| """ | 
 |     ast | 
 |     ~~~ | 
 |  | 
 |     The `ast` module helps Python applications to process trees of the Python | 
 |     abstract syntax grammar.  The abstract syntax itself might change with | 
 |     each Python release; this module helps to find out programmatically what | 
 |     the current grammar looks like and allows modifications of it. | 
 |  | 
 |     An abstract syntax tree can be generated by passing `ast.PyCF_ONLY_AST` as | 
 |     a flag to the `compile()` builtin function or by using the `parse()` | 
 |     function from this module.  The result will be a tree of objects whose | 
 |     classes all inherit from `ast.AST`. | 
 |  | 
 |     A modified abstract syntax tree can be compiled into a Python code object | 
 |     using the built-in `compile()` function. | 
 |  | 
 |     Additionally various helper functions are provided that make working with | 
 |     the trees simpler.  The main intention of the helper functions and this | 
 |     module in general is to provide an easy to use interface for libraries | 
 |     that work tightly with the python syntax (template engines for example). | 
 |  | 
 |  | 
 |     :copyright: Copyright 2008 by Armin Ronacher. | 
 |     :license: Python License. | 
 | """ | 
 | import sys | 
 | from _ast import * | 
 | from contextlib import contextmanager, nullcontext | 
 | from enum import IntEnum, auto | 
 |  | 
 |  | 
 | def parse(source, filename='<unknown>', mode='exec', *, | 
 |           type_comments=False, feature_version=None): | 
 |     """ | 
 |     Parse the source into an AST node. | 
 |     Equivalent to compile(source, filename, mode, PyCF_ONLY_AST). | 
 |     Pass type_comments=True to get back type comments where the syntax allows. | 
 |     """ | 
 |     flags = PyCF_ONLY_AST | 
 |     if type_comments: | 
 |         flags |= PyCF_TYPE_COMMENTS | 
 |     if isinstance(feature_version, tuple): | 
 |         major, minor = feature_version  # Should be a 2-tuple. | 
 |         assert major == 3 | 
 |         feature_version = minor | 
 |     elif feature_version is None: | 
 |         feature_version = -1 | 
 |     # Else it should be an int giving the minor version for 3.x. | 
 |     return compile(source, filename, mode, flags, | 
 |                    _feature_version=feature_version) | 
 |  | 
 |  | 
 | def literal_eval(node_or_string): | 
 |     """ | 
 |     Safely evaluate an expression node or a string containing a Python | 
 |     expression.  The string or node provided may only consist of the following | 
 |     Python literal structures: strings, bytes, numbers, tuples, lists, dicts, | 
 |     sets, booleans, and None. | 
 |     """ | 
 |     if isinstance(node_or_string, str): | 
 |         node_or_string = parse(node_or_string, mode='eval') | 
 |     if isinstance(node_or_string, Expression): | 
 |         node_or_string = node_or_string.body | 
 |     def _raise_malformed_node(node): | 
 |         raise ValueError(f'malformed node or string: {node!r}') | 
 |     def _convert_num(node): | 
 |         if not isinstance(node, Constant) or type(node.value) not in (int, float, complex): | 
 |             _raise_malformed_node(node) | 
 |         return node.value | 
 |     def _convert_signed_num(node): | 
 |         if isinstance(node, UnaryOp) and isinstance(node.op, (UAdd, USub)): | 
 |             operand = _convert_num(node.operand) | 
 |             if isinstance(node.op, UAdd): | 
 |                 return + operand | 
 |             else: | 
 |                 return - operand | 
 |         return _convert_num(node) | 
 |     def _convert(node): | 
 |         if isinstance(node, Constant): | 
 |             return node.value | 
 |         elif isinstance(node, Tuple): | 
 |             return tuple(map(_convert, node.elts)) | 
 |         elif isinstance(node, List): | 
 |             return list(map(_convert, node.elts)) | 
 |         elif isinstance(node, Set): | 
 |             return set(map(_convert, node.elts)) | 
 |         elif (isinstance(node, Call) and isinstance(node.func, Name) and | 
 |               node.func.id == 'set' and node.args == node.keywords == []): | 
 |             return set() | 
 |         elif isinstance(node, Dict): | 
 |             if len(node.keys) != len(node.values): | 
 |                 _raise_malformed_node(node) | 
 |             return dict(zip(map(_convert, node.keys), | 
 |                             map(_convert, node.values))) | 
 |         elif isinstance(node, BinOp) and isinstance(node.op, (Add, Sub)): | 
 |             left = _convert_signed_num(node.left) | 
 |             right = _convert_num(node.right) | 
 |             if isinstance(left, (int, float)) and isinstance(right, complex): | 
 |                 if isinstance(node.op, Add): | 
 |                     return left + right | 
 |                 else: | 
 |                     return left - right | 
 |         return _convert_signed_num(node) | 
 |     return _convert(node_or_string) | 
 |  | 
 |  | 
 | def dump(node, annotate_fields=True, include_attributes=False, *, indent=None): | 
 |     """ | 
 |     Return a formatted dump of the tree in node.  This is mainly useful for | 
 |     debugging purposes.  If annotate_fields is true (by default), | 
 |     the returned string will show the names and the values for fields. | 
 |     If annotate_fields is false, the result string will be more compact by | 
 |     omitting unambiguous field names.  Attributes such as line | 
 |     numbers and column offsets are not dumped by default.  If this is wanted, | 
 |     include_attributes can be set to true.  If indent is a non-negative | 
 |     integer or string, then the tree will be pretty-printed with that indent | 
 |     level. None (the default) selects the single line representation. | 
 |     """ | 
 |     def _format(node, level=0): | 
 |         if indent is not None: | 
 |             level += 1 | 
 |             prefix = '\n' + indent * level | 
 |             sep = ',\n' + indent * level | 
 |         else: | 
 |             prefix = '' | 
 |             sep = ', ' | 
 |         if isinstance(node, AST): | 
 |             cls = type(node) | 
 |             args = [] | 
 |             allsimple = True | 
 |             keywords = annotate_fields | 
 |             for name in node._fields: | 
 |                 try: | 
 |                     value = getattr(node, name) | 
 |                 except AttributeError: | 
 |                     keywords = True | 
 |                     continue | 
 |                 if value is None and getattr(cls, name, ...) is None: | 
 |                     keywords = True | 
 |                     continue | 
 |                 value, simple = _format(value, level) | 
 |                 allsimple = allsimple and simple | 
 |                 if keywords: | 
 |                     args.append('%s=%s' % (name, value)) | 
 |                 else: | 
 |                     args.append(value) | 
 |             if include_attributes and node._attributes: | 
 |                 for name in node._attributes: | 
 |                     try: | 
 |                         value = getattr(node, name) | 
 |                     except AttributeError: | 
 |                         continue | 
 |                     if value is None and getattr(cls, name, ...) is None: | 
 |                         continue | 
 |                     value, simple = _format(value, level) | 
 |                     allsimple = allsimple and simple | 
 |                     args.append('%s=%s' % (name, value)) | 
 |             if allsimple and len(args) <= 3: | 
 |                 return '%s(%s)' % (node.__class__.__name__, ', '.join(args)), not args | 
 |             return '%s(%s%s)' % (node.__class__.__name__, prefix, sep.join(args)), False | 
 |         elif isinstance(node, list): | 
 |             if not node: | 
 |                 return '[]', True | 
 |             return '[%s%s]' % (prefix, sep.join(_format(x, level)[0] for x in node)), False | 
 |         return repr(node), True | 
 |  | 
 |     if not isinstance(node, AST): | 
 |         raise TypeError('expected AST, got %r' % node.__class__.__name__) | 
 |     if indent is not None and not isinstance(indent, str): | 
 |         indent = ' ' * indent | 
 |     return _format(node)[0] | 
 |  | 
 |  | 
 | def copy_location(new_node, old_node): | 
 |     """ | 
 |     Copy source location (`lineno`, `col_offset`, `end_lineno`, and `end_col_offset` | 
 |     attributes) from *old_node* to *new_node* if possible, and return *new_node*. | 
 |     """ | 
 |     for attr in 'lineno', 'col_offset', 'end_lineno', 'end_col_offset': | 
 |         if attr in old_node._attributes and attr in new_node._attributes: | 
 |             value = getattr(old_node, attr, None) | 
 |             if value is not None: | 
 |                 setattr(new_node, attr, value) | 
 |     return new_node | 
 |  | 
 |  | 
 | def fix_missing_locations(node): | 
 |     """ | 
 |     When you compile a node tree with compile(), the compiler expects lineno and | 
 |     col_offset attributes for every node that supports them.  This is rather | 
 |     tedious to fill in for generated nodes, so this helper adds these attributes | 
 |     recursively where not already set, by setting them to the values of the | 
 |     parent node.  It works recursively starting at *node*. | 
 |     """ | 
 |     def _fix(node, lineno, col_offset, end_lineno, end_col_offset): | 
 |         if 'lineno' in node._attributes: | 
 |             if not hasattr(node, 'lineno'): | 
 |                 node.lineno = lineno | 
 |             else: | 
 |                 lineno = node.lineno | 
 |         if 'end_lineno' in node._attributes: | 
 |             if getattr(node, 'end_lineno', None) is None: | 
 |                 node.end_lineno = end_lineno | 
 |             else: | 
 |                 end_lineno = node.end_lineno | 
 |         if 'col_offset' in node._attributes: | 
 |             if not hasattr(node, 'col_offset'): | 
 |                 node.col_offset = col_offset | 
 |             else: | 
 |                 col_offset = node.col_offset | 
 |         if 'end_col_offset' in node._attributes: | 
 |             if getattr(node, 'end_col_offset', None) is None: | 
 |                 node.end_col_offset = end_col_offset | 
 |             else: | 
 |                 end_col_offset = node.end_col_offset | 
 |         for child in iter_child_nodes(node): | 
 |             _fix(child, lineno, col_offset, end_lineno, end_col_offset) | 
 |     _fix(node, 1, 0, 1, 0) | 
 |     return node | 
 |  | 
 |  | 
 | def increment_lineno(node, n=1): | 
 |     """ | 
 |     Increment the line number and end line number of each node in the tree | 
 |     starting at *node* by *n*. This is useful to "move code" to a different | 
 |     location in a file. | 
 |     """ | 
 |     for child in walk(node): | 
 |         if 'lineno' in child._attributes: | 
 |             child.lineno = getattr(child, 'lineno', 0) + n | 
 |         if 'end_lineno' in child._attributes: | 
 |             child.end_lineno = getattr(child, 'end_lineno', 0) + n | 
 |     return node | 
 |  | 
 |  | 
 | def iter_fields(node): | 
 |     """ | 
 |     Yield a tuple of ``(fieldname, value)`` for each field in ``node._fields`` | 
 |     that is present on *node*. | 
 |     """ | 
 |     for field in node._fields: | 
 |         try: | 
 |             yield field, getattr(node, field) | 
 |         except AttributeError: | 
 |             pass | 
 |  | 
 |  | 
 | def iter_child_nodes(node): | 
 |     """ | 
 |     Yield all direct child nodes of *node*, that is, all fields that are nodes | 
 |     and all items of fields that are lists of nodes. | 
 |     """ | 
 |     for name, field in iter_fields(node): | 
 |         if isinstance(field, AST): | 
 |             yield field | 
 |         elif isinstance(field, list): | 
 |             for item in field: | 
 |                 if isinstance(item, AST): | 
 |                     yield item | 
 |  | 
 |  | 
 | def get_docstring(node, clean=True): | 
 |     """ | 
 |     Return the docstring for the given node or None if no docstring can | 
 |     be found.  If the node provided does not have docstrings a TypeError | 
 |     will be raised. | 
 |  | 
 |     If *clean* is `True`, all tabs are expanded to spaces and any whitespace | 
 |     that can be uniformly removed from the second line onwards is removed. | 
 |     """ | 
 |     if not isinstance(node, (AsyncFunctionDef, FunctionDef, ClassDef, Module)): | 
 |         raise TypeError("%r can't have docstrings" % node.__class__.__name__) | 
 |     if not(node.body and isinstance(node.body[0], Expr)): | 
 |         return None | 
 |     node = node.body[0].value | 
 |     if isinstance(node, Str): | 
 |         text = node.s | 
 |     elif isinstance(node, Constant) and isinstance(node.value, str): | 
 |         text = node.value | 
 |     else: | 
 |         return None | 
 |     if clean: | 
 |         import inspect | 
 |         text = inspect.cleandoc(text) | 
 |     return text | 
 |  | 
 |  | 
 | def _splitlines_no_ff(source): | 
 |     """Split a string into lines ignoring form feed and other chars. | 
 |  | 
 |     This mimics how the Python parser splits source code. | 
 |     """ | 
 |     idx = 0 | 
 |     lines = [] | 
 |     next_line = '' | 
 |     while idx < len(source): | 
 |         c = source[idx] | 
 |         next_line += c | 
 |         idx += 1 | 
 |         # Keep \r\n together | 
 |         if c == '\r' and idx < len(source) and source[idx] == '\n': | 
 |             next_line += '\n' | 
 |             idx += 1 | 
 |         if c in '\r\n': | 
 |             lines.append(next_line) | 
 |             next_line = '' | 
 |  | 
 |     if next_line: | 
 |         lines.append(next_line) | 
 |     return lines | 
 |  | 
 |  | 
 | def _pad_whitespace(source): | 
 |     r"""Replace all chars except '\f\t' in a line with spaces.""" | 
 |     result = '' | 
 |     for c in source: | 
 |         if c in '\f\t': | 
 |             result += c | 
 |         else: | 
 |             result += ' ' | 
 |     return result | 
 |  | 
 |  | 
 | def get_source_segment(source, node, *, padded=False): | 
 |     """Get source code segment of the *source* that generated *node*. | 
 |  | 
 |     If some location information (`lineno`, `end_lineno`, `col_offset`, | 
 |     or `end_col_offset`) is missing, return None. | 
 |  | 
 |     If *padded* is `True`, the first line of a multi-line statement will | 
 |     be padded with spaces to match its original position. | 
 |     """ | 
 |     try: | 
 |         if node.end_lineno is None or node.end_col_offset is None: | 
 |             return None | 
 |         lineno = node.lineno - 1 | 
 |         end_lineno = node.end_lineno - 1 | 
 |         col_offset = node.col_offset | 
 |         end_col_offset = node.end_col_offset | 
 |     except AttributeError: | 
 |         return None | 
 |  | 
 |     lines = _splitlines_no_ff(source) | 
 |     if end_lineno == lineno: | 
 |         return lines[lineno].encode()[col_offset:end_col_offset].decode() | 
 |  | 
 |     if padded: | 
 |         padding = _pad_whitespace(lines[lineno].encode()[:col_offset].decode()) | 
 |     else: | 
 |         padding = '' | 
 |  | 
 |     first = padding + lines[lineno].encode()[col_offset:].decode() | 
 |     last = lines[end_lineno].encode()[:end_col_offset].decode() | 
 |     lines = lines[lineno+1:end_lineno] | 
 |  | 
 |     lines.insert(0, first) | 
 |     lines.append(last) | 
 |     return ''.join(lines) | 
 |  | 
 |  | 
 | def walk(node): | 
 |     """ | 
 |     Recursively yield all descendant nodes in the tree starting at *node* | 
 |     (including *node* itself), in no specified order.  This is useful if you | 
 |     only want to modify nodes in place and don't care about the context. | 
 |     """ | 
 |     from collections import deque | 
 |     todo = deque([node]) | 
 |     while todo: | 
 |         node = todo.popleft() | 
 |         todo.extend(iter_child_nodes(node)) | 
 |         yield node | 
 |  | 
 |  | 
 | class NodeVisitor(object): | 
 |     """ | 
 |     A node visitor base class that walks the abstract syntax tree and calls a | 
 |     visitor function for every node found.  This function may return a value | 
 |     which is forwarded by the `visit` method. | 
 |  | 
 |     This class is meant to be subclassed, with the subclass adding visitor | 
 |     methods. | 
 |  | 
 |     Per default the visitor functions for the nodes are ``'visit_'`` + | 
 |     class name of the node.  So a `TryFinally` node visit function would | 
 |     be `visit_TryFinally`.  This behavior can be changed by overriding | 
 |     the `visit` method.  If no visitor function exists for a node | 
 |     (return value `None`) the `generic_visit` visitor is used instead. | 
 |  | 
 |     Don't use the `NodeVisitor` if you want to apply changes to nodes during | 
 |     traversing.  For this a special visitor exists (`NodeTransformer`) that | 
 |     allows modifications. | 
 |     """ | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit(self, node): | 
 |         """Visit a node.""" | 
 |         method = 'visit_' + node.__class__.__name__ | 
 |         visitor = getattr(self, method, self.generic_visit) | 
 |         return visitor(node) | 
 |  | 
 |     def generic_visit(self, node): | 
 |         """Called if no explicit visitor function exists for a node.""" | 
 |         for field, value in iter_fields(node): | 
 |             if isinstance(value, list): | 
 |                 for item in value: | 
 |                     if isinstance(item, AST): | 
 |                         self.visit(item) | 
 |             elif isinstance(value, AST): | 
 |                 self.visit(value) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Constant(self, node): | 
 |         value = node.value | 
 |         type_name = _const_node_type_names.get(type(value)) | 
 |         if type_name is None: | 
 |             for cls, name in _const_node_type_names.items(): | 
 |                 if isinstance(value, cls): | 
 |                     type_name = name | 
 |                     break | 
 |         if type_name is not None: | 
 |             method = 'visit_' + type_name | 
 |             try: | 
 |                 visitor = getattr(self, method) | 
 |             except AttributeError: | 
 |                 pass | 
 |             else: | 
 |                 import warnings | 
 |                 warnings.warn(f"{method} is deprecated; add visit_Constant", | 
 |                               DeprecationWarning, 2) | 
 |                 return visitor(node) | 
 |         return self.generic_visit(node) | 
 |  | 
 |  | 
 | class NodeTransformer(NodeVisitor): | 
 |     """ | 
 |     A :class:`NodeVisitor` subclass that walks the abstract syntax tree and | 
 |     allows modification of nodes. | 
 |  | 
 |     The `NodeTransformer` will walk the AST and use the return value of the | 
 |     visitor methods to replace or remove the old node.  If the return value of | 
 |     the visitor method is ``None``, the node will be removed from its location, | 
 |     otherwise it is replaced with the return value.  The return value may be the | 
 |     original node in which case no replacement takes place. | 
 |  | 
 |     Here is an example transformer that rewrites all occurrences of name lookups | 
 |     (``foo``) to ``data['foo']``:: | 
 |  | 
 |        class RewriteName(NodeTransformer): | 
 |  | 
 |            def visit_Name(self, node): | 
 |                return Subscript( | 
 |                    value=Name(id='data', ctx=Load()), | 
 |                    slice=Constant(value=node.id), | 
 |                    ctx=node.ctx | 
 |                ) | 
 |  | 
 |     Keep in mind that if the node you're operating on has child nodes you must | 
 |     either transform the child nodes yourself or call the :meth:`generic_visit` | 
 |     method for the node first. | 
 |  | 
 |     For nodes that were part of a collection of statements (that applies to all | 
 |     statement nodes), the visitor may also return a list of nodes rather than | 
 |     just a single node. | 
 |  | 
 |     Usually you use the transformer like this:: | 
 |  | 
 |        node = YourTransformer().visit(node) | 
 |     """ | 
 |  | 
 |     def generic_visit(self, node): | 
 |         for field, old_value in iter_fields(node): | 
 |             if isinstance(old_value, list): | 
 |                 new_values = [] | 
 |                 for value in old_value: | 
 |                     if isinstance(value, AST): | 
 |                         value = self.visit(value) | 
 |                         if value is None: | 
 |                             continue | 
 |                         elif not isinstance(value, AST): | 
 |                             new_values.extend(value) | 
 |                             continue | 
 |                     new_values.append(value) | 
 |                 old_value[:] = new_values | 
 |             elif isinstance(old_value, AST): | 
 |                 new_node = self.visit(old_value) | 
 |                 if new_node is None: | 
 |                     delattr(node, field) | 
 |                 else: | 
 |                     setattr(node, field, new_node) | 
 |         return node | 
 |  | 
 |  | 
 | # The following code is for backward compatibility. | 
 | # It will be removed in future. | 
 |  | 
 | def _getter(self): | 
 |     """Deprecated. Use value instead.""" | 
 |     return self.value | 
 |  | 
 | def _setter(self, value): | 
 |     self.value = value | 
 |  | 
 | Constant.n = property(_getter, _setter) | 
 | Constant.s = property(_getter, _setter) | 
 |  | 
 | class _ABC(type): | 
 |  | 
 |     def __init__(cls, *args): | 
 |         cls.__doc__ = """Deprecated AST node class. Use ast.Constant instead""" | 
 |  | 
 |     def __instancecheck__(cls, inst): | 
 |         if not isinstance(inst, Constant): | 
 |             return False | 
 |         if cls in _const_types: | 
 |             try: | 
 |                 value = inst.value | 
 |             except AttributeError: | 
 |                 return False | 
 |             else: | 
 |                 return ( | 
 |                     isinstance(value, _const_types[cls]) and | 
 |                     not isinstance(value, _const_types_not.get(cls, ())) | 
 |                 ) | 
 |         return type.__instancecheck__(cls, inst) | 
 |  | 
 | def _new(cls, *args, **kwargs): | 
 |     for key in kwargs: | 
 |         if key not in cls._fields: | 
 |             # arbitrary keyword arguments are accepted | 
 |             continue | 
 |         pos = cls._fields.index(key) | 
 |         if pos < len(args): | 
 |             raise TypeError(f"{cls.__name__} got multiple values for argument {key!r}") | 
 |     if cls in _const_types: | 
 |         return Constant(*args, **kwargs) | 
 |     return Constant.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs) | 
 |  | 
 | class Num(Constant, metaclass=_ABC): | 
 |     _fields = ('n',) | 
 |     __new__ = _new | 
 |  | 
 | class Str(Constant, metaclass=_ABC): | 
 |     _fields = ('s',) | 
 |     __new__ = _new | 
 |  | 
 | class Bytes(Constant, metaclass=_ABC): | 
 |     _fields = ('s',) | 
 |     __new__ = _new | 
 |  | 
 | class NameConstant(Constant, metaclass=_ABC): | 
 |     __new__ = _new | 
 |  | 
 | class Ellipsis(Constant, metaclass=_ABC): | 
 |     _fields = () | 
 |  | 
 |     def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): | 
 |         if cls is Ellipsis: | 
 |             return Constant(..., *args, **kwargs) | 
 |         return Constant.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs) | 
 |  | 
 | _const_types = { | 
 |     Num: (int, float, complex), | 
 |     Str: (str,), | 
 |     Bytes: (bytes,), | 
 |     NameConstant: (type(None), bool), | 
 |     Ellipsis: (type(...),), | 
 | } | 
 | _const_types_not = { | 
 |     Num: (bool,), | 
 | } | 
 |  | 
 | _const_node_type_names = { | 
 |     bool: 'NameConstant',  # should be before int | 
 |     type(None): 'NameConstant', | 
 |     int: 'Num', | 
 |     float: 'Num', | 
 |     complex: 'Num', | 
 |     str: 'Str', | 
 |     bytes: 'Bytes', | 
 |     type(...): 'Ellipsis', | 
 | } | 
 |  | 
 | class slice(AST): | 
 |     """Deprecated AST node class.""" | 
 |  | 
 | class Index(slice): | 
 |     """Deprecated AST node class. Use the index value directly instead.""" | 
 |     def __new__(cls, value, **kwargs): | 
 |         return value | 
 |  | 
 | class ExtSlice(slice): | 
 |     """Deprecated AST node class. Use ast.Tuple instead.""" | 
 |     def __new__(cls, dims=(), **kwargs): | 
 |         return Tuple(list(dims), Load(), **kwargs) | 
 |  | 
 | def _dims_getter(self): | 
 |     """Deprecated. Use elts instead.""" | 
 |     return self.elts | 
 |  | 
 | def _dims_setter(self, value): | 
 |     self.elts = value | 
 |  | 
 | Tuple.dims = property(_dims_getter, _dims_setter) | 
 |  | 
 | class Suite(mod): | 
 |     """Deprecated AST node class.  Unused in Python 3.""" | 
 |  | 
 | class AugLoad(expr_context): | 
 |     """Deprecated AST node class.  Unused in Python 3.""" | 
 |  | 
 | class AugStore(expr_context): | 
 |     """Deprecated AST node class.  Unused in Python 3.""" | 
 |  | 
 | class Param(expr_context): | 
 |     """Deprecated AST node class.  Unused in Python 3.""" | 
 |  | 
 |  | 
 | # Large float and imaginary literals get turned into infinities in the AST. | 
 | # We unparse those infinities to INFSTR. | 
 | _INFSTR = "1e" + repr(sys.float_info.max_10_exp + 1) | 
 |  | 
 | class _Precedence(IntEnum): | 
 |     """Precedence table that originated from python grammar.""" | 
 |  | 
 |     TUPLE = auto() | 
 |     YIELD = auto()           # 'yield', 'yield from' | 
 |     TEST = auto()            # 'if'-'else', 'lambda' | 
 |     OR = auto()              # 'or' | 
 |     AND = auto()             # 'and' | 
 |     NOT = auto()             # 'not' | 
 |     CMP = auto()             # '<', '>', '==', '>=', '<=', '!=', | 
 |                              # 'in', 'not in', 'is', 'is not' | 
 |     EXPR = auto() | 
 |     BOR = EXPR               # '|' | 
 |     BXOR = auto()            # '^' | 
 |     BAND = auto()            # '&' | 
 |     SHIFT = auto()           # '<<', '>>' | 
 |     ARITH = auto()           # '+', '-' | 
 |     TERM = auto()            # '*', '@', '/', '%', '//' | 
 |     FACTOR = auto()          # unary '+', '-', '~' | 
 |     POWER = auto()           # '**' | 
 |     AWAIT = auto()           # 'await' | 
 |     ATOM = auto() | 
 |  | 
 |     def next(self): | 
 |         try: | 
 |             return self.__class__(self + 1) | 
 |         except ValueError: | 
 |             return self | 
 |  | 
 | class _Unparser(NodeVisitor): | 
 |     """Methods in this class recursively traverse an AST and | 
 |     output source code for the abstract syntax; original formatting | 
 |     is disregarded.""" | 
 |  | 
 |     def __init__(self): | 
 |         self._source = [] | 
 |         self._buffer = [] | 
 |         self._precedences = {} | 
 |         self._type_ignores = {} | 
 |         self._indent = 0 | 
 |  | 
 |     def interleave(self, inter, f, seq): | 
 |         """Call f on each item in seq, calling inter() in between.""" | 
 |         seq = iter(seq) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             f(next(seq)) | 
 |         except StopIteration: | 
 |             pass | 
 |         else: | 
 |             for x in seq: | 
 |                 inter() | 
 |                 f(x) | 
 |  | 
 |     def items_view(self, traverser, items): | 
 |         """Traverse and separate the given *items* with a comma and append it to | 
 |         the buffer. If *items* is a single item sequence, a trailing comma | 
 |         will be added.""" | 
 |         if len(items) == 1: | 
 |             traverser(items[0]) | 
 |             self.write(",") | 
 |         else: | 
 |             self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), traverser, items) | 
 |  | 
 |     def maybe_newline(self): | 
 |         """Adds a newline if it isn't the start of generated source""" | 
 |         if self._source: | 
 |             self.write("\n") | 
 |  | 
 |     def fill(self, text=""): | 
 |         """Indent a piece of text and append it, according to the current | 
 |         indentation level""" | 
 |         self.maybe_newline() | 
 |         self.write("    " * self._indent + text) | 
 |  | 
 |     def write(self, text): | 
 |         """Append a piece of text""" | 
 |         self._source.append(text) | 
 |  | 
 |     def buffer_writer(self, text): | 
 |         self._buffer.append(text) | 
 |  | 
 |     @property | 
 |     def buffer(self): | 
 |         value = "".join(self._buffer) | 
 |         self._buffer.clear() | 
 |         return value | 
 |  | 
 |     @contextmanager | 
 |     def block(self, *, extra = None): | 
 |         """A context manager for preparing the source for blocks. It adds | 
 |         the character':', increases the indentation on enter and decreases | 
 |         the indentation on exit. If *extra* is given, it will be directly | 
 |         appended after the colon character. | 
 |         """ | 
 |         self.write(":") | 
 |         if extra: | 
 |             self.write(extra) | 
 |         self._indent += 1 | 
 |         yield | 
 |         self._indent -= 1 | 
 |  | 
 |     @contextmanager | 
 |     def delimit(self, start, end): | 
 |         """A context manager for preparing the source for expressions. It adds | 
 |         *start* to the buffer and enters, after exit it adds *end*.""" | 
 |  | 
 |         self.write(start) | 
 |         yield | 
 |         self.write(end) | 
 |  | 
 |     def delimit_if(self, start, end, condition): | 
 |         if condition: | 
 |             return self.delimit(start, end) | 
 |         else: | 
 |             return nullcontext() | 
 |  | 
 |     def require_parens(self, precedence, node): | 
 |         """Shortcut to adding precedence related parens""" | 
 |         return self.delimit_if("(", ")", self.get_precedence(node) > precedence) | 
 |  | 
 |     def get_precedence(self, node): | 
 |         return self._precedences.get(node, _Precedence.TEST) | 
 |  | 
 |     def set_precedence(self, precedence, *nodes): | 
 |         for node in nodes: | 
 |             self._precedences[node] = precedence | 
 |  | 
 |     def get_raw_docstring(self, node): | 
 |         """If a docstring node is found in the body of the *node* parameter, | 
 |         return that docstring node, None otherwise. | 
 |  | 
 |         Logic mirrored from ``_PyAST_GetDocString``.""" | 
 |         if not isinstance( | 
 |             node, (AsyncFunctionDef, FunctionDef, ClassDef, Module) | 
 |         ) or len(node.body) < 1: | 
 |             return None | 
 |         node = node.body[0] | 
 |         if not isinstance(node, Expr): | 
 |             return None | 
 |         node = node.value | 
 |         if isinstance(node, Constant) and isinstance(node.value, str): | 
 |             return node | 
 |  | 
 |     def get_type_comment(self, node): | 
 |         comment = self._type_ignores.get(node.lineno) or node.type_comment | 
 |         if comment is not None: | 
 |             return f" # type: {comment}" | 
 |  | 
 |     def traverse(self, node): | 
 |         if isinstance(node, list): | 
 |             for item in node: | 
 |                 self.traverse(item) | 
 |         else: | 
 |             super().visit(node) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit(self, node): | 
 |         """Outputs a source code string that, if converted back to an ast | 
 |         (using ast.parse) will generate an AST equivalent to *node*""" | 
 |         self._source = [] | 
 |         self.traverse(node) | 
 |         return "".join(self._source) | 
 |  | 
 |     def _write_docstring_and_traverse_body(self, node): | 
 |         if (docstring := self.get_raw_docstring(node)): | 
 |             self._write_docstring(docstring) | 
 |             self.traverse(node.body[1:]) | 
 |         else: | 
 |             self.traverse(node.body) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Module(self, node): | 
 |         self._type_ignores = { | 
 |             ignore.lineno: f"ignore{ignore.tag}" | 
 |             for ignore in node.type_ignores | 
 |         } | 
 |         self._write_docstring_and_traverse_body(node) | 
 |         self._type_ignores.clear() | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_FunctionType(self, node): | 
 |         with self.delimit("(", ")"): | 
 |             self.interleave( | 
 |                 lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, node.argtypes | 
 |             ) | 
 |  | 
 |         self.write(" -> ") | 
 |         self.traverse(node.returns) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Expr(self, node): | 
 |         self.fill() | 
 |         self.set_precedence(_Precedence.YIELD, node.value) | 
 |         self.traverse(node.value) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_NamedExpr(self, node): | 
 |         with self.require_parens(_Precedence.TUPLE, node): | 
 |             self.set_precedence(_Precedence.ATOM, node.target, node.value) | 
 |             self.traverse(node.target) | 
 |             self.write(" := ") | 
 |             self.traverse(node.value) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Import(self, node): | 
 |         self.fill("import ") | 
 |         self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, node.names) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_ImportFrom(self, node): | 
 |         self.fill("from ") | 
 |         self.write("." * node.level) | 
 |         if node.module: | 
 |             self.write(node.module) | 
 |         self.write(" import ") | 
 |         self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, node.names) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Assign(self, node): | 
 |         self.fill() | 
 |         for target in node.targets: | 
 |             self.traverse(target) | 
 |             self.write(" = ") | 
 |         self.traverse(node.value) | 
 |         if type_comment := self.get_type_comment(node): | 
 |             self.write(type_comment) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_AugAssign(self, node): | 
 |         self.fill() | 
 |         self.traverse(node.target) | 
 |         self.write(" " + self.binop[node.op.__class__.__name__] + "= ") | 
 |         self.traverse(node.value) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_AnnAssign(self, node): | 
 |         self.fill() | 
 |         with self.delimit_if("(", ")", not node.simple and isinstance(node.target, Name)): | 
 |             self.traverse(node.target) | 
 |         self.write(": ") | 
 |         self.traverse(node.annotation) | 
 |         if node.value: | 
 |             self.write(" = ") | 
 |             self.traverse(node.value) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Return(self, node): | 
 |         self.fill("return") | 
 |         if node.value: | 
 |             self.write(" ") | 
 |             self.traverse(node.value) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Pass(self, node): | 
 |         self.fill("pass") | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Break(self, node): | 
 |         self.fill("break") | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Continue(self, node): | 
 |         self.fill("continue") | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Delete(self, node): | 
 |         self.fill("del ") | 
 |         self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, node.targets) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Assert(self, node): | 
 |         self.fill("assert ") | 
 |         self.traverse(node.test) | 
 |         if node.msg: | 
 |             self.write(", ") | 
 |             self.traverse(node.msg) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Global(self, node): | 
 |         self.fill("global ") | 
 |         self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.write, node.names) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Nonlocal(self, node): | 
 |         self.fill("nonlocal ") | 
 |         self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.write, node.names) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Await(self, node): | 
 |         with self.require_parens(_Precedence.AWAIT, node): | 
 |             self.write("await") | 
 |             if node.value: | 
 |                 self.write(" ") | 
 |                 self.set_precedence(_Precedence.ATOM, node.value) | 
 |                 self.traverse(node.value) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Yield(self, node): | 
 |         with self.require_parens(_Precedence.YIELD, node): | 
 |             self.write("yield") | 
 |             if node.value: | 
 |                 self.write(" ") | 
 |                 self.set_precedence(_Precedence.ATOM, node.value) | 
 |                 self.traverse(node.value) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_YieldFrom(self, node): | 
 |         with self.require_parens(_Precedence.YIELD, node): | 
 |             self.write("yield from ") | 
 |             if not node.value: | 
 |                 raise ValueError("Node can't be used without a value attribute.") | 
 |             self.set_precedence(_Precedence.ATOM, node.value) | 
 |             self.traverse(node.value) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Raise(self, node): | 
 |         self.fill("raise") | 
 |         if not node.exc: | 
 |             if node.cause: | 
 |                 raise ValueError(f"Node can't use cause without an exception.") | 
 |             return | 
 |         self.write(" ") | 
 |         self.traverse(node.exc) | 
 |         if node.cause: | 
 |             self.write(" from ") | 
 |             self.traverse(node.cause) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Try(self, node): | 
 |         self.fill("try") | 
 |         with self.block(): | 
 |             self.traverse(node.body) | 
 |         for ex in node.handlers: | 
 |             self.traverse(ex) | 
 |         if node.orelse: | 
 |             self.fill("else") | 
 |             with self.block(): | 
 |                 self.traverse(node.orelse) | 
 |         if node.finalbody: | 
 |             self.fill("finally") | 
 |             with self.block(): | 
 |                 self.traverse(node.finalbody) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_ExceptHandler(self, node): | 
 |         self.fill("except") | 
 |         if node.type: | 
 |             self.write(" ") | 
 |             self.traverse(node.type) | 
 |         if node.name: | 
 |             self.write(" as ") | 
 |             self.write(node.name) | 
 |         with self.block(): | 
 |             self.traverse(node.body) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_ClassDef(self, node): | 
 |         self.maybe_newline() | 
 |         for deco in node.decorator_list: | 
 |             self.fill("@") | 
 |             self.traverse(deco) | 
 |         self.fill("class " + node.name) | 
 |         with self.delimit_if("(", ")", condition = node.bases or node.keywords): | 
 |             comma = False | 
 |             for e in node.bases: | 
 |                 if comma: | 
 |                     self.write(", ") | 
 |                 else: | 
 |                     comma = True | 
 |                 self.traverse(e) | 
 |             for e in node.keywords: | 
 |                 if comma: | 
 |                     self.write(", ") | 
 |                 else: | 
 |                     comma = True | 
 |                 self.traverse(e) | 
 |  | 
 |         with self.block(): | 
 |             self._write_docstring_and_traverse_body(node) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_FunctionDef(self, node): | 
 |         self._function_helper(node, "def") | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_AsyncFunctionDef(self, node): | 
 |         self._function_helper(node, "async def") | 
 |  | 
 |     def _function_helper(self, node, fill_suffix): | 
 |         self.maybe_newline() | 
 |         for deco in node.decorator_list: | 
 |             self.fill("@") | 
 |             self.traverse(deco) | 
 |         def_str = fill_suffix + " " + node.name | 
 |         self.fill(def_str) | 
 |         with self.delimit("(", ")"): | 
 |             self.traverse(node.args) | 
 |         if node.returns: | 
 |             self.write(" -> ") | 
 |             self.traverse(node.returns) | 
 |         with self.block(extra=self.get_type_comment(node)): | 
 |             self._write_docstring_and_traverse_body(node) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_For(self, node): | 
 |         self._for_helper("for ", node) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_AsyncFor(self, node): | 
 |         self._for_helper("async for ", node) | 
 |  | 
 |     def _for_helper(self, fill, node): | 
 |         self.fill(fill) | 
 |         self.traverse(node.target) | 
 |         self.write(" in ") | 
 |         self.traverse(node.iter) | 
 |         with self.block(extra=self.get_type_comment(node)): | 
 |             self.traverse(node.body) | 
 |         if node.orelse: | 
 |             self.fill("else") | 
 |             with self.block(): | 
 |                 self.traverse(node.orelse) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_If(self, node): | 
 |         self.fill("if ") | 
 |         self.traverse(node.test) | 
 |         with self.block(): | 
 |             self.traverse(node.body) | 
 |         # collapse nested ifs into equivalent elifs. | 
 |         while node.orelse and len(node.orelse) == 1 and isinstance(node.orelse[0], If): | 
 |             node = node.orelse[0] | 
 |             self.fill("elif ") | 
 |             self.traverse(node.test) | 
 |             with self.block(): | 
 |                 self.traverse(node.body) | 
 |         # final else | 
 |         if node.orelse: | 
 |             self.fill("else") | 
 |             with self.block(): | 
 |                 self.traverse(node.orelse) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_While(self, node): | 
 |         self.fill("while ") | 
 |         self.traverse(node.test) | 
 |         with self.block(): | 
 |             self.traverse(node.body) | 
 |         if node.orelse: | 
 |             self.fill("else") | 
 |             with self.block(): | 
 |                 self.traverse(node.orelse) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_With(self, node): | 
 |         self.fill("with ") | 
 |         self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, node.items) | 
 |         with self.block(extra=self.get_type_comment(node)): | 
 |             self.traverse(node.body) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_AsyncWith(self, node): | 
 |         self.fill("async with ") | 
 |         self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, node.items) | 
 |         with self.block(extra=self.get_type_comment(node)): | 
 |             self.traverse(node.body) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_JoinedStr(self, node): | 
 |         self.write("f") | 
 |         self._fstring_JoinedStr(node, self.buffer_writer) | 
 |         self.write(repr(self.buffer)) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_FormattedValue(self, node): | 
 |         self.write("f") | 
 |         self._fstring_FormattedValue(node, self.buffer_writer) | 
 |         self.write(repr(self.buffer)) | 
 |  | 
 |     def _fstring_JoinedStr(self, node, write): | 
 |         for value in node.values: | 
 |             meth = getattr(self, "_fstring_" + type(value).__name__) | 
 |             meth(value, write) | 
 |  | 
 |     def _fstring_Constant(self, node, write): | 
 |         if not isinstance(node.value, str): | 
 |             raise ValueError("Constants inside JoinedStr should be a string.") | 
 |         value = node.value.replace("{", "{{").replace("}", "}}") | 
 |         write(value) | 
 |  | 
 |     def _fstring_FormattedValue(self, node, write): | 
 |         write("{") | 
 |         unparser = type(self)() | 
 |         unparser.set_precedence(_Precedence.TEST.next(), node.value) | 
 |         expr = unparser.visit(node.value) | 
 |         if expr.startswith("{"): | 
 |             write(" ")  # Separate pair of opening brackets as "{ {" | 
 |         write(expr) | 
 |         if node.conversion != -1: | 
 |             conversion = chr(node.conversion) | 
 |             if conversion not in "sra": | 
 |                 raise ValueError("Unknown f-string conversion.") | 
 |             write(f"!{conversion}") | 
 |         if node.format_spec: | 
 |             write(":") | 
 |             meth = getattr(self, "_fstring_" + type(node.format_spec).__name__) | 
 |             meth(node.format_spec, write) | 
 |         write("}") | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Name(self, node): | 
 |         self.write(node.id) | 
 |  | 
 |     def _write_docstring(self, node): | 
 |         def esc_char(c): | 
 |             if c in ("\n", "\t"): | 
 |                 # In the AST form, we don't know the author's intentation | 
 |                 # about how this should be displayed. We'll only escape | 
 |                 # \n and \t, because they are more likely to be unescaped | 
 |                 # in the source | 
 |                 return c | 
 |             return c.encode('unicode_escape').decode('ascii') | 
 |  | 
 |         self.fill() | 
 |         if node.kind == "u": | 
 |             self.write("u") | 
 |  | 
 |         value = node.value | 
 |         if value: | 
 |             # Preserve quotes in the docstring by escaping them | 
 |             value = "".join(map(esc_char, value)) | 
 |             if value[-1] == '"': | 
 |                 value = value.replace('"', '\\"', -1) | 
 |             value = value.replace('"""', '""\\"') | 
 |  | 
 |         self.write(f'"""{value}"""') | 
 |  | 
 |     def _write_constant(self, value): | 
 |         if isinstance(value, (float, complex)): | 
 |             # Substitute overflowing decimal literal for AST infinities. | 
 |             self.write(repr(value).replace("inf", _INFSTR)) | 
 |         else: | 
 |             self.write(repr(value)) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Constant(self, node): | 
 |         value = node.value | 
 |         if isinstance(value, tuple): | 
 |             with self.delimit("(", ")"): | 
 |                 self.items_view(self._write_constant, value) | 
 |         elif value is ...: | 
 |             self.write("...") | 
 |         else: | 
 |             if node.kind == "u": | 
 |                 self.write("u") | 
 |             self._write_constant(node.value) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_List(self, node): | 
 |         with self.delimit("[", "]"): | 
 |             self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, node.elts) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_ListComp(self, node): | 
 |         with self.delimit("[", "]"): | 
 |             self.traverse(node.elt) | 
 |             for gen in node.generators: | 
 |                 self.traverse(gen) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_GeneratorExp(self, node): | 
 |         with self.delimit("(", ")"): | 
 |             self.traverse(node.elt) | 
 |             for gen in node.generators: | 
 |                 self.traverse(gen) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_SetComp(self, node): | 
 |         with self.delimit("{", "}"): | 
 |             self.traverse(node.elt) | 
 |             for gen in node.generators: | 
 |                 self.traverse(gen) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_DictComp(self, node): | 
 |         with self.delimit("{", "}"): | 
 |             self.traverse(node.key) | 
 |             self.write(": ") | 
 |             self.traverse(node.value) | 
 |             for gen in node.generators: | 
 |                 self.traverse(gen) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_comprehension(self, node): | 
 |         if node.is_async: | 
 |             self.write(" async for ") | 
 |         else: | 
 |             self.write(" for ") | 
 |         self.set_precedence(_Precedence.TUPLE, node.target) | 
 |         self.traverse(node.target) | 
 |         self.write(" in ") | 
 |         self.set_precedence(_Precedence.TEST.next(), node.iter, *node.ifs) | 
 |         self.traverse(node.iter) | 
 |         for if_clause in node.ifs: | 
 |             self.write(" if ") | 
 |             self.traverse(if_clause) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_IfExp(self, node): | 
 |         with self.require_parens(_Precedence.TEST, node): | 
 |             self.set_precedence(_Precedence.TEST.next(), node.body, node.test) | 
 |             self.traverse(node.body) | 
 |             self.write(" if ") | 
 |             self.traverse(node.test) | 
 |             self.write(" else ") | 
 |             self.set_precedence(_Precedence.TEST, node.orelse) | 
 |             self.traverse(node.orelse) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Set(self, node): | 
 |         if not node.elts: | 
 |             raise ValueError("Set node should have at least one item") | 
 |         with self.delimit("{", "}"): | 
 |             self.interleave(lambda: self.write(", "), self.traverse, node.elts) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Dict(self, node): | 
 |         def write_key_value_pair(k, v): | 
 |             self.traverse(k) | 
 |             self.write(": ") | 
 |             self.traverse(v) | 
 |  | 
 |         def write_item(item): | 
 |             k, v = item | 
 |             if k is None: | 
 |                 # for dictionary unpacking operator in dicts {**{'y': 2}} | 
 |                 # see PEP 448 for details | 
 |                 self.write("**") | 
 |                 self.set_precedence(_Precedence.EXPR, v) | 
 |                 self.traverse(v) | 
 |             else: | 
 |                 write_key_value_pair(k, v) | 
 |  | 
 |         with self.delimit("{", "}"): | 
 |             self.interleave( | 
 |                 lambda: self.write(", "), write_item, zip(node.keys, node.values) | 
 |             ) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Tuple(self, node): | 
 |         with self.delimit("(", ")"): | 
 |             self.items_view(self.traverse, node.elts) | 
 |  | 
 |     unop = {"Invert": "~", "Not": "not", "UAdd": "+", "USub": "-"} | 
 |     unop_precedence = { | 
 |         "not": _Precedence.NOT, | 
 |         "~": _Precedence.FACTOR, | 
 |         "+": _Precedence.FACTOR, | 
 |         "-": _Precedence.FACTOR, | 
 |     } | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_UnaryOp(self, node): | 
 |         operator = self.unop[node.op.__class__.__name__] | 
 |         operator_precedence = self.unop_precedence[operator] | 
 |         with self.require_parens(operator_precedence, node): | 
 |             self.write(operator) | 
 |             # factor prefixes (+, -, ~) shouldn't be seperated | 
 |             # from the value they belong, (e.g: +1 instead of + 1) | 
 |             if operator_precedence is not _Precedence.FACTOR: | 
 |                 self.write(" ") | 
 |             self.set_precedence(operator_precedence, node.operand) | 
 |             self.traverse(node.operand) | 
 |  | 
 |     binop = { | 
 |         "Add": "+", | 
 |         "Sub": "-", | 
 |         "Mult": "*", | 
 |         "MatMult": "@", | 
 |         "Div": "/", | 
 |         "Mod": "%", | 
 |         "LShift": "<<", | 
 |         "RShift": ">>", | 
 |         "BitOr": "|", | 
 |         "BitXor": "^", | 
 |         "BitAnd": "&", | 
 |         "FloorDiv": "//", | 
 |         "Pow": "**", | 
 |     } | 
 |  | 
 |     binop_precedence = { | 
 |         "+": _Precedence.ARITH, | 
 |         "-": _Precedence.ARITH, | 
 |         "*": _Precedence.TERM, | 
 |         "@": _Precedence.TERM, | 
 |         "/": _Precedence.TERM, | 
 |         "%": _Precedence.TERM, | 
 |         "<<": _Precedence.SHIFT, | 
 |         ">>": _Precedence.SHIFT, | 
 |         "|": _Precedence.BOR, | 
 |         "^": _Precedence.BXOR, | 
 |         "&": _Precedence.BAND, | 
 |         "//": _Precedence.TERM, | 
 |         "**": _Precedence.POWER, | 
 |     } | 
 |  | 
 |     binop_rassoc = frozenset(("**",)) | 
 |     def visit_BinOp(self, node): | 
 |         operator = self.binop[node.op.__class__.__name__] | 
 |         operator_precedence = self.binop_precedence[operator] | 
 |         with self.require_parens(operator_precedence, node): | 
 |             if operator in self.binop_rassoc: | 
 |                 left_precedence = operator_precedence.next() | 
 |                 right_precedence = operator_precedence | 
 |             else: | 
 |                 left_precedence = operator_precedence | 
 |                 right_precedence = operator_precedence.next() | 
 |  | 
 |             self.set_precedence(left_precedence, node.left) | 
 |             self.traverse(node.left) | 
 |             self.write(f" {operator} ") | 
 |             self.set_precedence(right_precedence, node.right) | 
 |             self.traverse(node.right) | 
 |  | 
 |     cmpops = { | 
 |         "Eq": "==", | 
 |         "NotEq": "!=", | 
 |         "Lt": "<", | 
 |         "LtE": "<=", | 
 |         "Gt": ">", | 
 |         "GtE": ">=", | 
 |         "Is": "is", | 
 |         "IsNot": "is not", | 
 |         "In": "in", | 
 |         "NotIn": "not in", | 
 |     } | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Compare(self, node): | 
 |         with self.require_parens(_Precedence.CMP, node): | 
 |             self.set_precedence(_Precedence.CMP.next(), node.left, *node.comparators) | 
 |             self.traverse(node.left) | 
 |             for o, e in zip(node.ops, node.comparators): | 
 |                 self.write(" " + self.cmpops[o.__class__.__name__] + " ") | 
 |                 self.traverse(e) | 
 |  | 
 |     boolops = {"And": "and", "Or": "or"} | 
 |     boolop_precedence = {"and": _Precedence.AND, "or": _Precedence.OR} | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_BoolOp(self, node): | 
 |         operator = self.boolops[node.op.__class__.__name__] | 
 |         operator_precedence = self.boolop_precedence[operator] | 
 |  | 
 |         def increasing_level_traverse(node): | 
 |             nonlocal operator_precedence | 
 |             operator_precedence = operator_precedence.next() | 
 |             self.set_precedence(operator_precedence, node) | 
 |             self.traverse(node) | 
 |  | 
 |         with self.require_parens(operator_precedence, node): | 
 |             s = f" {operator} " | 
 |             self.interleave(lambda: self.write(s), increasing_level_traverse, node.values) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Attribute(self, node): | 
 |         self.set_precedence(_Precedence.ATOM, node.value) | 
 |         self.traverse(node.value) | 
 |         # Special case: 3.__abs__() is a syntax error, so if node.value | 
 |         # is an integer literal then we need to either parenthesize | 
 |         # it or add an extra space to get 3 .__abs__(). | 
 |         if isinstance(node.value, Constant) and isinstance(node.value.value, int): | 
 |             self.write(" ") | 
 |         self.write(".") | 
 |         self.write(node.attr) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Call(self, node): | 
 |         self.set_precedence(_Precedence.ATOM, node.func) | 
 |         self.traverse(node.func) | 
 |         with self.delimit("(", ")"): | 
 |             comma = False | 
 |             for e in node.args: | 
 |                 if comma: | 
 |                     self.write(", ") | 
 |                 else: | 
 |                     comma = True | 
 |                 self.traverse(e) | 
 |             for e in node.keywords: | 
 |                 if comma: | 
 |                     self.write(", ") | 
 |                 else: | 
 |                     comma = True | 
 |                 self.traverse(e) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Subscript(self, node): | 
 |         def is_simple_tuple(slice_value): | 
 |             # when unparsing a non-empty tuple, the parantheses can be safely | 
 |             # omitted if there aren't any elements that explicitly requires | 
 |             # parantheses (such as starred expressions). | 
 |             return ( | 
 |                 isinstance(slice_value, Tuple) | 
 |                 and slice_value.elts | 
 |                 and not any(isinstance(elt, Starred) for elt in slice_value.elts) | 
 |             ) | 
 |  | 
 |         self.set_precedence(_Precedence.ATOM, node.value) | 
 |         self.traverse(node.value) | 
 |         with self.delimit("[", "]"): | 
 |             if is_simple_tuple(node.slice): | 
 |                 self.items_view(self.traverse, node.slice.elts) | 
 |             else: | 
 |                 self.traverse(node.slice) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Starred(self, node): | 
 |         self.write("*") | 
 |         self.set_precedence(_Precedence.EXPR, node.value) | 
 |         self.traverse(node.value) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Ellipsis(self, node): | 
 |         self.write("...") | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Slice(self, node): | 
 |         if node.lower: | 
 |             self.traverse(node.lower) | 
 |         self.write(":") | 
 |         if node.upper: | 
 |             self.traverse(node.upper) | 
 |         if node.step: | 
 |             self.write(":") | 
 |             self.traverse(node.step) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_arg(self, node): | 
 |         self.write(node.arg) | 
 |         if node.annotation: | 
 |             self.write(": ") | 
 |             self.traverse(node.annotation) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_arguments(self, node): | 
 |         first = True | 
 |         # normal arguments | 
 |         all_args = node.posonlyargs + node.args | 
 |         defaults = [None] * (len(all_args) - len(node.defaults)) + node.defaults | 
 |         for index, elements in enumerate(zip(all_args, defaults), 1): | 
 |             a, d = elements | 
 |             if first: | 
 |                 first = False | 
 |             else: | 
 |                 self.write(", ") | 
 |             self.traverse(a) | 
 |             if d: | 
 |                 self.write("=") | 
 |                 self.traverse(d) | 
 |             if index == len(node.posonlyargs): | 
 |                 self.write(", /") | 
 |  | 
 |         # varargs, or bare '*' if no varargs but keyword-only arguments present | 
 |         if node.vararg or node.kwonlyargs: | 
 |             if first: | 
 |                 first = False | 
 |             else: | 
 |                 self.write(", ") | 
 |             self.write("*") | 
 |             if node.vararg: | 
 |                 self.write(node.vararg.arg) | 
 |                 if node.vararg.annotation: | 
 |                     self.write(": ") | 
 |                     self.traverse(node.vararg.annotation) | 
 |  | 
 |         # keyword-only arguments | 
 |         if node.kwonlyargs: | 
 |             for a, d in zip(node.kwonlyargs, node.kw_defaults): | 
 |                 self.write(", ") | 
 |                 self.traverse(a) | 
 |                 if d: | 
 |                     self.write("=") | 
 |                     self.traverse(d) | 
 |  | 
 |         # kwargs | 
 |         if node.kwarg: | 
 |             if first: | 
 |                 first = False | 
 |             else: | 
 |                 self.write(", ") | 
 |             self.write("**" + node.kwarg.arg) | 
 |             if node.kwarg.annotation: | 
 |                 self.write(": ") | 
 |                 self.traverse(node.kwarg.annotation) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_keyword(self, node): | 
 |         if node.arg is None: | 
 |             self.write("**") | 
 |         else: | 
 |             self.write(node.arg) | 
 |             self.write("=") | 
 |         self.traverse(node.value) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_Lambda(self, node): | 
 |         with self.require_parens(_Precedence.TEST, node): | 
 |             self.write("lambda ") | 
 |             self.traverse(node.args) | 
 |             self.write(": ") | 
 |             self.set_precedence(_Precedence.TEST, node.body) | 
 |             self.traverse(node.body) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_alias(self, node): | 
 |         self.write(node.name) | 
 |         if node.asname: | 
 |             self.write(" as " + node.asname) | 
 |  | 
 |     def visit_withitem(self, node): | 
 |         self.traverse(node.context_expr) | 
 |         if node.optional_vars: | 
 |             self.write(" as ") | 
 |             self.traverse(node.optional_vars) | 
 |  | 
 | def unparse(ast_obj): | 
 |     unparser = _Unparser() | 
 |     return unparser.visit(ast_obj) | 
 |  | 
 |  | 
 | def main(): | 
 |     import argparse | 
 |  | 
 |     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='python -m ast') | 
 |     parser.add_argument('infile', type=argparse.FileType(mode='rb'), nargs='?', | 
 |                         default='-', | 
 |                         help='the file to parse; defaults to stdin') | 
 |     parser.add_argument('-m', '--mode', default='exec', | 
 |                         choices=('exec', 'single', 'eval', 'func_type'), | 
 |                         help='specify what kind of code must be parsed') | 
 |     parser.add_argument('--no-type-comments', default=True, action='store_false', | 
 |                         help="don't add information about type comments") | 
 |     parser.add_argument('-a', '--include-attributes', action='store_true', | 
 |                         help='include attributes such as line numbers and ' | 
 |                              'column offsets') | 
 |     parser.add_argument('-i', '--indent', type=int, default=3, | 
 |                         help='indentation of nodes (number of spaces)') | 
 |     args = parser.parse_args() | 
 |  | 
 |     with args.infile as infile: | 
 |         source = infile.read() | 
 |     tree = parse(source, args.infile.name, args.mode, type_comments=args.no_type_comments) | 
 |     print(dump(tree, include_attributes=args.include_attributes, indent=args.indent)) | 
 |  | 
 | if __name__ == '__main__': | 
 |     main() |