merge from trunk
diff --git a/Doc/Makefile b/Doc/Makefile
index 77b84f5..81ae419 100644
--- a/Doc/Makefile
+++ b/Doc/Makefile
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@
# archive the HTML
make html
- cp -a build/html dist/python$(DISTVERSION)-docs-html
+ cp -pPR build/html dist/python$(DISTVERSION)-docs-html
tar -C dist -cf dist/python$(DISTVERSION)-docs-html.tar python$(DISTVERSION)-docs-html
bzip2 -9 -k dist/python$(DISTVERSION)-docs-html.tar
(cd dist; zip -q -r -9 python$(DISTVERSION)-docs-html.zip python$(DISTVERSION)-docs-html)
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@
# archive the text build
make text
- cp -a build/text dist/python$(DISTVERSION)-docs-text
+ cp -pPR build/text dist/python$(DISTVERSION)-docs-text
tar -C dist -cf dist/python$(DISTVERSION)-docs-text.tar python$(DISTVERSION)-docs-text
bzip2 -9 -k dist/python$(DISTVERSION)-docs-text.tar
(cd dist; zip -q -r -9 python$(DISTVERSION)-docs-text.zip python$(DISTVERSION)-docs-text)
diff --git a/Doc/c-api/init.rst b/Doc/c-api/init.rst
index dff1f4d..89bcff3 100644
--- a/Doc/c-api/init.rst
+++ b/Doc/c-api/init.rst
@@ -744,11 +744,11 @@
:cmacro:`Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS` macros is acceptable.
The return value is an opaque "handle" to the thread state when
- :cfunc:`PyGILState_Acquire` was called, and must be passed to
+ :cfunc:`PyGILState_Ensure` was called, and must be passed to
:cfunc:`PyGILState_Release` to ensure Python is left in the same state. Even
though recursive calls are allowed, these handles *cannot* be shared - each
- unique call to :cfunc:`PyGILState_Ensure` must save the handle for its call to
- :cfunc:`PyGILState_Release`.
+ unique call to :cfunc:`PyGILState_Ensure` must save the handle for its call
+ to :cfunc:`PyGILState_Release`.
When the function returns, the current thread will hold the GIL. Failure is a
fatal error.
diff --git a/Doc/conf.py b/Doc/conf.py
index 2be0f19..014de27 100644
--- a/Doc/conf.py
+++ b/Doc/conf.py
@@ -41,13 +41,6 @@
# List of files that shouldn't be included in the build.
unused_docs = [
- 'whatsnew/2.0',
- 'whatsnew/2.1',
- 'whatsnew/2.2',
- 'whatsnew/2.3',
- 'whatsnew/2.4',
- 'whatsnew/2.5',
- 'whatsnew/2.6',
'maclib/scrap',
'library/xmllib',
'library/xml.etree',
diff --git a/Doc/contents.rst b/Doc/contents.rst
index 28384c6..8b99d0e 100644
--- a/Doc/contents.rst
+++ b/Doc/contents.rst
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
.. toctree::
- whatsnew/3.0.rst
+ whatsnew/index.rst
tutorial/index.rst
using/index.rst
reference/index.rst
diff --git a/Doc/library/ftplib.rst b/Doc/library/ftplib.rst
index d4f8888..b543294 100644
--- a/Doc/library/ftplib.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/ftplib.rst
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@
.. method:: FTP.quit()
Send a ``QUIT`` command to the server and close the connection. This is the
- "polite" way to close a connection, but it may raise an exception of the server
+ "polite" way to close a connection, but it may raise an exception if the server
responds with an error to the ``QUIT`` command. This implies a call to the
:meth:`close` method which renders the :class:`FTP` instance useless for
subsequent calls (see below).
diff --git a/Doc/library/functions.rst b/Doc/library/functions.rst
index ac25510..818ce45 100644
--- a/Doc/library/functions.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/functions.rst
@@ -22,9 +22,8 @@
The function is invoked by the :keyword:`import` statement. It mainly exists
so that you can replace it with another function that has a compatible
interface, in order to change the semantics of the :keyword:`import`
- statement. See also the built-in module :mod:`imp`, which
- defines some useful operations out of which you can build your own
- :func:`__import__` function.
+ statement. See the built-in module :mod:`imp`, which defines some useful
+ operations out of which you can build your own :func:`__import__` function.
For example, the statement ``import spam`` results in the following call:
``__import__('spam', globals(), locals(), [], -1)``; the statement
@@ -1201,6 +1200,18 @@
care about trailing, unmatched values from the longer iterables. If those
values are important, use :func:`itertools.zip_longest` instead.
+ :func:`zip` in conjunction with the ``*`` operator can be used to unzip a
+ list::
+
+ >>> x = [1, 2, 3]
+ >>> y = [4, 5, 6]
+ >>> zipped = zip(x, y)
+ >>> zipped
+ [(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]
+ >>> x2, y2 = zip(*zipped)
+ >>> x == x2, y == y2
+ True
+
.. rubric:: Footnotes
diff --git a/Doc/library/sqlite3.rst b/Doc/library/sqlite3.rst
index 3e3faca..8ffbce3 100644
--- a/Doc/library/sqlite3.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/sqlite3.rst
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
You can also supply the special name ``:memory:`` to create a database in RAM.
Once you have a :class:`Connection`, you can create a :class:`Cursor` object
-and call its :meth:`execute` method to perform SQL commands::
+and call its :meth:`~Cursor.execute` method to perform SQL commands::
c = conn.cursor()
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
Instead, use the DB-API's parameter substitution. Put ``?`` as a placeholder
wherever you want to use a value, and then provide a tuple of values as the
-second argument to the cursor's :meth:`execute` method. (Other database modules
+second argument to the cursor's :meth:`~Cursor.execute` method. (Other database modules
may use a different placeholder, such as ``%s`` or ``:1``.) For example::
# Never do this -- insecure!
@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@
c.execute('insert into stocks values (?,?,?,?,?)', t)
To retrieve data after executing a SELECT statement, you can either treat the
-cursor as an :term:`iterator`, call the cursor's :meth:`fetchone` method to
-retrieve a single matching row, or call :meth:`fetchall` to get a list of the
+cursor as an :term:`iterator`, call the cursor's :meth:`~Cursor.fetchone` method to
+retrieve a single matching row, or call :meth:`~Cursor.fetchall` to get a list of the
matching rows.
This example uses the iterator form::
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@
returns. It will look for a string formed [mytype] in there, and then decide
that 'mytype' is the type of the column. It will try to find an entry of
'mytype' in the converters dictionary and then use the converter function found
- there to return the value. The column name found in :attr:`cursor.description`
+ there to return the value. The column name found in :attr:`Cursor.description`
is only the first word of the column name, i. e. if you use something like
``'as "x [datetime]"'`` in your SQL, then we will parse out everything until the
first blank for the column name: the column name would simply be "x".
@@ -215,11 +215,13 @@
Connection Objects
------------------
-A :class:`Connection` instance has the following attributes and methods:
+.. class:: Connection
+
+ A SQLite database connection has the following attributes and methods:
.. attribute:: Connection.isolation_level
- Get or set the current isolation level. None for autocommit mode or one of
+ Get or set the current isolation level. :const:`None` for autocommit mode or one of
"DEFERRED", "IMMEDIATE" or "EXLUSIVE". See section
:ref:`sqlite3-controlling-transactions` for a more detailed explanation.
@@ -234,7 +236,7 @@
.. method:: Connection.commit()
This method commits the current transaction. If you don't call this method,
- anything you did since the last call to commit() is not visible from from
+ anything you did since the last call to ``commit()`` is not visible from from
other database connections. If you wonder why you don't see the data you've
written to the database, please check you didn't forget to call this method.
@@ -383,9 +385,9 @@
.. attribute:: Connection.text_factory
- Using this attribute you can control what objects are returned for the TEXT data
- type. By default, this attribute is set to :class:`str` and the
- :mod:`sqlite3` module will return strings for TEXT. If you want to
+ Using this attribute you can control what objects are returned for the ``TEXT``
+ data type. By default, this attribute is set to :class:`str` and the
+ :mod:`sqlite3` module will return Unicode objects for ``TEXT``. If you want to
return bytestrings instead, you can set it to :class:`bytes`.
For efficiency reasons, there's also a way to return :class:`str` objects
@@ -430,8 +432,9 @@
Cursor Objects
--------------
-A :class:`Cursor` instance has the following attributes and methods:
+.. class:: Cursor
+ A SQLite database cursor has the following attributes and methods:
.. method:: Cursor.execute(sql, [parameters])
@@ -470,7 +473,7 @@
.. method:: Cursor.executescript(sql_script)
This is a nonstandard convenience method for executing multiple SQL statements
- at once. It issues a COMMIT statement first, then executes the SQL script it
+ at once. It issues a ``COMMIT`` statement first, then executes the SQL script it
gets as a parameter.
*sql_script* can be an instance of :class:`str` or :class:`bytes`.
@@ -483,7 +486,7 @@
.. method:: Cursor.fetchone()
Fetches the next row of a query result set, returning a single sequence,
- or ``None`` when no more data is available.
+ or :const:`None` when no more data is available.
.. method:: Cursor.fetchmany([size=cursor.arraysize])
@@ -522,8 +525,8 @@
into :attr:`rowcount`.
As required by the Python DB API Spec, the :attr:`rowcount` attribute "is -1 in
- case no executeXX() has been performed on the cursor or the rowcount of the last
- operation is not determinable by the interface".
+ case no ``executeXX()`` has been performed on the cursor or the rowcount of the
+ last operation is not determinable by the interface".
This includes ``SELECT`` statements because we cannot determine the number of
rows a query produced until all rows were fetched.
@@ -535,6 +538,81 @@
method. For operations other than ``INSERT`` or when :meth:`executemany` is
called, :attr:`lastrowid` is set to :const:`None`.
+.. attribute:: Cursor.description
+
+ This read-only attribute provides the column names of the last query. To
+ remain compatible with the Python DB API, it returns a 7-tuple for each
+ column where the last six items of each tuple are :const:`None`.
+
+ It is set for ``SELECT`` statements without any matching rows as well.
+
+.. _sqlite3-row-objects:
+
+Row Objects
+-----------
+
+.. class:: Row
+
+ A :class:`Row` instance serves as a highly optimized
+ :attr:`~Connection.row_factory` for :class:`Connection` objects.
+ It tries to mimic a tuple in most of its features.
+
+ It supports mapping access by column name and index, iteration,
+ representation, equality testing and :func:`len`.
+
+ If two :class:`Row` objects have exactly the same columns and their
+ members are equal, they compare equal.
+
+ .. versionchanged:: 2.6
+ Added iteration and equality (hashability).
+
+ .. method:: keys
+
+ This method returns a tuple of column names. Immediately after a query,
+ it is the first member of each tuple in :attr:`Cursor.description`.
+
+ .. versionadded:: 2.6
+
+Let's assume we initialize a table as in the example given above::
+
+ conn = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
+ c = conn.cursor()
+ c.execute('''create table stocks
+ (date text, trans text, symbol text,
+ qty real, price real)''')
+ c.execute("""insert into stocks
+ values ('2006-01-05','BUY','RHAT',100,35.14)""")
+ conn.commit()
+ c.close()
+
+Now we plug :class:`Row` in::
+
+ >>> conn.row_factory = sqlite3.Row
+ >>> c = conn.cursor()
+ >>> c.execute('select * from stocks')
+ <sqlite3.Cursor object at 0x7f4e7dd8fa80>
+ >>> r = c.fetchone()
+ >>> type(r)
+ <type 'sqlite3.Row'>
+ >>> r
+ (u'2006-01-05', u'BUY', u'RHAT', 100.0, 35.140000000000001)
+ >>> len(r)
+ 5
+ >>> r[2]
+ u'RHAT'
+ >>> r.keys()
+ ['date', 'trans', 'symbol', 'qty', 'price']
+ >>> r['qty']
+ 100.0
+ >>> for member in r: print member
+ ...
+ 2006-01-05
+ BUY
+ RHAT
+ 100.0
+ 35.14
+
+
.. _sqlite3-types:
SQLite and Python types
@@ -544,36 +622,38 @@
Introduction
^^^^^^^^^^^^
-SQLite natively supports the following types: NULL, INTEGER, REAL, TEXT, BLOB.
+SQLite natively supports the following types: ``NULL``, ``INTEGER``,
+``REAL``, ``TEXT``, ``BLOB``.
The following Python types can thus be sent to SQLite without any problem:
+-------------------------------+-------------+
| Python type | SQLite type |
+===============================+=============+
-| ``None`` | NULL |
+| :const:`None` | ``NULL`` |
+-------------------------------+-------------+
-| :class:`int` | INTEGER |
+| :class:`int` | ``INTEGER`` |
+-------------------------------+-------------+
-| :class:`float` | REAL |
+| :class:`float` | ``REAL`` |
+-------------------------------+-------------+
-| :class:`bytes` (UTF8-encoded) | TEXT |
+| :class:`bytes` (UTF8-encoded) | ``TEXT`` |
+-------------------------------+-------------+
-| :class:`str` | TEXT |
+| :class:`str` | ``TEXT`` |
+-------------------------------+-------------+
-| :class:`buffer` | BLOB |
+| :class:`buffer` | ``BLOB`` |
+-------------------------------+-------------+
+
This is how SQLite types are converted to Python types by default:
+-------------+---------------------------------------------+
| SQLite type | Python type |
+=============+=============================================+
-| ``NULL`` | None |
+| ``NULL`` | :const:`None` |
+-------------+---------------------------------------------+
-| ``INTEGER`` | int |
+| ``INTEGER`` | :class`int` |
+-------------+---------------------------------------------+
-| ``REAL`` | float |
+| ``REAL`` | :class:`float` |
+-------------+---------------------------------------------+
| ``TEXT`` | depends on text_factory, str by default |
+-------------+---------------------------------------------+
@@ -701,9 +781,10 @@
------------------------
By default, the :mod:`sqlite3` module opens transactions implicitly before a
-Data Modification Language (DML) statement (i.e. INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE/REPLACE),
-and commits transactions implicitly before a non-DML, non-query statement (i. e.
-anything other than SELECT/INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE/REPLACE).
+Data Modification Language (DML) statement (i.e.
+``INSERT``/``UPDATE``/``DELETE``/``REPLACE``), and commits transactions
+implicitly before a non-DML, non-query statement (i. e.
+anything other than ``SELECT`` or the aforementioned).
So if you are within a transaction and issue a command like ``CREATE TABLE
...``, ``VACUUM``, ``PRAGMA``, the :mod:`sqlite3` module will commit implicitly
@@ -712,7 +793,7 @@
is that pysqlite needs to keep track of the transaction state (if a transaction
is active or not).
-You can control which kind of "BEGIN" statements pysqlite implicitly executes
+You can control which kind of ``BEGIN`` statements pysqlite implicitly executes
(or none at all) via the *isolation_level* parameter to the :func:`connect`
call, or via the :attr:`isolation_level` property of connections.
@@ -736,7 +817,7 @@
be written more concisely because you don't have to create the (often
superfluous) :class:`Cursor` objects explicitly. Instead, the :class:`Cursor`
objects are created implicitly and these shortcut methods return the cursor
-objects. This way, you can execute a SELECT statement and iterate over it
+objects. This way, you can execute a ``SELECT`` statement and iterate over it
directly using only a single call on the :class:`Connection` object.
.. literalinclude:: ../includes/sqlite3/shortcut_methods.py
diff --git a/Doc/library/subprocess.rst b/Doc/library/subprocess.rst
index 56edd1e..68f8bfc 100644
--- a/Doc/library/subprocess.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/subprocess.rst
@@ -334,8 +334,8 @@
output = Popen(["mycmd", "myarg"], stdout=PIPE).communicate()[0]
-Replacing shell pipe line
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+Replacing shell pipeline
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
::
diff --git a/Doc/reference/simple_stmts.rst b/Doc/reference/simple_stmts.rst
index 9cf0bea..a799301 100644
--- a/Doc/reference/simple_stmts.rst
+++ b/Doc/reference/simple_stmts.rst
@@ -775,9 +775,9 @@
.. XXX change this if future is cleaned out
The features recognized by Python 3.0 are ``absolute_import``, ``division``,
-``generators``, ``nested_scopes`` and ``with_statement``. They are all
-redundant because they are always enabled, and only kept for backwards
-compatibility.
+``generators``, ``unicode_literals``, ``print_function``, ``nested_scopes`` and
+``with_statement``. They are all redundant because they are always enabled, and
+only kept for backwards compatibility.
A future statement is recognized and treated specially at compile time: Changes
to the semantics of core constructs are often implemented by generating
diff --git a/Doc/tools/sphinxext/download.html b/Doc/tools/sphinxext/download.html
index 1f51399..59aea63 100644
--- a/Doc/tools/sphinxext/download.html
+++ b/Doc/tools/sphinxext/download.html
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@
<td><a href="{{ dlbase }}/python-docs-html.tar.bz2">Download</a> (ca. 4 MB)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Plain Text</td>
- <td><a href="{{ dlbase }}/python-docs-pdf-text.zip">Download</a> (ca. 2 MB)</td>
- <td><a href="{{ dlbase }}/python-docs-pdf-text.tar.bz2">Download</a> (ca. 1.5 MB)</td>
+ <td><a href="{{ dlbase }}/python-docs-text.zip">Download</a> (ca. 2 MB)</td>
+ <td><a href="{{ dlbase }}/python-docs-text.tar.bz2">Download</a> (ca. 1.5 MB)</td>
</tr>
</table>
diff --git a/Doc/tools/sphinxext/indexcontent.html b/Doc/tools/sphinxext/indexcontent.html
index c10da38..9b7dd03 100644
--- a/Doc/tools/sphinxext/indexcontent.html
+++ b/Doc/tools/sphinxext/indexcontent.html
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<table class="contentstable" align="center"><tr>
<td width="50%">
<p class="biglink"><a class="biglink" href="{{ pathto("whatsnew/" + version) }}">What's new in Python {{ version }}?</a><br/>
- <span class="linkdescr">changes since previous major release</span></p>
+ <span class="linkdescr">or <a href="{{ pathto("whatsnew/index") }}">all "What's new" documents</a> since 2.0</span></span></p>
<p class="biglink"><a class="biglink" href="{{ pathto("tutorial/index") }}">Tutorial</a><br/>
<span class="linkdescr">start here</span></p>
<p class="biglink"><a class="biglink" href="{{ pathto("using/index") }}">Using Python</a><br/>
diff --git a/Doc/tools/sphinxext/layout.html b/Doc/tools/sphinxext/layout.html
index 689cbda..a6afd15 100644
--- a/Doc/tools/sphinxext/layout.html
+++ b/Doc/tools/sphinxext/layout.html
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
{% extends "!layout.html" %}
{% block rootrellink %}
-<li><img src="{{ pathto('_static/py.png', 1) }}" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
-{{ super() }}
+<li><img src="{{ pathto('_static/py.png', 1) }}" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li><li><a href="{{ pathto('index') }}">{{ shorttitle }}</a>{{ reldelim1 }}</li>
{% endblock %}
diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/2.2.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/2.2.rst
index 4cf1438..1383298 100644
--- a/Doc/whatsnew/2.2.rst
+++ b/Doc/whatsnew/2.2.rst
@@ -714,7 +714,7 @@
presented with two integer arguments: it returns an integer result that's
truncated down when there would be a fractional part. For example, ``3/2`` is
1, not 1.5, and ``(-1)/2`` is -1, not -0.5. This means that the results of
-divison can vary unexpectedly depending on the type of the two operands and
+division can vary unexpectedly depending on the type of the two operands and
because Python is dynamically typed, it can be difficult to determine the
possible types of the operands.
diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/2.3.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/2.3.rst
index f5c53c0..810aa25 100644
--- a/Doc/whatsnew/2.3.rst
+++ b/Doc/whatsnew/2.3.rst
@@ -1196,7 +1196,7 @@
* The ``SET_LINENO`` opcode is now gone. This may provide a small speed
increase, depending on your compiler's idiosyncrasies. See section
- :ref:`section-other` for a longer explanation. (Removed by Michael Hudson.)
+ :ref:`23section-other` for a longer explanation. (Removed by Michael Hudson.)
* :func:`xrange` objects now have their own iterator, making ``for i in
xrange(n)`` slightly faster than ``for i in range(n)``. (Patch by Raymond
@@ -1951,7 +1951,7 @@
.. ======================================================================
-.. _section-other:
+.. _23section-other:
Other Changes and Fixes
=======================
@@ -2062,7 +2062,7 @@
.. ======================================================================
-.. _acks:
+.. _23acks:
Acknowledgements
================
diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/2.4.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/2.4.rst
index bf30ac1..59788ba 100644
--- a/Doc/whatsnew/2.4.rst
+++ b/Doc/whatsnew/2.4.rst
@@ -1551,7 +1551,7 @@
.. ======================================================================
-.. _acks:
+.. _24acks:
Acknowledgements
================
diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/2.5.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/2.5.rst
index 925fd0f..43ba6e5 100644
--- a/Doc/whatsnew/2.5.rst
+++ b/Doc/whatsnew/2.5.rst
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@
The changes in Python 2.5 are an interesting mix of language and library
improvements. The library enhancements will be more important to Python's user
community, I think, because several widely-useful packages were added. New
-modules include ElementTree for XML processing (section :ref:`module-etree`),
-the SQLite database module (section :ref:`module-sqlite`), and the :mod:`ctypes`
-module for calling C functions (section :ref:`module-ctypes`).
+modules include ElementTree for XML processing (:mod:`xml.etree`),
+the SQLite database module (:mod:`sqlite`), and the :mod:`ctypes`
+module for calling C functions.
The language changes are of middling significance. Some pleasant new features
were added, but most of them aren't features that you'll use every day.
@@ -736,7 +736,7 @@
# return False
-.. _module-contextlib:
+.. _contextlibmod:
The contextlib module
---------------------
@@ -1109,7 +1109,7 @@
.. ======================================================================
-.. _interactive:
+.. _25interactive:
Interactive Interpreter Changes
-------------------------------
@@ -1211,7 +1211,7 @@
.. ======================================================================
-.. _modules:
+.. _25modules:
New, Improved, and Removed Modules
==================================
@@ -1273,7 +1273,7 @@
(Contributed by Raymond Hettinger.)
* New module: The :mod:`contextlib` module contains helper functions for use
- with the new ':keyword:`with`' statement. See section :ref:`module-contextlib`
+ with the new ':keyword:`with`' statement. See section :ref:`contextlibmod`
for more about this module.
* New module: The :mod:`cProfile` module is a C implementation of the existing
@@ -2272,8 +2272,6 @@
.. ======================================================================
-.. _acks:
-
Acknowledgements
================
diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/2.6.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/2.6.rst
index 7e4d68a..872d659 100644
--- a/Doc/whatsnew/2.6.rst
+++ b/Doc/whatsnew/2.6.rst
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
:Release: |release|
:Date: |today|
-.. $Id: whatsnew26.tex 55746 2007-06-02 18:33:53Z neal.norwitz $
+.. $Id$
Rules for maintenance:
* Anyone can add text to this document. Do not spend very much time
@@ -49,9 +49,8 @@
This saves the maintainer some effort going through the SVN logs
when researching a change.
-This article explains the new features in Python 2.6. The release
-schedule is described in :pep:`361`; currently the final release is
-scheduled for October 1 2008.
+This article explains the new features in Python 2.6, released on October 1
+2008. The release schedule is described in :pep:`361`.
The major theme of Python 2.6 is preparing the migration path to
Python 3.0, a major redesign of the language. Whenever possible,
@@ -663,33 +662,33 @@
from multiprocessing import Pool, Manager
def factorial(N, dictionary):
- "Compute a factorial."
- # Calculate the result
- fact = 1L
- for i in range(1, N+1):
- fact = fact * i
+ "Compute a factorial."
+ # Calculate the result
+ fact = 1L
+ for i in range(1, N+1):
+ fact = fact * i
# Store result in dictionary
- dictionary[N] = fact
+ dictionary[N] = fact
if __name__ == '__main__':
- p = Pool(5)
- mgr = Manager()
- d = mgr.dict() # Create shared dictionary
+ p = Pool(5)
+ mgr = Manager()
+ d = mgr.dict() # Create shared dictionary
- # Run tasks using the pool
- for N in range(1, 1000, 10):
- p.apply_async(factorial, (N, d))
+ # Run tasks using the pool
+ for N in range(1, 1000, 10):
+ p.apply_async(factorial, (N, d))
- # Mark pool as closed -- no more tasks can be added.
- p.close()
+ # Mark pool as closed -- no more tasks can be added.
+ p.close()
- # Wait for tasks to exit
- p.join()
+ # Wait for tasks to exit
+ p.join()
- # Output results
- for k, v in sorted(d.items()):
- print k, v
+ # Output results
+ for k, v in sorted(d.items()):
+ print k, v
This will produce the output::
@@ -724,32 +723,33 @@
treats the string as a template and takes the arguments to be formatted.
The formatting template uses curly brackets (`{`, `}`) as special characters::
- # Substitute positional argument 0 into the string.
- "User ID: {0}".format("root") -> "User ID: root"
-
- # Use the named keyword arguments
- 'User ID: {uid} Last seen: {last_login}'.format(
- uid='root',
- last_login = '5 Mar 2008 07:20') ->
- 'User ID: root Last seen: 5 Mar 2008 07:20'
+ >>> # Substitute positional argument 0 into the string.
+ >>> "User ID: {0}".format("root")
+ 'User ID: root'
+ >>> # Use the named keyword arguments
+ >>> "User ID: {uid} Last seen: {last_login}".format(
+ ... uid="root",
+ ... last_login = "5 Mar 2008 07:20")
+ 'User ID: root Last seen: 5 Mar 2008 07:20'
Curly brackets can be escaped by doubling them::
- format("Empty dict: {{}}") -> "Empty dict: {}"
+ >>> format("Empty dict: {{}}")
+ "Empty dict: {}"
Field names can be integers indicating positional arguments, such as
``{0}``, ``{1}``, etc. or names of keyword arguments. You can also
supply compound field names that read attributes or access dictionary keys::
- import sys
- 'Platform: {0.platform}\nPython version: {0.version}'.format(sys) ->
- 'Platform: darwin\n
- Python version: 2.6a1+ (trunk:61261M, Mar 5 2008, 20:29:41) \n
- [GCC 4.0.1 (Apple Computer, Inc. build 5367)]'
+ >>> import sys
+ >>> print 'Platform: {0.platform}\nPython version: {0.version}'.format(sys)
+ Platform: darwin
+ Python version: 2.6a1+ (trunk:61261M, Mar 5 2008, 20:29:41)
+ [GCC 4.0.1 (Apple Computer, Inc. build 5367)]'
- import mimetypes
- 'Content-type: {0[.mp4]}'.format(mimetypes.types_map) ->
- 'Content-type: video/mp4'
+ >>> import mimetypes
+ >>> 'Content-type: {0[.mp4]}'.format(mimetypes.types_map)
+ 'Content-type: video/mp4'
Note that when using dictionary-style notation such as ``[.mp4]``, you
don't need to put any quotation marks around the string; it will look
@@ -761,30 +761,25 @@
resulting string. The precise formatting used is also controllable by
adding a colon followed by a format specifier. For example::
- # Field 0: left justify, pad to 15 characters
- # Field 1: right justify, pad to 6 characters
- fmt = '{0:15} ${1:>6}'
-
- fmt.format('Registration', 35) ->
- 'Registration $ 35'
-
- fmt.format('Tutorial', 50) ->
- 'Tutorial $ 50'
-
- fmt.format('Banquet', 125) ->
- 'Banquet $ 125'
+ >>> # Field 0: left justify, pad to 15 characters
+ >>> # Field 1: right justify, pad to 6 characters
+ >>> fmt = '{0:15} ${1:>6}'
+ >>> fmt.format('Registration', 35)
+ 'Registration $ 35'
+ >>> fmt.format('Tutorial', 50)
+ 'Tutorial $ 50'
+ >>> fmt.format('Banquet', 125)
+ 'Banquet $ 125'
Format specifiers can reference other fields through nesting::
- fmt = '{0:{1}}'
-
- width = 15
- fmt.format('Invoice #1234', width) ->
- 'Invoice #1234 '
-
- width = 35
- fmt.format('Invoice #1234', width) ->
- 'Invoice #1234 '
+ >>> fmt = '{0:{1}}'
+ >>> width = 15
+ >>> fmt.format('Invoice #1234', width)
+ 'Invoice #1234 '
+ >>> width = 35
+ >>> fmt.format('Invoice #1234', width)
+ 'Invoice #1234 '
The alignment of a field within the desired width can be specified:
@@ -799,7 +794,7 @@
Format specifiers can also include a presentation type, which
controls how the value is formatted. For example, floating-point numbers
-can be formatted as a general number or in exponential notation:
+can be formatted as a general number or in exponential notation::
>>> '{0:g}'.format(3.75)
'3.75'
@@ -807,25 +802,27 @@
'3.750000e+00'
A variety of presentation types are available. Consult the 2.6
-documentation for a :ref:`complete list <formatstrings>`; here's a sample::
+documentation for a :ref:`complete list <formatstrings>`; here's a sample:
- 'b' - Binary. Outputs the number in base 2.
- 'c' - Character. Converts the integer to the corresponding
- Unicode character before printing.
- 'd' - Decimal Integer. Outputs the number in base 10.
- 'o' - Octal format. Outputs the number in base 8.
- 'x' - Hex format. Outputs the number in base 16, using lower-
- case letters for the digits above 9.
- 'e' - Exponent notation. Prints the number in scientific
- notation using the letter 'e' to indicate the exponent.
- 'g' - General format. This prints the number as a fixed-point
- number, unless the number is too large, in which case
- it switches to 'e' exponent notation.
- 'n' - Number. This is the same as 'g' (for floats) or 'd' (for
- integers), except that it uses the current locale setting to
- insert the appropriate number separator characters.
- '%' - Percentage. Multiplies the number by 100 and displays
- in fixed ('f') format, followed by a percent sign.
+===== ========================================================================
+``b`` Binary. Outputs the number in base 2.
+``c`` Character. Converts the integer to the corresponding Unicode character
+ before printing.
+``d`` Decimal Integer. Outputs the number in base 10.
+``o`` Octal format. Outputs the number in base 8.
+``x`` Hex format. Outputs the number in base 16, using lower-case letters for
+ the digits above 9.
+``e`` Exponent notation. Prints the number in scientific notation using the
+ letter 'e' to indicate the exponent.
+``g`` General format. This prints the number as a fixed-point number, unless
+ the number is too large, in which case it switches to 'e' exponent
+ notation.
+``n`` Number. This is the same as 'g' (for floats) or 'd' (for integers),
+ except that it uses the current locale setting to insert the appropriate
+ number separator characters.
+``%`` Percentage. Multiplies the number by 100 and displays in fixed ('f')
+ format, followed by a percent sign.
+===== ========================================================================
Classes and types can define a :meth:`__format__` method to control how they're
formatted. It receives a single argument, the format specifier::
@@ -866,13 +863,14 @@
Python 2.6 has a ``__future__`` import that removes ``print`` as language
syntax, letting you use the functional form instead. For example::
- from __future__ import print_function
- print('# of entries', len(dictionary), file=sys.stderr)
+ >>> from __future__ import print_function
+ >>> print('# of entries', len(dictionary), file=sys.stderr)
The signature of the new function is::
def print(*args, sep=' ', end='\n', file=None)
+
The parameters are:
* *args*: positional arguments whose values will be printed out.
@@ -950,6 +948,20 @@
Python 2.6 adds :class:`bytes` as a synonym for the :class:`str` type,
and it also supports the ``b''`` notation.
+
+The 2.6 :class:`str` differs from 3.0's :class:`bytes` type in various
+ways; most notably, the constructor is completely different. In 3.0,
+``bytes([65, 66, 67])`` is 3 elements long, containing the bytes
+representing ``ABC``; in 2.6, ``bytes([65, 66, 67])`` returns the
+12-byte string representing the :func:`str` of the list.
+
+The primary use of :class:`bytes` in 2.6 will be to write tests of
+object type such as ``isinstance(x, bytes)``. This will help the 2to3
+converter, which can't tell whether 2.x code intends strings to
+contain either characters or 8-bit bytes; you can now
+use either :class:`bytes` or :class:`str` to represent your intention
+exactly, and the resulting code will also be correct in Python 3.0.
+
There's also a ``__future__`` import that causes all string literals
to become Unicode strings. This means that ``\u`` escape sequences
can be used to include Unicode characters::
@@ -989,6 +1001,8 @@
and some of the methods of lists, such as :meth:`append`,
:meth:`pop`, and :meth:`reverse`.
+::
+
>>> b = bytearray('ABC')
>>> b.append('d')
>>> b.append(ord('e'))
@@ -1211,8 +1225,8 @@
now write::
def func(d):
- if not isinstance(d, collections.MutableMapping):
- raise ValueError("Mapping object expected, not %r" % d)
+ if not isinstance(d, collections.MutableMapping):
+ raise ValueError("Mapping object expected, not %r" % d)
Don't feel that you must now begin writing lots of checks as in the
above example. Python has a strong tradition of duck-typing, where
@@ -1224,22 +1238,22 @@
You can write your own ABCs by using ``abc.ABCMeta`` as the
metaclass in a class definition::
- from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
+ from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
- class Drawable():
- __metaclass__ = ABCMeta
+ class Drawable():
+ __metaclass__ = ABCMeta
- @abstractmethod
- def draw(self, x, y, scale=1.0):
- pass
+ @abstractmethod
+ def draw(self, x, y, scale=1.0):
+ pass
- def draw_doubled(self, x, y):
- self.draw(x, y, scale=2.0)
+ def draw_doubled(self, x, y):
+ self.draw(x, y, scale=2.0)
- class Square(Drawable):
- def draw(self, x, y, scale):
- ...
+ class Square(Drawable):
+ def draw(self, x, y, scale):
+ ...
In the :class:`Drawable` ABC above, the :meth:`draw_doubled` method
@@ -1259,7 +1273,7 @@
>>> class Circle(Drawable):
... pass
...
- >>> c=Circle()
+ >>> c = Circle()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: Can't instantiate abstract class Circle with abstract methods draw
@@ -1318,7 +1332,7 @@
The :func:`int` and :func:`long` built-ins will now accept the "0o"
and "0b" prefixes when base-8 or base-2 are requested, or when the
*base* argument is zero (signalling that the base used should be
-determined from the string):
+determined from the string)::
>>> int ('0o52', 0)
42
@@ -1491,7 +1505,7 @@
(Contributed by Alexander Belopolsky; :issue:`1686487`.)
It's also become legal to provide keyword arguments after a ``*args`` argument
- to a function call.
+ to a function call. ::
>>> def f(*args, **kw):
... print args, kw
@@ -1532,17 +1546,17 @@
property. You would use them like this::
class C(object):
- @property
- def x(self):
- return self._x
+ @property
+ def x(self):
+ return self._x
- @x.setter
- def x(self, value):
- self._x = value
+ @x.setter
+ def x(self, value):
+ self._x = value
- @x.deleter
- def x(self):
- del self._x
+ @x.deleter
+ def x(self):
+ del self._x
class D(C):
@C.x.getter
@@ -1865,8 +1879,8 @@
>>> var_type = collections.namedtuple('variable',
... 'id name type size')
- # Names are separated by spaces or commas.
- # 'id, name, type, size' would also work.
+ >>> # Names are separated by spaces or commas.
+ >>> # 'id, name, type, size' would also work.
>>> var_type._fields
('id', 'name', 'type', 'size')
@@ -1916,11 +1930,13 @@
* A new window method in the :mod:`curses` module,
:meth:`chgat`, changes the display attributes for a certain number of
- characters on a single line. (Contributed by Fabian Kreutz.) ::
+ characters on a single line. (Contributed by Fabian Kreutz.)
+
+ ::
# Boldface text starting at y=0,x=21
# and affecting the rest of the line.
- stdscr.chgat(0,21, curses.A_BOLD)
+ stdscr.chgat(0, 21, curses.A_BOLD)
The :class:`Textbox` class in the :mod:`curses.textpad` module
now supports editing in insert mode as well as overwrite mode.
@@ -1986,8 +2002,8 @@
order, and returns a new generator that returns the contents of all
the iterators, also in sorted order. For example::
- heapq.merge([1, 3, 5, 9], [2, 8, 16]) ->
- [1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 16]
+ >>> list(heapq.merge([1, 3, 5, 9], [2, 8, 16]))
+ [1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 16]
Another new function, ``heappushpop(heap, item)``,
pushes *item* onto *heap*, then pops off and returns the smallest item.
@@ -2021,57 +2037,55 @@
each of the elements; if some of the iterables are shorter than
others, the missing values are set to *fillvalue*. For example::
- itertools.izip_longest([1,2,3], [1,2,3,4,5]) ->
- (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (None, 4), (None, 5)
+ >>> tuple(itertools.izip_longest([1,2,3], [1,2,3,4,5]))
+ ((1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (None, 4), (None, 5))
``product(iter1, iter2, ..., [repeat=N])`` returns the Cartesian product
of the supplied iterables, a set of tuples containing
every possible combination of the elements returned from each iterable. ::
- itertools.product([1,2,3], [4,5,6]) ->
- (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6),
- (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6),
- (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)
+ >>> list(itertools.product([1,2,3], [4,5,6]))
+ [(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6),
+ (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6),
+ (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)]
The optional *repeat* keyword argument is used for taking the
product of an iterable or a set of iterables with themselves,
repeated *N* times. With a single iterable argument, *N*-tuples
are returned::
- itertools.product([1,2], repeat=3) ->
- (1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 2), (1, 2, 1), (1, 2, 2),
- (2, 1, 1), (2, 1, 2), (2, 2, 1), (2, 2, 2)
+ >>> list(itertools.product([1,2], repeat=3))
+ [(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 2), (1, 2, 1), (1, 2, 2),
+ (2, 1, 1), (2, 1, 2), (2, 2, 1), (2, 2, 2)]
With two iterables, *2N*-tuples are returned. ::
- itertools.product([1,2], [3,4], repeat=2) ->
- (1, 3, 1, 3), (1, 3, 1, 4), (1, 3, 2, 3), (1, 3, 2, 4),
- (1, 4, 1, 3), (1, 4, 1, 4), (1, 4, 2, 3), (1, 4, 2, 4),
- (2, 3, 1, 3), (2, 3, 1, 4), (2, 3, 2, 3), (2, 3, 2, 4),
- (2, 4, 1, 3), (2, 4, 1, 4), (2, 4, 2, 3), (2, 4, 2, 4)
+ >>> list(itertools.product([1,2], [3,4], repeat=2))
+ [(1, 3, 1, 3), (1, 3, 1, 4), (1, 3, 2, 3), (1, 3, 2, 4),
+ (1, 4, 1, 3), (1, 4, 1, 4), (1, 4, 2, 3), (1, 4, 2, 4),
+ (2, 3, 1, 3), (2, 3, 1, 4), (2, 3, 2, 3), (2, 3, 2, 4),
+ (2, 4, 1, 3), (2, 4, 1, 4), (2, 4, 2, 3), (2, 4, 2, 4)]
``combinations(iterable, r)`` returns sub-sequences of length *r* from
the elements of *iterable*. ::
- itertools.combinations('123', 2) ->
- ('1', '2'), ('1', '3'), ('2', '3')
-
- itertools.combinations('123', 3) ->
- ('1', '2', '3')
-
- itertools.combinations('1234', 3) ->
- ('1', '2', '3'), ('1', '2', '4'), ('1', '3', '4'),
- ('2', '3', '4')
+ >>> list(itertools.combinations('123', 2))
+ [('1', '2'), ('1', '3'), ('2', '3')]
+ >>> list(itertools.combinations('123', 3))
+ [('1', '2', '3')]
+ >>> list(itertools.combinations('1234', 3))
+ [('1', '2', '3'), ('1', '2', '4'),
+ ('1', '3', '4'), ('2', '3', '4')]
``permutations(iter[, r])`` returns all the permutations of length *r* of
the iterable's elements. If *r* is not specified, it will default to the
number of elements produced by the iterable. ::
- itertools.permutations([1,2,3,4], 2) ->
- (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4),
- (2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 4),
- (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 4),
- (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3)
+ >>> list(itertools.permutations([1,2,3,4], 2))
+ [(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4),
+ (2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 4),
+ (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 4),
+ (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3)]
``itertools.chain(*iterables)`` is an existing function in
:mod:`itertools` that gained a new constructor in Python 2.6.
@@ -2080,8 +2094,8 @@
then return all the elements of the first iterable, then
all the elements of the second, and so on. ::
- chain.from_iterable([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]]) ->
- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
+ >>> list(itertools.chain.from_iterable([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]]))
+ [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
(All contributed by Raymond Hettinger.)
@@ -2252,16 +2266,15 @@
with an installed Python package. For example::
>>> import pkgutil
- >>> pkgutil.get_data('test', 'exception_hierarchy.txt')
- 'BaseException
+ >>> print pkgutil.get_data('test', 'exception_hierarchy.txt')
+ BaseException
+-- SystemExit
+-- KeyboardInterrupt
+-- GeneratorExit
+-- Exception
+-- StopIteration
+-- StandardError
- ...'
- >>>
+ ...
(Contributed by Paul Moore; :issue:`2439`.)
@@ -2535,9 +2548,9 @@
with test_support.check_warnings() as wrec:
warnings.simplefilter("always")
- ... code that triggers a warning ...
+ # ... code that triggers a warning ...
assert str(wrec.message) == "function is outdated"
- assert len(wrec.warnings) == 1, "Multiple warnings raised"
+ assert len(wrec.warnings) == 1, "Multiple warnings raised"
(Contributed by Brett Cannon.)
@@ -2711,7 +2724,7 @@
t = ast.parse("""
d = {}
for i in 'abcdefghijklm':
- d[i + i] = ord(i) - ord('a') + 1
+ d[i + i] = ord(i) - ord('a') + 1
print d
""")
print ast.dump(t)
@@ -2720,32 +2733,32 @@
Module(body=[
Assign(targets=[
- Name(id='d', ctx=Store())
+ Name(id='d', ctx=Store())
], value=Dict(keys=[], values=[]))
For(target=Name(id='i', ctx=Store()),
- iter=Str(s='abcdefghijklm'), body=[
- Assign(targets=[
- Subscript(value=
- Name(id='d', ctx=Load()),
- slice=
- Index(value=
- BinOp(left=Name(id='i', ctx=Load()), op=Add(),
- right=Name(id='i', ctx=Load()))), ctx=Store())
- ], value=
- BinOp(left=
- BinOp(left=
- Call(func=
- Name(id='ord', ctx=Load()), args=[
- Name(id='i', ctx=Load())
- ], keywords=[], starargs=None, kwargs=None),
- op=Sub(), right=Call(func=
- Name(id='ord', ctx=Load()), args=[
- Str(s='a')
- ], keywords=[], starargs=None, kwargs=None)),
- op=Add(), right=Num(n=1)))
- ], orelse=[])
- Print(dest=None, values=[
- Name(id='d', ctx=Load())
+ iter=Str(s='abcdefghijklm'), body=[
+ Assign(targets=[
+ Subscript(value=
+ Name(id='d', ctx=Load()),
+ slice=
+ Index(value=
+ BinOp(left=Name(id='i', ctx=Load()), op=Add(),
+ right=Name(id='i', ctx=Load()))), ctx=Store())
+ ], value=
+ BinOp(left=
+ BinOp(left=
+ Call(func=
+ Name(id='ord', ctx=Load()), args=[
+ Name(id='i', ctx=Load())
+ ], keywords=[], starargs=None, kwargs=None),
+ op=Sub(), right=Call(func=
+ Name(id='ord', ctx=Load()), args=[
+ Str(s='a')
+ ], keywords=[], starargs=None, kwargs=None)),
+ op=Add(), right=Num(n=1)))
+ ], orelse=[])
+ Print(dest=None, values=[
+ Name(id='d', ctx=Load())
], nl=True)
])
@@ -2754,7 +2767,7 @@
returns the resulting value. A literal expression is a Python
expression containing only strings, numbers, dictionaries,
etc. but no statements or function calls. If you need to
-evaluate an expression but accept the security risk of using an
+evaluate an expression but cannot accept the security risk of using an
:func:`eval` call, :func:`literal_eval` will handle it safely::
>>> literal = '("a", "b", {2:4, 3:8, 1:2})'
@@ -2849,8 +2862,8 @@
# Create data structure
data_struct = dict(lastAccessed=datetime.datetime.now(),
- version=1,
- categories=('Personal','Shared','Private'))
+ version=1,
+ categories=('Personal','Shared','Private'))
# Create string containing XML.
plist_str = plistlib.writePlistToString(data_struct)
@@ -3040,7 +3053,7 @@
``numfree``, and a macro ``Py<typename>_MAXFREELIST`` is
always defined.
-* A new Makefile target, "make check", prepares the Python source tree
+* A new Makefile target, "make patchcheck", prepares the Python source tree
for making a patch: it fixes trailing whitespace in all modified
``.py`` files, checks whether the documentation has been changed,
and reports whether the :file:`Misc/ACKS` and :file:`Misc/NEWS` files
@@ -3261,13 +3274,13 @@
.. ======================================================================
-.. _acks:
+.. _26acks:
Acknowledgements
================
The author would like to thank the following people for offering
suggestions, corrections and assistance with various drafts of this
-article: Georg Brandl, Steve Brown, Nick Coghlan, Jim Jewett, Kent
-Johnson, Chris Lambacher, Antoine Pitrou.
+article: Georg Brandl, Steve Brown, Nick Coghlan, Ralph Corderoy,
+Jim Jewett, Kent Johnson, Chris Lambacher, Antoine Pitrou, Brian Warner.
diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/2.7.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/2.7.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a9eb0ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/whatsnew/2.7.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+****************************
+ What's New in Python 2.7
+****************************
+
+:Author: A.M. Kuchling (amk at amk.ca)
+:Release: |release|
+:Date: |today|
+
+.. $Id$
+ Rules for maintenance:
+
+ * Anyone can add text to this document. Do not spend very much time
+ on the wording of your changes, because your text will probably
+ get rewritten to some degree.
+
+ * The maintainer will go through Misc/NEWS periodically and add
+ changes; it's therefore more important to add your changes to
+ Misc/NEWS than to this file.
+
+ * This is not a complete list of every single change; completeness
+ is the purpose of Misc/NEWS. Some changes I consider too small
+ or esoteric to include. If such a change is added to the text,
+ I'll just remove it. (This is another reason you shouldn't spend
+ too much time on writing your addition.)
+
+ * If you want to draw your new text to the attention of the
+ maintainer, add 'XXX' to the beginning of the paragraph or
+ section.
+
+ * It's OK to just add a fragmentary note about a change. For
+ example: "XXX Describe the transmogrify() function added to the
+ socket module." The maintainer will research the change and
+ write the necessary text.
+
+ * You can comment out your additions if you like, but it's not
+ necessary (especially when a final release is some months away).
+
+ * Credit the author of a patch or bugfix. Just the name is
+ sufficient; the e-mail address isn't necessary.
+
+ * It's helpful to add the bug/patch number in a parenthetical comment.
+
+ XXX Describe the transmogrify() function added to the socket
+ module.
+ (Contributed by P.Y. Developer; :issue:`12345`.)
+
+ This saves the maintainer some effort going through the SVN logs
+ when researching a change.
+
+This article explains the new features in Python 2.7.
+No release schedule has been decided yet for 2.7.
+
+.. Compare with previous release in 2 - 3 sentences here.
+ add hyperlink when the documentation becomes available online.
+
+.. ========================================================================
+.. Large, PEP-level features and changes should be described here.
+.. Should there be a new section here for 3k migration?
+.. Or perhaps a more general section describing module changes/deprecation?
+.. ========================================================================
+
+
+
+Other Language Changes
+======================
+
+Some smaller changes made to the core Python language are:
+
+* List of changes to be written here.
+
+.. ======================================================================
+
+
+Optimizations
+-------------
+
+To be written.
+
+.. ======================================================================
+
+New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
+=====================================
+
+As in every release, Python's standard library received a number of
+enhancements and bug fixes. Here's a partial list of the most notable
+changes, sorted alphabetically by module name. Consult the
+:file:`Misc/NEWS` file in the source tree for a more complete list of
+changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details.
+
+* To be written.
+
+.. ======================================================================
+.. whole new modules get described in subsections here
+
+.. ======================================================================
+
+
+Build and C API Changes
+=======================
+
+Changes to Python's build process and to the C API include:
+
+* To be written.
+
+.. ======================================================================
+
+Port-Specific Changes: Windows
+-----------------------------------
+
+
+.. ======================================================================
+
+Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X
+-----------------------------------
+
+
+.. ======================================================================
+
+Porting to Python 2.7
+=====================
+
+This section lists previously described changes and other bugfixes
+that may require changes to your code:
+
+To be written.
+
+.. ======================================================================
+
+
+.. _acks27:
+
+Acknowledgements
+================
+
+The author would like to thank the following people for offering
+suggestions, corrections and assistance with various drafts of this
+article: no one yet.
+
diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/3.0.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/3.0.rst
index 0898d22..11638b9 100644
--- a/Doc/whatsnew/3.0.rst
+++ b/Doc/whatsnew/3.0.rst
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@
.. ======================================================================
-.. _section-other:
+.. _30section-other:
Other Changes and Fixes
=======================
diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/index.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..61bc701
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/whatsnew/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+.. _whatsnew-index:
+
+######################
+ What's New in Python
+######################
+
+The "What's New in Python" series of essays takes tours through the most
+important changes between major Python versions. They are a "must read" for
+anyone wishing to stay up-to-date after a new release.
+
+.. toctree::
+ :maxdepth: 1
+
+ 3.0.rst
+ 2.7.rst
+ 2.6.rst
+ 2.5.rst
+ 2.4.rst
+ 2.3.rst
+ 2.2.rst
+ 2.1.rst
+ 2.0.rst
diff --git a/Lib/optparse.py b/Lib/optparse.py
index ab2ce40..3792e76 100644
--- a/Lib/optparse.py
+++ b/Lib/optparse.py
@@ -1,21 +1,13 @@
-"""optparse - a powerful, extensible, and easy-to-use option parser.
+"""A powerful, extensible, and easy-to-use option parser.
By Greg Ward <gward@python.net>
-Originally distributed as Optik; see http://optik.sourceforge.net/ .
-
-If you have problems with this module, please do not file bugs,
-patches, or feature requests with Python; instead, use Optik's
-SourceForge project page:
- http://sourceforge.net/projects/optik
+Originally distributed as Optik.
For support, use the optik-users@lists.sourceforge.net mailing list
(http://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/optik-users).
"""
-# Python developers: please do not make changes to this file, since
-# it is automatically generated from the Optik source code.
-
__version__ = "1.5.3"
__all__ = ['Option',
@@ -1263,9 +1255,19 @@
self.usage = usage
def enable_interspersed_args(self):
+ """Set parsing to not stop on the first non-option, allowing
+ interspersing switches with command arguments. This is the
+ default behavior. See also disable_interspersed_args() and the
+ class documentation description of the attribute
+ allow_interspersed_args."""
self.allow_interspersed_args = True
def disable_interspersed_args(self):
+ """Set parsing to stop on the first non-option. Use this if
+ you have a command processor which runs another command that
+ has options of its own and you want to make sure these options
+ don't get confused.
+ """
self.allow_interspersed_args = False
def set_process_default_values(self, process):
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_atexit.py b/Lib/test/test_atexit.py
index 04af9fb..8a71036 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_atexit.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_atexit.py
@@ -26,12 +26,13 @@
class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
self.stream = io.StringIO()
+ self.save_stdout, self.save_stderr = sys.stderr, sys.stdout
sys.stdout = sys.stderr = self.stream
atexit._clear()
def tearDown(self):
- sys.stdout = sys.__stdout__
- sys.stderr = sys.__stderr__
+ sys.stdout = self.save_stdout
+ sys.stderr = self.save_stderr
atexit._clear()
def test_args(self):
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_bisect.py b/Lib/test/test_bisect.py
index 987f33c..df2f8b1 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_bisect.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_bisect.py
@@ -196,6 +196,17 @@
def test_backcompatibility(self):
self.assertEqual(self.module.insort, self.module.insort_right)
+ def test_listDerived(self):
+ class List(list):
+ data = []
+ def insert(self, index, item):
+ self.data.insert(index, item)
+
+ lst = List()
+ self.module.insort_left(lst, 10)
+ self.module.insort_right(lst, 5)
+ self.assertEqual([5, 10], lst.data)
+
class TestInsortPython(TestInsort):
module = py_bisect
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_datetime.py b/Lib/test/test_datetime.py
index 4b8ae82..ead4b1c 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_datetime.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_datetime.py
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@
self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: a // x)
self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: x // a)
- # Divison of int by timedelta doesn't make sense.
+ # Division of int by timedelta doesn't make sense.
# Division by zero doesn't make sense.
for zero in 0, 0:
self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: zero // a)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_dbm.py b/Lib/test/test_dbm.py
index ee82dd2..9f929f4 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_dbm.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_dbm.py
@@ -140,6 +140,23 @@
def setUp(self):
delete_files()
+ self.filename = test.support.TESTFN
+ self.d = dbm.open(self.filename, 'c')
+ self.d.close()
+
+ def test_keys(self):
+ self.d = dbm.open(self.filename, 'c')
+ self.assertEqual(self.d.keys(), [])
+ a = [(b'a', b'b'), (b'12345678910', b'019237410982340912840198242')]
+ for k, v in a:
+ self.d[k] = v
+ self.assertEqual(sorted(self.d.keys()), sorted(k for (k, v) in a))
+ for k, v in a:
+ self.assert_(k in self.d)
+ self.assertEqual(self.d[k], v)
+ self.assert_('xxx' not in self.d)
+ self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: self.d['xxx'])
+ self.d.close()
def test_main():
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_docxmlrpc.py b/Lib/test/test_docxmlrpc.py
index d1799a2..bd96e23 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_docxmlrpc.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_docxmlrpc.py
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@
PORT = None
def server(evt, numrequests):
- try:
- serv = DocXMLRPCServer(("localhost", 0), logRequests=False)
+ serv = DocXMLRPCServer(("localhost", 0), logRequests=False)
+ try:
global PORT
PORT = serv.socket.getsockname()[1]
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_set.py b/Lib/test/test_set.py
index 0e92551..0effd65 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_set.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_set.py
@@ -391,6 +391,17 @@
else:
self.fail()
+ def test_remove_keyerror_set(self):
+ key = self.thetype([3, 4])
+ try:
+ self.s.remove(key)
+ except KeyError as e:
+ self.assert_(e.args[0] is key,
+ "KeyError should be {0}, not {1}".format(key,
+ e.args[0]))
+ else:
+ self.fail()
+
def test_discard(self):
self.s.discard('a')
self.assert_('a' not in self.s)
diff --git a/Mac/BuildScript/build-installer.py b/Mac/BuildScript/build-installer.py
index 6156072..0559b45 100755
--- a/Mac/BuildScript/build-installer.py
+++ b/Mac/BuildScript/build-installer.py
@@ -130,8 +130,8 @@
),
dict(
- name="SQLite 3.3.5",
- url="http://www.sqlite.org/sqlite-3.3.5.tar.gz",
+ name="SQLite 3.6.3",
+ url="http://www.sqlite.org/sqlite-3.6.3.tar.gz",
checksum='93f742986e8bc2dfa34792e16df017a6feccf3a2',
configure_pre=[
'--enable-threadsafe',
@@ -171,8 +171,8 @@
),
),
dict(
- name="Sleepycat DB 4.4",
- url="http://downloads.sleepycat.com/db-4.4.20.tar.gz",
+ name="Sleepycat DB 4.7.25",
+ url="http://download.oracle.com/berkeley-db/db-4.7.25.tar.gz",
#name="Sleepycat DB 4.3.29",
#url="http://downloads.sleepycat.com/db-4.3.29.tar.gz",
buildDir="build_unix",
@@ -586,21 +586,23 @@
version = getVersion()
docdir = os.path.join(rootDir, 'pydocs')
+ novername = 'python-docs-html.tar.bz2'
name = 'html-%s.tar.bz2'%(getFullVersion(),)
sourceArchive = os.path.join(DEPSRC, name)
if os.path.exists(sourceArchive):
print("Using local copy of %s"%(name,))
else:
- print("Downloading %s"%(name,))
+ print "Downloading %s"%(novername,)
downloadURL('http://www.python.org/ftp/python/doc/%s/%s'%(
- getFullVersion(), name), sourceArchive)
+ getFullVersion(), novername), sourceArchive)
print("Archive for %s stored as %s"%(name, sourceArchive))
extractArchive(os.path.dirname(docdir), sourceArchive)
+
os.rename(
os.path.join(
- os.path.dirname(docdir), 'Python-Docs-%s'%(getFullVersion(),)),
+ os.path.dirname(docdir), 'python-docs-html'),
docdir)
@@ -1029,11 +1031,11 @@
buildPython()
buildPythonDocs()
fn = os.path.join(WORKDIR, "_root", "Applications",
- "MacPython %s"%(getVersion(),), "Update Shell Profile.command")
+ "Python %s"%(getVersion(),), "Update Shell Profile.command")
patchFile("scripts/postflight.patch-profile", fn)
os.chmod(fn, 0755)
- folder = os.path.join(WORKDIR, "_root", "Applications", "MacPython %s"%(
+ folder = os.path.join(WORKDIR, "_root", "Applications", "Python %s"%(
getVersion(),))
os.chmod(folder, 0755)
setIcon(folder, "../Icons/Python Folder.icns")
diff --git a/Makefile.pre.in b/Makefile.pre.in
index ec674e7..2fcbdf7 100644
--- a/Makefile.pre.in
+++ b/Makefile.pre.in
@@ -176,8 +176,8 @@
BUILDPYTHON= python$(BUILDEXE)
# The task to run while instrument when building the profile-opt target
-PROFILE_TASK= Tools/pybench/pybench.py -n 2 --with-gc --with-syscheck
-#PROFILE_TASK= Lib/test/regrtest.py
+PROFILE_TASK= $(srcdir)/Tools/pybench/pybench.py -n 2 --with-gc --with-syscheck
+#PROFILE_TASK= $(srcdir)/Lib/test/regrtest.py
# === Definitions added by makesetup ===
diff --git a/Modules/_bisectmodule.c b/Modules/_bisectmodule.c
index b84509b..fe2e110 100644
--- a/Modules/_bisectmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/_bisectmodule.c
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
index = internal_bisect_right(list, item, lo, hi);
if (index < 0)
return NULL;
- if (PyList_Check(list)) {
+ if (PyList_CheckExact(list)) {
if (PyList_Insert(list, index, item) < 0)
return NULL;
} else {
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@
index = internal_bisect_left(list, item, lo, hi);
if (index < 0)
return NULL;
- if (PyList_Check(list)) {
+ if (PyList_CheckExact(list)) {
if (PyList_Insert(list, index, item) < 0)
return NULL;
} else {
diff --git a/Modules/_codecsmodule.c b/Modules/_codecsmodule.c
index 5026c05..fc3e3f9 100644
--- a/Modules/_codecsmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/_codecsmodule.c
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@
to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error\n\
handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise\n\
a ValueError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'\n\
-as well as any other name registerd with codecs.register_error that is\n\
+as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is\n\
able to handle ValueErrors.");
static PyObject *
diff --git a/Modules/cjkcodecs/multibytecodec.c b/Modules/cjkcodecs/multibytecodec.c
index 67c25b1..2732270 100644
--- a/Modules/cjkcodecs/multibytecodec.c
+++ b/Modules/cjkcodecs/multibytecodec.c
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
Decodes `string' using I, an MultibyteCodec instance. errors may be given\n\
to set a different error handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning\n\
that encoding errors raise a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values\n\
-are 'ignore' and 'replace' as well as any other name registerd with\n\
+are 'ignore' and 'replace' as well as any other name registered with\n\
codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.");
static char *codeckwarglist[] = {"input", "errors", NULL};
diff --git a/Modules/posixmodule.c b/Modules/posixmodule.c
index 12ee9a8..c725b7d 100644
--- a/Modules/posixmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/posixmodule.c
@@ -751,11 +751,16 @@
if (!result)
return FALSE;
if (result > MAX_PATH+1) {
- new_path = malloc(result);
+ new_path = malloc(result * sizeof(wchar_t));
if (!new_path) {
SetLastError(ERROR_OUTOFMEMORY);
return FALSE;
}
+ result = GetCurrentDirectoryW(result, new_path);
+ if (!result) {
+ free(new_path);
+ return FALSE;
+ }
}
if (wcsncmp(new_path, L"\\\\", 2) == 0 ||
wcsncmp(new_path, L"//", 2) == 0)
diff --git a/Objects/dictobject.c b/Objects/dictobject.c
index 6f3ba1b..8a65b0c 100644
--- a/Objects/dictobject.c
+++ b/Objects/dictobject.c
@@ -1870,16 +1870,18 @@
"D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D");
PyDoc_STRVAR(pop__doc__,
-"D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value\n\
+"D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.\n\
If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised");
PyDoc_STRVAR(popitem__doc__,
"D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a\n\
-2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty");
+2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.");
PyDoc_STRVAR(update__doc__,
-"D.update(E, **F) -> None. Update D from E and F: for k in E: D[k] = E[k]\
-\n(if E has keys else: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v) then: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]");
+"D.update(E, **F) -> None. Update D from dict/iterable E and F.\n"
+"If E has a .keys() method, does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k]\n\
+If E lacks .keys() method, does: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v\n\
+In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]");
PyDoc_STRVAR(fromkeys__doc__,
"dict.fromkeys(S[,v]) -> New dict with keys from S and values equal to v.\n\
diff --git a/Objects/floatobject.c b/Objects/floatobject.c
index 6bf65e0..89eac64 100644
--- a/Objects/floatobject.c
+++ b/Objects/floatobject.c
@@ -1457,7 +1457,7 @@
#ifdef Py_NAN
if (Py_IS_NAN(self)) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
- "Cannot pass nan to float.as_integer_ratio.");
+ "Cannot pass NaN to float.as_integer_ratio.");
return NULL;
}
#endif
@@ -1516,7 +1516,7 @@
"\n"
"Returns a pair of integers, whose ratio is exactly equal to the original\n"
"float and with a positive denominator.\n"
-"Raises OverflowError on infinities and a ValueError on nans.\n"
+"Raises OverflowError on infinities and a ValueError on NaNs.\n"
"\n"
">>> (10.0).as_integer_ratio()\n"
"(10, 1)\n"
diff --git a/Objects/listobject.c b/Objects/listobject.c
index dc910f6..d5acec1 100644
--- a/Objects/listobject.c
+++ b/Objects/listobject.c
@@ -2286,11 +2286,14 @@
PyDoc_STRVAR(insert_doc,
"L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index");
PyDoc_STRVAR(pop_doc,
-"L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last)");
+"L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last).\n"
+"Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.");
PyDoc_STRVAR(remove_doc,
-"L.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value");
+"L.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value.\n"
+"Raises ValueError if the value is not present.");
PyDoc_STRVAR(index_doc,
-"L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value");
+"L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.\n"
+"Raises ValueError if the value is not present.");
PyDoc_STRVAR(count_doc,
"L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value");
PyDoc_STRVAR(reverse_doc,
diff --git a/Objects/setobject.c b/Objects/setobject.c
index 1054166..d24e1af 100644
--- a/Objects/setobject.c
+++ b/Objects/setobject.c
@@ -746,7 +746,8 @@
return key;
}
-PyDoc_STRVAR(pop_doc, "Remove and return an arbitrary set element.");
+PyDoc_STRVAR(pop_doc, "Remove and return an arbitrary set element.\n\
+Raises KeyError if the set is empty.");
static int
set_traverse(PySetObject *so, visitproc visit, void *arg)
@@ -1861,7 +1862,7 @@
static PyObject *
set_remove(PySetObject *so, PyObject *key)
{
- PyObject *tmpkey, *result;
+ PyObject *tmpkey;
int rv;
rv = set_discard_key(so, key);
@@ -1873,11 +1874,14 @@
if (tmpkey == NULL)
return NULL;
set_swap_bodies((PySetObject *)tmpkey, (PySetObject *)key);
- result = set_remove(so, tmpkey);
+ rv = set_discard_key(so, tmpkey);
set_swap_bodies((PySetObject *)tmpkey, (PySetObject *)key);
Py_DECREF(tmpkey);
- return result;
- } else if (rv == DISCARD_NOTFOUND) {
+ if (rv == -1)
+ return NULL;
+ }
+
+ if (rv == DISCARD_NOTFOUND) {
set_key_error(key);
return NULL;
}
diff --git a/Objects/tupleobject.c b/Objects/tupleobject.c
index 963d90e..679ba8f 100644
--- a/Objects/tupleobject.c
+++ b/Objects/tupleobject.c
@@ -694,7 +694,9 @@
}
PyDoc_STRVAR(index_doc,
-"T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value");
+"T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.\n"
+"Raises ValueError if the value is not present."
+);
PyDoc_STRVAR(count_doc,
"T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value");
PyDoc_STRVAR(sizeof_doc,
diff --git a/Objects/unicodeobject.c b/Objects/unicodeobject.c
index 0c5c6ef..ecd44cb 100644
--- a/Objects/unicodeobject.c
+++ b/Objects/unicodeobject.c
@@ -7300,7 +7300,7 @@
PyDoc_STRVAR(ljust__doc__,
"S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> str\n\
\n\
-Return S left justified in a Unicode string of length width. Padding is\n\
+Return S left-justified in a Unicode string of length width. Padding is\n\
done using the specified fill character (default is a space).");
static PyObject *
@@ -7815,7 +7815,7 @@
PyDoc_STRVAR(rjust__doc__,
"S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> str\n\
\n\
-Return S right justified in a string of length width. Padding is\n\
+Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is\n\
done using the specified fill character (default is a space).");
static PyObject *
@@ -7945,7 +7945,7 @@
\n\
Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,\n\
the separator itself, and the part after it. If the separator is not\n\
-found, returns S and two empty strings.");
+found, return S and two empty strings.");
static PyObject*
unicode_partition(PyUnicodeObject *self, PyObject *separator)
@@ -7958,7 +7958,7 @@
\n\
Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return\n\
the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it. If the\n\
-separator is not found, returns two empty strings and S.");
+separator is not found, return two empty strings and S.");
static PyObject*
unicode_rpartition(PyUnicodeObject *self, PyObject *separator)
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index b89896c..90afb75 100644
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -730,7 +730,8 @@
]
sqlite_libfile = self.compiler.find_library_file(
sqlite_dirs_to_check + lib_dirs, 'sqlite3')
- sqlite_libdir = [os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(sqlite_libfile))]
+ if sqlite_libfile:
+ sqlite_libdir = [os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(sqlite_libfile))]
if sqlite_incdir and sqlite_libdir:
sqlite_srcs = ['_sqlite/cache.c',