }
        result = binop_type_error(v, w, "+=");
    }
    return result;
}

PyObject *
PyNumber_InPlaceMultiply(PyObject *v, PyObject *w)
{
    PyObject *result = binary_iop1(v, w, NB_SLOT(nb_inplace_multiply),
                                   NB_SLOT(nb_multiply));
    if (result == Py_NotImplemented) {
        ssizeargfunc f = NULL;
        PySequenceMethods *mv = v->ob_type->tp_as_sequence;
        PySequenceMethods *mw = w->ob_type->tp_as_sequence;
        Py_DECREF(result);
        if (mv != NULL) {
            if (HASINPLACE(v))
                f = mv->sq_inplace_repeat;
            if (f == NULL)
                f = mv->sq_repeat;
            if (f != NULL)
                return sequence_repeat(f, v, w);
        }
        else if (mw != NULL) {
            /* Note that the right hand operand should not be
             * mutated in this case so sq_inplace_repeat is not
             * used. */
            if (mw->sq_repeat)
                return sequence_repeat(mw->sq_repeat, w, v);
        }
        result = binop_type_error(v, w, "*=");
    }
    return result;
}

PyObject *
PyNumber_InPlaceRemainder(PyObject *v, PyObject *w)
{
    return binary_iop(v, w, NB_SLOT(nb_inplace_remainder),
                            NB_SLOT(nb_remainder), "%=");
}

PyObject *
PyNumber_InPlacePower(PyObject *v, PyObject *w, PyObject *z)
{
    if (HASINPLACE(v) && v->ob_type->tp_as_number &&
        v->ob_type->tp_as_number->nb_inplace_power != NULL) {
        return ternary_op(v, w, z, NB_SLOT(nb_inplace_power), "**=");
    }
    else {
        return ternary_op(v, w, z, NB_SLOT(nb_power), "**=");
    }
}


/* Unary operators and functions */

PyObject *
PyNumber_Negative(PyObject *o)
{
    PyNumberMethods *m;

    if (o == NULL)
        return null_error();
    m = o->ob_type->tp_as_number;
    if (m && m->nb_negative)
        return (*m->nb_negative)(o);

    return type_error("bad operand type for unary -: '%.200s'", o);
}

PyObject *
PyNumber_Positive(PyObject *o)
{
    PyNumberMethods *m;

    if (o == NULL)
        return null_error();
    m = o->ob_type->tp_as_number;
    if (m && m->nb_positive)
        return (*m->nb_positive)(o);

    return type_error("bad operand type for unary +: '%.200s'", o);
}

PyObject *
PyNumber_Invert(PyObject *o)
{
    PyNumberMethods *m;

    if (o == NULL)
        return null_error();
    m = o->ob_type->tp_as_number;
    if (m && m->nb_invert)
        return (*m->nb_invert)(o);

    return type_error("bad operand type for unary ~: '%.200s'", o);
}

PyObject *
PyNumber_Absolute(PyObject *o)
{
    PyNumberMethods *m;

    if (o == NULL)
        return null_error();
    m = o->ob_type->tp_as_number;
    if (m && m->nb_absolute)
        return m->nb_absolute(o);

    return type_error("bad operand type for abs(): '%.200s'", o);
}

/* Add a check for embedded NULL-bytes in the argument. */
static PyObject *
int_from_string(const char *s, Py_ssize_t len)
{
    char *end;
    PyObject *x;

    x = PyInt_FromString((char*)s, &end, 10);
    if (x == NULL)
        return NULL;
    if (end != s + len) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                        "null byte in argument for int()");
        Py_DECREF(x);
        return NULL;
    }
    return x;
}

/* Return a Python Int or Long from the object item
   Raise TypeError if the result is not an int-or-long
   or if the object cannot be interpreted as an index.
*/
PyObject *
PyNumber_Index(PyObject *item)
{
    PyObject *result = NULL;
    if (item == NULL)
        return null_error();
    if (PyInt_Check(item) || PyLong_Check(item)) {
        Py_INCREF(item);
        return item;
    }
    if (PyIndex_Check(item)) {
        result = item->ob_type->tp_as_number->nb_index(item);
        if (result &&
            !PyInt_Check(result) && !PyLong_Check(result)) {
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                         "__index__ returned non-(int,long) " \
                         "(type %.200s)",
                         result->ob_type->tp_name);
            Py_DECREF(result);
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    else {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "'%.200s' object cannot be interpreted "
                     "as an index", item->ob_type->tp_name);
    }
    return result;
}

/* Return an error on Overflow only if err is not NULL*/

Py_ssize_t
PyNumber_AsSsize_t(PyObject *item, PyObject *err)
{
    Py_ssize_t result;
    PyObject *runerr;
    PyObject *value = PyNumber_Index(item);
    if (value == NULL)
        return -1;

    /* We're done if PyInt_AsSsize_t() returns without error. */
    result = PyInt_AsSsize_t(value);
    if (result != -1 || !(runerr = PyErr_Occurred()))
        goto finish;

    /* Error handling code -- only manage OverflowError differently */
    if (!PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(runerr, PyExc_OverflowError))
        goto finish;

    PyErr_Clear();
    /* If no error-handling desired then the default clipping
       is sufficient.
     */
    if (!err) {
        assert(PyLong_Check(value));
        /* Whether or not it is less than or equal to
           zero is determined by the sign of ob_size
        */
        if (_PyLong_Sign(value) < 0)
            result = PY_SSIZE_T_MIN;
        else
            result = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
    }
    else {
        /* Otherwise replace the error with caller's error object. */
        PyErr_Format(err,
                     "cannot fit '%.200s' into an index-sized integer",
                     item->ob_type->tp_name);
    }

 finish:
    Py_DECREF(value);
    return result;
}


PyObject *
_PyNumber_ConvertIntegralToInt(PyObject *integral, const char* error_format)
{
    const char *type_name;
    static PyObject *int_name = NULL;
    if (int_name == NULL) {
        int_name = PyString_InternFromString("__int__");
        if (int_name == NULL)
            return NULL;
    }

    if (integral && (!PyInt_Check(integral) &&
                     !PyLong_Check(integral))) {
        /* Don't go through tp_as_number->nb_int to avoid
           hitting the classic class fallback to __trunc__. */
        PyObject *int_func = PyObject_GetAttr(integral, int_name);
        if (int_func == NULL) {
            PyErr_Clear(); /* Raise a different error. */
            goto non_integral_error;
        }
        Py_DECREF(integral);
        integral = PyEval_CallObject(int_func, NULL);
        Py_DECREF(int_func);
        if (integral && (!PyInt_Check(integral) &&
                          !PyLong_Check(integral))) {
            goto non_integral_error;
        }
    }
    return integral;

non_integral_error:
    if (PyInstance_Check(integral)) {
        type_name = PyString_AS_STRING(((PyInstanceObject *)integral)
                                       ->in_class->cl_name);
    }
    else {
        type_name = integral->ob_type->tp_name;
    }
    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, error_format, type_name);
    Py_DECREF(integral);
    return NULL;
}


PyObject *
PyNumber_Int(PyObject *o)
{
    PyNumberMethods *m;
    static PyObject *trunc_name = NULL;
    PyObject *trunc_func;
    const char *buffer;
    Py_ssize_t buffer_len;

    if (trunc_name == NULL) {
        trunc_name = PyString_InternFromString("__trunc__");
        if (trunc_name == NULL)
            return NULL;
    }

    if (o == NULL)
        return null_error();
    if (PyInt_CheckExact(o)) {
        Py_INCREF(o);
        return o;
    }
    m = o->ob_type->tp_as_number;
    if (m && m->nb_int) { /* This should include subclasses of int */
        /* Classic classes always take this branch. */
        PyObject *res = m->nb_int(o);
        if (res && (!PyInt_Check(res) && !PyLong_Check(res))) {
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                         "__int__ returned non-int (type %.200s)",
                         res->ob_type->tp_name);
            Py_DECREF(res);
            return NULL;
        }
        return res;
    }
    if (PyInt_Check(o)) { /* A int subclass without nb_int */
        PyIntObject *io = (PyIntObject*)o;
        return PyInt_FromLong(io->ob_ival);
    }
    trunc_func = PyObject_GetAttr(o, trunc_name);
    if (trunc_func) {
        PyObject *truncated = PyEval_CallObject(trunc_func, NULL);
        Py_DECREF(trunc_func);
        /* __trunc__ is specified to return an Integral type, but
           int() needs to return an int. */
        return _PyNumber_ConvertIntegralToInt(
            truncated,
            "__trunc__ returned non-Integral (type %.200s)");
    }
    PyErr_Clear();  /* It's not an error if  o.__trunc__ doesn't exist. */

    if (PyString_Check(o))
        return int_from_string(PyString_AS_STRING(o),
                               PyString_GET_SIZE(o));
#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
    if (PyUnicode_Check(o))
        return PyInt_FromUnicode(PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(o),
                                 PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(o),
                                 10);
#endif
    if (!PyObject_AsCharBuffer(o, &buffer, &buffer_len)) {
        PyObject *result, *str;

        /* Copy to NUL-terminated buffer. */
        str = PyString_FromStringAndSize((const char *)buffer, buffer_len);
        if (str == NULL)
            return NULL;
        result = int_from_string(PyString_AS_STRING(str), buffer_len);
        Py_DECREF(str);
        return result;
    }

    return type_error("int() argument must be a string or a "
                      "number, not '%.200s'", o);
}

/* Add a check for embedded NULL-bytes in the argument. */
static PyObject *
long_from_string(const char *s, Py_ssize_t len)
{
    char *end;
    PyObject *x;

    x = PyLong_FromString((char*)s, &end, 10);
    if (x == NULL)
        return NULL;
    if (end != s + len) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                        "null byte in argument for long()");
        Py_DECREF(x);
        return NULL;
    }
    return x;
}

PyObject *
PyNumber_Long(PyObject *o)
{
    PyNumberMethods *m;
    static PyObject *trunc_name = NULL;
    PyObject *trunc_func;
    const char *buffer;
    Py_ssize_t buffer_len;

    if (trunc_name == NULL) {
        trunc_name = PyString_InternFromString("__trunc__");
        if (trunc_name == NULL)
            return NULL;
    }

    if (o == NULL)
        return null_error();
    m = o->ob_type->tp_as_number;
    if (m && m->nb_long) { /* This should include subclasses of long */
        /* Classic classes always take this branch. */
        PyObject *res = m->nb_long(o);
        if (res == NULL)
            return NULL;
        if (PyInt_Check(res)) {
            long value = PyInt_AS_LONG(res);
            Py_DECREF(res);
            return PyLong_FromLong(value);
        }
        else if (!PyLong_Check(res)) {
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                         "__long__ returned non-long (type %.200s)",
                         res->ob_type->tp_name);
            Py_DECREF(res);
            return NULL;
        }
        return res;
    }
    if (PyLong_Check(o)) /* A long subclass without nb_long */
        return _PyLong_Copy((PyLongObject *)o);
    trunc_func = PyObject_GetAttr(o, trunc_name);
    if (trunc_func) {
        PyObject *truncated = PyEval_CallObject(trunc_func, NULL);
        PyObject *int_instance;
        Py_DECREF(trunc_func);
        /* __trunc__ is specified to return an Integral type,
           but long() needs to return a long. */
        int_instance = _PyNumber_ConvertIntegralToInt(
            truncated,
            "__trunc__ returned non-Integral (type %.200s)");
        if (int_instance && PyInt_Check(int_instance)) {
            /* Make sure that long() returns a long instance. */
            long value = PyInt_AS_LONG(int_instance);
            Py_DECREF(int_instance);
            return PyLong_FromLong(value);
        }
        return int_instance;
    }
    PyErr_Clear();  /* It's not an error if  o.__trunc__ doesn't exist. */

    if (PyString_Check(o))
        /* need to do extra error checking that PyLong_FromString()
         * doesn't do.  In particular long('9.5') must raise an
         * exception, not truncate the float.
         */
        return long_from_string(PyString_AS_STRING(o),
                                PyString_GET_SIZE(o));
#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
    if (PyUnicode_Check(o))
        /* The above check is done in PyLong_FromUnicode(). */
        return PyLong_FromUnicode(PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(o),
                                  PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(o),
                                  10);
#endif
    if (!PyObject_AsCharBuffer(o, &buffer, &buffer_len)) {
        PyObject *result, *str;

        /* Copy to NUL-terminated buffer. */
        str = PyString_FromStringAndSize((const char *)buffer, buffer_len);
        if (str == NULL)
            return NULL;
        result = long_from_string(PyString_AS_STRING(str), buffer_len);
        Py_DECREF(str);
        return result;
    }
    return type_error("long() argument must be a string or a "
                      "number, not '%.200s'", o);
}

PyObject *
PyNumber_Float(PyObject *o)
{
    PyNumberMethods *m;

    if (o == NULL)
        return null_error();
    m = o->ob_type->tp_as_number;
    if (m && m->nb_float) { /* This should include subclasses of float */
        PyObject *res = m->nb_float(o);
        if (res && !PyFloat_Check(res)) {
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
              "__float__ returned non-float (type %.200s)",
              res->ob_type->tp_name);
            Py_DECREF(res);
            return NULL;
        }
        return res;
    }
    if (PyFloat_Check(o)) { /* A float subclass with nb_float == NULL */
        PyFloatObject *po = (PyFloatObject *)o;
        return PyFloat_FromDouble(po->ob_fval);
    }
    return PyFloat_FromString(o, NULL);
}

PyObject *
PyNumber_ToBase(PyObject *n, int base)
{
    PyObject *res = NULL;
    PyObject *index = PyNumber_Index(n);

    if (!index)
        return NULL;
    if (PyLong_Check(index))
        res = _PyLong_Format(index, base, 0, 1);
    else if (PyInt_Check(index))
        res = _PyInt_Format((PyIntObject*)index, base, 1);
    else
        /* It should not be possible to get here, as
           PyNumber_Index already has a check for the same
           condition */
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "PyNumber_ToBase: index not "
                        "int or long");
    Py_DECREF(index);
    return res;
}


/* Operations on sequences */

int
PySequence_Check(PyObject *s)
{
    if (s == NULL)
        return 0;
    if (PyInstance_Check(s))
        return PyObject_HasAttrString(s, "__getitem__");
    if (PyDict_Check(s))
        return 0;
    return  s->ob_type->tp_as_sequence &&
        s->ob_type->tp_as_sequence->sq_item != NULL;
}

Py_ssize_t
PySequence_Size(PyObject *s)
{
    PySequenceMethods *m;

    if (s == NULL) {
        null_error();
        return -1;
    }

    m = s->ob_type->tp_as_sequence;
    if (m && m->sq_length)
        return m->sq_length(s);

    type_error("object of type '%.200s' has no len()", s);
    return -1;
}

#undef PySequence_Length
Py_ssize_t
PySequence_Length(PyObject *s)
{
    return PySequence_Size(s);
}
#define PySequence_Length PySequence_Size

PyObject *
PySequence_Concat(PyObject *s, PyObject *o)
{
    PySequenceMethods *m;

    if (s == NULL || o == NULL)
        return null_error();

    m = s->ob_type->tp_as_sequence;
    if (m && m->sq_concat)
        return m->sq_concat(s, o);

    /* Instances of user classes defining an __add__() method only
       have an nb_add slot, not an sq_concat slot.  So we fall back
       to nb_add if both arguments appear to be sequences. */
    if (PySequence_Check(s) && PySequence_Check(o)) {
        PyObject *result = binary_op1(s, o, NB_SLOT(nb_add));
        if (result != Py_NotImplemented)
            return result;
        Py_DECREF(result);
    }
    return type_error("'%.200s' object can't be concatenated", s);
}

PyObject *
PySequence_Repeat(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t count)
{
    PySequenceMethods *m;

    if (o == NULL)
        return null_error();

    m = o->ob_type->tp_as_sequence;
    if (m && m->sq_repeat)
        return m->sq_repeat(o, count);

    /* Instances of user classes defining a __mul__() method only
       have an nb_multiply slot, not an sq_repeat slot. so we fall back
       to nb_multiply if o appears to be a sequence. */
    if (PySequence_Check(o)) {
        PyObject *n, *result;
        n = PyInt_FromSsize_t(count);
        if (n == NULL)
            return NULL;
        result = binary_op1(o, n, NB_SLOT(nb_multiply));
        Py_DECREF(n);
        if (result != Py_NotImplemented)
            return result;
        Py_DECREF(result);
    }
    return type_error("'%.200s' object can't be repeated", o);
}

PyObject *
PySequence_InPlaceConcat(PyObject *s, PyObject *o)
{
    PySequenceMethods *m;

    if (s == NULL || o == NULL)
        return null_error();

    m = s->ob_type->tp_as_sequence;
    if (m && HASINPLACE(s) && m->sq_inplace_concat)
        return m->sq_inplace_concat(s, o);
    if (m && m->sq_concat)
        return m->sq_concat(s, o);

    if (PySequence_Check(s) && PySequence_Check(o)) {
        PyObject *result = binary_iop1(s, o, NB_SLOT(nb_inplace_add),
                                       NB_SLOT(nb_add));
        if (result != Py_NotImplemented)
            return result;
        Py_DECREF(result);
    }
    return type_error("'%.200s' object can't be concatenated", s);
}

PyObject *
PySequence_InPlaceRepeat(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t count)
{
    PySequenceMethods *m;

    if (o == NULL)
        return null_error();

    m = o->ob_type->tp_as_sequence;
    if (m && HASINPLACE(o) && m->sq_inplace_repeat)
        return m->sq_inplace_repeat(o, count);
    if (m && m->sq_repeat)
        return m->sq_repeat(o, count);

    if (PySequence_Check(o)) {
        PyObject *n, *result;
        n = PyInt_FromSsize_t(count);
        if (n == NULL)
            return NULL;
        result = binary_iop1(o, n, NB_SLOT(nb_inplace_multiply),
                             NB_SLOT(nb_multiply));
        Py_DECREF(n);
        if (result != Py_NotImplemented)
            return result;
        Py_DECREF(result);
    }
    return type_error("'%.200s' object can't be repeated", o);
}

PyObject *
PySequence_GetItem(PyObject *s, Py_ssize_t i)
{
    PySequenceMethods *m;

    if (s == NULL)
        return null_error();

    m = s->ob_type->tp_as_sequence;
    if (m && m->sq_item) {
        if (i < 0) {
            if (m->sq_length) {
                Py_ssize_t l = (*m->sq_length)(s);
                if (l < 0)
                    return NULL;
                i += l;
            }
        }
        return m->sq_item(s, i);
    }

    return type_error("'%.200s' object does not support indexing", s);
}

PyObject *
PySequence_GetSlice(PyObject *s, Py_ssize_t i1, Py_ssize_t i2)
{
    PySequenceMethods *m;
    PyMappingMethods *mp;

    if (!s) return null_error();

    m = s->ob_type->tp_as_sequence;
    if (m && m->sq_slice) {
        if (i1 < 0 || i2 < 0) {
            if (m->sq_length) {
                Py_ssize_t l = (*m->sq_length)(s);
                if (l < 0)
                    return NULL;
                if (i1 < 0)
                    i1 += l;
                if (i2 < 0)
                    i2 += l;
            }
        }
        return m->sq_slice(s, i1, i2);
    } else if ((mp = s->ob_type->tp_as_mapping) && mp->mp_subscript) {
        PyObject *res;
        PyObject *slice = _PySlice_FromIndices(i1, i2);
        if (!slice)
            return NULL;
        res = mp->mp_subscript(s, slice);
        Py_DECREF(slice);
        return res;
    }

    return type_error("'%.200s' object is unsliceable", s);
}

int
PySequence_SetItem(PyObject *s, Py_ssize_t i, PyObject *o)
{
    PySequenceMethods *m;

    if (s == NULL) {
        null_error();
        return -1;
    }

    m = s->ob_type->tp_as_sequence;
    if (m && m->sq_ass_item) {
        if (i < 0) {
            if (m->sq_length) {
                Py_ssize_t l = (*m->sq_length)(s);
                if (l < 0)
                    return -1;
                i += l;
            }
        }
        return m->sq_ass_item(s, i, o);
    }

    type_error("'%.200s' object does not support item assignment", s);
    return -1;
}

int
PySequence_DelItem(PyObject *s, Py_ssize_t i)
{
    PySequenceMethods *m;

    if (s == NULL) {
        null_error();
        return -1;
    }

    m = s->ob_type->tp_as_sequence;
    if (m && m->sq_ass_item) {
        if (i < 0) {
            if (m->sq_length) {
                Py_ssize_t l = (*m->sq_length)(s);
                if (l < 0)
                    return -1;
                i += l;
            }
        }
        return m->sq_ass_item(s, i, (PyObject *)NULL);
    }

    type_error("'%.200s' object doesn't support item deletion", s);
    return -1;
}

int
PySequence_SetSlice(PyObject *s, Py_ssize_t i1, Py_ssize_t i2, PyObject *o)
{
    PySequenceMethods *m;
    PyMappingMethods *mp;

    if (s == NULL) {
        null_error();
        return -1;
    }

    m = s->ob_type->tp_as_sequence;
    if (m && m->sq_ass_slice) {
        if (i1 < 0 || i2 < 0) {
            if (m->sq_length) {
                Py_ssize_t l = (*m->sq_length)(s);
                if (l < 0)
                    return -1;
                if (i1 < 0)
                    i1 += l;
                if (i2 < 0)
                    i2 += l;
            }
        }
        return m->sq_ass_slice(s, i1, i2, o);
    } else if ((mp = s->ob_type->tp_as_mapping) && mp->mp_ass_subscript) {
        int res;
        PyObject *slice = _PySlice_FromIndices(i1, i2);
        if (!slice)
            return -1;
        res = mp->mp_ass_subscript(s, slice, o);
        Py_DECREF(slice);
        return res;
    }

    type_error("'%.200s' object doesn't support slice assignment", s);
    return -1;
}

int
PySequence_DelSlice(PyObject *s, Py_ssize_t i1, Py_ssize_t i2)
{
    PySequenceMethods *m;

    if (s == NULL) {
        null_error();
        return -1;
    }

    m = s->ob_type->tp_as_sequence;
    if (m && m->sq_ass_slice) {
        if (i1 < 0 || i2 < 0) {
            if (m->sq_length) {
                Py_ssize_t l = (*m->sq_length)(s);
                if (l < 0)
                    return -1;
                if (i1 < 0)
                    i1 += l;
                if (i2 < 0)
                    i2 += l;
            }
        }
        return m->sq_ass_slice(s, i1, i2, (PyObject *)NULL);
    }
    type_error("'%.200s' object doesn't support slice deletion", s);
    return -1;
}

PyObject *
PySequence_Tuple(PyObject *v)
{
    PyObject *it;  /* iter(v) */
    Py_ssize_t n;         /* guess for result tuple size */
    PyObject *result = NULL;
    Py_ssize_t j;

    if (v == NULL)
        return null_error();

    /* Special-case the common tuple and list cases, for efficiency. */
    if (PyTuple_CheckExact(v)) {
        /* Note that we can't know whether it's safe to return
           a tuple *subclass* instance as-is, hence the restriction
           to exact tuples here.  In contrast, lists always make
           a copy, so there's no need for exactness below. */
        Py_INCREF(v);
        return v;
    }
    if (PyList_CheckExact(v))
        return PyList_AsTuple(v);

    /* Get iterator. */
    it = PyObject_GetIter(v);
    if (it == NULL)
        return NULL;

    /* Guess result size and allocate space. */
    n = _PyObject_LengthHint(v, 10);
    if (n == -1)
        goto Fail;
    result = PyTuple_New(n);
    if (result == NULL)
        goto Fail;

    /* Fill the tuple. */
    for (j = 0; ; ++j) {
        PyObject *item = PyIter_Next(it);
        if (item == NULL) {
            if (PyErr_Occurred())
                goto Fail;
            break;
        }
        if (j >= n) {
            Py_ssize_t oldn = n;
            /* The over-allocation strategy can grow a bit faster
               than for lists because unlike lists the
               over-allocation isn't permanent -- we reclaim
               the excess before the end of this routine.
               So, grow by ten and then add 25%.
            */
            n += 10;
            n += n >> 2;
            if (n < oldn) {
                /* Check for overflow */
                PyErr_NoMemory();
                Py_DECREF(item);
                goto Fail;
            }
            if (_PyTuple_Resize(&result, n) != 0) {
                Py_DECREF(item);
                goto Fail;
            }
        }
        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(result, j, item);
    }

    /* Cut tuple back if guess was too large. */
    if (j < n &&
        _PyTuple_Resize(&result, j) != 0)
        goto Fail;

    Py_DECREF(it);
    return result;

Fail:
    Py_XDECREF(result);
    Py_DECREF(it);
    return NULL;
}

PyObject *
PySequence_List(PyObject *v)
{
    PyObject *result;  /* result list */
    PyObject *rv;      /* return value from PyList_Extend */

    if (v == NULL)
        return null_error();

    result = PyList_New(0);
    if (result == NULL)
        return NULL;

    rv = _PyList_Extend((PyListObject *)result, v);
    if (rv == NULL) {
        Py_DECREF(result);
        return NULL;
    }
    Py_DECREF(rv);
    return result;
}

PyObject *
PySequence_Fast(PyObject *v, const char *m)
{
    PyObject *it;

    if (v == NULL)
        return null_error();

    if (PyList_CheckExact(v) || PyTuple_CheckExact(v)) {
        Py_INCREF(v);
        return v;
    }

    it = PyObject_GetIter(v);
    if (it == NULL) {
        if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_TypeError))
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, m);
        return NULL;
    }

    v = PySequence_List(it);
    Py_DECREF(it);

    return v;
}

/* Iterate over seq.  Result depends on the operation:
   PY_ITERSEARCH_COUNT:  -1 if error, else # of times obj appears in seq.
   PY_ITERSEARCH_INDEX:  0-based index of first occurrence of obj in seq;
    set ValueError and return -1 if none found; also return -1 on error.
   Py_ITERSEARCH_CONTAINS:  return 1 if obj in seq, else 0; -1 on error.
*/
Py_ssize_t
_PySequence_IterSearch(PyObject *seq, PyObject *obj, int operation)
{
    Py_ssize_t n;
    int wrapped;  /* for PY_ITERSEARCH_INDEX, true iff n wrapped around */
    PyObject *it;  /* iter(seq) */

    if (seq == NULL || obj == NULL) {
        null_error();
        return -1;
    }

    it = PyObject_GetIter(seq);
    if (it == NULL) {
        type_error("argument of type '%.200s' is not iterable", seq);
        return -1;
    }

    n = wrapped = 0;
    for (;;) {
        int cmp;
        PyObject *item = PyIter_Next(it);
        if (item == NULL) {
            if (PyErr_Occurred())
                goto Fail;
            break;
        }

        cmp = PyObject_RichCompareBool(obj, item, Py_EQ);
        Py_DECREF(item);
        if (cmp < 0)
            goto Fail;
        if (cmp > 0) {
            switch (operation) {
            case PY_ITERSEARCH_COUNT:
                if (n == PY_SSIZE_T_MAX) {
                    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
                           "count exceeds C integer size");
                    goto Fail;
                }
                ++n;
                break;

            case PY_ITERSEARCH_INDEX:
                if (wrapped) {
                    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
                           "index exceeds C integer size");
                    goto Fail;
                }
                goto Done;

            case PY_ITERSEARCH_CONTAINS:
                n = 1;
                goto Done;

            default:
                assert(!"unknown operation");
            }
        }

        if (operation == PY_ITERSEARCH_INDEX) {
            if (n == PY_SSIZE_T_MAX)
                wrapped = 1;
            ++n;
        }
    }

    if (operation != PY_ITERSEARCH_INDEX)
        goto Done;

    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                    "sequence.index(x): x not in sequence");
    /* fall into failure code */
Fail:
    n = -1;
    /* fall through */
Done:
    Py_DECREF(it);
    return n;

}

/* Return # of times o appears in s. */
Py_ssize_t
PySequence_Count(PyObject *s, PyObject *o)
{
    return _PySequence_IterSearch(s, o, PY_ITERSEARCH_COUNT);
}

/* Return -1 if error; 1 if ob in seq; 0 if ob not in seq.
 * Use sq_contains if possible, else defer to _PySequence_IterSearch().
 */
int
PySequence_Contains(PyObject *seq, PyObject *ob)
{
    Py_ssize_t result;
    if (PyType_HasFeature(seq->ob_type, Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_SEQUENCE_IN)) {
        PySequenceMethods *sqm = seq->ob_type->tp_as_sequence;
        if (sqm != NULL && sqm->sq_contains != NULL)
            return (*sqm->sq_contains)(seq, ob);
    }
    result = _PySequence_IterSearch(seq, ob, PY_ITERSEARCH_CONTAINS);
    return Py_SAFE_DOWNCAST(result, Py_ssize_t, int);
}

/* Backwards compatibility */
#undef PySequence_In
int
PySequence_In(PyObject *w, PyObject *v)
{
    return PySequence_Contains(w, v);
}

Py_ssize_t
PySequence_Index(PyObject *s, PyObject *o)
{
    return _PySequence_IterSearch(s, o, PY_ITERSEARCH_INDEX);
}

/* Operations on mappings */

int
PyMapping_Check(PyObject *o)
{
    if (o && PyInstance_Check(o))
        return PyObject_HasAttrString(o, "__getitem__");

    return  o && o->ob_type->tp_as_mapping &&
        o->ob_type->tp_as_mapping->mp_subscript &&
        !(o->ob_type->tp_as_sequence &&
          o->ob_type->tp_as_sequence->sq_slice);
}

Py_ssize_t
PyMapping_Size(PyObject *o)
{
    PyMappingMethods *m;

    if (o == NULL) {
        null_error();
        return -1;
    }

    m = o->ob_type->tp_as_mapping;
    if (m && m->mp_length)
        return m->mp_length(o);

    type_error("object of type '%.200s' has no len()", o);
    return -1;
}

#undef PyMapping_Length
Py_ssize_t
PyMapping_Length(PyObject *o)
{
    return PyMapping_Size(o);
}
#define PyMapping_Length PyMapping_Size

PyObject *
PyMapping_GetItemString(PyObject *o, char *key)
{
    PyObject *okey, *r;

    if (key == NULL)
        return null_error();

    okey = PyString_FromString(key);
    if (okey == NULL)
        return NULL;
    r = PyObject_GetItem(o, okey);
    Py_DECREF(okey);
    return r;
}

int
PyMapping_SetItemString(PyObject *o, char *key, PyObject *value)
{
    PyObject *okey;
    int r;

    if (key == NULL) {
        null_error();
        return -1;
    }

    okey = PyString_FromString(key);
    if (okey == NULL)
        return -1;
    r = PyObject_SetItem(o, okey, value);
    Py_DECREF(okey);
    return r;
}

int
PyMapping_HasKeyString(PyObject *o, char *key)
{
    PyObject *v;

    v = PyMapping_GetItemString(o, key);
    if (v) {
        Py_DECREF(v);
        return 1;
    }
    PyErr_Clear();
    return 0;
}

int
PyMapping_HasKey(PyObject *o, PyObject *key)
{
    PyObject *v;

    v = PyObject_GetItem(o, key);
    if (v) {
        Py_DECREF(v);
        return 1;
    }
    PyErr_Clear();
    return 0;
}

/* Operations on callable objects */

/* XXX PyCallable_Check() is in object.c */

PyObject *
PyObject_CallObject(PyObject *o, PyObject *a)
{
    return PyEval_CallObjectWithKeywords(o, a, NULL);
}

PyObject *
PyObject_Call(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg, PyObject *kw)
{
    ternaryfunc call;

    if ((call = func->ob_type->tp_call) != NULL) {
        PyObject *result;
        if (Py_EnterRecursiveCall(" while calling a Python object"))
            return NULL;
        result = (*call)(func, arg, kw);
        Py_LeaveRecursiveCall();
        if (result == NULL && !PyErr_Occurred())
            PyErr_SetString(
                PyExc_SystemError,
                "NULL result without error in PyObject_Call");
        return result;
    }
    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "'%.200s' object is not callable",
                 func->ob_type->tp_name);
    return NULL;
}

static PyObject*
call_function_tail(PyObject *callable, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *retval;

    if (args == NULL)
        return NULL;

    if (!PyTuple_Check(args)) {
        PyObject *a;

        a = PyTuple_New(1);
        if (a == NULL) {
            Py_DECREF(args);
            return NULL;
        }
        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(a, 0, args);
        args = a;
    }
    retval = PyObject_Call(callable, args, NULL);

    Py_DECREF(args);

    return retval;
}

PyObject *
PyObject_CallFunction(PyObject *callable, char *format, ...)
{
    va_list va;
    PyObject *args;

    if (callable == NULL)
        return null_error();

    if (format && *format) {
        va_start(va, format);
        args = Py_VaBuildValue(format, va);
        va_end(va);
    }
    else
        args = PyTuple_New(0);

    return call_function_tail(callable, args);
}

PyObject *
_PyObject_CallFunction_SizeT(PyObject *callable, char *format, ...)
{
    va_list va;
    PyObject *args;

    if (callable == NULL)
        return null_error();

    if (format && *format) {
        va_start(va, format);
        args = _Py_VaBuildValue_SizeT(format, va);
        va_end(va);
    }
    else
        args = PyTuple_New(0);

    return call_function_tail(callable, args);
}

PyObject *
PyObject_CallMethod(PyObject *o, char *name, char *format, ...)
{
    va_list va;
    PyObject *args;
    PyObject *func = NULL;
    PyObject *retval = NULL;

    if (o == NULL || name == NULL)
        return null_error();

    func = PyObject_GetAttrString(o, name);
    if (func == NULL)
        return NULL;

    if (!PyCallable_Check(func)) {
        type_error("attribute of type '%.200s' is not callable", func);
        goto exit;
    }

    if (format && *format) {
        va_start(va, format);
        args = Py_VaBuildValue(format, va);
        va_end(va);
    }
    else
        args = PyTuple_New(0);

    retval = call_function_tail(func, args);

  exit:
    /* args gets consumed in call_function_tail */
    Py_XDECREF(func);

    return retval;
}

PyObject *
_PyObject_CallMethod_SizeT(PyObject *o, char *name, char *format, ...)
{
    va_list va;
    PyObject *args;
    PyObject *func = NULL;
    PyObject *retval = NULL;

    if (o == NULL || name == NULL)
        return null_error();

    func = PyObject_GetAttrString(o, name);
    if (func == NULL)
        return NULL;

    if (!PyCallable_Check(func)) {
        type_error("attribute of type '%.200s' is not callable", func);
        goto exit;
    }

    if (format && *format) {
        va_start(va, format);
        args = _Py_VaBuildValue_SizeT(format, va);
        va_end(va);
    }
    else
        args = PyTuple_New(0);

    retval = call_function_tail(func, args);

  exit:
    /* args gets consumed in call_function_tail */
    Py_XDECREF(func);

    return retval;
}


static PyObject *
objargs_mktuple(va_list va)
{
    int i, n = 0;
    va_list countva;
    PyObject *result, *tmp;

#ifdef VA_LIST_IS_ARRAY
    memcpy(countva, va, sizeof(va_list));
#else
#ifdef __va_copy
    __va_copy(countva, va);
#else
    countva = va;
#endif
#endif

    while (((PyObject *)va_arg(countva, PyObject *)) != NULL)
        ++n;
    result = PyTuple_New(n);
    if (result != NULL && n > 0) {
        for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            tmp = (PyObject *)va_arg(va, PyObject *);
            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(result, i, tmp);
            Py_INCREF(tmp);
        }
    }
    return result;
}

PyObject *
PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(PyObject *callable, PyObject *name, ...)
{
    PyObject *args, *tmp;
    va_list vargs;

    if (callable == NULL || name == NULL)
        return null_error();

    callable = PyObject_GetAttr(callable, name);
    if (callable == NULL)
        return NULL;

    /* count the args */
    va_start(vargs, name);
    args = objargs_mktuple(vargs);
    va_end(vargs);
    if (args == NULL) {
        Py_DECREF(callable);
        return NULL;
    }
    tmp = PyObject_Call(callable, args, NULL);
    Py_DECREF(args);
    Py_DECREF(callable);

    return tmp;
}

PyObject *
PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(PyObject *callable, ...)
{
    PyObject *args, *tmp;
    va_list vargs;

    if (callable == NULL)
        return null_error();

    /* count the args */
    va_start(vargs, callable);
    args = objargs_mktuple(vargs);
    va_end(vargs);
    if (args == NULL)
        return NULL;
    tmp = PyObject_Call(callable, args, NULL);
    Py_DECREF(args);

    return tmp;
}


/* isinstance(), issubclass() */

/* abstract_get_bases() has logically 4 return states, with a sort of 0th
 * state that will almost never happen.
 *
 * 0. creating the __bases__ static string could get a MemoryError
 * 1. getattr(cls, '__bases__') could raise an AttributeError
 * 2. getattr(cls, '__bases__') could raise some other exception
 * 3. getattr(cls, '__bases__') could return a tuple
 * 4. getattr(cls, '__bases__') could return something other than a tuple
 *
 * Only state #3 is a non-error state and only it returns a non-NULL object
 * (it returns the retrieved tuple).
 *
 * Any raised AttributeErrors are masked by clearing the exception and
 * returning NULL.  If an object other than a tuple comes out of __bases__,
 * then again, the return value is NULL.  So yes, these two situations
 * produce exactly the same results: NULL is returned and no error is set.
 *
 * If some exception other than AttributeError is raised, then NULL is also
 * returned, but the exception is not cleared.  That's because we want the
 * exception to be propagated along.
 *
 * Callers are expected to test for PyErr_Occurred() when the return value
 * is NULL to decide whether a valid exception should be propagated or not.
 * When there's no exception to propagate, it's customary for the caller to
 * set a TypeError.
 */
static PyObject *
abstract_get_bases(PyObject *cls)
{
    static PyObject *__bases__ = NULL;
    PyObject *bases;

    if (__bases__ == NULL) {
        __bases__ = PyString_InternFromString("__bases__");
        if (__bases__ == NULL)
            return NULL;
    }
    bases = PyObject_GetAttr(cls, __bases__);
    if (bases == NULL) {
        if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError))
            PyErr_Clear();
        return NULL;
    }
    if (!PyTuple_Check(bases)) {
        Py_DECREF(bases);
        return NULL;
    }
    return bases;
}


static int
abstract_issubclass(PyObject *derived, PyObject *cls)
{
    PyObject *bases = NULL;
    Py_ssize_t i, n;
    int r = 0;

    while (1) {
        if (derived == cls)
            return 1;
        bases = abstract_get_bases(derived);
        if (bases == NULL) {
            if (PyErr_Occurred())
                return -1;
            return 0;
        }
        n = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(bases);
        if (n == 0) {
            Py_DECREF(bases);
            return 0;
        }
        /* Avoid recursivity in the single inheritance case */
        if (n == 1) {
            derived = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(bases, 0);
            Py_DECREF(bases);
            continue;
        }
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            r = abstract_issubclass(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(bases, i), cls);
            if (r != 0)
                break;
        }
        Py_DECREF(bases);
        return r;
    }
}

static int
check_class(PyObject *cls, const char *error)
{
    PyObject *bases = abstract_get_bases(cls);
    if (bases == NULL) {
        /* Do not mask errors. */
        if (!PyErr_Occurred())
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, error);
        return 0;
    }
    Py_DECREF(bases);
    return -1;
}

static int
recursive_isinstance(PyObject *inst, PyObject *cls)
{
    PyObject *icls;
    static PyObject *__class__ = NULL;
    int retval = 0;

    if (__class__ == NULL) {
        __class__ = PyString_InternFromString("__class__");
        if (__class__ == NULL)
            return -1;
    }

    if (PyClass_Check(cls) && PyInstance_Check(inst)) {
        PyObject *inclass =
            (PyObject*)((PyInstanceObject*)inst)->in_class;
        retval = PyClass_IsSubclass(inclass, cls);
    }
    else if (PyType_Check(cls)) {
        retval = PyObject_TypeCheck(inst, (PyTypeObject *)cls);
        if (retval == 0) {
            PyObject *c = PyObject_GetAttr(inst, __class__);
            if (c == NULL) {
                PyErr_Clear();
            }
            else {
                if (c != (PyObject *)(inst->ob_type) &&
                    PyType_Check(c))
                    retval = PyType_IsSubtype(
                        (PyTypeObject *)c,
                        (PyTypeObject *)cls);
                Py_DECREF(c);
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        if (!check_class(cls,
            "isinstance() arg 2 must be a class, type,"
            " or tuple of classes and types"))
            return -1;
        icls = PyObject_GetAttr(inst, __class__);
        if (icls == NULL) {
            PyErr_Clear();
            retval = 0;
        }
        else {
            retval = abstract_issubclass(icls, cls);
            Py_DECREF(icls);
        }
    }

    return retval;
}

int
PyObject_IsInstance(PyObject *inst, PyObject *cls)
{
    static PyObject *name = NULL;

    /* Quick test for an exact match */
    if (Py_TYPE(inst) == (PyTypeObject *)cls)
        return 1;

    if (PyTuple_Check(cls)) {
        Py_ssize_t i;
        Py_ssize_t n;
        int r = 0;

        if (Py_EnterRecursiveCall(" in __instancecheck__"))
            return -1;
        n = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(cls);
        for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            PyObject *item = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(cls, i);
            r = PyObject_IsInstance(inst, item);
            if (r != 0)
                /* either found it, or got an error */
                break;
        }
        Py_LeaveRecursiveCall();
        return r;
    }

    if (!(PyClass_Check(cls) || PyInstance_Check(cls))) {
        PyObject *checker;
        checker = _PyObject_LookupSpecial(cls, "__instancecheck__", &name);
        if (checker != NULL) {
            PyObject *res;
            int ok = -1;
            if (Py_EnterRecursiveCall(" in __instancecheck__")) {
                Py_DECREF(checker);
                return ok;
            }
            res = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(checker, inst, NULL);
            Py_LeaveRecursiveCall();
            Py_DECREF(checker);
            if (res != NULL) {
                ok = PyObject_IsTrue(res);
                Py_DECREF(res);
            }
            return ok;
        }
        else if (PyErr_Occurred())
            return -1;
    }
    return recursive_isinstance(inst, cls);
}

static  int
recursive_issubclass(PyObject *derived, PyObject *cls)
{
    int retval;

    if (PyType_Check(cls) && PyType_Check(derived)) {
        /* Fast path (non-recursive) */
        return PyType_IsSubtype(
            (PyTypeObject *)derived, (PyTypeObject *)cls);
    }
    if (!PyClass_Check(derived) || !PyClass_Check(cls)) {
        if (!check_class(derived,
                         "issubclass() arg 1 must be a class"))
            return -1;

        if (!check_class(cls,
                        "issubclass() arg 2 must be a class"
                        " or tuple of classes"))
            return -1;
        retval = abstract_issubclass(derived, cls);
    }
    else {
        /* shortcut */
        if (!(retval = (derived == cls)))
            retval = PyClass_IsSubclass(derived, cls);
    }

    return retval;
}

int
PyObject_IsSubclass(PyObject *derived, PyObject *cls)
{
    static PyObject *name = NULL;

    if (PyTuple_Check(cls)) {
        Py_ssize_t i;
        Py_ssize_t n;
        int r = 0;

        if (Py_EnterRecursiveCall(" in __subclasscheck__"))
            return -1;
        n = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(cls);
        for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            PyObject *item = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(cls, i);
            r = PyObject_IsSubclass(derived, item);
            if (r != 0)
                /* either found it, or got an error */
                break;
        }
        Py_LeaveRecursiveCall();
        return r;
    }
    if (!(PyClass_Check(cls) || PyInstance_Check(cls))) {
        PyObject *checker;
        checker = _PyObject_LookupSpecial(cls, "__subclasscheck__", &name);
        if (checker != NULL) {
            PyObject *res;
            int ok = -1;
            if (Py_EnterRecursiveCall(" in __subclasscheck__")) {
                Py_DECREF(checker);
                return ok;
            }
            res = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(checker, derived, NULL);
            Py_LeaveRecursiveCall();
            Py_DECREF(checker);
            if (res != NULL) {
                ok = PyObject_IsTrue(res);
                Py_DECREF(res);
            }
            return ok;
        }
        else if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
            return -1;
        }
    }
    return recursive_issubclass(derived, cls);
}

int
_PyObject_RealIsInstance(PyObject *inst, PyObject *cls)
{
    return recursive_isinstance(inst, cls);
}

int
_PyObject_RealIsSubclass(PyObject *derived, PyObject *cls)
{
    return recursive_issubclass(derived, cls);
}


PyObject *
PyObject_GetIter(PyObject *o)
{
    PyTypeObject *t = o->ob_type;
    getiterfunc f = NULL;
    if (PyType_HasFeature(t, Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_ITER))
        f = t->tp_iter;
    if (f == NULL) {
        if (PySequence_Check(o))
            return PySeqIter_New(o);
        return type_error("'%.200s' object is not iterable", o);
    }
    else {
        PyObject *res = (*f)(o);
        if (res != NULL && !PyIter_Check(res)) {
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                         "iter() returned non-iterator "
                         "of type '%.100s'",
                         res->ob_type->tp_name);
            Py_DECREF(res);
            res = NULL;
        }
        return res;
    }
}

/* Return next item.
 * If an error occurs, return NULL.  PyErr_Occurred() will be true.
 * If the iteration terminates normally, return NULL and clear the
 * PyExc_StopIteration exception (if it was set).  PyErr_Occurred()
 * will be false.
 * Else return the next object.  PyErr_Occurred() will be false.
 */
PyObject *
PyIter_Next(PyObject *iter)
{
    PyObject *result;
    result = (*iter->ob_type->tp_iternext)(iter);
    if (result == NULL &&
        PyErr_Occurred() &&
        PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_StopIteration))
        PyErr_Clear();
    return result;
}