Mac/Demo/textedit.html - platform/external/python/cpython3 - Gitiles

 <HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Using FrameWork and TextEdit</TITLE></HEAD>
 <BODY>
 <H1>Using FrameWork and TextEdit</H1>
 <HR>

 In this document we use the <CODE>FrameWork</CODE> and <CODE>TextEdit</CODE>
 modules to create a simple text editor. The functionality
 of the editor is very basic: you can open multiple files, type text and use
 cut/copy/paste. The main intention is to explain the use of FrameWork, really. <p>

 <H2>FrameWork</H2>

 The FrameWork module provides you with a skeleton application. It declares a
 number of classes suitable for subclassing in your application, thereby
 releaving you of the burden of doing all event handling, etc. yourself. For a
 real understanding you will have to browse the source. Here is a short overview
 of the classes and what functionality they provide.

 <dl>
 <dt> <CODE>Application</CODE>
 <dd>
 This is the toplevel class you will override. It maintains the menu bar and contains
 the main event handling code. Normal use is to override the <code>__init__</code> routine
 to do your own initializations and override <code>makeusermenus</code> to create your menus
 (your menu callback routines may be here too, but this is by no means necessary).
 The event handling code can be overridden at various levels, from very low-level (the
 <code>dispatch</code> method) to intermedeate level (<code>do_keyDown</code>, for instance)
 to high-level (<code>do_key</code>). The application class knows about the <code>Window</code>
 objects you create, and will forward events to the appropriate window (So, normally you
 would have a <code>do_key</code> method in your window object, not your application object).

 <dt> <CODE>MenuBar</CODE>, <CODE>Menu</CODE> and <CODE>MenuItem</CODE>
 <dd>
 These classes (and a few friends like <CODE>SubMenu</CODE>) handle your menus. You would not
 normally override them but use them as-is. The idiom for creating menus is a bit strange,
 see the test code at the bottom of FrameWork for sample use. The apple menu is handled for you
 by <CODE>MenuBar</CODE> and <CODE>Application</CODE>.

 <dt> <CODE>Window</CODE>
 <dd>
 The basic window. Again, a class that you normally subclass in your application, possibly
 multiple times if you have different types of windows. The init call instantiates the data
 structure but actually opening the window is delayed until you call <code>open</code>. Your
 open method should call <code>do_postopen</code> to let the base class handle linking in to
 the application object. Similarly with <code>close</code> and <code>do_postclose</code>. The
 rest of the code is mainly event-oriented: you override <code>do_postresize</code>,
 <code>do_contentclick</code>, <code>do_update</code>, <code>do_activate</code>
 and <code>do_key</code> to "do your thing". When these methods are called the relevant environment
 has been setup (like <code>BeginDrawing</code> has been called for updates, etc).

 <dt> <CODE>windowbounds</CODE>
 <dd>
 Not a class but a function: you pass it a width and height and it will return you a rectangle
 you can use to create your window. It will take care of staggering windows and it will try
 to fit the window on the screen (but the resulting rect will <em>always</em> have the size you
 specify).

 <dt> <CODE>ControlsWindow</CODE>
 <dd>
 A subclass of Window which automatically handles drawing and clicking for controls. You override
 the same methods as for Window (if you need to: control-related things are done automatically) and
 <code>do_controlhit</code>.

 <dt> <CODE>ScrolledWindow</CODE>
 <dd>
 A subclass of ControlsWindow, a window with optional scrollbars. If you override <code>do_activate</code>
 or <code>do_postresize</code> you must call the ScrolledWindow methods at the end of your override.
 You call <code>scrollbars</code> to enable/disable scrollbars and <code>updatescrollbars</code> to
 update them. You provide <code>getscrollbarvalues</code> to return the current x/y values (a helper
 method <code>scalebarvalues</code> is available) and <code>scrollbarcallback</code> to update your
 display after the user has used the scrollbars.

 <dt> <CODE>DialogWindow</CODE>
 <dd>
 A modeless dialog window initialized from a DLOG resource. See the
 <A HREF="example2.html">second Interslip example</A> for its useage.
 </dl>

 <H2>A sample text editor</H2>

 Let us have a look at <A HREF="textedit/ped.py">ped.py</A> (in the Demo:textedit folder), the Pathetic
 EDitor. It has multiple windows, cut/copy/paste and keyboard input, but that is about all. It looks
 as if you can resize the window but it does not work. Still, it serves as an example.

 Ped creates two classes, <code>TEWindow</code> and <code>Ped</code>. Let us start with the latter one,
 which is a subclass of <code>FrameWork.Application</code> and our main application. The init function
 has little to do aside from the standard init: it remembers a window sequence number (for untitled windows),
 and sets things up for menu disable to work. Remember, the <code>makeusermenus</code> is called
 automatically. <p>

 <code>Makeusermenus</code> creates the <code>File</code> and <code>Edit</code> menus. It also initializes
 a couple of lists that are used later to correctly enable and disable menu items (and complete menus) depending
 on whether a window is open, text is selected, etc. The callback functions for the menu items are
 all methods of this class. <p>

 <code>Updatemenubar</code> handles greying out (and re-enabling) of menu items depending on whether there
 is a current window and its state. <p>

 The rest of the methods are all callbacks and simple to understand. They check whether there is an active
 window (and complain loudly if there is none: the corresponding menu entry should have been disabled
 in that case!) and call the appropriate window method. Only the <code>_open</code> method (the common code
 for <code>Open</code> and <code>New</code>) deserves some mention. It instantiates a <code>TEWindow</code>
 object and opens it with the title, filename and contents of the file to edit. Note that FrameWork takes
 care of remembering the window object. A minor note on opening the file in binary mode: this is because
 TextEdit expects MacOS style carriage-return terminated lines, not python/unix/C style newline-terminated
 lines. <p>

 Oh yes: the <code>quit</code> callback does a little magic too. It closes all windows, and only if this
 succeeds it actually quits. This gives the user a chance to cancel the operation if some files are unsaved.
 <p>

 Lastly, there is the <code>idle</code> method, called by the Application base class when no event
 is available. It is forwarded to the active window, so it can blink the text caret. <p>

 The <code>TEWindow</code> object handles a single window. Due to this structuring it is absolutely no
 problem to have multiple windows open at the same time (although a real application should exercise care when
 two windows refer to the same document). TEWindow uses the standard init code inherited from
 <code>ScrolledWindow</code>, and sets itself up at the time of the <code>open</code> call. It obtains screen
 coordinates, opens the window, creates rectangles for TextEdit to work in (the magical number <code>15</code>
 here is the size of a normal scroll bar: unfortunately there is no symbolic constant for it),
 creates the TextEdit object and initializes it with our data. Finally, the scroll bars are created (the
 initial values will be obtained automatically through <code>getscrollbarvalues</code>) and we activate
 ourselves (this is unfortunately not done automatically by the MacOS event handling code). <p>

 <code>Do_idle</code> simply calls the TextEdit routine that blinks the cursor. <code>Getscrollbarvalues</code>
 returns the current X and Y scrollbar values, scaled to <code>0..32767</code>. For X we return <code>None</code>,
 which means "no scrollbar, please", for Y we use the scaler provided by <code>ScrolledWindow</code>. <p>

 <code>Scrollbar_callback</code> is called when the user uses the scrollbar. It is passed a string <code>'x'</code>
 or <code>'y'</code>, one of <code>'set', '-', '--', '+', '++'</code> and (for <code>set</code>) an absolute
 value. Note that the sign of the value passed to <code>TEPinScroll</code> is counter-intuitive. <p>

 <code>do_activate</code> (de)activates the scrollbars and calls the relevant TextEdit routine. Moreover, it
 tells the application object if we are now the active window, and updates the menubar. The next few methods
 are update and menu callbacks, and pretty straightforward. Note that <code>do_close</code> can
 return without closing the window (if the document is changed and the users cancels out of the operation).
 Also note the "magic" in <code>menu_save_as</code>
 that set the correct window title. <p>

 Things get moderately interesting again at the cut/copy/paste handling, since the TextEdit scrap is
 separate from the desktop scrap. For that reason there are various calls to routines that move the scrap
 back and forth. <code>Have_selection</code> is called by the menubar update code to determine whether cut and
 copy should be enabled. <p>

 Understanding the main program is left as an exercise to the reader. <p>

 <hr>
 That's all for this example, you could now continue with the <A HREF="waste.html">next example</A>, where we use WASTE, a more-or-less
 TextEdit compatible library with more functionality, to rebuild our editor. Or you can
 return to the <A HREF="index.html">table of contents</A> to pick another topic. <p>
	<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Using FrameWork and TextEdit</TITLE></HEAD>
	<BODY>
	<H1>Using FrameWork and TextEdit</H1>
	<HR>

	In this document we use the <CODE>FrameWork</CODE> and <CODE>TextEdit</CODE>
	modules to create a simple text editor. The functionality
	of the editor is very basic: you can open multiple files, type text and use
	cut/copy/paste. The main intention is to explain the use of FrameWork, really. <p>

	<H2>FrameWork</H2>

	The FrameWork module provides you with a skeleton application. It declares a
	number of classes suitable for subclassing in your application, thereby
	releaving you of the burden of doing all event handling, etc. yourself. For a
	real understanding you will have to browse the source. Here is a short overview
	of the classes and what functionality they provide.

	<dl>
	<dt> <CODE>Application</CODE>
	<dd>
	This is the toplevel class you will override. It maintains the menu bar and contains
	the main event handling code. Normal use is to override the <code>__init__</code> routine
	to do your own initializations and override <code>makeusermenus</code> to create your menus
	(your menu callback routines may be here too, but this is by no means necessary).
	The event handling code can be overridden at various levels, from very low-level (the
	<code>dispatch</code> method) to intermedeate level (<code>do_keyDown</code>, for instance)
	to high-level (<code>do_key</code>). The application class knows about the <code>Window</code>
	objects you create, and will forward events to the appropriate window (So, normally you
	would have a <code>do_key</code> method in your window object, not your application object).

	<dt> <CODE>MenuBar</CODE>, <CODE>Menu</CODE> and <CODE>MenuItem</CODE>
	<dd>
	These classes (and a few friends like <CODE>SubMenu</CODE>) handle your menus. You would not
	normally override them but use them as-is. The idiom for creating menus is a bit strange,
	see the test code at the bottom of FrameWork for sample use. The apple menu is handled for you
	by <CODE>MenuBar</CODE> and <CODE>Application</CODE>.

	<dt> <CODE>Window</CODE>
	<dd>
	The basic window. Again, a class that you normally subclass in your application, possibly
	multiple times if you have different types of windows. The init call instantiates the data
	structure but actually opening the window is delayed until you call <code>open</code>. Your
	open method should call <code>do_postopen</code> to let the base class handle linking in to
	the application object. Similarly with <code>close</code> and <code>do_postclose</code>. The
	rest of the code is mainly event-oriented: you override <code>do_postresize</code>,
	<code>do_contentclick</code>, <code>do_update</code>, <code>do_activate</code>
	and <code>do_key</code> to "do your thing". When these methods are called the relevant environment
	has been setup (like <code>BeginDrawing</code> has been called for updates, etc).

	<dt> <CODE>windowbounds</CODE>
	<dd>
	Not a class but a function: you pass it a width and height and it will return you a rectangle
	you can use to create your window. It will take care of staggering windows and it will try
	to fit the window on the screen (but the resulting rect will <em>always</em> have the size you
	specify).

	<dt> <CODE>ControlsWindow</CODE>
	<dd>
	A subclass of Window which automatically handles drawing and clicking for controls. You override
	the same methods as for Window (if you need to: control-related things are done automatically) and
	<code>do_controlhit</code>.

	<dt> <CODE>ScrolledWindow</CODE>
	<dd>
	A subclass of ControlsWindow, a window with optional scrollbars. If you override <code>do_activate</code>
	or <code>do_postresize</code> you must call the ScrolledWindow methods at the end of your override.
	You call <code>scrollbars</code> to enable/disable scrollbars and <code>updatescrollbars</code> to
	update them. You provide <code>getscrollbarvalues</code> to return the current x/y values (a helper
	method <code>scalebarvalues</code> is available) and <code>scrollbarcallback</code> to update your
	display after the user has used the scrollbars.

	<dt> <CODE>DialogWindow</CODE>
	<dd>
	A modeless dialog window initialized from a DLOG resource. See the
	<A HREF="example2.html">second Interslip example</A> for its useage.
	</dl>

	<H2>A sample text editor</H2>

	Let us have a look at <A HREF="textedit/ped.py">ped.py</A> (in the Demo:textedit folder), the Pathetic
	EDitor. It has multiple windows, cut/copy/paste and keyboard input, but that is about all. It looks
	as if you can resize the window but it does not work. Still, it serves as an example.

	Ped creates two classes, <code>TEWindow</code> and <code>Ped</code>. Let us start with the latter one,
	which is a subclass of <code>FrameWork.Application</code> and our main application. The init function
	has little to do aside from the standard init: it remembers a window sequence number (for untitled windows),
	and sets things up for menu disable to work. Remember, the <code>makeusermenus</code> is called
	automatically. <p>

	<code>Makeusermenus</code> creates the <code>File</code> and <code>Edit</code> menus. It also initializes
	a couple of lists that are used later to correctly enable and disable menu items (and complete menus) depending
	on whether a window is open, text is selected, etc. The callback functions for the menu items are
	all methods of this class. <p>

	<code>Updatemenubar</code> handles greying out (and re-enabling) of menu items depending on whether there
	is a current window and its state. <p>

	The rest of the methods are all callbacks and simple to understand. They check whether there is an active
	window (and complain loudly if there is none: the corresponding menu entry should have been disabled
	in that case!) and call the appropriate window method. Only the <code>_open</code> method (the common code
	for <code>Open</code> and <code>New</code>) deserves some mention. It instantiates a <code>TEWindow</code>
	object and opens it with the title, filename and contents of the file to edit. Note that FrameWork takes
	care of remembering the window object. A minor note on opening the file in binary mode: this is because
	TextEdit expects MacOS style carriage-return terminated lines, not python/unix/C style newline-terminated
	lines. <p>

	Oh yes: the <code>quit</code> callback does a little magic too. It closes all windows, and only if this
	succeeds it actually quits. This gives the user a chance to cancel the operation if some files are unsaved.
	<p>

	Lastly, there is the <code>idle</code> method, called by the Application base class when no event
	is available. It is forwarded to the active window, so it can blink the text caret. <p>

	The <code>TEWindow</code> object handles a single window. Due to this structuring it is absolutely no
	problem to have multiple windows open at the same time (although a real application should exercise care when
	two windows refer to the same document). TEWindow uses the standard init code inherited from
	<code>ScrolledWindow</code>, and sets itself up at the time of the <code>open</code> call. It obtains screen
	coordinates, opens the window, creates rectangles for TextEdit to work in (the magical number <code>15</code>
	here is the size of a normal scroll bar: unfortunately there is no symbolic constant for it),
	creates the TextEdit object and initializes it with our data. Finally, the scroll bars are created (the
	initial values will be obtained automatically through <code>getscrollbarvalues</code>) and we activate
	ourselves (this is unfortunately not done automatically by the MacOS event handling code). <p>

	<code>Do_idle</code> simply calls the TextEdit routine that blinks the cursor. <code>Getscrollbarvalues</code>
	returns the current X and Y scrollbar values, scaled to <code>0..32767</code>. For X we return <code>None</code>,
	which means "no scrollbar, please", for Y we use the scaler provided by <code>ScrolledWindow</code>. <p>

	<code>Scrollbar_callback</code> is called when the user uses the scrollbar. It is passed a string <code>'x'</code>
	or <code>'y'</code>, one of <code>'set', '-', '--', '+', '++'</code> and (for <code>set</code>) an absolute
	value. Note that the sign of the value passed to <code>TEPinScroll</code> is counter-intuitive. <p>

	<code>do_activate</code> (de)activates the scrollbars and calls the relevant TextEdit routine. Moreover, it
	tells the application object if we are now the active window, and updates the menubar. The next few methods
	are update and menu callbacks, and pretty straightforward. Note that <code>do_close</code> can
	return without closing the window (if the document is changed and the users cancels out of the operation).
	Also note the "magic" in <code>menu_save_as</code>
	that set the correct window title. <p>

	Things get moderately interesting again at the cut/copy/paste handling, since the TextEdit scrap is
	separate from the desktop scrap. For that reason there are various calls to routines that move the scrap
	back and forth. <code>Have_selection</code> is called by the menubar update code to determine whether cut and
	copy should be enabled. <p>

	Understanding the main program is left as an exercise to the reader. <p>

	<hr>
	That's all for this example, you could now continue with the <A HREF="waste.html">next example</A>, where we use WASTE, a more-or-less
	TextEdit compatible library with more functionality, to rebuild our editor. Or you can
	return to the <A HREF="index.html">table of contents</A> to pick another topic. <p>