| :mod:`ftplib` --- FTP protocol client |
| ===================================== |
| |
| .. module:: ftplib |
| :synopsis: FTP protocol client (requires sockets). |
| |
| |
| .. index:: |
| pair: FTP; protocol |
| single: FTP; ftplib (standard module) |
| |
| **Source code:** :source:`Lib/ftplib.py` |
| |
| -------------- |
| |
| This module defines the class :class:`FTP` and a few related items. The |
| :class:`FTP` class implements the client side of the FTP protocol. You can use |
| this to write Python programs that perform a variety of automated FTP jobs, such |
| as mirroring other ftp servers. It is also used by the module |
| :mod:`urllib.request` to handle URLs that use FTP. For more information on FTP |
| (File Transfer Protocol), see Internet :rfc:`959`. |
| |
| Here's a sample session using the :mod:`ftplib` module:: |
| |
| >>> from ftplib import FTP |
| >>> ftp = FTP('ftp.debian.org') # connect to host, default port |
| >>> ftp.login() # user anonymous, passwd anonymous@ |
| '230 Login successful.' |
| >>> ftp.cwd('debian') # change into "debian" directory |
| >>> ftp.retrlines('LIST') # list directory contents |
| -rw-rw-r-- 1 1176 1176 1063 Jun 15 10:18 README |
| ... |
| drwxr-sr-x 5 1176 1176 4096 Dec 19 2000 pool |
| drwxr-sr-x 4 1176 1176 4096 Nov 17 2008 project |
| drwxr-xr-x 3 1176 1176 4096 Oct 10 2012 tools |
| '226 Directory send OK.' |
| >>> ftp.retrbinary('RETR README', open('README', 'wb').write) |
| '226 Transfer complete.' |
| >>> ftp.quit() |
| |
| |
| The module defines the following items: |
| |
| .. class:: FTP(host='', user='', passwd='', acct='', timeout=None, source_address=None) |
| |
| Return a new instance of the :class:`FTP` class. When *host* is given, the |
| method call ``connect(host)`` is made. When *user* is given, additionally |
| the method call ``login(user, passwd, acct)`` is made (where *passwd* and |
| *acct* default to the empty string when not given). The optional *timeout* |
| parameter specifies a timeout in seconds for blocking operations like the |
| connection attempt (if is not specified, the global default timeout setting |
| will be used). *source_address* is a 2-tuple ``(host, port)`` for the socket |
| to bind to as its source address before connecting. |
| |
| :class:`FTP` class supports the :keyword:`with` statement. Here is a sample |
| on how using it: |
| |
| >>> from ftplib import FTP |
| >>> with FTP("ftp1.at.proftpd.org") as ftp: |
| ... ftp.login() |
| ... ftp.dir() |
| ... |
| '230 Anonymous login ok, restrictions apply.' |
| dr-xr-xr-x 9 ftp ftp 154 May 6 10:43 . |
| dr-xr-xr-x 9 ftp ftp 154 May 6 10:43 .. |
| dr-xr-xr-x 5 ftp ftp 4096 May 6 10:43 CentOS |
| dr-xr-xr-x 3 ftp ftp 18 Jul 10 2008 Fedora |
| >>> |
| |
| .. versionchanged:: 3.2 |
| Support for the :keyword:`with` statement was added. |
| |
| .. versionchanged:: 3.3 |
| *source_address* parameter was added. |
| |
| |
| .. class:: FTP_TLS(host='', user='', passwd='', acct='', keyfile=None, certfile=None, context=None, timeout=None, source_address=None) |
| |
| A :class:`FTP` subclass which adds TLS support to FTP as described in |
| :rfc:`4217`. |
| Connect as usual to port 21 implicitly securing the FTP control connection |
| before authenticating. Securing the data connection requires the user to |
| explicitly ask for it by calling the :meth:`prot_p` method. *context* |
| is a :class:`ssl.SSLContext` object which allows bundling SSL configuration |
| options, certificates and private keys into a single (potentially |
| long-lived) structure. Please read :ref:`ssl-security` for best practices. |
| |
| *keyfile* and *certfile* are a legacy alternative to *context* -- they |
| can point to PEM-formatted private key and certificate chain files |
| (respectively) for the SSL connection. |
| |
| .. versionadded:: 3.2 |
| |
| .. versionchanged:: 3.3 |
| *source_address* parameter was added. |
| |
| .. versionchanged:: 3.4 |
| The class now supports hostname check with |
| :attr:`ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname` and *Server Name Indication* (see |
| :data:`ssl.HAS_SNI`). |
| |
| Here's a sample session using the :class:`FTP_TLS` class:: |
| |
| >>> ftps = FTP_TLS('ftp.pureftpd.org') |
| >>> ftps.login() |
| '230 Anonymous user logged in' |
| >>> ftps.prot_p() |
| '200 Data protection level set to "private"' |
| >>> ftps.nlst() |
| ['6jack', 'OpenBSD', 'antilink', 'blogbench', 'bsdcam', 'clockspeed', 'djbdns-jedi', 'docs', 'eaccelerator-jedi', 'favicon.ico', 'francotone', 'fugu', 'ignore', 'libpuzzle', 'metalog', 'minidentd', 'misc', 'mysql-udf-global-user-variables', 'php-jenkins-hash', 'php-skein-hash', 'php-webdav', 'phpaudit', 'phpbench', 'pincaster', 'ping', 'posto', 'pub', 'public', 'public_keys', 'pure-ftpd', 'qscan', 'qtc', 'sharedance', 'skycache', 'sound', 'tmp', 'ucarp'] |
| |
| |
| .. exception:: error_reply |
| |
| Exception raised when an unexpected reply is received from the server. |
| |
| |
| .. exception:: error_temp |
| |
| Exception raised when an error code signifying a temporary error (response |
| codes in the range 400--499) is received. |
| |
| |
| .. exception:: error_perm |
| |
| Exception raised when an error code signifying a permanent error (response |
| codes in the range 500--599) is received. |
| |
| |
| .. exception:: error_proto |
| |
| Exception raised when a reply is received from the server that does not fit |
| the response specifications of the File Transfer Protocol, i.e. begin with a |
| digit in the range 1--5. |
| |
| |
| .. data:: all_errors |
| |
| The set of all exceptions (as a tuple) that methods of :class:`FTP` |
| instances may raise as a result of problems with the FTP connection (as |
| opposed to programming errors made by the caller). This set includes the |
| four exceptions listed above as well as :exc:`OSError`. |
| |
| |
| .. seealso:: |
| |
| Module :mod:`netrc` |
| Parser for the :file:`.netrc` file format. The file :file:`.netrc` is |
| typically used by FTP clients to load user authentication information |
| before prompting the user. |
| |
| .. index:: single: ftpmirror.py |
| |
| The file :file:`Tools/scripts/ftpmirror.py` in the Python source distribution is |
| a script that can mirror FTP sites, or portions thereof, using the :mod:`ftplib` |
| module. It can be used as an extended example that applies this module. |
| |
| |
| .. _ftp-objects: |
| |
| FTP Objects |
| ----------- |
| |
| Several methods are available in two flavors: one for handling text files and |
| another for binary files. These are named for the command which is used |
| followed by ``lines`` for the text version or ``binary`` for the binary version. |
| |
| :class:`FTP` instances have the following methods: |
| |
| |
| .. method:: FTP.set_debuglevel(level) |
| |
| Set the instance's debugging level. This controls the amount of debugging |
| output printed. The default, ``0``, produces no debugging output. A value of |
| ``1`` produces a moderate amount of debugging output, generally a single line |
| per request. A value of ``2`` or higher produces the maximum amount of |
| debugging output, logging each line sent and received on the control connection. |
| |
| |
| .. method:: FTP.connect(host='', port=0, timeout=None, source_address=None) |
| |
| Connect to the given host and port. The default port number is ``21``, as |
| specified by the FTP protocol specification. It is rarely needed to specify a |
| different port number. This function should be called only once for each |
| instance; it should not be called at all if a host was given when the instance |
| was created. All other methods can only be used after a connection has been |
| made. |
| The optional *timeout* parameter specifies a timeout in seconds for the |
| connection attempt. If no *timeout* is passed, the global default timeout |
| setting will be used. |
| *source_address* is a 2-tuple ``(host, port)`` for the socket to bind to as |
| its source address before connecting. |
| |
| .. versionchanged:: 3.3 |
| *source_address* parameter was added. |
| |
| |
| .. method:: FTP.getwelcome() |
| |
| Return the welcome message sent by the server in reply to the initial |
| connection. (This message sometimes contains disclaimers or help information |
| that may be relevant to the user.) |
| |
| |
| .. method:: FTP.login(user='anonymous', passwd='', acct='') |
| |
| Log in as the given *user*. The *passwd* and *acct* parameters are optional and |
| default to the empty string. If no *user* is specified, it defaults to |
| ``'anonymous'``. If *user* is ``'anonymous'``, the default *passwd* is |
| ``'anonymous@'``. This function should be called only once for each instance, |
| after a connection has been established; it should not be called at all if a |
| host and user were given when the instance was created. Most FTP commands are |
| only allowed after the client has logged in. The *acct* parameter supplies |
| "accounting information"; few systems implement this. |
| |
| |
| .. method:: FTP.abort() |
| |
| Abort a file transfer that is in progress. Using this does not always work, but |
| it's worth a try. |
| |
| |
| .. method:: FTP.sendcmd(cmd) |
| |
| Send a simple command string to the server and return the response string. |
| |
| |
| .. method:: FTP.voidcmd(cmd) |
| |
| Send a simple command string to the server and handle the response. Return |
| nothing if a response code corresponding to success (codes in the range |
| 200--299) is received. Raise :exc:`error_reply` otherwise. |
| |
| |
| .. method:: FTP.retrbinary(cmd, callback, blocksize=8192, rest=None) |
| |
| Retrieve a file in binary transfer mode. *cmd* should be an appropriate |
| ``RETR`` command: ``'RETR filename'``. The *callback* function is called for |
| each block of data received, with a single string argument giving the data |
| block. The optional *blocksize* argument specifies the maximum chunk size to |
| read on the low-level socket object created to do the actual transfer (which |
| will also be the largest size of the data blocks passed to *callback*). A |
| reasonable default is chosen. *rest* means the same thing as in the |
| :meth:`transfercmd` method. |
| |
| |
| .. method:: FTP.retrlines(cmd, callback=None) |
| |
| Retrieve a file or directory listing in ASCII transfer mode. *cmd* should be |
| an appropriate ``RETR`` command (see :meth:`retrbinary`) or a command such as |
| ``LIST`` or ``NLST`` (usually just the string ``'LIST'``). |
| ``LIST`` retrieves a list of files and information about those files. |
| ``NLST`` retrieves a list of file names. |
| The *callback* function is called for each line with a string argument |
| containing the line with the trailing CRLF stripped. The default *callback* |
| prints the line to ``sys.stdout``. |
| |
| |
| .. method:: FTP.set_pasv(boolean) |
| |
| Enable "passive" mode if *boolean* is true, other disable passive mode. |
| Passive mode is on by default. |
| |
| |
| .. method:: FTP.storbinary(cmd, fp, blocksize=8192, callback=None, rest=None) |
| |
| Store a file in binary transfer mode. *cmd* should be an appropriate |
| ``STOR`` command: ``"STOR filename"``. *fp* is a :term:`file object` |
| (opened in binary mode) which is read until EOF using its :meth:`~io.IOBase.read` |
| method in blocks of size *blocksize* to provide the data to be stored. |
| The *blocksize* argument defaults to 8192. *callback* is an optional single |
| parameter callable that is called on each block of data after it is sent. |
| *rest* means the same thing as in the :meth:`transfercmd` method. |
| |
| .. versionchanged:: 3.2 |
| *rest* parameter added. |
| |
| |
| .. method:: FTP.storlines(cmd, fp, callback=None) |
| |
| Store a file in ASCII transfer mode. *cmd* should be an appropriate |
| ``STOR`` command (see :meth:`storbinary`). Lines are read until EOF from the |
| :term:`file object` *fp* (opened in binary mode) using its :meth:`~io.IOBase.readline` |
| method to provide the data to be stored. *callback* is an optional single |
| parameter callable that is called on each line after it is sent. |
| |
| |
| .. method:: FTP.transfercmd(cmd, rest=None) |
| |
| Initiate a transfer over the data connection. If the transfer is active, send a |
| ``EPRT`` or ``PORT`` command and the transfer command specified by *cmd*, and |
| accept the connection. If the server is passive, send a ``EPSV`` or ``PASV`` |
| command, connect to it, and start the transfer command. Either way, return the |
| socket for the connection. |
| |
| If optional *rest* is given, a ``REST`` command is sent to the server, passing |
| *rest* as an argument. *rest* is usually a byte offset into the requested file, |
| telling the server to restart sending the file's bytes at the requested offset, |
| skipping over the initial bytes. Note however that RFC 959 requires only that |
| *rest* be a string containing characters in the printable range from ASCII code |
| 33 to ASCII code 126. The :meth:`transfercmd` method, therefore, converts |
| *rest* to a string, but no check is performed on the string's contents. If the |
| server does not recognize the ``REST`` command, an :exc:`error_reply` exception |
| will be raised. If this happens, simply call :meth:`transfercmd` without a |
| *rest* argument. |
| |
| |
| .. method:: FTP.ntransfercmd(cmd, rest=None) |
| |
| Like :meth:`transfercmd`, but returns a tuple of the data connection and the |
| expected size of the data. If the expected size could not be computed, ``None`` |
| will be returned as the expected size. *cmd* and *rest* means the same thing as |
| in :meth:`transfercmd`. |
| |
| |
| .. method:: FTP.mlsd(path="", facts=[]) |
| |
| List a directory in a standardized format by using MLSD command |
| (:rfc:`3659`). If *path* is omitted the current directory is assumed. |
| *facts* is a list of strings representing the type of information desired |
| (e.g. ``["type", "size", "perm"]``). Return a generator object yielding a |
| tuple of two elements for every file found in path. First element is the |
| file name, the second one is a dictionary containing facts about the file |
| name. Content of this dictionary might be limited by the *facts* argument |
| but server is not guaranteed to return all requested facts. |
| |
| .. versionadded:: 3.3 |
| |
| |
| .. method:: FTP.nlst(argument[, ...]) |
| |
| Return a list of file names as returned by the ``NLST`` command. The |
| optional *argument* is a directory to list (default is the current server |
| directory). Multiple arguments can be used to pass non-standard options to |
| the ``NLST`` command. |
| |
| .. deprecated:: 3.3 use :meth:`mlsd` instead. |
| |
| |
| .. method:: FTP.dir(argument[, ...]) |
| |
| Produce a directory listing as returned by the ``LIST`` command, printing it to |
| standard output. The optional *argument* is a directory to list (default is the |
| current server directory). Multiple arguments can be used to pass non-standard |
| options to the ``LIST`` command. If the last argument is a function, it is used |
| as a *callback* function as for :meth:`retrlines`; the default prints to |
| ``sys.stdout``. This method returns ``None``. |
| |
| .. deprecated:: 3.3 use :meth:`mlsd` instead. |
| |
| |
| .. method:: FTP.rename(fromname, toname) |
| |
| Rename file *fromname* on the server to *toname*. |
| |
| |
| .. method:: FTP.delete(filename) |
| |
| Remove the file named *filename* from the server. If successful, returns the |
| text of the response, otherwise raises :exc:`error_perm` on permission errors or |
| :exc:`error_reply` on other errors. |
| |
| |
| .. method:: FTP.cwd(pathname) |
| |
| Set the current directory on the server. |
| |
| |
| .. method:: FTP.mkd(pathname) |
| |
| Create a new directory on the server. |
| |
| |
| .. method:: FTP.pwd() |
| |
| Return the pathname of the current directory on the server. |
| |
| |
| .. method:: FTP.rmd(dirname) |
| |
| Remove the directory named *dirname* on the server. |
| |
| |
| .. method:: FTP.size(filename) |
| |
| Request the size of the file named *filename* on the server. On success, the |
| size of the file is returned as an integer, otherwise ``None`` is returned. |
| Note that the ``SIZE`` command is not standardized, but is supported by many |
| common server implementations. |
| |
| |
| .. method:: FTP.quit() |
| |
| Send a ``QUIT`` command to the server and close the connection. This is the |
| "polite" way to close a connection, but it may raise an exception if the server |
| responds with an error to the ``QUIT`` command. This implies a call to the |
| :meth:`close` method which renders the :class:`FTP` instance useless for |
| subsequent calls (see below). |
| |
| |
| .. method:: FTP.close() |
| |
| Close the connection unilaterally. This should not be applied to an already |
| closed connection such as after a successful call to :meth:`~FTP.quit`. |
| After this call the :class:`FTP` instance should not be used any more (after |
| a call to :meth:`close` or :meth:`~FTP.quit` you cannot reopen the |
| connection by issuing another :meth:`login` method). |
| |
| |
| FTP_TLS Objects |
| --------------- |
| |
| :class:`FTP_TLS` class inherits from :class:`FTP`, defining these additional objects: |
| |
| .. attribute:: FTP_TLS.ssl_version |
| |
| The SSL version to use (defaults to *TLSv1*). |
| |
| .. method:: FTP_TLS.auth() |
| |
| Set up secure control connection by using TLS or SSL, depending on what |
| specified in :meth:`ssl_version` attribute. |
| |
| .. versionchanged:: 3.4 |
| The method now supports hostname check with |
| :attr:`ssl.SSLContext.check_hostname` and *Server Name Indication* (see |
| :data:`ssl.HAS_SNI`). |
| |
| .. method:: FTP_TLS.ccc() |
| |
| Revert control channel back to plaintext. This can be useful to take |
| advantage of firewalls that know how to handle NAT with non-secure FTP |
| without opening fixed ports. |
| |
| .. versionadded:: 3.3 |
| |
| .. method:: FTP_TLS.prot_p() |
| |
| Set up secure data connection. |
| |
| .. method:: FTP_TLS.prot_c() |
| |
| Set up clear text data connection. |