| "Test posix functions" | 
 |  | 
 | from test import support | 
 |  | 
 | # Skip these tests if there is no posix module. | 
 | posix = support.import_module('posix') | 
 |  | 
 | import errno | 
 | import sys | 
 | import time | 
 | import os | 
 | import platform | 
 | import pwd | 
 | import shutil | 
 | import stat | 
 | import tempfile | 
 | import unittest | 
 | import warnings | 
 |  | 
 | _DUMMY_SYMLINK = os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(), | 
 |                               support.TESTFN + '-dummy-symlink') | 
 |  | 
 | class PosixTester(unittest.TestCase): | 
 |  | 
 |     def setUp(self): | 
 |         # create empty file | 
 |         fp = open(support.TESTFN, 'w+') | 
 |         fp.close() | 
 |         self.teardown_files = [ support.TESTFN ] | 
 |         self._warnings_manager = support.check_warnings() | 
 |         self._warnings_manager.__enter__() | 
 |         warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', '.* potential security risk .*', | 
 |                                 RuntimeWarning) | 
 |  | 
 |     def tearDown(self): | 
 |         for teardown_file in self.teardown_files: | 
 |             support.unlink(teardown_file) | 
 |         self._warnings_manager.__exit__(None, None, None) | 
 |  | 
 |     def testNoArgFunctions(self): | 
 |         # test posix functions which take no arguments and have | 
 |         # no side-effects which we need to cleanup (e.g., fork, wait, abort) | 
 |         NO_ARG_FUNCTIONS = [ "ctermid", "getcwd", "getcwdb", "uname", | 
 |                              "times", "getloadavg", | 
 |                              "getegid", "geteuid", "getgid", "getgroups", | 
 |                              "getpid", "getpgrp", "getppid", "getuid", "sync", | 
 |                            ] | 
 |  | 
 |         for name in NO_ARG_FUNCTIONS: | 
 |             posix_func = getattr(posix, name, None) | 
 |             if posix_func is not None: | 
 |                 posix_func() | 
 |                 self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix_func, 1) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'getresuid'), | 
 |                          'test needs posix.getresuid()') | 
 |     def test_getresuid(self): | 
 |         user_ids = posix.getresuid() | 
 |         self.assertEqual(len(user_ids), 3) | 
 |         for val in user_ids: | 
 |             self.assertGreaterEqual(val, 0) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'getresgid'), | 
 |                          'test needs posix.getresgid()') | 
 |     def test_getresgid(self): | 
 |         group_ids = posix.getresgid() | 
 |         self.assertEqual(len(group_ids), 3) | 
 |         for val in group_ids: | 
 |             self.assertGreaterEqual(val, 0) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'setresuid'), | 
 |                          'test needs posix.setresuid()') | 
 |     def test_setresuid(self): | 
 |         current_user_ids = posix.getresuid() | 
 |         self.assertIsNone(posix.setresuid(*current_user_ids)) | 
 |         # -1 means don't change that value. | 
 |         self.assertIsNone(posix.setresuid(-1, -1, -1)) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'setresuid'), | 
 |                          'test needs posix.setresuid()') | 
 |     def test_setresuid_exception(self): | 
 |         # Don't do this test if someone is silly enough to run us as root. | 
 |         current_user_ids = posix.getresuid() | 
 |         if 0 not in current_user_ids: | 
 |             new_user_ids = (current_user_ids[0]+1, -1, -1) | 
 |             self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.setresuid, *new_user_ids) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'setresgid'), | 
 |                          'test needs posix.setresgid()') | 
 |     def test_setresgid(self): | 
 |         current_group_ids = posix.getresgid() | 
 |         self.assertIsNone(posix.setresgid(*current_group_ids)) | 
 |         # -1 means don't change that value. | 
 |         self.assertIsNone(posix.setresgid(-1, -1, -1)) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'setresgid'), | 
 |                          'test needs posix.setresgid()') | 
 |     def test_setresgid_exception(self): | 
 |         # Don't do this test if someone is silly enough to run us as root. | 
 |         current_group_ids = posix.getresgid() | 
 |         if 0 not in current_group_ids: | 
 |             new_group_ids = (current_group_ids[0]+1, -1, -1) | 
 |             self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.setresgid, *new_group_ids) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'initgroups'), | 
 |                          "test needs os.initgroups()") | 
 |     def test_initgroups(self): | 
 |         # It takes a string and an integer; check that it raises a TypeError | 
 |         # for other argument lists. | 
 |         self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.initgroups) | 
 |         self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.initgroups, None) | 
 |         self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.initgroups, 3, "foo") | 
 |         self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.initgroups, "foo", 3, object()) | 
 |  | 
 |         # If a non-privileged user invokes it, it should fail with OSError | 
 |         # EPERM. | 
 |         if os.getuid() != 0: | 
 |             try: | 
 |                 name = pwd.getpwuid(posix.getuid()).pw_name | 
 |             except KeyError: | 
 |                 # the current UID may not have a pwd entry | 
 |                 raise unittest.SkipTest("need a pwd entry") | 
 |             try: | 
 |                 posix.initgroups(name, 13) | 
 |             except OSError as e: | 
 |                 self.assertEqual(e.errno, errno.EPERM) | 
 |             else: | 
 |                 self.fail("Expected OSError to be raised by initgroups") | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'statvfs'), | 
 |                          'test needs posix.statvfs()') | 
 |     def test_statvfs(self): | 
 |         self.assertTrue(posix.statvfs(os.curdir)) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'fstatvfs'), | 
 |                          'test needs posix.fstatvfs()') | 
 |     def test_fstatvfs(self): | 
 |         fp = open(support.TESTFN) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             self.assertTrue(posix.fstatvfs(fp.fileno())) | 
 |             self.assertTrue(posix.statvfs(fp.fileno())) | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             fp.close() | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'ftruncate'), | 
 |                          'test needs posix.ftruncate()') | 
 |     def test_ftruncate(self): | 
 |         fp = open(support.TESTFN, 'w+') | 
 |         try: | 
 |             # we need to have some data to truncate | 
 |             fp.write('test') | 
 |             fp.flush() | 
 |             posix.ftruncate(fp.fileno(), 0) | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             fp.close() | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'truncate'), "test needs posix.truncate()") | 
 |     def test_truncate(self): | 
 |         with open(support.TESTFN, 'w') as fp: | 
 |             fp.write('test') | 
 |             fp.flush() | 
 |         posix.truncate(support.TESTFN, 0) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(getattr(os, 'execve', None) in os.supports_fd, "test needs execve() to support the fd parameter") | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'fork'), "test needs os.fork()") | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'waitpid'), "test needs os.waitpid()") | 
 |     def test_fexecve(self): | 
 |         fp = os.open(sys.executable, os.O_RDONLY) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             pid = os.fork() | 
 |             if pid == 0: | 
 |                 os.chdir(os.path.split(sys.executable)[0]) | 
 |                 posix.execve(fp, [sys.executable, '-c', 'pass'], os.environ) | 
 |             else: | 
 |                 self.assertEqual(os.waitpid(pid, 0), (pid, 0)) | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             os.close(fp) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'waitid'), "test needs posix.waitid()") | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'fork'), "test needs os.fork()") | 
 |     def test_waitid(self): | 
 |         pid = os.fork() | 
 |         if pid == 0: | 
 |             os.chdir(os.path.split(sys.executable)[0]) | 
 |             posix.execve(sys.executable, [sys.executable, '-c', 'pass'], os.environ) | 
 |         else: | 
 |             res = posix.waitid(posix.P_PID, pid, posix.WEXITED) | 
 |             self.assertEqual(pid, res.si_pid) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'lockf'), "test needs posix.lockf()") | 
 |     def test_lockf(self): | 
 |         fd = os.open(support.TESTFN, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             os.write(fd, b'test') | 
 |             os.lseek(fd, 0, os.SEEK_SET) | 
 |             posix.lockf(fd, posix.F_LOCK, 4) | 
 |             # section is locked | 
 |             posix.lockf(fd, posix.F_ULOCK, 4) | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             os.close(fd) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'pread'), "test needs posix.pread()") | 
 |     def test_pread(self): | 
 |         fd = os.open(support.TESTFN, os.O_RDWR | os.O_CREAT) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             os.write(fd, b'test') | 
 |             os.lseek(fd, 0, os.SEEK_SET) | 
 |             self.assertEqual(b'es', posix.pread(fd, 2, 1)) | 
 |             # the first pread() shouldn't disturb the file offset | 
 |             self.assertEqual(b'te', posix.read(fd, 2)) | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             os.close(fd) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'pwrite'), "test needs posix.pwrite()") | 
 |     def test_pwrite(self): | 
 |         fd = os.open(support.TESTFN, os.O_RDWR | os.O_CREAT) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             os.write(fd, b'test') | 
 |             os.lseek(fd, 0, os.SEEK_SET) | 
 |             posix.pwrite(fd, b'xx', 1) | 
 |             self.assertEqual(b'txxt', posix.read(fd, 4)) | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             os.close(fd) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'posix_fallocate'), | 
 |         "test needs posix.posix_fallocate()") | 
 |     def test_posix_fallocate(self): | 
 |         fd = os.open(support.TESTFN, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             posix.posix_fallocate(fd, 0, 10) | 
 |         except OSError as inst: | 
 |             # issue10812, ZFS doesn't appear to support posix_fallocate, | 
 |             # so skip Solaris-based since they are likely to have ZFS. | 
 |             if inst.errno != errno.EINVAL or not sys.platform.startswith("sunos"): | 
 |                 raise | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             os.close(fd) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'posix_fadvise'), | 
 |         "test needs posix.posix_fadvise()") | 
 |     def test_posix_fadvise(self): | 
 |         fd = os.open(support.TESTFN, os.O_RDONLY) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             posix.posix_fadvise(fd, 0, 0, posix.POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED) | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             os.close(fd) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(os.utime in os.supports_fd, "test needs fd support in os.utime") | 
 |     def test_utime_with_fd(self): | 
 |         now = time.time() | 
 |         fd = os.open(support.TESTFN, os.O_RDONLY) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             posix.utime(fd) | 
 |             posix.utime(fd, None) | 
 |             self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, fd, (None, None)) | 
 |             self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, fd, (now, None)) | 
 |             self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, fd, (None, now)) | 
 |             posix.utime(fd, (int(now), int(now))) | 
 |             posix.utime(fd, (now, now)) | 
 |             self.assertRaises(ValueError, posix.utime, fd, (now, now), ns=(now, now)) | 
 |             self.assertRaises(ValueError, posix.utime, fd, (now, 0), ns=(None, None)) | 
 |             self.assertRaises(ValueError, posix.utime, fd, (None, None), ns=(now, 0)) | 
 |             posix.utime(fd, (int(now), int((now - int(now)) * 1e9))) | 
 |             posix.utime(fd, ns=(int(now), int((now - int(now)) * 1e9))) | 
 |  | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             os.close(fd) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(os.utime in os.supports_follow_symlinks, "test needs follow_symlinks support in os.utime") | 
 |     def test_utime_nofollow_symlinks(self): | 
 |         now = time.time() | 
 |         posix.utime(support.TESTFN, None, follow_symlinks=False) | 
 |         self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, support.TESTFN, (None, None), follow_symlinks=False) | 
 |         self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, support.TESTFN, (now, None), follow_symlinks=False) | 
 |         self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, support.TESTFN, (None, now), follow_symlinks=False) | 
 |         posix.utime(support.TESTFN, (int(now), int(now)), follow_symlinks=False) | 
 |         posix.utime(support.TESTFN, (now, now), follow_symlinks=False) | 
 |         posix.utime(support.TESTFN, follow_symlinks=False) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'writev'), "test needs posix.writev()") | 
 |     def test_writev(self): | 
 |         fd = os.open(support.TESTFN, os.O_RDWR | os.O_CREAT) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             n = os.writev(fd, (b'test1', b'tt2', b't3')) | 
 |             self.assertEqual(n, 10) | 
 |  | 
 |             os.lseek(fd, 0, os.SEEK_SET) | 
 |             self.assertEqual(b'test1tt2t3', posix.read(fd, 10)) | 
 |  | 
 |             # Issue #20113: empty list of buffers should not crash | 
 |             try: | 
 |                 size = posix.writev(fd, []) | 
 |             except OSError: | 
 |                 # writev(fd, []) raises OSError(22, "Invalid argument") | 
 |                 # on OpenIndiana | 
 |                 pass | 
 |             else: | 
 |                 self.assertEqual(size, 0) | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             os.close(fd) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'readv'), "test needs posix.readv()") | 
 |     def test_readv(self): | 
 |         fd = os.open(support.TESTFN, os.O_RDWR | os.O_CREAT) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             os.write(fd, b'test1tt2t3') | 
 |             os.lseek(fd, 0, os.SEEK_SET) | 
 |             buf = [bytearray(i) for i in [5, 3, 2]] | 
 |             self.assertEqual(posix.readv(fd, buf), 10) | 
 |             self.assertEqual([b'test1', b'tt2', b't3'], [bytes(i) for i in buf]) | 
 |  | 
 |             # Issue #20113: empty list of buffers should not crash | 
 |             try: | 
 |                 size = posix.readv(fd, []) | 
 |             except OSError: | 
 |                 # readv(fd, []) raises OSError(22, "Invalid argument") | 
 |                 # on OpenIndiana | 
 |                 pass | 
 |             else: | 
 |                 self.assertEqual(size, 0) | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             os.close(fd) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'dup'), | 
 |                          'test needs posix.dup()') | 
 |     def test_dup(self): | 
 |         fp = open(support.TESTFN) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             fd = posix.dup(fp.fileno()) | 
 |             self.assertIsInstance(fd, int) | 
 |             os.close(fd) | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             fp.close() | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'confstr'), | 
 |                          'test needs posix.confstr()') | 
 |     def test_confstr(self): | 
 |         self.assertRaises(ValueError, posix.confstr, "CS_garbage") | 
 |         self.assertEqual(len(posix.confstr("CS_PATH")) > 0, True) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'dup2'), | 
 |                          'test needs posix.dup2()') | 
 |     def test_dup2(self): | 
 |         fp1 = open(support.TESTFN) | 
 |         fp2 = open(support.TESTFN) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             posix.dup2(fp1.fileno(), fp2.fileno()) | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             fp1.close() | 
 |             fp2.close() | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'O_CLOEXEC'), "needs os.O_CLOEXEC") | 
 |     @support.requires_linux_version(2, 6, 23) | 
 |     def test_oscloexec(self): | 
 |         fd = os.open(support.TESTFN, os.O_RDONLY|os.O_CLOEXEC) | 
 |         self.addCleanup(os.close, fd) | 
 |         self.assertFalse(os.get_inheritable(fd)) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'O_EXLOCK'), | 
 |                          'test needs posix.O_EXLOCK') | 
 |     def test_osexlock(self): | 
 |         fd = os.open(support.TESTFN, | 
 |                      os.O_WRONLY|os.O_EXLOCK|os.O_CREAT) | 
 |         self.assertRaises(OSError, os.open, support.TESTFN, | 
 |                           os.O_WRONLY|os.O_EXLOCK|os.O_NONBLOCK) | 
 |         os.close(fd) | 
 |  | 
 |         if hasattr(posix, "O_SHLOCK"): | 
 |             fd = os.open(support.TESTFN, | 
 |                          os.O_WRONLY|os.O_SHLOCK|os.O_CREAT) | 
 |             self.assertRaises(OSError, os.open, support.TESTFN, | 
 |                               os.O_WRONLY|os.O_EXLOCK|os.O_NONBLOCK) | 
 |             os.close(fd) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'O_SHLOCK'), | 
 |                          'test needs posix.O_SHLOCK') | 
 |     def test_osshlock(self): | 
 |         fd1 = os.open(support.TESTFN, | 
 |                      os.O_WRONLY|os.O_SHLOCK|os.O_CREAT) | 
 |         fd2 = os.open(support.TESTFN, | 
 |                       os.O_WRONLY|os.O_SHLOCK|os.O_CREAT) | 
 |         os.close(fd2) | 
 |         os.close(fd1) | 
 |  | 
 |         if hasattr(posix, "O_EXLOCK"): | 
 |             fd = os.open(support.TESTFN, | 
 |                          os.O_WRONLY|os.O_SHLOCK|os.O_CREAT) | 
 |             self.assertRaises(OSError, os.open, support.TESTFN, | 
 |                               os.O_RDONLY|os.O_EXLOCK|os.O_NONBLOCK) | 
 |             os.close(fd) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'fstat'), | 
 |                          'test needs posix.fstat()') | 
 |     def test_fstat(self): | 
 |         fp = open(support.TESTFN) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             self.assertTrue(posix.fstat(fp.fileno())) | 
 |             self.assertTrue(posix.stat(fp.fileno())) | 
 |  | 
 |             self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, | 
 |                     'should be string, bytes or integer, not', | 
 |                     posix.stat, float(fp.fileno())) | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             fp.close() | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'stat'), | 
 |                          'test needs posix.stat()') | 
 |     def test_stat(self): | 
 |         self.assertTrue(posix.stat(support.TESTFN)) | 
 |         self.assertTrue(posix.stat(os.fsencode(support.TESTFN))) | 
 |         self.assertTrue(posix.stat(bytearray(os.fsencode(support.TESTFN)))) | 
 |  | 
 |         self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, | 
 |                 'can\'t specify None for path argument', | 
 |                 posix.stat, None) | 
 |         self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, | 
 |                 'should be string, bytes or integer, not', | 
 |                 posix.stat, list(support.TESTFN)) | 
 |         self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, | 
 |                 'should be string, bytes or integer, not', | 
 |                 posix.stat, list(os.fsencode(support.TESTFN))) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'mkfifo'), "don't have mkfifo()") | 
 |     def test_mkfifo(self): | 
 |         support.unlink(support.TESTFN) | 
 |         posix.mkfifo(support.TESTFN, stat.S_IRUSR | stat.S_IWUSR) | 
 |         self.assertTrue(stat.S_ISFIFO(posix.stat(support.TESTFN).st_mode)) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'mknod') and hasattr(stat, 'S_IFIFO'), | 
 |                          "don't have mknod()/S_IFIFO") | 
 |     def test_mknod(self): | 
 |         # Test using mknod() to create a FIFO (the only use specified | 
 |         # by POSIX). | 
 |         support.unlink(support.TESTFN) | 
 |         mode = stat.S_IFIFO | stat.S_IRUSR | stat.S_IWUSR | 
 |         try: | 
 |             posix.mknod(support.TESTFN, mode, 0) | 
 |         except OSError as e: | 
 |             # Some old systems don't allow unprivileged users to use | 
 |             # mknod(), or only support creating device nodes. | 
 |             self.assertIn(e.errno, (errno.EPERM, errno.EINVAL)) | 
 |         else: | 
 |             self.assertTrue(stat.S_ISFIFO(posix.stat(support.TESTFN).st_mode)) | 
 |  | 
 |     def _test_all_chown_common(self, chown_func, first_param, stat_func): | 
 |         """Common code for chown, fchown and lchown tests.""" | 
 |         def check_stat(uid, gid): | 
 |             if stat_func is not None: | 
 |                 stat = stat_func(first_param) | 
 |                 self.assertEqual(stat.st_uid, uid) | 
 |                 self.assertEqual(stat.st_gid, gid) | 
 |         uid = os.getuid() | 
 |         gid = os.getgid() | 
 |         # test a successful chown call | 
 |         chown_func(first_param, uid, gid) | 
 |         check_stat(uid, gid) | 
 |         chown_func(first_param, -1, gid) | 
 |         check_stat(uid, gid) | 
 |         chown_func(first_param, uid, -1) | 
 |         check_stat(uid, gid) | 
 |  | 
 |         if uid == 0: | 
 |             # Try an amusingly large uid/gid to make sure we handle | 
 |             # large unsigned values.  (chown lets you use any | 
 |             # uid/gid you like, even if they aren't defined.) | 
 |             # | 
 |             # This problem keeps coming up: | 
 |             #   http://bugs.python.org/issue1747858 | 
 |             #   http://bugs.python.org/issue4591 | 
 |             #   http://bugs.python.org/issue15301 | 
 |             # Hopefully the fix in 4591 fixes it for good! | 
 |             # | 
 |             # This part of the test only runs when run as root. | 
 |             # Only scary people run their tests as root. | 
 |  | 
 |             big_value = 2**31 | 
 |             chown_func(first_param, big_value, big_value) | 
 |             check_stat(big_value, big_value) | 
 |             chown_func(first_param, -1, -1) | 
 |             check_stat(big_value, big_value) | 
 |             chown_func(first_param, uid, gid) | 
 |             check_stat(uid, gid) | 
 |         elif platform.system() in ('HP-UX', 'SunOS'): | 
 |             # HP-UX and Solaris can allow a non-root user to chown() to root | 
 |             # (issue #5113) | 
 |             raise unittest.SkipTest("Skipping because of non-standard chown() " | 
 |                                     "behavior") | 
 |         else: | 
 |             # non-root cannot chown to root, raises OSError | 
 |             self.assertRaises(OSError, chown_func, first_param, 0, 0) | 
 |             check_stat(uid, gid) | 
 |             self.assertRaises(OSError, chown_func, first_param, 0, -1) | 
 |             check_stat(uid, gid) | 
 |             if 0 not in os.getgroups(): | 
 |                 self.assertRaises(OSError, chown_func, first_param, -1, 0) | 
 |                 check_stat(uid, gid) | 
 |         # test illegal types | 
 |         for t in str, float: | 
 |             self.assertRaises(TypeError, chown_func, first_param, t(uid), gid) | 
 |             check_stat(uid, gid) | 
 |             self.assertRaises(TypeError, chown_func, first_param, uid, t(gid)) | 
 |             check_stat(uid, gid) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'chown'), "test needs os.chown()") | 
 |     def test_chown(self): | 
 |         # raise an OSError if the file does not exist | 
 |         os.unlink(support.TESTFN) | 
 |         self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.chown, support.TESTFN, -1, -1) | 
 |  | 
 |         # re-create the file | 
 |         support.create_empty_file(support.TESTFN) | 
 |         self._test_all_chown_common(posix.chown, support.TESTFN, | 
 |                                     getattr(posix, 'stat', None)) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'fchown'), "test needs os.fchown()") | 
 |     def test_fchown(self): | 
 |         os.unlink(support.TESTFN) | 
 |  | 
 |         # re-create the file | 
 |         test_file = open(support.TESTFN, 'w') | 
 |         try: | 
 |             fd = test_file.fileno() | 
 |             self._test_all_chown_common(posix.fchown, fd, | 
 |                                         getattr(posix, 'fstat', None)) | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             test_file.close() | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'lchown'), "test needs os.lchown()") | 
 |     def test_lchown(self): | 
 |         os.unlink(support.TESTFN) | 
 |         # create a symlink | 
 |         os.symlink(_DUMMY_SYMLINK, support.TESTFN) | 
 |         self._test_all_chown_common(posix.lchown, support.TESTFN, | 
 |                                     getattr(posix, 'lstat', None)) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'chdir'), 'test needs posix.chdir()') | 
 |     def test_chdir(self): | 
 |         posix.chdir(os.curdir) | 
 |         self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.chdir, support.TESTFN) | 
 |  | 
 |     def test_listdir(self): | 
 |         self.assertTrue(support.TESTFN in posix.listdir(os.curdir)) | 
 |  | 
 |     def test_listdir_default(self): | 
 |         # When listdir is called without argument, | 
 |         # it's the same as listdir(os.curdir). | 
 |         self.assertTrue(support.TESTFN in posix.listdir()) | 
 |  | 
 |     def test_listdir_bytes(self): | 
 |         # When listdir is called with a bytes object, | 
 |         # the returned strings are of type bytes. | 
 |         self.assertTrue(os.fsencode(support.TESTFN) in posix.listdir(b'.')) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(posix.listdir in os.supports_fd, | 
 |                          "test needs fd support for posix.listdir()") | 
 |     def test_listdir_fd(self): | 
 |         f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY) | 
 |         self.addCleanup(posix.close, f) | 
 |         self.assertEqual( | 
 |             sorted(posix.listdir('.')), | 
 |             sorted(posix.listdir(f)) | 
 |             ) | 
 |         # Check that the fd offset was reset (issue #13739) | 
 |         self.assertEqual( | 
 |             sorted(posix.listdir('.')), | 
 |             sorted(posix.listdir(f)) | 
 |             ) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'access'), 'test needs posix.access()') | 
 |     def test_access(self): | 
 |         self.assertTrue(posix.access(support.TESTFN, os.R_OK)) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'umask'), 'test needs posix.umask()') | 
 |     def test_umask(self): | 
 |         old_mask = posix.umask(0) | 
 |         self.assertIsInstance(old_mask, int) | 
 |         posix.umask(old_mask) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'strerror'), | 
 |                          'test needs posix.strerror()') | 
 |     def test_strerror(self): | 
 |         self.assertTrue(posix.strerror(0)) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'pipe'), 'test needs posix.pipe()') | 
 |     def test_pipe(self): | 
 |         reader, writer = posix.pipe() | 
 |         os.close(reader) | 
 |         os.close(writer) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'pipe2'), "test needs os.pipe2()") | 
 |     @support.requires_linux_version(2, 6, 27) | 
 |     def test_pipe2(self): | 
 |         self.assertRaises(TypeError, os.pipe2, 'DEADBEEF') | 
 |         self.assertRaises(TypeError, os.pipe2, 0, 0) | 
 |  | 
 |         # try calling with flags = 0, like os.pipe() | 
 |         r, w = os.pipe2(0) | 
 |         os.close(r) | 
 |         os.close(w) | 
 |  | 
 |         # test flags | 
 |         r, w = os.pipe2(os.O_CLOEXEC|os.O_NONBLOCK) | 
 |         self.addCleanup(os.close, r) | 
 |         self.addCleanup(os.close, w) | 
 |         self.assertFalse(os.get_inheritable(r)) | 
 |         self.assertFalse(os.get_inheritable(w)) | 
 |         self.assertFalse(os.get_blocking(r)) | 
 |         self.assertFalse(os.get_blocking(w)) | 
 |         # try reading from an empty pipe: this should fail, not block | 
 |         self.assertRaises(OSError, os.read, r, 1) | 
 |         # try a write big enough to fill-up the pipe: this should either | 
 |         # fail or perform a partial write, not block | 
 |         try: | 
 |             os.write(w, b'x' * support.PIPE_MAX_SIZE) | 
 |         except OSError: | 
 |             pass | 
 |  | 
 |     @support.cpython_only | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'pipe2'), "test needs os.pipe2()") | 
 |     @support.requires_linux_version(2, 6, 27) | 
 |     def test_pipe2_c_limits(self): | 
 |         # Issue 15989 | 
 |         import _testcapi | 
 |         self.assertRaises(OverflowError, os.pipe2, _testcapi.INT_MAX + 1) | 
 |         self.assertRaises(OverflowError, os.pipe2, _testcapi.UINT_MAX + 1) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'utime'), 'test needs posix.utime()') | 
 |     def test_utime(self): | 
 |         now = time.time() | 
 |         posix.utime(support.TESTFN, None) | 
 |         self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, support.TESTFN, (None, None)) | 
 |         self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, support.TESTFN, (now, None)) | 
 |         self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, support.TESTFN, (None, now)) | 
 |         posix.utime(support.TESTFN, (int(now), int(now))) | 
 |         posix.utime(support.TESTFN, (now, now)) | 
 |  | 
 |     def _test_chflags_regular_file(self, chflags_func, target_file, **kwargs): | 
 |         st = os.stat(target_file) | 
 |         self.assertTrue(hasattr(st, 'st_flags')) | 
 |  | 
 |         # ZFS returns EOPNOTSUPP when attempting to set flag UF_IMMUTABLE. | 
 |         flags = st.st_flags | stat.UF_IMMUTABLE | 
 |         try: | 
 |             chflags_func(target_file, flags, **kwargs) | 
 |         except OSError as err: | 
 |             if err.errno != errno.EOPNOTSUPP: | 
 |                 raise | 
 |             msg = 'chflag UF_IMMUTABLE not supported by underlying fs' | 
 |             self.skipTest(msg) | 
 |  | 
 |         try: | 
 |             new_st = os.stat(target_file) | 
 |             self.assertEqual(st.st_flags | stat.UF_IMMUTABLE, new_st.st_flags) | 
 |             try: | 
 |                 fd = open(target_file, 'w+') | 
 |             except OSError as e: | 
 |                 self.assertEqual(e.errno, errno.EPERM) | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             posix.chflags(target_file, st.st_flags) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'chflags'), 'test needs os.chflags()') | 
 |     def test_chflags(self): | 
 |         self._test_chflags_regular_file(posix.chflags, support.TESTFN) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'lchflags'), 'test needs os.lchflags()') | 
 |     def test_lchflags_regular_file(self): | 
 |         self._test_chflags_regular_file(posix.lchflags, support.TESTFN) | 
 |         self._test_chflags_regular_file(posix.chflags, support.TESTFN, follow_symlinks=False) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'lchflags'), 'test needs os.lchflags()') | 
 |     def test_lchflags_symlink(self): | 
 |         testfn_st = os.stat(support.TESTFN) | 
 |  | 
 |         self.assertTrue(hasattr(testfn_st, 'st_flags')) | 
 |  | 
 |         os.symlink(support.TESTFN, _DUMMY_SYMLINK) | 
 |         self.teardown_files.append(_DUMMY_SYMLINK) | 
 |         dummy_symlink_st = os.lstat(_DUMMY_SYMLINK) | 
 |  | 
 |         def chflags_nofollow(path, flags): | 
 |             return posix.chflags(path, flags, follow_symlinks=False) | 
 |  | 
 |         for fn in (posix.lchflags, chflags_nofollow): | 
 |             # ZFS returns EOPNOTSUPP when attempting to set flag UF_IMMUTABLE. | 
 |             flags = dummy_symlink_st.st_flags | stat.UF_IMMUTABLE | 
 |             try: | 
 |                 fn(_DUMMY_SYMLINK, flags) | 
 |             except OSError as err: | 
 |                 if err.errno != errno.EOPNOTSUPP: | 
 |                     raise | 
 |                 msg = 'chflag UF_IMMUTABLE not supported by underlying fs' | 
 |                 self.skipTest(msg) | 
 |             try: | 
 |                 new_testfn_st = os.stat(support.TESTFN) | 
 |                 new_dummy_symlink_st = os.lstat(_DUMMY_SYMLINK) | 
 |  | 
 |                 self.assertEqual(testfn_st.st_flags, new_testfn_st.st_flags) | 
 |                 self.assertEqual(dummy_symlink_st.st_flags | stat.UF_IMMUTABLE, | 
 |                                  new_dummy_symlink_st.st_flags) | 
 |             finally: | 
 |                 fn(_DUMMY_SYMLINK, dummy_symlink_st.st_flags) | 
 |  | 
 |     def test_environ(self): | 
 |         if os.name == "nt": | 
 |             item_type = str | 
 |         else: | 
 |             item_type = bytes | 
 |         for k, v in posix.environ.items(): | 
 |             self.assertEqual(type(k), item_type) | 
 |             self.assertEqual(type(v), item_type) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'getcwd'), 'test needs posix.getcwd()') | 
 |     def test_getcwd_long_pathnames(self): | 
 |         dirname = 'getcwd-test-directory-0123456789abcdef-01234567890abcdef' | 
 |         curdir = os.getcwd() | 
 |         base_path = os.path.abspath(support.TESTFN) + '.getcwd' | 
 |  | 
 |         try: | 
 |             os.mkdir(base_path) | 
 |             os.chdir(base_path) | 
 |         except: | 
 |             #  Just returning nothing instead of the SkipTest exception, because | 
 |             #  the test results in Error in that case.  Is that ok? | 
 |             #  raise unittest.SkipTest("cannot create directory for testing") | 
 |             return | 
 |  | 
 |             def _create_and_do_getcwd(dirname, current_path_length = 0): | 
 |                 try: | 
 |                     os.mkdir(dirname) | 
 |                 except: | 
 |                     raise unittest.SkipTest("mkdir cannot create directory sufficiently deep for getcwd test") | 
 |  | 
 |                 os.chdir(dirname) | 
 |                 try: | 
 |                     os.getcwd() | 
 |                     if current_path_length < 1027: | 
 |                         _create_and_do_getcwd(dirname, current_path_length + len(dirname) + 1) | 
 |                 finally: | 
 |                     os.chdir('..') | 
 |                     os.rmdir(dirname) | 
 |  | 
 |             _create_and_do_getcwd(dirname) | 
 |  | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             os.chdir(curdir) | 
 |             support.rmtree(base_path) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'getgrouplist'), "test needs posix.getgrouplist()") | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(pwd, 'getpwuid'), "test needs pwd.getpwuid()") | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'getuid'), "test needs os.getuid()") | 
 |     def test_getgrouplist(self): | 
 |         user = pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid())[0] | 
 |         group = pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid())[3] | 
 |         self.assertIn(group, posix.getgrouplist(user, group)) | 
 |  | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'getegid'), "test needs os.getegid()") | 
 |     def test_getgroups(self): | 
 |         with os.popen('id -G 2>/dev/null') as idg: | 
 |             groups = idg.read().strip() | 
 |             ret = idg.close() | 
 |  | 
 |         if ret is not None or not groups: | 
 |             raise unittest.SkipTest("need working 'id -G'") | 
 |  | 
 |         # Issues 16698: OS X ABIs prior to 10.6 have limits on getgroups() | 
 |         if sys.platform == 'darwin': | 
 |             import sysconfig | 
 |             dt = sysconfig.get_config_var('MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET') or '10.0' | 
 |             if tuple(int(n) for n in dt.split('.')[0:2]) < (10, 6): | 
 |                 raise unittest.SkipTest("getgroups(2) is broken prior to 10.6") | 
 |  | 
 |         # 'id -G' and 'os.getgroups()' should return the same | 
 |         # groups, ignoring order and duplicates. | 
 |         # #10822 - it is implementation defined whether posix.getgroups() | 
 |         # includes the effective gid so we include it anyway, since id -G does | 
 |         self.assertEqual( | 
 |                 set([int(x) for x in groups.split()]), | 
 |                 set(posix.getgroups() + [posix.getegid()])) | 
 |  | 
 |     # tests for the posix *at functions follow | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(os.access in os.supports_dir_fd, "test needs dir_fd support for os.access()") | 
 |     def test_access_dir_fd(self): | 
 |         f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             self.assertTrue(posix.access(support.TESTFN, os.R_OK, dir_fd=f)) | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             posix.close(f) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(os.chmod in os.supports_dir_fd, "test needs dir_fd support in os.chmod()") | 
 |     def test_chmod_dir_fd(self): | 
 |         os.chmod(support.TESTFN, stat.S_IRUSR) | 
 |  | 
 |         f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             posix.chmod(support.TESTFN, stat.S_IRUSR | stat.S_IWUSR, dir_fd=f) | 
 |  | 
 |             s = posix.stat(support.TESTFN) | 
 |             self.assertEqual(s[0] & stat.S_IRWXU, stat.S_IRUSR | stat.S_IWUSR) | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             posix.close(f) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(os.chown in os.supports_dir_fd, "test needs dir_fd support in os.chown()") | 
 |     def test_chown_dir_fd(self): | 
 |         support.unlink(support.TESTFN) | 
 |         support.create_empty_file(support.TESTFN) | 
 |  | 
 |         f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             posix.chown(support.TESTFN, os.getuid(), os.getgid(), dir_fd=f) | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             posix.close(f) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(os.stat in os.supports_dir_fd, "test needs dir_fd support in os.stat()") | 
 |     def test_stat_dir_fd(self): | 
 |         support.unlink(support.TESTFN) | 
 |         with open(support.TESTFN, 'w') as outfile: | 
 |             outfile.write("testline\n") | 
 |  | 
 |         f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             s1 = posix.stat(support.TESTFN) | 
 |             s2 = posix.stat(support.TESTFN, dir_fd=f) | 
 |             self.assertEqual(s1, s2) | 
 |             s2 = posix.stat(support.TESTFN, dir_fd=None) | 
 |             self.assertEqual(s1, s2) | 
 |             self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'should be integer, not', | 
 |                     posix.stat, support.TESTFN, dir_fd=posix.getcwd()) | 
 |             self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'should be integer, not', | 
 |                     posix.stat, support.TESTFN, dir_fd=float(f)) | 
 |             self.assertRaises(OverflowError, | 
 |                     posix.stat, support.TESTFN, dir_fd=10**20) | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             posix.close(f) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(os.utime in os.supports_dir_fd, "test needs dir_fd support in os.utime()") | 
 |     def test_utime_dir_fd(self): | 
 |         f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             now = time.time() | 
 |             posix.utime(support.TESTFN, None, dir_fd=f) | 
 |             posix.utime(support.TESTFN, dir_fd=f) | 
 |             self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, support.TESTFN, now, dir_fd=f) | 
 |             self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, support.TESTFN, (None, None), dir_fd=f) | 
 |             self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, support.TESTFN, (now, None), dir_fd=f) | 
 |             self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, support.TESTFN, (None, now), dir_fd=f) | 
 |             self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.utime, support.TESTFN, (now, "x"), dir_fd=f) | 
 |             posix.utime(support.TESTFN, (int(now), int(now)), dir_fd=f) | 
 |             posix.utime(support.TESTFN, (now, now), dir_fd=f) | 
 |             posix.utime(support.TESTFN, | 
 |                     (int(now), int((now - int(now)) * 1e9)), dir_fd=f) | 
 |             posix.utime(support.TESTFN, dir_fd=f, | 
 |                             times=(int(now), int((now - int(now)) * 1e9))) | 
 |  | 
 |             # try dir_fd and follow_symlinks together | 
 |             if os.utime in os.supports_follow_symlinks: | 
 |                 try: | 
 |                     posix.utime(support.TESTFN, follow_symlinks=False, dir_fd=f) | 
 |                 except ValueError: | 
 |                     # whoops!  using both together not supported on this platform. | 
 |                     pass | 
 |  | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             posix.close(f) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(os.link in os.supports_dir_fd, "test needs dir_fd support in os.link()") | 
 |     def test_link_dir_fd(self): | 
 |         f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             posix.link(support.TESTFN, support.TESTFN + 'link', src_dir_fd=f, dst_dir_fd=f) | 
 |             # should have same inodes | 
 |             self.assertEqual(posix.stat(support.TESTFN)[1], | 
 |                 posix.stat(support.TESTFN + 'link')[1]) | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             posix.close(f) | 
 |             support.unlink(support.TESTFN + 'link') | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(os.mkdir in os.supports_dir_fd, "test needs dir_fd support in os.mkdir()") | 
 |     def test_mkdir_dir_fd(self): | 
 |         f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             posix.mkdir(support.TESTFN + 'dir', dir_fd=f) | 
 |             posix.stat(support.TESTFN + 'dir') # should not raise exception | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             posix.close(f) | 
 |             support.rmtree(support.TESTFN + 'dir') | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless((os.mknod in os.supports_dir_fd) and hasattr(stat, 'S_IFIFO'), | 
 |                          "test requires both stat.S_IFIFO and dir_fd support for os.mknod()") | 
 |     def test_mknod_dir_fd(self): | 
 |         # Test using mknodat() to create a FIFO (the only use specified | 
 |         # by POSIX). | 
 |         support.unlink(support.TESTFN) | 
 |         mode = stat.S_IFIFO | stat.S_IRUSR | stat.S_IWUSR | 
 |         f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             posix.mknod(support.TESTFN, mode, 0, dir_fd=f) | 
 |         except OSError as e: | 
 |             # Some old systems don't allow unprivileged users to use | 
 |             # mknod(), or only support creating device nodes. | 
 |             self.assertIn(e.errno, (errno.EPERM, errno.EINVAL)) | 
 |         else: | 
 |             self.assertTrue(stat.S_ISFIFO(posix.stat(support.TESTFN).st_mode)) | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             posix.close(f) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(os.open in os.supports_dir_fd, "test needs dir_fd support in os.open()") | 
 |     def test_open_dir_fd(self): | 
 |         support.unlink(support.TESTFN) | 
 |         with open(support.TESTFN, 'w') as outfile: | 
 |             outfile.write("testline\n") | 
 |         a = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY) | 
 |         b = posix.open(support.TESTFN, posix.O_RDONLY, dir_fd=a) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             res = posix.read(b, 9).decode(encoding="utf-8") | 
 |             self.assertEqual("testline\n", res) | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             posix.close(a) | 
 |             posix.close(b) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(os.readlink in os.supports_dir_fd, "test needs dir_fd support in os.readlink()") | 
 |     def test_readlink_dir_fd(self): | 
 |         os.symlink(support.TESTFN, support.TESTFN + 'link') | 
 |         f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             self.assertEqual(posix.readlink(support.TESTFN + 'link'), | 
 |                 posix.readlink(support.TESTFN + 'link', dir_fd=f)) | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             support.unlink(support.TESTFN + 'link') | 
 |             posix.close(f) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(os.rename in os.supports_dir_fd, "test needs dir_fd support in os.rename()") | 
 |     def test_rename_dir_fd(self): | 
 |         support.unlink(support.TESTFN) | 
 |         support.create_empty_file(support.TESTFN + 'ren') | 
 |         f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             posix.rename(support.TESTFN + 'ren', support.TESTFN, src_dir_fd=f, dst_dir_fd=f) | 
 |         except: | 
 |             posix.rename(support.TESTFN + 'ren', support.TESTFN) | 
 |             raise | 
 |         else: | 
 |             posix.stat(support.TESTFN) # should not raise exception | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             posix.close(f) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(os.symlink in os.supports_dir_fd, "test needs dir_fd support in os.symlink()") | 
 |     def test_symlink_dir_fd(self): | 
 |         f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             posix.symlink(support.TESTFN, support.TESTFN + 'link', dir_fd=f) | 
 |             self.assertEqual(posix.readlink(support.TESTFN + 'link'), support.TESTFN) | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             posix.close(f) | 
 |             support.unlink(support.TESTFN + 'link') | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(os.unlink in os.supports_dir_fd, "test needs dir_fd support in os.unlink()") | 
 |     def test_unlink_dir_fd(self): | 
 |         f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY) | 
 |         support.create_empty_file(support.TESTFN + 'del') | 
 |         posix.stat(support.TESTFN + 'del') # should not raise exception | 
 |         try: | 
 |             posix.unlink(support.TESTFN + 'del', dir_fd=f) | 
 |         except: | 
 |             support.unlink(support.TESTFN + 'del') | 
 |             raise | 
 |         else: | 
 |             self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.stat, support.TESTFN + 'link') | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             posix.close(f) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(os.mkfifo in os.supports_dir_fd, "test needs dir_fd support in os.mkfifo()") | 
 |     def test_mkfifo_dir_fd(self): | 
 |         support.unlink(support.TESTFN) | 
 |         f = posix.open(posix.getcwd(), posix.O_RDONLY) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             posix.mkfifo(support.TESTFN, stat.S_IRUSR | stat.S_IWUSR, dir_fd=f) | 
 |             self.assertTrue(stat.S_ISFIFO(posix.stat(support.TESTFN).st_mode)) | 
 |         finally: | 
 |             posix.close(f) | 
 |  | 
 |     requires_sched_h = unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'sched_yield'), | 
 |                                            "don't have scheduling support") | 
 |     requires_sched_affinity = unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'sched_setaffinity'), | 
 |                                                   "don't have sched affinity support") | 
 |  | 
 |     @requires_sched_h | 
 |     def test_sched_yield(self): | 
 |         # This has no error conditions (at least on Linux). | 
 |         posix.sched_yield() | 
 |  | 
 |     @requires_sched_h | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'sched_get_priority_max'), | 
 |                          "requires sched_get_priority_max()") | 
 |     def test_sched_priority(self): | 
 |         # Round-robin usually has interesting priorities. | 
 |         pol = posix.SCHED_RR | 
 |         lo = posix.sched_get_priority_min(pol) | 
 |         hi = posix.sched_get_priority_max(pol) | 
 |         self.assertIsInstance(lo, int) | 
 |         self.assertIsInstance(hi, int) | 
 |         self.assertGreaterEqual(hi, lo) | 
 |         # OSX evidently just returns 15 without checking the argument. | 
 |         if sys.platform != "darwin": | 
 |             self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.sched_get_priority_min, -23) | 
 |             self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.sched_get_priority_max, -23) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'sched_setscheduler'), "can't change scheduler") | 
 |     def test_get_and_set_scheduler_and_param(self): | 
 |         possible_schedulers = [sched for name, sched in posix.__dict__.items() | 
 |                                if name.startswith("SCHED_")] | 
 |         mine = posix.sched_getscheduler(0) | 
 |         self.assertIn(mine, possible_schedulers) | 
 |         try: | 
 |             parent = posix.sched_getscheduler(os.getppid()) | 
 |         except OSError as e: | 
 |             if e.errno != errno.EPERM: | 
 |                 raise | 
 |         else: | 
 |             self.assertIn(parent, possible_schedulers) | 
 |         self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.sched_getscheduler, -1) | 
 |         self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.sched_getparam, -1) | 
 |         param = posix.sched_getparam(0) | 
 |         self.assertIsInstance(param.sched_priority, int) | 
 |  | 
 |         # POSIX states that calling sched_setparam() or sched_setscheduler() on | 
 |         # a process with a scheduling policy other than SCHED_FIFO or SCHED_RR | 
 |         # is implementation-defined: NetBSD and FreeBSD can return EINVAL. | 
 |         if not sys.platform.startswith(('freebsd', 'netbsd')): | 
 |             try: | 
 |                 posix.sched_setscheduler(0, mine, param) | 
 |                 posix.sched_setparam(0, param) | 
 |             except OSError as e: | 
 |                 if e.errno != errno.EPERM: | 
 |                     raise | 
 |             self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.sched_setparam, -1, param) | 
 |  | 
 |         self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.sched_setscheduler, -1, mine, param) | 
 |         self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.sched_setscheduler, 0, mine, None) | 
 |         self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.sched_setparam, 0, 43) | 
 |         param = posix.sched_param(None) | 
 |         self.assertRaises(TypeError, posix.sched_setparam, 0, param) | 
 |         large = 214748364700 | 
 |         param = posix.sched_param(large) | 
 |         self.assertRaises(OverflowError, posix.sched_setparam, 0, param) | 
 |         param = posix.sched_param(sched_priority=-large) | 
 |         self.assertRaises(OverflowError, posix.sched_setparam, 0, param) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, "sched_rr_get_interval"), "no function") | 
 |     def test_sched_rr_get_interval(self): | 
 |         try: | 
 |             interval = posix.sched_rr_get_interval(0) | 
 |         except OSError as e: | 
 |             # This likely means that sched_rr_get_interval is only valid for | 
 |             # processes with the SCHED_RR scheduler in effect. | 
 |             if e.errno != errno.EINVAL: | 
 |                 raise | 
 |             self.skipTest("only works on SCHED_RR processes") | 
 |         self.assertIsInstance(interval, float) | 
 |         # Reasonable constraints, I think. | 
 |         self.assertGreaterEqual(interval, 0.) | 
 |         self.assertLess(interval, 1.) | 
 |  | 
 |     @requires_sched_affinity | 
 |     def test_sched_getaffinity(self): | 
 |         mask = posix.sched_getaffinity(0) | 
 |         self.assertIsInstance(mask, set) | 
 |         self.assertGreaterEqual(len(mask), 1) | 
 |         self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.sched_getaffinity, -1) | 
 |         for cpu in mask: | 
 |             self.assertIsInstance(cpu, int) | 
 |             self.assertGreaterEqual(cpu, 0) | 
 |             self.assertLess(cpu, 1 << 32) | 
 |  | 
 |     @requires_sched_affinity | 
 |     def test_sched_setaffinity(self): | 
 |         mask = posix.sched_getaffinity(0) | 
 |         if len(mask) > 1: | 
 |             # Empty masks are forbidden | 
 |             mask.pop() | 
 |         posix.sched_setaffinity(0, mask) | 
 |         self.assertEqual(posix.sched_getaffinity(0), mask) | 
 |         self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.sched_setaffinity, 0, []) | 
 |         self.assertRaises(ValueError, posix.sched_setaffinity, 0, [-10]) | 
 |         self.assertRaises(OverflowError, posix.sched_setaffinity, 0, [1<<128]) | 
 |         self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.sched_setaffinity, -1, mask) | 
 |  | 
 |     def test_rtld_constants(self): | 
 |         # check presence of major RTLD_* constants | 
 |         posix.RTLD_LAZY | 
 |         posix.RTLD_NOW | 
 |         posix.RTLD_GLOBAL | 
 |         posix.RTLD_LOCAL | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'SEEK_HOLE'), | 
 |                          "test needs an OS that reports file holes") | 
 |     def test_fs_holes(self): | 
 |         # Even if the filesystem doesn't report holes, | 
 |         # if the OS supports it the SEEK_* constants | 
 |         # will be defined and will have a consistent | 
 |         # behaviour: | 
 |         # os.SEEK_DATA = current position | 
 |         # os.SEEK_HOLE = end of file position | 
 |         with open(support.TESTFN, 'r+b') as fp: | 
 |             fp.write(b"hello") | 
 |             fp.flush() | 
 |             size = fp.tell() | 
 |             fno = fp.fileno() | 
 |             try : | 
 |                 for i in range(size): | 
 |                     self.assertEqual(i, os.lseek(fno, i, os.SEEK_DATA)) | 
 |                     self.assertLessEqual(size, os.lseek(fno, i, os.SEEK_HOLE)) | 
 |                 self.assertRaises(OSError, os.lseek, fno, size, os.SEEK_DATA) | 
 |                 self.assertRaises(OSError, os.lseek, fno, size, os.SEEK_HOLE) | 
 |             except OSError : | 
 |                 # Some OSs claim to support SEEK_HOLE/SEEK_DATA | 
 |                 # but it is not true. | 
 |                 # For instance: | 
 |                 # http://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-amd64/2012-January/014332.html | 
 |                 raise unittest.SkipTest("OSError raised!") | 
 |  | 
 |     def test_path_error2(self): | 
 |         """ | 
 |         Test functions that call path_error2(), providing two filenames in their exceptions. | 
 |         """ | 
 |         for name in ("rename", "replace", "link"): | 
 |             function = getattr(os, name, None) | 
 |             if function is None: | 
 |                 continue | 
 |  | 
 |             for dst in ("noodly2", support.TESTFN): | 
 |                 try: | 
 |                     function('doesnotexistfilename', dst) | 
 |                 except OSError as e: | 
 |                     self.assertIn("'doesnotexistfilename' -> '{}'".format(dst), str(e)) | 
 |                     break | 
 |             else: | 
 |                 self.fail("No valid path_error2() test for os." + name) | 
 |  | 
 | class PosixGroupsTester(unittest.TestCase): | 
 |  | 
 |     def setUp(self): | 
 |         if posix.getuid() != 0: | 
 |             raise unittest.SkipTest("not enough privileges") | 
 |         if not hasattr(posix, 'getgroups'): | 
 |             raise unittest.SkipTest("need posix.getgroups") | 
 |         if sys.platform == 'darwin': | 
 |             raise unittest.SkipTest("getgroups(2) is broken on OSX") | 
 |         self.saved_groups = posix.getgroups() | 
 |  | 
 |     def tearDown(self): | 
 |         if hasattr(posix, 'setgroups'): | 
 |             posix.setgroups(self.saved_groups) | 
 |         elif hasattr(posix, 'initgroups'): | 
 |             name = pwd.getpwuid(posix.getuid()).pw_name | 
 |             posix.initgroups(name, self.saved_groups[0]) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'initgroups'), | 
 |                          "test needs posix.initgroups()") | 
 |     def test_initgroups(self): | 
 |         # find missing group | 
 |  | 
 |         g = max(self.saved_groups or [0]) + 1 | 
 |         name = pwd.getpwuid(posix.getuid()).pw_name | 
 |         posix.initgroups(name, g) | 
 |         self.assertIn(g, posix.getgroups()) | 
 |  | 
 |     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'setgroups'), | 
 |                          "test needs posix.setgroups()") | 
 |     def test_setgroups(self): | 
 |         for groups in [[0], list(range(16))]: | 
 |             posix.setgroups(groups) | 
 |             self.assertListEqual(groups, posix.getgroups()) | 
 |  | 
 | def test_main(): | 
 |     try: | 
 |         support.run_unittest(PosixTester, PosixGroupsTester) | 
 |     finally: | 
 |         support.reap_children() | 
 |  | 
 | if __name__ == '__main__': | 
 |     test_main() |