Modules/_io/textio.c

/*
    An implementation of Text I/O as defined by PEP 3116 - "New I/O"

    Classes defined here: TextIOBase, IncrementalNewlineDecoder, TextIOWrapper.

    Written by Amaury Forgeot d'Arc and Antoine Pitrou
*/

#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
#include "Python.h"
#include "structmember.h"
#include "_iomodule.h"

_Py_IDENTIFIER(close);
_Py_IDENTIFIER(_dealloc_warn);
_Py_IDENTIFIER(decode);
_Py_IDENTIFIER(fileno);
_Py_IDENTIFIER(flush);
_Py_IDENTIFIER(getpreferredencoding);
_Py_IDENTIFIER(isatty);
_Py_IDENTIFIER(mode);
_Py_IDENTIFIER(name);
_Py_IDENTIFIER(raw);
_Py_IDENTIFIER(read);
_Py_IDENTIFIER(read1);
_Py_IDENTIFIER(readable);
_Py_IDENTIFIER(replace);
_Py_IDENTIFIER(reset);
_Py_IDENTIFIER(seek);
_Py_IDENTIFIER(seekable);
_Py_IDENTIFIER(setstate);
_Py_IDENTIFIER(tell);
_Py_IDENTIFIER(writable);

/* TextIOBase */

PyDoc_STRVAR(textiobase_doc,
    "Base class for text I/O.\n"
    "\n"
    "This class provides a character and line based interface to stream\n"
    "I/O. There is no readinto method because Python's character strings\n"
    "are immutable. There is no public constructor.\n"
    );

static PyObject *
_unsupported(const char *message)
{
    _PyIO_State *state = IO_STATE();
    if (state != NULL)
        PyErr_SetString(state->unsupported_operation, message);
    return NULL;
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(textiobase_detach_doc,
    "Separate the underlying buffer from the TextIOBase and return it.\n"
    "\n"
    "After the underlying buffer has been detached, the TextIO is in an\n"
    "unusable state.\n"
    );

static PyObject *
textiobase_detach(PyObject *self)
{
    return _unsupported("detach");
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(textiobase_read_doc,
    "Read at most n characters from stream.\n"
    "\n"
    "Read from underlying buffer until we have n characters or we hit EOF.\n"
    "If n is negative or omitted, read until EOF.\n"
    );

static PyObject *
textiobase_read(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    return _unsupported("read");
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(textiobase_readline_doc,
    "Read until newline or EOF.\n"
    "\n"
    "Returns an empty string if EOF is hit immediately.\n"
    );

static PyObject *
textiobase_readline(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    return _unsupported("readline");
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(textiobase_write_doc,
    "Write string to stream.\n"
    "Returns the number of characters written (which is always equal to\n"
    "the length of the string).\n"
    );

static PyObject *
textiobase_write(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    return _unsupported("write");
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(textiobase_encoding_doc,
    "Encoding of the text stream.\n"
    "\n"
    "Subclasses should override.\n"
    );

static PyObject *
textiobase_encoding_get(PyObject *self, void *context)
{
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(textiobase_newlines_doc,
    "Line endings translated so far.\n"
    "\n"
    "Only line endings translated during reading are considered.\n"
    "\n"
    "Subclasses should override.\n"
    );

static PyObject *
textiobase_newlines_get(PyObject *self, void *context)
{
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(textiobase_errors_doc,
    "The error setting of the decoder or encoder.\n"
    "\n"
    "Subclasses should override.\n"
    );

static PyObject *
textiobase_errors_get(PyObject *self, void *context)
{
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}


static PyMethodDef textiobase_methods[] = {
    {"detach", (PyCFunction)textiobase_detach, METH_NOARGS, textiobase_detach_doc},
    {"read", textiobase_read, METH_VARARGS, textiobase_read_doc},
    {"readline", textiobase_readline, METH_VARARGS, textiobase_readline_doc},
    {"write", textiobase_write, METH_VARARGS, textiobase_write_doc},
    {NULL, NULL}
};

static PyGetSetDef textiobase_getset[] = {
    {"encoding", (getter)textiobase_encoding_get, NULL, textiobase_encoding_doc},
    {"newlines", (getter)textiobase_newlines_get, NULL, textiobase_newlines_doc},
    {"errors", (getter)textiobase_errors_get, NULL, textiobase_errors_doc},
    {NULL}
};

PyTypeObject PyTextIOBase_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    "_io._TextIOBase",          /*tp_name*/
    0,                          /*tp_basicsize*/
    0,                          /*tp_itemsize*/
    0,                          /*tp_dealloc*/
    0,                          /*tp_print*/
    0,                          /*tp_getattr*/
    0,                          /*tp_setattr*/
    0,                          /*tp_compare */
    0,                          /*tp_repr*/
    0,                          /*tp_as_number*/
    0,                          /*tp_as_sequence*/
    0,                          /*tp_as_mapping*/
    0,                          /*tp_hash */
    0,                          /*tp_call*/
    0,                          /*tp_str*/
    0,                          /*tp_getattro*/
    0,                          /*tp_setattro*/
    0,                          /*tp_as_buffer*/
    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE
        | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE,  /*tp_flags*/
    textiobase_doc,             /* tp_doc */
    0,                          /* tp_traverse */
    0,                          /* tp_clear */
    0,                          /* tp_richcompare */
    0,                          /* tp_weaklistoffset */
    0,                          /* tp_iter */
    0,                          /* tp_iternext */
    textiobase_methods,         /* tp_methods */
    0,                          /* tp_members */
    textiobase_getset,          /* tp_getset */
    &PyIOBase_Type,             /* tp_base */
    0,                          /* tp_dict */
    0,                          /* tp_descr_get */
    0,                          /* tp_descr_set */
    0,                          /* tp_dictoffset */
    0,                          /* tp_init */
    0,                          /* tp_alloc */
    0,                          /* tp_new */
    0,                          /* tp_free */
    0,                          /* tp_is_gc */
    0,                          /* tp_bases */
    0,                          /* tp_mro */
    0,                          /* tp_cache */
    0,                          /* tp_subclasses */
    0,                          /* tp_weaklist */
    0,                          /* tp_del */
    0,                          /* tp_version_tag */
    0,                          /* tp_finalize */
};


/* IncrementalNewlineDecoder */

PyDoc_STRVAR(incrementalnewlinedecoder_doc,
    "Codec used when reading a file in universal newlines mode.  It wraps\n"
    "another incremental decoder, translating \\r\\n and \\r into \\n.  It also\n"
    "records the types of newlines encountered.  When used with\n"
    "translate=False, it ensures that the newline sequence is returned in\n"
    "one piece. When used with decoder=None, it expects unicode strings as\n"
    "decode input and translates newlines without first invoking an external\n"
    "decoder.\n"
    );

typedef struct {
    PyObject_HEAD
    PyObject *decoder;
    PyObject *errors;
    unsigned int pendingcr: 1;
    unsigned int translate: 1;
    unsigned int seennl: 3;
} nldecoder_object;

static int
incrementalnewlinedecoder_init(nldecoder_object *self,
                               PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
    PyObject *decoder;
    int translate;
    PyObject *errors = NULL;
    char *kwlist[] = {"decoder", "translate", "errors", NULL};

    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "Oi|O:IncrementalNewlineDecoder",
                                     kwlist, &decoder, &translate, &errors))
        return -1;

    self->decoder = decoder;
    Py_INCREF(decoder);

    if (errors == NULL) {
        self->errors = PyUnicode_FromString("strict");
        if (self->errors == NULL)
            return -1;
    }
    else {
        Py_INCREF(errors);
        self->errors = errors;
    }

    self->translate = translate;
    self->seennl = 0;
    self->pendingcr = 0;

    return 0;
}

static void
incrementalnewlinedecoder_dealloc(nldecoder_object *self)
{
    Py_CLEAR(self->decoder);
    Py_CLEAR(self->errors);
    Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free((PyObject *)self);
}

static int
check_decoded(PyObject *decoded)
{
    if (decoded == NULL)
        return -1;
    if (!PyUnicode_Check(decoded)) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "decoder should return a string result, not '%.200s'",
                     Py_TYPE(decoded)->tp_name);
        Py_DECREF(decoded);
        return -1;
    }
    if (PyUnicode_READY(decoded) < 0) {
        Py_DECREF(decoded);
        return -1;
    }
    return 0;
}

#define SEEN_CR   1
#define SEEN_LF   2
#define SEEN_CRLF 4
#define SEEN_ALL (SEEN_CR | SEEN_LF | SEEN_CRLF)

PyObject *
_PyIncrementalNewlineDecoder_decode(PyObject *myself,
                                    PyObject *input, int final)
{
    PyObject *output;
    Py_ssize_t output_len;
    nldecoder_object *self = (nldecoder_object *) myself;

    if (self->decoder == NULL) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                        "IncrementalNewlineDecoder.__init__ not called");
        return NULL;
    }

    /* decode input (with the eventual \r from a previous pass) */
    if (self->decoder != Py_None) {
        output = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(self->decoder,
            _PyIO_str_decode, input, final ? Py_True : Py_False, NULL);
    }
    else {
        output = input;
        Py_INCREF(output);
    }

    if (check_decoded(output) < 0)
        return NULL;

    output_len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(output);
    if (self->pendingcr && (final || output_len > 0)) {
        /* Prefix output with CR */
        int kind;
        PyObject *modified;
        char *out;

        modified = PyUnicode_New(output_len + 1,
                                 PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(output));
        if (modified == NULL)
            goto error;
        kind = PyUnicode_KIND(modified);
        out = PyUnicode_DATA(modified);
        PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, PyUnicode_DATA(modified), 0, '\r');
        memcpy(out + kind, PyUnicode_DATA(output), kind * output_len);
        Py_DECREF(output);
        output = modified; /* output remains ready */
        self->pendingcr = 0;
        output_len++;
    }

    /* retain last \r even when not translating data:
     * then readline() is sure to get \r\n in one pass
     */
    if (!final) {
        if (output_len > 0
            && PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(output, output_len - 1) == '\r')
        {
            PyObject *modified = PyUnicode_Substring(output, 0, output_len -1);
            if (modified == NULL)
                goto error;
            Py_DECREF(output);
            output = modified;
            self->pendingcr = 1;
        }
    }

    /* Record which newlines are read and do newline translation if desired,
       all in one pass. */
    {
        void *in_str;
        Py_ssize_t len;
        int seennl = self->seennl;
        int only_lf = 0;
        int kind;

        in_str = PyUnicode_DATA(output);
        len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(output);
        kind = PyUnicode_KIND(output);

        if (len == 0)
            return output;

        /* If, up to now, newlines are consistently \n, do a quick check
           for the \r *byte* with the libc's optimized memchr.
           */
        if (seennl == SEEN_LF || seennl == 0) {
            only_lf = (memchr(in_str, '\r', kind * len) == NULL);
        }

        if (only_lf) {
            /* If not already seen, quick scan for a possible "\n" character.
               (there's nothing else to be done, even when in translation mode)
            */
            if (seennl == 0 &&
                memchr(in_str, '\n', kind * len) != NULL) {
                if (kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND)
                    seennl |= SEEN_LF;
                else {
                    Py_ssize_t i = 0;
                    for (;;) {
                        Py_UCS4 c;
                        /* Fast loop for non-control characters */
                        while (PyUnicode_READ(kind, in_str, i) > '\n')
                            i++;
                        c = PyUnicode_READ(kind, in_str, i++);
                        if (c == '\n') {
                            seennl |= SEEN_LF;
                            break;
                        }
                        if (i >= len)
                            break;
                    }
                }
            }
            /* Finished: we have scanned for newlines, and none of them
               need translating */
        }
        else if (!self->translate) {
            Py_ssize_t i = 0;
            /* We have already seen all newline types, no need to scan again */
            if (seennl == SEEN_ALL)
                goto endscan;
            for (;;) {
                Py_UCS4 c;
                /* Fast loop for non-control characters */
                while (PyUnicode_READ(kind, in_str, i) > '\r')
                    i++;
                c = PyUnicode_READ(kind, in_str, i++);
                if (c == '\n')
                    seennl |= SEEN_LF;
                else if (c == '\r') {
                    if (PyUnicode_READ(kind, in_str, i) == '\n') {
                        seennl |= SEEN_CRLF;
                        i++;
                    }
                    else
                        seennl |= SEEN_CR;
                }
                if (i >= len)
                    break;
                if (seennl == SEEN_ALL)
                    break;
            }
        endscan:
            ;
        }
        else {
            void *translated;
            int kind = PyUnicode_KIND(output);
            void *in_str = PyUnicode_DATA(output);
            Py_ssize_t in, out;
            /* XXX: Previous in-place translation here is disabled as
               resizing is not possible anymore */
            /* We could try to optimize this so that we only do a copy
               when there is something to translate. On the other hand,
               we already know there is a \r byte, so chances are high
               that something needs to be done. */
            translated = PyMem_Malloc(kind * len);
            if (translated == NULL) {
                PyErr_NoMemory();
                goto error;
            }
            in = out = 0;
            for (;;) {
                Py_UCS4 c;
                /* Fast loop for non-control characters */
                while ((c = PyUnicode_READ(kind, in_str, in++)) > '\r')
                    PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, translated, out++, c);
                if (c == '\n') {
                    PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, translated, out++, c);
                    seennl |= SEEN_LF;
                    continue;
                }
                if (c == '\r') {
                    if (PyUnicode_READ(kind, in_str, in) == '\n') {
                        in++;
                        seennl |= SEEN_CRLF;
                    }
                    else
                        seennl |= SEEN_CR;
                    PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, translated, out++, '\n');
                    continue;
                }
                if (in > len)
                    break;
                PyUnicode_WRITE(kind, translated, out++, c);
            }
            Py_DECREF(output);
            output = PyUnicode_FromKindAndData(kind, translated, out);
            PyMem_Free(translated);
            if (!output)
                return NULL;
        }
        self->seennl |= seennl;
    }

    return output;

  error:
    Py_DECREF(output);
    return NULL;
}

static PyObject *
incrementalnewlinedecoder_decode(nldecoder_object *self,
                                 PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
    char *kwlist[] = {"input", "final", NULL};
    PyObject *input;
    int final = 0;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "O|i:IncrementalNewlineDecoder",
                                     kwlist, &input, &final))
        return NULL;
    return _PyIncrementalNewlineDecoder_decode((PyObject *) self, input, final);
}

static PyObject *
incrementalnewlinedecoder_getstate(nldecoder_object *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *buffer;
    unsigned PY_LONG_LONG flag;

    if (self->decoder != Py_None) {
        PyObject *state = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(self->decoder,
           _PyIO_str_getstate, NULL);
        if (state == NULL)
            return NULL;
        if (!PyArg_Parse(state, "(OK)", &buffer, &flag)) {
            Py_DECREF(state);
            return NULL;
        }
        Py_INCREF(buffer);
        Py_DECREF(state);
    }
    else {
        buffer = PyBytes_FromString("");
        flag = 0;
    }
    flag <<= 1;
    if (self->pendingcr)
        flag |= 1;
    return Py_BuildValue("NK", buffer, flag);
}

static PyObject *
incrementalnewlinedecoder_setstate(nldecoder_object *self, PyObject *state)
{
    PyObject *buffer;
    unsigned PY_LONG_LONG flag;

    if (!PyArg_Parse(state, "(OK)", &buffer, &flag))
        return NULL;

    self->pendingcr = (int) (flag & 1);
    flag >>= 1;

    if (self->decoder != Py_None)
        return _PyObject_CallMethodId(self->decoder,
                                      &PyId_setstate, "((OK))", buffer, flag);
    else
        Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *
incrementalnewlinedecoder_reset(nldecoder_object *self, PyObject *args)
{
    self->seennl = 0;
    self->pendingcr = 0;
    if (self->decoder != Py_None)
        return PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(self->decoder, _PyIO_str_reset, NULL);
    else
        Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *
incrementalnewlinedecoder_newlines_get(nldecoder_object *self, void *context)
{
    switch (self->seennl) {
    case SEEN_CR:
        return PyUnicode_FromString("\r");
    case SEEN_LF:
        return PyUnicode_FromString("\n");
    case SEEN_CRLF:
        return PyUnicode_FromString("\r\n");
    case SEEN_CR | SEEN_LF:
        return Py_BuildValue("ss", "\r", "\n");
    case SEEN_CR | SEEN_CRLF:
        return Py_BuildValue("ss", "\r", "\r\n");
    case SEEN_LF | SEEN_CRLF:
        return Py_BuildValue("ss", "\n", "\r\n");
    case SEEN_CR | SEEN_LF | SEEN_CRLF:
        return Py_BuildValue("sss", "\r", "\n", "\r\n");
    default:
        Py_RETURN_NONE;
   }

}


static PyMethodDef incrementalnewlinedecoder_methods[] = {
    {"decode", (PyCFunction)incrementalnewlinedecoder_decode, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS},
    {"getstate", (PyCFunction)incrementalnewlinedecoder_getstate, METH_NOARGS},
    {"setstate", (PyCFunction)incrementalnewlinedecoder_setstate, METH_O},
    {"reset", (PyCFunction)incrementalnewlinedecoder_reset, METH_NOARGS},
    {NULL}
};

static PyGetSetDef incrementalnewlinedecoder_getset[] = {
    {"newlines", (getter)incrementalnewlinedecoder_newlines_get, NULL, NULL},
    {NULL}
};

PyTypeObject PyIncrementalNewlineDecoder_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    "_io.IncrementalNewlineDecoder", /*tp_name*/
    sizeof(nldecoder_object), /*tp_basicsize*/
    0,                          /*tp_itemsize*/
    (destructor)incrementalnewlinedecoder_dealloc, /*tp_dealloc*/
    0,                          /*tp_print*/
    0,                          /*tp_getattr*/
    0,                          /*tp_setattr*/
    0,                          /*tp_compare */
    0,                          /*tp_repr*/
    0,                          /*tp_as_number*/
    0,                          /*tp_as_sequence*/
    0,                          /*tp_as_mapping*/
    0,                          /*tp_hash */
    0,                          /*tp_call*/
    0,                          /*tp_str*/
    0,                          /*tp_getattro*/
    0,                          /*tp_setattro*/
    0,                          /*tp_as_buffer*/
    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE,  /*tp_flags*/
    incrementalnewlinedecoder_doc,          /* tp_doc */
    0,                          /* tp_traverse */
    0,                          /* tp_clear */
    0,                          /* tp_richcompare */
    0,                          /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
    0,                          /* tp_iter */
    0,                          /* tp_iternext */
    incrementalnewlinedecoder_methods, /* tp_methods */
    0,                          /* tp_members */
    incrementalnewlinedecoder_getset, /* tp_getset */
    0,                          /* tp_base */
    0,                          /* tp_dict */
    0,                          /* tp_descr_get */
    0,                          /* tp_descr_set */
    0,                          /* tp_dictoffset */
    (initproc)incrementalnewlinedecoder_init, /* tp_init */
    0,                          /* tp_alloc */
    PyType_GenericNew,          /* tp_new */
};


/* TextIOWrapper */

PyDoc_STRVAR(textiowrapper_doc,
    "Character and line based layer over a BufferedIOBase object, buffer.\n"
    "\n"
    "encoding gives the name of the encoding that the stream will be\n"
    "decoded or encoded with. It defaults to locale.getpreferredencoding(False).\n"
    "\n"
    "errors determines the strictness of encoding and decoding (see\n"
    "help(codecs.Codec) or the documentation for codecs.register) and\n"
    "defaults to \"strict\".\n"
    "\n"
    "newline controls how line endings are handled. It can be None, '',\n"
    "'\\n', '\\r', and '\\r\\n'.  It works as follows:\n"
    "\n"
    "* On input, if newline is None, universal newlines mode is\n"
    "  enabled. Lines in the input can end in '\\n', '\\r', or '\\r\\n', and\n"
    "  these are translated into '\\n' before being returned to the\n"
    "  caller. If it is '', universal newline mode is enabled, but line\n"
    "  endings are returned to the caller untranslated. If it has any of\n"
    "  the other legal values, input lines are only terminated by the given\n"
    "  string, and the line ending is returned to the caller untranslated.\n"
    "\n"
    "* On output, if newline is None, any '\\n' characters written are\n"
    "  translated to the system default line separator, os.linesep. If\n"
    "  newline is '' or '\\n', no translation takes place. If newline is any\n"
    "  of the other legal values, any '\\n' characters written are translated\n"
    "  to the given string.\n"
    "\n"
    "If line_buffering is True, a call to flush is implied when a call to\n"
    "write contains a newline character."
    );

typedef PyObject *
        (*encodefunc_t)(PyObject *, PyObject *);

typedef struct
{
    PyObject_HEAD
    int ok; /* initialized? */
    int detached;
    Py_ssize_t chunk_size;
    PyObject *buffer;
    PyObject *encoding;
    PyObject *encoder;
    PyObject *decoder;
    PyObject *readnl;
    PyObject *errors;
    const char *writenl; /* utf-8 encoded, NULL stands for \n */
    char line_buffering;
    char write_through;
    char readuniversal;
    char readtranslate;
    char writetranslate;
    char seekable;
    char has_read1;
    char telling;
    char finalizing;
    /* Specialized encoding func (see below) */
    encodefunc_t encodefunc;
    /* Whether or not it's the start of the stream */
    char encoding_start_of_stream;

    /* Reads and writes are internally buffered in order to speed things up.
       However, any read will first flush the write buffer if itsn't empty.

       Please also note that text to be written is first encoded before being
       buffered. This is necessary so that encoding errors are immediately
       reported to the caller, but it unfortunately means that the
       IncrementalEncoder (whose encode() method is always written in Python)
       becomes a bottleneck for small writes.
    */
    PyObject *decoded_chars;       /* buffer for text returned from decoder */
    Py_ssize_t decoded_chars_used; /* offset into _decoded_chars for read() */
    PyObject *pending_bytes;       /* list of bytes objects waiting to be
                                      written, or NULL */
    Py_ssize_t pending_bytes_count;

    /* snapshot is either None, or a tuple (dec_flags, next_input) where
     * dec_flags is the second (integer) item of the decoder state and
     * next_input is the chunk of input bytes that comes next after the
     * snapshot point.  We use this to reconstruct decoder states in tell().
     */
    PyObject *snapshot;
    /* Bytes-to-characters ratio for the current chunk. Serves as input for
       the heuristic in tell(). */
    double b2cratio;

    /* Cache raw object if it's a FileIO object */
    PyObject *raw;

    PyObject *weakreflist;
    PyObject *dict;
} textio;


/* A couple of specialized cases in order to bypass the slow incremental
   encoding methods for the most popular encodings. */

static PyObject *
ascii_encode(textio *self, PyObject *text)
{
    return _PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(text, PyBytes_AS_STRING(self->errors));
}

static PyObject *
utf16be_encode(textio *self, PyObject *text)
{
    return _PyUnicode_EncodeUTF16(text,
                                  PyBytes_AS_STRING(self->errors), 1);
}

static PyObject *
utf16le_encode(textio *self, PyObject *text)
{
    return _PyUnicode_EncodeUTF16(text,
                                  PyBytes_AS_STRING(self->errors), -1);
}

static PyObject *
utf16_encode(textio *self, PyObject *text)
{
    if (!self->encoding_start_of_stream) {
        /* Skip the BOM and use native byte ordering */
#if PY_BIG_ENDIAN
        return utf16be_encode(self, text);
#else
        return utf16le_encode(self, text);
#endif
    }
    return _PyUnicode_EncodeUTF16(text,
                                  PyBytes_AS_STRING(self->errors), 0);
}

static PyObject *
utf32be_encode(textio *self, PyObject *text)
{
    return _PyUnicode_EncodeUTF32(text,
                                  PyBytes_AS_STRING(self->errors), 1);
}

static PyObject *
utf32le_encode(textio *self, PyObject *text)
{
    return _PyUnicode_EncodeUTF32(text,
                                  PyBytes_AS_STRING(self->errors), -1);
}

static PyObject *
utf32_encode(textio *self, PyObject *text)
{
    if (!self->encoding_start_of_stream) {
        /* Skip the BOM and use native byte ordering */
#if PY_BIG_ENDIAN
        return utf32be_encode(self, text);
#else
        return utf32le_encode(self, text);
#endif
    }
    return _PyUnicode_EncodeUTF32(text,
                                  PyBytes_AS_STRING(self->errors), 0);
}

static PyObject *
utf8_encode(textio *self, PyObject *text)
{
    return _PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(text, PyBytes_AS_STRING(self->errors));
}

static PyObject *
latin1_encode(textio *self, PyObject *text)
{
    return _PyUnicode_AsLatin1String(text, PyBytes_AS_STRING(self->errors));
}

/* Map normalized encoding names onto the specialized encoding funcs */

typedef struct {
    const char *name;
    encodefunc_t encodefunc;
} encodefuncentry;

static encodefuncentry encodefuncs[] = {
    {"ascii",       (encodefunc_t) ascii_encode},
    {"iso8859-1",   (encodefunc_t) latin1_encode},
    {"utf-8",       (encodefunc_t) utf8_encode},
    {"utf-16-be",   (encodefunc_t) utf16be_encode},
    {"utf-16-le",   (encodefunc_t) utf16le_encode},
    {"utf-16",      (encodefunc_t) utf16_encode},
    {"utf-32-be",   (encodefunc_t) utf32be_encode},
    {"utf-32-le",   (encodefunc_t) utf32le_encode},
    {"utf-32",      (encodefunc_t) utf32_encode},
    {NULL, NULL}
};


static int
textiowrapper_init(textio *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
    char *kwlist[] = {"buffer", "encoding", "errors",
                      "newline", "line_buffering", "write_through",
                      NULL};
    PyObject *buffer, *raw, *codec_info = NULL;
    char *encoding = NULL;
    char *errors = NULL;
    char *newline = NULL;
    int line_buffering = 0, write_through = 0;
    _PyIO_State *state = NULL;

    PyObject *res;
    int r;

    self->ok = 0;
    self->detached = 0;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "O|zzzii:fileio",
                                     kwlist, &buffer, &encoding, &errors,
                                     &newline, &line_buffering, &write_through))
        return -1;

    if (newline && newline[0] != '\0'
        && !(newline[0] == '\n' && newline[1] == '\0')
        && !(newline[0] == '\r' && newline[1] == '\0')
        && !(newline[0] == '\r' && newline[1] == '\n' && newline[2] == '\0')) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
                     "illegal newline value: %s", newline);
        return -1;
    }

    Py_CLEAR(self->buffer);
    Py_CLEAR(self->encoding);
    Py_CLEAR(self->encoder);
    Py_CLEAR(self->decoder);
    Py_CLEAR(self->readnl);
    Py_CLEAR(self->decoded_chars);
    Py_CLEAR(self->pending_bytes);
    Py_CLEAR(self->snapshot);
    Py_CLEAR(self->errors);
    Py_CLEAR(self->raw);
    self->decoded_chars_used = 0;
    self->pending_bytes_count = 0;
    self->encodefunc = NULL;
    self->b2cratio = 0.0;

    if (encoding == NULL) {
        /* Try os.device_encoding(fileno) */
        PyObject *fileno;
        state = IO_STATE();
        if (state == NULL)
            goto error;
        fileno = _PyObject_CallMethodId(buffer, &PyId_fileno, NULL);
        /* Ignore only AttributeError and UnsupportedOperation */
        if (fileno == NULL) {
            if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError) ||
                PyErr_ExceptionMatches(state->unsupported_operation)) {
                PyErr_Clear();
            }
            else {
                goto error;
            }
        }
        else {
            int fd = _PyLong_AsInt(fileno);
            Py_DECREF(fileno);
            if (fd == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
                goto error;
            }

            self->encoding = _Py_device_encoding(fd);
            if (self->encoding == NULL)
                goto error;
            else if (!PyUnicode_Check(self->encoding))
                Py_CLEAR(self->encoding);
        }
    }
    if (encoding == NULL && self->encoding == NULL) {
        PyObject *locale_module = _PyIO_get_locale_module(state);
        if (locale_module == NULL)
            goto catch_ImportError;
        self->encoding = _PyObject_CallMethodId(
            locale_module, &PyId_getpreferredencoding, "O", Py_False);
        Py_DECREF(locale_module);
        if (self->encoding == NULL) {
          catch_ImportError:
            /*
             Importing locale can raise a ImportError because of
             _functools, and locale.getpreferredencoding can raise a
             ImportError if _locale is not available.  These will happen
             during module building.
            */
            if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_ImportError)) {
                PyErr_Clear();
                self->encoding = PyUnicode_FromString("ascii");
            }
            else
                goto error;
        }
        else if (!PyUnicode_Check(self->encoding))
            Py_CLEAR(self->encoding);
    }
    if (self->encoding != NULL) {
        encoding = _PyUnicode_AsString(self->encoding);
        if (encoding == NULL)
            goto error;
    }
    else if (encoding != NULL) {
        self->encoding = PyUnicode_FromString(encoding);
        if (self->encoding == NULL)
            goto error;
    }
    else {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IOError,
                        "could not determine default encoding");
    }

    /* Check we have been asked for a real text encoding */
    codec_info = _PyCodec_LookupTextEncoding(encoding, "codecs.open()");
    if (codec_info == NULL) {
        Py_CLEAR(self->encoding);
        goto error;
    }

    /* XXX: Failures beyond this point have the potential to leak elements
     * of the partially constructed object (like self->encoding)
     */

    if (errors == NULL)
        errors = "strict";
    self->errors = PyBytes_FromString(errors);
    if (self->errors == NULL)
        goto error;

    self->chunk_size = 8192;
    self->readuniversal = (newline == NULL || newline[0] == '\0');
    self->line_buffering = line_buffering;
    self->write_through = write_through;
    self->readtranslate = (newline == NULL);
    if (newline) {
        self->readnl = PyUnicode_FromString(newline);
        if (self->readnl == NULL)
            goto error;
    }
    self->writetranslate = (newline == NULL || newline[0] != '\0');
    if (!self->readuniversal && self->readnl) {
        self->writenl = _PyUnicode_AsString(self->readnl);
        if (self->writenl == NULL)
            goto error;
        if (!strcmp(self->writenl, "\n"))
            self->writenl = NULL;
    }
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    else
        self->writenl = "\r\n";
#endif

    /* Build the decoder object */
    res = _PyObject_CallMethodId(buffer, &PyId_readable, NULL);
    if (res == NULL)
        goto error;
    r = PyObject_IsTrue(res);
    Py_DECREF(res);
    if (r == -1)
        goto error;
    if (r == 1) {
        self->decoder = _PyCodecInfo_GetIncrementalDecoder(codec_info,
                                                           errors);
        if (self->decoder == NULL)
            goto error;

        if (self->readuniversal) {
            PyObject *incrementalDecoder = PyObject_CallFunction(
                (PyObject *)&PyIncrementalNewlineDecoder_Type,
                "Oi", self->decoder, (int)self->readtranslate);
            if (incrementalDecoder == NULL)
                goto error;
            Py_CLEAR(self->decoder);
            self->decoder = incrementalDecoder;
        }
    }

    /* Build the encoder object */
    res = _PyObject_CallMethodId(buffer, &PyId_writable, NULL);
    if (res == NULL)
        goto error;
    r = PyObject_IsTrue(res);
    Py_DECREF(res);
    if (r == -1)
        goto error;
    if (r == 1) {
        self->encoder = _PyCodecInfo_GetIncrementalEncoder(codec_info,
                                                           errors);
        if (self->encoder == NULL)
            goto error;
        /* Get the normalized named of the codec */
        res = _PyObject_GetAttrId(codec_info, &PyId_name);
        if (res == NULL) {
            if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError))
                PyErr_Clear();
            else
                goto error;
        }
        else if (PyUnicode_Check(res)) {
            encodefuncentry *e = encodefuncs;
            while (e->name != NULL) {
                if (!PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString(res, e->name)) {
                    self->encodefunc = e->encodefunc;
                    break;
                }
                e++;
            }
        }
        Py_XDECREF(res);
    }

    /* Finished sorting out the codec details */
    Py_CLEAR(codec_info);

    self->buffer = buffer;
    Py_INCREF(buffer);

    if (Py_TYPE(buffer) == &PyBufferedReader_Type ||
        Py_TYPE(buffer) == &PyBufferedWriter_Type ||
        Py_TYPE(buffer) == &PyBufferedRandom_Type) {
        raw = _PyObject_GetAttrId(buffer, &PyId_raw);
        /* Cache the raw FileIO object to speed up 'closed' checks */
        if (raw == NULL) {
            if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError))
                PyErr_Clear();
            else
                goto error;
        }
        else if (Py_TYPE(raw) == &PyFileIO_Type)
            self->raw = raw;
        else
            Py_DECREF(raw);
    }

    res = _PyObject_CallMethodId(buffer, &PyId_seekable, NULL);
    if (res == NULL)
        goto error;
    r = PyObject_IsTrue(res);
    Py_DECREF(res);
    if (r < 0)
        goto error;
    self->seekable = self->telling = r;

    self->has_read1 = _PyObject_HasAttrId(buffer, &PyId_read1);

    self->encoding_start_of_stream = 0;
    if (self->seekable && self->encoder) {
        PyObject *cookieObj;
        int cmp;

        self->encoding_start_of_stream = 1;

        cookieObj = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(buffer, _PyIO_str_tell, NULL);
        if (cookieObj == NULL)
            goto error;

        cmp = PyObject_RichCompareBool(cookieObj, _PyIO_zero, Py_EQ);
        Py_DECREF(cookieObj);
        if (cmp < 0) {
            goto error;
        }

        if (cmp == 0) {
            self->encoding_start_of_stream = 0;
            res = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(self->encoder, _PyIO_str_setstate,
                                             _PyIO_zero, NULL);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto error;
            Py_DECREF(res);
        }
    }

    self->ok = 1;
    return 0;

  error:
    Py_XDECREF(codec_info);
    return -1;
}

static int
_textiowrapper_clear(textio *self)
{
    self->ok = 0;
    Py_CLEAR(self->buffer);
    Py_CLEAR(self->encoding);
    Py_CLEAR(self->encoder);
    Py_CLEAR(self->decoder);
    Py_CLEAR(self->readnl);
    Py_CLEAR(self->decoded_chars);
    Py_CLEAR(self->pending_bytes);
    Py_CLEAR(self->snapshot);
    Py_CLEAR(self->errors);
    Py_CLEAR(self->raw);
    return 0;
}

static void
textiowrapper_dealloc(textio *self)
{
    self->finalizing = 1;
    if (_PyIOBase_finalize((PyObject *) self) < 0)
        return;
    _textiowrapper_clear(self);
    _PyObject_GC_UNTRACK(self);
    if (self->weakreflist != NULL)
        PyObject_ClearWeakRefs((PyObject *)self);
    Py_CLEAR(self->dict);
    Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free((PyObject *)self);
}

static int
textiowrapper_traverse(textio *self, visitproc visit, void *arg)
{
    Py_VISIT(self->buffer);
    Py_VISIT(self->encoding);
    Py_VISIT(self->encoder);
    Py_VISIT(self->decoder);
    Py_VISIT(self->readnl);
    Py_VISIT(self->decoded_chars);
    Py_VISIT(self->pending_bytes);
    Py_VISIT(self->snapshot);
    Py_VISIT(self->errors);
    Py_VISIT(self->raw);

    Py_VISIT(self->dict);
    return 0;
}

static int
textiowrapper_clear(textio *self)
{
    if (_textiowrapper_clear(self) < 0)
        return -1;
    Py_CLEAR(self->dict);
    return 0;
}

static PyObject *
textiowrapper_closed_get(textio *self, void *context);

/* This macro takes some shortcuts to make the common case faster. */
#define CHECK_CLOSED(self) \
    do { \
        int r; \
        PyObject *_res; \
        if (Py_TYPE(self) == &PyTextIOWrapper_Type) { \
            if (self->raw != NULL) \
                r = _PyFileIO_closed(self->raw); \
            else { \
                _res = textiowrapper_closed_get(self, NULL); \
                if (_res == NULL) \
                    return NULL; \
                r = PyObject_IsTrue(_res); \
                Py_DECREF(_res); \
                if (r < 0) \
                    return NULL; \
            } \
            if (r > 0) { \
                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, \
                                "I/O operation on closed file."); \
                return NULL; \
            } \
        } \
        else if (_PyIOBase_check_closed((PyObject *)self, Py_True) == NULL) \
            return NULL; \
    } while (0)

#define CHECK_INITIALIZED(self) \
    if (self->ok <= 0) { \
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, \
            "I/O operation on uninitialized object"); \
        return NULL; \
    }

#define CHECK_ATTACHED(self) \
    CHECK_INITIALIZED(self); \
    if (self->detached) { \
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, \
             "underlying buffer has been detached"); \
        return NULL; \
    }

#define CHECK_ATTACHED_INT(self) \
    if (self->ok <= 0) { \
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, \
            "I/O operation on uninitialized object"); \
        return -1; \
    } else if (self->detached) { \
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, \
             "underlying buffer has been detached"); \
        return -1; \
    }


static PyObject *
textiowrapper_detach(textio *self)
{
    PyObject *buffer, *res;
    CHECK_ATTACHED(self);
    res = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs((PyObject *)self, _PyIO_str_flush, NULL);
    if (res == NULL)
        return NULL;
    Py_DECREF(res);
    buffer = self->buffer;
    self->buffer = NULL;
    self->detached = 1;
    return buffer;
}

/* Flush the internal write buffer. This doesn't explicitly flush the
   underlying buffered object, though. */
static int
_textiowrapper_writeflush(textio *self)
{
    PyObject *pending, *b, *ret;

    if (self->pending_bytes == NULL)
        return 0;

    pending = self->pending_bytes;
    Py_INCREF(pending);
    self->pending_bytes_count = 0;
    Py_CLEAR(self->pending_bytes);

    b = _PyBytes_Join(_PyIO_empty_bytes, pending);
    Py_DECREF(pending);
    if (b == NULL)
        return -1;
    ret = NULL;
    do {
        ret = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(self->buffer,
                                         _PyIO_str_write, b, NULL);
    } while (ret == NULL && _PyIO_trap_eintr());
    Py_DECREF(b);
    if (ret == NULL)
        return -1;
    Py_DECREF(ret);
    return 0;
}

static PyObject *
textiowrapper_write(textio *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *ret;
    PyObject *text; /* owned reference */
    PyObject *b;
    Py_ssize_t textlen;
    int haslf = 0;
    int needflush = 0, text_needflush = 0;

    CHECK_ATTACHED(self);

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "U:write", &text)) {
        return NULL;
    }

    if (PyUnicode_READY(text) == -1)
        return NULL;

    CHECK_CLOSED(self);

    if (self->encoder == NULL)
        return _unsupported("not writable");

    Py_INCREF(text);

    textlen = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(text);

    if ((self->writetranslate && self->writenl != NULL) || self->line_buffering)
        if (PyUnicode_FindChar(text, '\n', 0, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(text), 1) != -1)
            haslf = 1;

    if (haslf && self->writetranslate && self->writenl != NULL) {
        PyObject *newtext = _PyObject_CallMethodId(
            text, &PyId_replace, "ss", "\n", self->writenl);
        Py_DECREF(text);
        if (newtext == NULL)
            return NULL;
        text = newtext;
    }

    if (self->write_through)
        text_needflush = 1;
    if (self->line_buffering &&
        (haslf ||
         PyUnicode_FindChar(text, '\r', 0, PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(text), 1) != -1))
        needflush = 1;

    /* XXX What if we were just reading? */
    if (self->encodefunc != NULL) {
        b = (*self->encodefunc)((PyObject *) self, text);
        self->encoding_start_of_stream = 0;
    }
    else
        b = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(self->encoder,
                                       _PyIO_str_encode, text, NULL);
    Py_DECREF(text);
    if (b == NULL)
        return NULL;

    if (self->pending_bytes == NULL) {
        self->pending_bytes = PyList_New(0);
        if (self->pending_bytes == NULL) {
            Py_DECREF(b);
            return NULL;
        }
        self->pending_bytes_count = 0;
    }
    if (PyList_Append(self->pending_bytes, b) < 0) {
        Py_DECREF(b);
        return NULL;
    }
    self->pending_bytes_count += PyBytes_GET_SIZE(b);
    Py_DECREF(b);
    if (self->pending_bytes_count > self->chunk_size || needflush ||
        text_needflush) {
        if (_textiowrapper_writeflush(self) < 0)
            return NULL;
    }

    if (needflush) {
        ret = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(self->buffer, _PyIO_str_flush, NULL);
        if (ret == NULL)
            return NULL;
        Py_DECREF(ret);
    }

    Py_CLEAR(self->snapshot);

    if (self->decoder) {
        ret = _PyObject_CallMethodId(self->decoder, &PyId_reset, NULL);
        if (ret == NULL)
            return NULL;
        Py_DECREF(ret);
    }

    return PyLong_FromSsize_t(textlen);
}

/* Steal a reference to chars and store it in the decoded_char buffer;
 */
static void
textiowrapper_set_decoded_chars(textio *self, PyObject *chars)
{
    Py_CLEAR(self->decoded_chars);
    self->decoded_chars = chars;
    self->decoded_chars_used = 0;
}

static PyObject *
textiowrapper_get_decoded_chars(textio *self, Py_ssize_t n)
{
    PyObject *chars;
    Py_ssize_t avail;

    if (self->decoded_chars == NULL)
        return PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(NULL, 0);

    /* decoded_chars is guaranteed to be "ready". */
    avail = (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self->decoded_chars)
             - self->decoded_chars_used);

    assert(avail >= 0);

    if (n < 0 || n > avail)
        n = avail;

    if (self->decoded_chars_used > 0 || n < avail) {
        chars = PyUnicode_Substring(self->decoded_chars,
                                    self->decoded_chars_used,
                                    self->decoded_chars_used + n);
        if (chars == NULL)
            return NULL;
    }
    else {
        chars = self->decoded_chars;
        Py_INCREF(chars);
    }

    self->decoded_chars_used += n;
    return chars;
}

/* Read and decode the next chunk of data from the BufferedReader.
 */
static int
textiowrapper_read_chunk(textio *self, Py_ssize_t size_hint)
{
    PyObject *dec_buffer = NULL;
    PyObject *dec_flags = NULL;
    PyObject *input_chunk = NULL;
    Py_buffer input_chunk_buf;
    PyObject *decoded_chars, *chunk_size;
    Py_ssize_t nbytes, nchars;
    int eof;

    /* The return value is True unless EOF was reached.  The decoded string is
     * placed in self._decoded_chars (replacing its previous value).  The
     * entire input chunk is sent to the decoder, though some of it may remain
     * buffered in the decoder, yet to be converted.
     */

    if (self->decoder == NULL) {
        _unsupported("not readable");
        return -1;
    }

    if (self->telling) {
        /* To prepare for tell(), we need to snapshot a point in the file
         * where the decoder's input buffer is empty.
         */

        PyObject *state = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(self->decoder,
                                                     _PyIO_str_getstate, NULL);
        if (state == NULL)
            return -1;
        /* Given this, we know there was a valid snapshot point
         * len(dec_buffer) bytes ago with decoder state (b'', dec_flags).
         */
        if (PyArg_Parse(state, "(OO)", &dec_buffer, &dec_flags) < 0) {
            Py_DECREF(state);
            return -1;
        }

        if (!PyBytes_Check(dec_buffer)) {
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                         "decoder getstate() should have returned a bytes "
                         "object, not '%.200s'",
                         Py_TYPE(dec_buffer)->tp_name);
            Py_DECREF(state);
            return -1;
        }
        Py_INCREF(dec_buffer);
        Py_INCREF(dec_flags);
        Py_DECREF(state);
    }

    /* Read a chunk, decode it, and put the result in self._decoded_chars. */
    if (size_hint > 0) {
        size_hint = (Py_ssize_t)(Py_MAX(self->b2cratio, 1.0) * size_hint);
    }
    chunk_size = PyLong_FromSsize_t(Py_MAX(self->chunk_size, size_hint));
    if (chunk_size == NULL)
        goto fail;

    input_chunk = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(self->buffer,
        (self->has_read1 ? _PyIO_str_read1: _PyIO_str_read),
        chunk_size, NULL);
    Py_DECREF(chunk_size);
    if (input_chunk == NULL)
        goto fail;

    if (PyObject_GetBuffer(input_chunk, &input_chunk_buf, 0) != 0) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "underlying %s() should have returned a bytes-like object, "
                     "not '%.200s'", (self->has_read1 ? "read1": "read"),
                     Py_TYPE(input_chunk)->tp_name);
        goto fail;
    }

    nbytes = input_chunk_buf.len;
    eof = (nbytes == 0);
    if (Py_TYPE(self->decoder) == &PyIncrementalNewlineDecoder_Type) {
        decoded_chars = _PyIncrementalNewlineDecoder_decode(
            self->decoder, input_chunk, eof);
    }
    else {
        decoded_chars = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(self->decoder,
            _PyIO_str_decode, input_chunk, eof ? Py_True : Py_False, NULL);
    }
    PyBuffer_Release(&input_chunk_buf);

    if (check_decoded(decoded_chars) < 0)
        goto fail;
    textiowrapper_set_decoded_chars(self, decoded_chars);
    nchars = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(decoded_chars);
    if (nchars > 0)
        self->b2cratio = (double) nbytes / nchars;
    else
        self->b2cratio = 0.0;
    if (nchars > 0)
        eof = 0;

    if (self->telling) {
        /* At the snapshot point, len(dec_buffer) bytes before the read, the
         * next input to be decoded is dec_buffer + input_chunk.
         */
        PyObject *next_input = dec_buffer;
        PyBytes_Concat(&next_input, input_chunk);
        if (next_input == NULL) {
            dec_buffer = NULL; /* Reference lost to PyBytes_Concat */
            goto fail;
        }
        Py_CLEAR(self->snapshot);
        self->snapshot = Py_BuildValue("NN", dec_flags, next_input);
    }
    Py_DECREF(input_chunk);

    return (eof == 0);

  fail:
    Py_XDECREF(dec_buffer);
    Py_XDECREF(dec_flags);
    Py_XDECREF(input_chunk);
    return -1;
}

static PyObject *
textiowrapper_read(textio *self, PyObject *args)
{
    Py_ssize_t n = -1;
    PyObject *result = NULL, *chunks = NULL;

    CHECK_ATTACHED(self);

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|O&:read", &_PyIO_ConvertSsize_t, &n))
        return NULL;

    CHECK_CLOSED(self);

    if (self->decoder == NULL)
        return _unsupported("not readable");

    if (_textiowrapper_writeflush(self) < 0)
        return NULL;

    if (n < 0) {
        /* Read everything */
        PyObject *bytes = _PyObject_CallMethodId(self->buffer, &PyId_read, NULL);
        PyObject *decoded;
        if (bytes == NULL)
            goto fail;

        if (Py_TYPE(self->decoder) == &PyIncrementalNewlineDecoder_Type)
            decoded = _PyIncrementalNewlineDecoder_decode(self->decoder,
                                                          bytes, 1);
        else
            decoded = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(
                self->decoder, _PyIO_str_decode, bytes, Py_True, NULL);
        Py_DECREF(bytes);
        if (check_decoded(decoded) < 0)
            goto fail;

        result = textiowrapper_get_decoded_chars(self, -1);

        if (result == NULL) {
            Py_DECREF(decoded);
            return NULL;
        }

        PyUnicode_AppendAndDel(&result, decoded);
        if (result == NULL)
            goto fail;

        Py_CLEAR(self->snapshot);
        return result;
    }
    else {
        int res = 1;
        Py_ssize_t remaining = n;

        result = textiowrapper_get_decoded_chars(self, n);
        if (result == NULL)
            goto fail;
        if (PyUnicode_READY(result) == -1)
            goto fail;
        remaining -= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(result);

        /* Keep reading chunks until we have n characters to return */
        while (remaining > 0) {
            res = textiowrapper_read_chunk(self, remaining);
            if (res < 0) {
                /* NOTE: PyErr_SetFromErrno() calls PyErr_CheckSignals()
                   when EINTR occurs so we needn't do it ourselves. */
                if (_PyIO_trap_eintr()) {
                    continue;
                }
                goto fail;
            }
            if (res == 0)  /* EOF */
                break;
            if (chunks == NULL) {
                chunks = PyList_New(0);
                if (chunks == NULL)
                    goto fail;
            }
            if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(result) > 0 &&
                PyList_Append(chunks, result) < 0)
                goto fail;
            Py_DECREF(result);
            result = textiowrapper_get_decoded_chars(self, remaining);
            if (result == NULL)
                goto fail;
            remaining -= PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(result);
        }
        if (chunks != NULL) {
            if (result != NULL && PyList_Append(chunks, result) < 0)
                goto fail;
            Py_CLEAR(result);
            result = PyUnicode_Join(_PyIO_empty_str, chunks);
            if (result == NULL)
                goto fail;
            Py_CLEAR(chunks);
        }
        return result;
    }
  fail:
    Py_XDECREF(result);
    Py_XDECREF(chunks);
    return NULL;
}


/* NOTE: `end` must point to the real end of the Py_UCS4 storage,
   that is to the NUL character. Otherwise the function will produce
   incorrect results. */
static char *
find_control_char(int kind, char *s, char *end, Py_UCS4 ch)
{
    if (kind == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND) {
        assert(ch < 256);
        return (char *) memchr((void *) s, (char) ch, end - s);
    }
    for (;;) {
        while (PyUnicode_READ(kind, s, 0) > ch)
            s += kind;
        if (PyUnicode_READ(kind, s, 0) == ch)
            return s;
        if (s == end)
            return NULL;
        s += kind;
    }
}

Py_ssize_t
_PyIO_find_line_ending(
    int translated, int universal, PyObject *readnl,
    int kind, char *start, char *end, Py_ssize_t *consumed)
{
    Py_ssize_t len = ((char*)end - (char*)start)/kind;

    if (translated) {
        /* Newlines are already translated, only search for \n */
        char *pos = find_control_char(kind, start, end, '\n');
        if (pos != NULL)
            return (pos - start)/kind + 1;
        else {
            *consumed = len;
            return -1;
        }
    }
    else if (universal) {
        /* Universal newline search. Find any of \r, \r\n, \n
         * The decoder ensures that \r\n are not split in two pieces
         */
        char *s = start;
        for (;;) {
            Py_UCS4 ch;
            /* Fast path for non-control chars. The loop always ends
               since the Unicode string is NUL-terminated. */
            while (PyUnicode_READ(kind, s, 0) > '\r')
                s += kind;
            if (s >= end) {
                *consumed = len;
                return -1;
            }
            ch = PyUnicode_READ(kind, s, 0);
            s += kind;
            if (ch == '\n')
                return (s - start)/kind;
            if (ch == '\r') {
                if (PyUnicode_READ(kind, s, 0) == '\n')
                    return (s - start)/kind + 1;
                else
                    return (s - start)/kind;
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        /* Non-universal mode. */
        Py_ssize_t readnl_len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(readnl);
        Py_UCS1 *nl = PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(readnl);
        /* Assume that readnl is an ASCII character. */
        assert(PyUnicode_KIND(readnl) == PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND);
        if (readnl_len == 1) {
            char *pos = find_control_char(kind, start, end, nl[0]);
            if (pos != NULL)
                return (pos - start)/kind + 1;
            *consumed = len;
            return -1;
        }
        else {
            char *s = start;
            char *e = end - (readnl_len - 1)*kind;
            char *pos;
            if (e < s)
                e = s;
            while (s < e) {
                Py_ssize_t i;
                char *pos = find_control_char(kind, s, end, nl[0]);
                if (pos == NULL || pos >= e)
                    break;
                for (i = 1; i < readnl_len; i++) {
                    if (PyUnicode_READ(kind, pos, i) != nl[i])
                        break;
                }
                if (i == readnl_len)
                    return (pos - start)/kind + readnl_len;
                s = pos + kind;
            }
            pos = find_control_char(kind, e, end, nl[0]);
            if (pos == NULL)
                *consumed = len;
            else
                *consumed = (pos - start)/kind;
            return -1;
        }
    }
}

static PyObject *
_textiowrapper_readline(textio *self, Py_ssize_t limit)
{
    PyObject *line = NULL, *chunks = NULL, *remaining = NULL;
    Py_ssize_t start, endpos, chunked, offset_to_buffer;
    int res;

    CHECK_CLOSED(self);

    if (_textiowrapper_writeflush(self) < 0)
        return NULL;

    chunked = 0;

    while (1) {
        char *ptr;
        Py_ssize_t line_len;
        int kind;
        Py_ssize_t consumed = 0;

        /* First, get some data if necessary */
        res = 1;
        while (!self->decoded_chars ||
               !PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(self->decoded_chars)) {
            res = textiowrapper_read_chunk(self, 0);
            if (res < 0) {
                /* NOTE: PyErr_SetFromErrno() calls PyErr_CheckSignals()
                   when EINTR occurs so we needn't do it ourselves. */
                if (_PyIO_trap_eintr()) {
                    continue;
                }
                goto error;
            }
            if (res == 0)
                break;
        }
        if (res == 0) {
            /* end of file */
            textiowrapper_set_decoded_chars(self, NULL);
            Py_CLEAR(self->snapshot);
            start = endpos = offset_to_buffer = 0;
            break;
        }

        if (remaining == NULL) {
            line = self->decoded_chars;
            start = self->decoded_chars_used;
            offset_to_buffer = 0;
            Py_INCREF(line);
        }
        else {
            assert(self->decoded_chars_used == 0);
            line = PyUnicode_Concat(remaining, self->decoded_chars);
            start = 0;
            offset_to_buffer = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(remaining);
            Py_CLEAR(remaining);
            if (line == NULL)
                goto error;
            if (PyUnicode_READY(line) == -1)
                goto error;
        }

        ptr = PyUnicode_DATA(line);
        line_len = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(line);
        kind = PyUnicode_KIND(line);

        endpos = _PyIO_find_line_ending(
            self->readtranslate, self->readuniversal, self->readnl,
            kind,
            ptr + kind * start,
            ptr + kind * line_len,
            &consumed);
        if (endpos >= 0) {
            endpos += start;
            if (limit >= 0 && (endpos - start) + chunked >= limit)
                endpos = start + limit - chunked;
            break;
        }

        /* We can put aside up to `endpos` */
        endpos = consumed + start;
        if (limit >= 0 && (endpos - start) + chunked >= limit) {
            /* Didn't find line ending, but reached length limit */
            endpos = start + limit - chunked;
            break;
        }

        if (endpos > start) {
            /* No line ending seen yet - put aside current data */
            PyObject *s;
            if (chunks == NULL) {
                chunks = PyList_New(0);
                if (chunks == NULL)
                    goto error;
            }
            s = PyUnicode_Substring(line, start, endpos);
            if (s == NULL)
                goto error;
            if (PyList_Append(chunks, s) < 0) {
                Py_DECREF(s);
                goto error;
            }
            chunked += PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(s);
            Py_DECREF(s);
        }
        /* There may be some remaining bytes we'll have to prepend to the
           next chunk of data */
        if (endpos < line_len) {
            remaining = PyUnicode_Substring(line, endpos, line_len);
            if (remaining == NULL)
                goto error;
        }
        Py_CLEAR(line);
        /* We have consumed the buffer */
        textiowrapper_set_decoded_chars(self, NULL);
    }

    if (line != NULL) {
        /* Our line ends in the current buffer */
        self->decoded_chars_used = endpos - offset_to_buffer;
        if (start > 0 || endpos < PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(line)) {
            PyObject *s = PyUnicode_Substring(line, start, endpos);
            Py_CLEAR(line);
            if (s == NULL)
                goto error;
            line = s;
        }
    }
    if (remaining != NULL) {
        if (chunks == NULL) {
            chunks = PyList_New(0);
            if (chunks == NULL)
                goto error;
        }
        if (PyList_Append(chunks, remaining) < 0)
            goto error;
        Py_CLEAR(remaining);
    }
    if (chunks != NULL) {
        if (line != NULL) {
            if (PyList_Append(chunks, line) < 0)
                goto error;
            Py_DECREF(line);
        }
        line = PyUnicode_Join(_PyIO_empty_str, chunks);
        if (line == NULL)
            goto error;
        Py_CLEAR(chunks);
    }
    if (line == NULL) {
        Py_INCREF(_PyIO_empty_str);
        line = _PyIO_empty_str;
    }

    return line;

  error:
    Py_XDECREF(chunks);
    Py_XDECREF(remaining);
    Py_XDECREF(line);
    return NULL;
}

static PyObject *
textiowrapper_readline(textio *self, PyObject *args)
{
    Py_ssize_t limit = -1;

    CHECK_ATTACHED(self);
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|n:readline", &limit)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    return _textiowrapper_readline(self, limit);
}

/* Seek and Tell */

typedef struct {
    Py_off_t start_pos;
    int dec_flags;
    int bytes_to_feed;
    int chars_to_skip;
    char need_eof;
} cookie_type;

/*
   To speed up cookie packing/unpacking, we store the fields in a temporary
   string and call _PyLong_FromByteArray() or _PyLong_AsByteArray (resp.).
   The following macros define at which offsets in the intermediary byte
   string the various CookieStruct fields will be stored.
 */

#define COOKIE_BUF_LEN      (sizeof(Py_off_t) + 3 * sizeof(int) + sizeof(char))

#if PY_BIG_ENDIAN
/* We want the least significant byte of start_pos to also be the least
   significant byte of the cookie, which means that in big-endian mode we
   must copy the fields in reverse order. */

# define OFF_START_POS      (sizeof(char) + 3 * sizeof(int))
# define OFF_DEC_FLAGS      (sizeof(char) + 2 * sizeof(int))
# define OFF_BYTES_TO_FEED  (sizeof(char) + sizeof(int))
# define OFF_CHARS_TO_SKIP  (sizeof(char))
# define OFF_NEED_EOF       0

#else
/* Little-endian mode: the least significant byte of start_pos will
   naturally end up the least significant byte of the cookie. */

# define OFF_START_POS      0
# define OFF_DEC_FLAGS      (sizeof(Py_off_t))
# define OFF_BYTES_TO_FEED  (sizeof(Py_off_t) + sizeof(int))
# define OFF_CHARS_TO_SKIP  (sizeof(Py_off_t) + 2 * sizeof(int))
# define OFF_NEED_EOF       (sizeof(Py_off_t) + 3 * sizeof(int))

#endif

static int
textiowrapper_parse_cookie(cookie_type *cookie, PyObject *cookieObj)
{
    unsigned char buffer[COOKIE_BUF_LEN];
    PyLongObject *cookieLong = (PyLongObject *)PyNumber_Long(cookieObj);
    if (cookieLong == NULL)
        return -1;

    if (_PyLong_AsByteArray(cookieLong, buffer, sizeof(buffer),
                            PY_LITTLE_ENDIAN, 0) < 0) {
        Py_DECREF(cookieLong);
        return -1;
    }
    Py_DECREF(cookieLong);

    memcpy(&cookie->start_pos, buffer + OFF_START_POS, sizeof(cookie->start_pos));
    memcpy(&cookie->dec_flags, buffer + OFF_DEC_FLAGS, sizeof(cookie->dec_flags));
    memcpy(&cookie->bytes_to_feed, buffer + OFF_BYTES_TO_FEED, sizeof(cookie->bytes_to_feed));
    memcpy(&cookie->chars_to_skip, buffer + OFF_CHARS_TO_SKIP, sizeof(cookie->chars_to_skip));
    memcpy(&cookie->need_eof, buffer + OFF_NEED_EOF, sizeof(cookie->need_eof));

    return 0;
}

static PyObject *
textiowrapper_build_cookie(cookie_type *cookie)
{
    unsigned char buffer[COOKIE_BUF_LEN];

    memcpy(buffer + OFF_START_POS, &cookie->start_pos, sizeof(cookie->start_pos));
    memcpy(buffer + OFF_DEC_FLAGS, &cookie->dec_flags, sizeof(cookie->dec_flags));
    memcpy(buffer + OFF_BYTES_TO_FEED, &cookie->bytes_to_feed, sizeof(cookie->bytes_to_feed));
    memcpy(buffer + OFF_CHARS_TO_SKIP, &cookie->chars_to_skip, sizeof(cookie->chars_to_skip));
    memcpy(buffer + OFF_NEED_EOF, &cookie->need_eof, sizeof(cookie->need_eof));

    return _PyLong_FromByteArray(buffer, sizeof(buffer),
                                 PY_LITTLE_ENDIAN, 0);
}

static int
_textiowrapper_decoder_setstate(textio *self, cookie_type *cookie)
{
    PyObject *res;
    /* When seeking to the start of the stream, we call decoder.reset()
       rather than decoder.getstate().
       This is for a few decoders such as utf-16 for which the state value
       at start is not (b"", 0) but e.g. (b"", 2) (meaning, in the case of
       utf-16, that we are expecting a BOM).
    */
    if (cookie->start_pos == 0 && cookie->dec_flags == 0)
        res = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(self->decoder, _PyIO_str_reset, NULL);
    else
        res = _PyObject_CallMethodId(self->decoder, &PyId_setstate,
                                     "((yi))", "", cookie->dec_flags);
    if (res == NULL)
        return -1;
    Py_DECREF(res);
    return 0;
}

static int
_textiowrapper_encoder_reset(textio *self, int start_of_stream)
{
    PyObject *res;
    if (start_of_stream) {
        res = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(self->encoder, _PyIO_str_reset, NULL);
        self->encoding_start_of_stream = 1;
    }
    else {
        res = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(self->encoder, _PyIO_str_setstate,
                                         _PyIO_zero, NULL);
        self->encoding_start_of_stream = 0;
    }
    if (res == NULL)
        return -1;
    Py_DECREF(res);
    return 0;
}

static int
_textiowrapper_encoder_setstate(textio *self, cookie_type *cookie)
{
    /* Same as _textiowrapper_decoder_setstate() above. */
    return _textiowrapper_encoder_reset(
        self, cookie->start_pos == 0 && cookie->dec_flags == 0);
}

static PyObject *
textiowrapper_seek(textio *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *cookieObj, *posobj;
    cookie_type cookie;
    int whence = 0;
    PyObject *res;
    int cmp;

    CHECK_ATTACHED(self);

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O|i:seek", &cookieObj, &whence))
        return NULL;
    CHECK_CLOSED(self);

    Py_INCREF(cookieObj);

    if (!self->seekable) {
        _unsupported("underlying stream is not seekable");
        goto fail;
    }

    if (whence == 1) {
        /* seek relative to current position */
        cmp = PyObject_RichCompareBool(cookieObj, _PyIO_zero, Py_EQ);
        if (cmp < 0)
            goto fail;

        if (cmp == 0) {
            _unsupported("can't do nonzero cur-relative seeks");
            goto fail;
        }

        /* Seeking to the current position should attempt to
         * sync the underlying buffer with the current position.
         */
        Py_DECREF(cookieObj);
        cookieObj = _PyObject_CallMethodId((PyObject *)self, &PyId_tell, NULL);
        if (cookieObj == NULL)
            goto fail;
    }
    else if (whence == 2) {
        /* seek relative to end of file */
        cmp = PyObject_RichCompareBool(cookieObj, _PyIO_zero, Py_EQ);
        if (cmp < 0)
            goto fail;

        if (cmp == 0) {
            _unsupported("can't do nonzero end-relative seeks");
            goto fail;
        }

        res = _PyObject_CallMethodId((PyObject *)self, &PyId_flush, NULL);
        if (res == NULL)
            goto fail;
        Py_DECREF(res);

        textiowrapper_set_decoded_chars(self, NULL);
        Py_CLEAR(self->snapshot);
        if (self->decoder) {
            res = _PyObject_CallMethodId(self->decoder, &PyId_reset, NULL);
            if (res == NULL)
                goto fail;
            Py_DECREF(res);
        }

        res = _PyObject_CallMethodId(self->buffer, &PyId_seek, "ii", 0, 2);
        Py_CLEAR(cookieObj);
        if (res == NULL)
            goto fail;
        if (self->encoder) {
            /* If seek() == 0, we are at the start of stream, otherwise not */
            cmp = PyObject_RichCompareBool(res, _PyIO_zero, Py_EQ);
            if (cmp < 0 || _textiowrapper_encoder_reset(self, cmp)) {
                Py_DECREF(res);
                goto fail;
            }
        }
        return res;
    }
    else if (whence != 0) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
                     "invalid whence (%d, should be 0, 1 or 2)", whence);
        goto fail;
    }

    cmp = PyObject_RichCompareBool(cookieObj, _PyIO_zero, Py_LT);
    if (cmp < 0)
        goto fail;

    if (cmp == 1) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
                     "negative seek position %R", cookieObj);
        goto fail;
    }

    res = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs((PyObject *)self, _PyIO_str_flush, NULL);
    if (res == NULL)
        goto fail;
    Py_DECREF(res);

    /* The strategy of seek() is to go back to the safe start point
     * and replay the effect of read(chars_to_skip) from there.
     */
    if (textiowrapper_parse_cookie(&cookie, cookieObj) < 0)
        goto fail;

    /* Seek back to the safe start point. */
    posobj = PyLong_FromOff_t(cookie.start_pos);
    if (posobj == NULL)
        goto fail;
    res = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(self->buffer,
                                     _PyIO_str_seek, posobj, NULL);
    Py_DECREF(posobj);
    if (res == NULL)
        goto fail;
    Py_DECREF(res);

    textiowrapper_set_decoded_chars(self, NULL);
    Py_CLEAR(self->snapshot);

    /* Restore the decoder to its state from the safe start point. */
    if (self->decoder) {
        if (_textiowrapper_decoder_setstate(self, &cookie) < 0)
            goto fail;
    }

    if (cookie.chars_to_skip) {
        /* Just like _read_chunk, feed the decoder and save a snapshot. */
        PyObject *input_chunk = _PyObject_CallMethodId(
            self->buffer, &PyId_read, "i", cookie.bytes_to_feed);
        PyObject *decoded;

        if (input_chunk == NULL)
            goto fail;

        if (!PyBytes_Check(input_chunk)) {
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                         "underlying read() should have returned a bytes "
                         "object, not '%.200s'",
                         Py_TYPE(input_chunk)->tp_name);
            Py_DECREF(input_chunk);
            goto fail;
        }

        self->snapshot = Py_BuildValue("iN", cookie.dec_flags, input_chunk);
        if (self->snapshot == NULL) {
            Py_DECREF(input_chunk);
            goto fail;
        }

        decoded = _PyObject_CallMethodId(self->decoder, &PyId_decode,
            "Oi", input_chunk, (int)cookie.need_eof);

        if (check_decoded(decoded) < 0)
            goto fail;

        textiowrapper_set_decoded_chars(self, decoded);

        /* Skip chars_to_skip of the decoded characters. */
        if (PyUnicode_GetLength(self->decoded_chars) < cookie.chars_to_skip) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IOError, "can't restore logical file position");
            goto fail;
        }
        self->decoded_chars_used = cookie.chars_to_skip;
    }
    else {
        self->snapshot = Py_BuildValue("iy", cookie.dec_flags, "");
        if (self->snapshot == NULL)
            goto fail;
    }

    /* Finally, reset the encoder (merely useful for proper BOM handling) */
    if (self->encoder) {
        if (_textiowrapper_encoder_setstate(self, &cookie) < 0)
            goto fail;
    }
    return cookieObj;
  fail:
    Py_XDECREF(cookieObj);
    return NULL;

}

static PyObject *
textiowrapper_tell(textio *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *res;
    PyObject *posobj = NULL;
    cookie_type cookie = {0,0,0,0,0};
    PyObject *next_input;
    Py_ssize_t chars_to_skip, chars_decoded;
    Py_ssize_t skip_bytes, skip_back;
    PyObject *saved_state = NULL;
    char *input, *input_end;
    char *dec_buffer;
    Py_ssize_t dec_buffer_len;
    int dec_flags;

    CHECK_ATTACHED(self);
    CHECK_CLOSED(self);

    if (!self->seekable) {
        _unsupported("underlying stream is not seekable");
        goto fail;
    }
    if (!self->telling) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IOError,
                        "telling position disabled by next() call");
        goto fail;
    }

    if (_textiowrapper_writeflush(self) < 0)
        return NULL;
    res = _PyObject_CallMethodId((PyObject *)self, &PyId_flush, NULL);
    if (res == NULL)
        goto fail;
    Py_DECREF(res);

    posobj = _PyObject_CallMethodId(self->buffer, &PyId_tell, NULL);
    if (posobj == NULL)
        goto fail;

    if (self->decoder == NULL || self->snapshot == NULL) {
        assert (self->decoded_chars == NULL || PyUnicode_GetLength(self->decoded_chars) == 0);
        return posobj;
    }

#if defined(HAVE_LARGEFILE_SUPPORT)
    cookie.start_pos = PyLong_AsLongLong(posobj);
#else
    cookie.start_pos = PyLong_AsLong(posobj);
#endif
    Py_DECREF(posobj);
    if (PyErr_Occurred())
        goto fail;

    /* Skip backward to the snapshot point (see _read_chunk). */
    if (!PyArg_Parse(self->snapshot, "(iO)", &cookie.dec_flags, &next_input))
        goto fail;

    assert (PyBytes_Check(next_input));

    cookie.start_pos -= PyBytes_GET_SIZE(next_input);

    /* How many decoded characters have been used up since the snapshot? */
    if (self->decoded_chars_used == 0)  {
        /* We haven't moved from the snapshot point. */
        return textiowrapper_build_cookie(&cookie);
    }

    chars_to_skip = self->decoded_chars_used;

    /* Decoder state will be restored at the end */
    saved_state = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(self->decoder,
                                             _PyIO_str_getstate, NULL);
    if (saved_state == NULL)
        goto fail;

#define DECODER_GETSTATE() do { \
        PyObject *_state = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(self->decoder, \
            _PyIO_str_getstate, NULL); \
        if (_state == NULL) \
            goto fail; \
        if (!PyArg_Parse(_state, "(y#i)", &dec_buffer, &dec_buffer_len, &dec_flags)) { \
            Py_DECREF(_state); \
            goto fail; \
        } \
        Py_DECREF(_state); \
    } while (0)

#define DECODER_DECODE(start, len, res) do { \
        PyObject *_decoded = _PyObject_CallMethodId( \
            self->decoder, &PyId_decode, "y#", start, len); \
        if (check_decoded(_decoded) < 0) \
            goto fail; \
        res = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(_decoded); \
        Py_DECREF(_decoded); \
    } while (0)

    /* Fast search for an acceptable start point, close to our
       current pos */
    skip_bytes = (Py_ssize_t) (self->b2cratio * chars_to_skip);
    skip_back = 1;
    assert(skip_back <= PyBytes_GET_SIZE(next_input));
    input = PyBytes_AS_STRING(next_input);
    while (skip_bytes > 0) {
        /* Decode up to temptative start point */
        if (_textiowrapper_decoder_setstate(self, &cookie) < 0)
            goto fail;
        DECODER_DECODE(input, skip_bytes, chars_decoded);
        if (chars_decoded <= chars_to_skip) {
            DECODER_GETSTATE();
            if (dec_buffer_len == 0) {
                /* Before pos and no bytes buffered in decoder => OK */
                cookie.dec_flags = dec_flags;
                chars_to_skip -= chars_decoded;
                break;
            }
            /* Skip back by buffered amount and reset heuristic */
            skip_bytes -= dec_buffer_len;
            skip_back = 1;
        }
        else {
            /* We're too far ahead, skip back a bit */
            skip_bytes -= skip_back;
            skip_back *= 2;
        }
    }
    if (skip_bytes <= 0) {
        skip_bytes = 0;
        if (_textiowrapper_decoder_setstate(self, &cookie) < 0)
            goto fail;
    }

    /* Note our initial start point. */
    cookie.start_pos += skip_bytes;
    cookie.chars_to_skip = Py_SAFE_DOWNCAST(chars_to_skip, Py_ssize_t, int);
    if (chars_to_skip == 0)
        goto finally;

    /* We should be close to the desired position.  Now feed the decoder one
     * byte at a time until we reach the `chars_to_skip` target.
     * As we go, note the nearest "safe start point" before the current
     * location (a point where the decoder has nothing buffered, so seek()
     * can safely start from there and advance to this location).
     */
    chars_decoded = 0;
    input = PyBytes_AS_STRING(next_input);
    input_end = input + PyBytes_GET_SIZE(next_input);
    input += skip_bytes;
    while (input < input_end) {
        Py_ssize_t n;

        DECODER_DECODE(input, (Py_ssize_t)1, n);
        /* We got n chars for 1 byte */
        chars_decoded += n;
        cookie.bytes_to_feed += 1;
        DECODER_GETSTATE();

        if (dec_buffer_len == 0 && chars_decoded <= chars_to_skip) {
            /* Decoder buffer is empty, so this is a safe start point. */
            cookie.start_pos += cookie.bytes_to_feed;
            chars_to_skip -= chars_decoded;
            cookie.dec_flags = dec_flags;
            cookie.bytes_to_feed = 0;
            chars_decoded = 0;
        }
        if (chars_decoded >= chars_to_skip)
            break;
        input++;
    }
    if (input == input_end) {
        /* We didn't get enough decoded data; signal EOF to get more. */
        PyObject *decoded = _PyObject_CallMethodId(
            self->decoder, &PyId_decode, "yi", "", /* final = */ 1);
        if (check_decoded(decoded) < 0)
            goto fail;
        chars_decoded += PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(decoded);
        Py_DECREF(decoded);
        cookie.need_eof = 1;

        if (chars_decoded < chars_to_skip) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IOError,
                            "can't reconstruct logical file position");
            goto fail;
        }
    }

finally:
    res = _PyObject_CallMethodId(self->decoder, &PyId_setstate, "(O)", saved_state);
    Py_DECREF(saved_state);
    if (res == NULL)
        return NULL;
    Py_DECREF(res);

    /* The returned cookie corresponds to the last safe start point. */
    cookie.chars_to_skip = Py_SAFE_DOWNCAST(chars_to_skip, Py_ssize_t, int);
    return textiowrapper_build_cookie(&cookie);

fail:
    if (saved_state) {
        PyObject *type, *value, *traceback;
        PyErr_Fetch(&type, &value, &traceback);
        res = _PyObject_CallMethodId(self->decoder, &PyId_setstate, "(O)", saved_state);
        _PyErr_ChainExceptions(type, value, traceback);
        Py_DECREF(saved_state);
        Py_XDECREF(res);
    }
    return NULL;
}

static PyObject *
textiowrapper_truncate(textio *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *pos = Py_None;
    PyObject *res;

    CHECK_ATTACHED(self)
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|O:truncate", &pos)) {
        return NULL;
    }

    res = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs((PyObject *) self, _PyIO_str_flush, NULL);
    if (res == NULL)
        return NULL;
    Py_DECREF(res);

    return PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(self->buffer, _PyIO_str_truncate, pos, NULL);
}

static PyObject *
textiowrapper_repr(textio *self)
{
    PyObject *nameobj, *modeobj, *res, *s;

    CHECK_INITIALIZED(self);

    res = PyUnicode_FromString("<_io.TextIOWrapper");
    if (res == NULL)
        return NULL;

    nameobj = _PyObject_GetAttrId((PyObject *) self, &PyId_name);
    if (nameobj == NULL) {
        if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_Exception))
            PyErr_Clear();
        else
            goto error;
    }
    else {
        s = PyUnicode_FromFormat(" name=%R", nameobj);
        Py_DECREF(nameobj);
        if (s == NULL)
            goto error;
        PyUnicode_AppendAndDel(&res, s);
        if (res == NULL)
            return NULL;
    }
    modeobj = _PyObject_GetAttrId((PyObject *) self, &PyId_mode);
    if (modeobj == NULL) {
        if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_Exception))
            PyErr_Clear();
        else
            goto error;
    }
    else {
        s = PyUnicode_FromFormat(" mode=%R", modeobj);
        Py_DECREF(modeobj);
        if (s == NULL)
            goto error;
        PyUnicode_AppendAndDel(&res, s);
        if (res == NULL)
            return NULL;
    }
    s = PyUnicode_FromFormat("%U encoding=%R>",
                             res, self->encoding);
    Py_DECREF(res);
    return s;
error:
    Py_XDECREF(res);
    return NULL;
}


/* Inquiries */

static PyObject *
textiowrapper_fileno(textio *self, PyObject *args)
{
    CHECK_ATTACHED(self);
    return _PyObject_CallMethodId(self->buffer, &PyId_fileno, NULL);
}

static PyObject *
textiowrapper_seekable(textio *self, PyObject *args)
{
    CHECK_ATTACHED(self);
    return _PyObject_CallMethodId(self->buffer, &PyId_seekable, NULL);
}

static PyObject *
textiowrapper_readable(textio *self, PyObject *args)
{
    CHECK_ATTACHED(self);
    return _PyObject_CallMethodId(self->buffer, &PyId_readable, NULL);
}

static PyObject *
textiowrapper_writable(textio *self, PyObject *args)
{
    CHECK_ATTACHED(self);
    return _PyObject_CallMethodId(self->buffer, &PyId_writable, NULL);
}

static PyObject *
textiowrapper_isatty(textio *self, PyObject *args)
{
    CHECK_ATTACHED(self);
    return _PyObject_CallMethodId(self->buffer, &PyId_isatty, NULL);
}

static PyObject *
textiowrapper_getstate(textio *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                 "cannot serialize '%s' object", Py_TYPE(self)->tp_name);
    return NULL;
}

static PyObject *
textiowrapper_flush(textio *self, PyObject *args)
{
    CHECK_ATTACHED(self);
    CHECK_CLOSED(self);
    self->telling = self->seekable;
    if (_textiowrapper_writeflush(self) < 0)
        return NULL;
    return _PyObject_CallMethodId(self->buffer, &PyId_flush, NULL);
}

static PyObject *
textiowrapper_close(textio *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *res;
    int r;
    CHECK_ATTACHED(self);

    res = textiowrapper_closed_get(self, NULL);
    if (res == NULL)
        return NULL;
    r = PyObject_IsTrue(res);
    Py_DECREF(res);
    if (r < 0)
        return NULL;

    if (r > 0) {
        Py_RETURN_NONE; /* stream already closed */
    }
    else {
        PyObject *exc = NULL, *val, *tb;
        if (self->finalizing) {
            res = _PyObject_CallMethodId(self->buffer, &PyId__dealloc_warn, "O", self);
            if (res)
                Py_DECREF(res);
            else
                PyErr_Clear();
        }
        res = _PyObject_CallMethodId((PyObject *)self, &PyId_flush, NULL);
        if (res == NULL)
            PyErr_Fetch(&exc, &val, &tb);
        else
            Py_DECREF(res);

        res = _PyObject_CallMethodId(self->buffer, &PyId_close, NULL);
        if (exc != NULL) {
            _PyErr_ChainExceptions(exc, val, tb);
            Py_CLEAR(res);
        }
        return res;
    }
}

static PyObject *
textiowrapper_iternext(textio *self)
{
    PyObject *line;

    CHECK_ATTACHED(self);

    self->telling = 0;
    if (Py_TYPE(self) == &PyTextIOWrapper_Type) {
        /* Skip method call overhead for speed */
        line = _textiowrapper_readline(self, -1);
    }
    else {
        line = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs((PyObject *)self,
                                           _PyIO_str_readline, NULL);
        if (line && !PyUnicode_Check(line)) {
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_IOError,
                         "readline() should have returned an str object, "
                         "not '%.200s'", Py_TYPE(line)->tp_name);
            Py_DECREF(line);
            return NULL;
        }
    }

    if (line == NULL || PyUnicode_READY(line) == -1)
        return NULL;

    if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(line) == 0) {
        /* Reached EOF or would have blocked */
        Py_DECREF(line);
        Py_CLEAR(self->snapshot);
        self->telling = self->seekable;
        return NULL;
    }

    return line;
}

static PyObject *
textiowrapper_name_get(textio *self, void *context)
{
    CHECK_ATTACHED(self);
    return _PyObject_GetAttrId(self->buffer, &PyId_name);
}

static PyObject *
textiowrapper_closed_get(textio *self, void *context)
{
    CHECK_ATTACHED(self);
    return PyObject_GetAttr(self->buffer, _PyIO_str_closed);
}

static PyObject *
textiowrapper_newlines_get(textio *self, void *context)
{
    PyObject *res;
    CHECK_ATTACHED(self);
    if (self->decoder == NULL)
        Py_RETURN_NONE;
    res = PyObject_GetAttr(self->decoder, _PyIO_str_newlines);
    if (res == NULL) {
        if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError)) {
            PyErr_Clear();
            Py_RETURN_NONE;
        }
        else {
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    return res;
}

static PyObject *
textiowrapper_errors_get(textio *self, void *context)
{
    CHECK_INITIALIZED(self);
    return PyUnicode_FromString(PyBytes_AS_STRING(self->errors));
}

static PyObject *
textiowrapper_chunk_size_get(textio *self, void *context)
{
    CHECK_ATTACHED(self);
    return PyLong_FromSsize_t(self->chunk_size);
}

static int
textiowrapper_chunk_size_set(textio *self, PyObject *arg, void *context)
{
    Py_ssize_t n;
    CHECK_ATTACHED_INT(self);
    n = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(arg, PyExc_ValueError);
    if (n == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
        return -1;
    if (n <= 0) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                        "a strictly positive integer is required");
        return -1;
    }
    self->chunk_size = n;
    return 0;
}

static PyMethodDef textiowrapper_methods[] = {
    {"detach", (PyCFunction)textiowrapper_detach, METH_NOARGS},
    {"write", (PyCFunction)textiowrapper_write, METH_VARARGS},
    {"read", (PyCFunction)textiowrapper_read, METH_VARARGS},
    {"readline", (PyCFunction)textiowrapper_readline, METH_VARARGS},
    {"flush", (PyCFunction)textiowrapper_flush, METH_NOARGS},
    {"close", (PyCFunction)textiowrapper_close, METH_NOARGS},

    {"fileno", (PyCFunction)textiowrapper_fileno, METH_NOARGS},
    {"seekable", (PyCFunction)textiowrapper_seekable, METH_NOARGS},
    {"readable", (PyCFunction)textiowrapper_readable, METH_NOARGS},
    {"writable", (PyCFunction)textiowrapper_writable, METH_NOARGS},
    {"isatty", (PyCFunction)textiowrapper_isatty, METH_NOARGS},
    {"__getstate__", (PyCFunction)textiowrapper_getstate, METH_NOARGS},

    {"seek", (PyCFunction)textiowrapper_seek, METH_VARARGS},
    {"tell", (PyCFunction)textiowrapper_tell, METH_NOARGS},
    {"truncate", (PyCFunction)textiowrapper_truncate, METH_VARARGS},
    {NULL, NULL}
};

static PyMemberDef textiowrapper_members[] = {
    {"encoding", T_OBJECT, offsetof(textio, encoding), READONLY},
    {"buffer", T_OBJECT, offsetof(textio, buffer), READONLY},
    {"line_buffering", T_BOOL, offsetof(textio, line_buffering), READONLY},
    {"_finalizing", T_BOOL, offsetof(textio, finalizing), 0},
    {NULL}
};

static PyGetSetDef textiowrapper_getset[] = {
    {"name", (getter)textiowrapper_name_get, NULL, NULL},
    {"closed", (getter)textiowrapper_closed_get, NULL, NULL},
/*    {"mode", (getter)TextIOWrapper_mode_get, NULL, NULL},
*/
    {"newlines", (getter)textiowrapper_newlines_get, NULL, NULL},
    {"errors", (getter)textiowrapper_errors_get, NULL, NULL},
    {"_CHUNK_SIZE", (getter)textiowrapper_chunk_size_get,
                    (setter)textiowrapper_chunk_size_set, NULL},
    {NULL}
};

PyTypeObject PyTextIOWrapper_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
    "_io.TextIOWrapper",        /*tp_name*/
    sizeof(textio), /*tp_basicsize*/
    0,                          /*tp_itemsize*/
    (destructor)textiowrapper_dealloc, /*tp_dealloc*/
    0,                          /*tp_print*/
    0,                          /*tp_getattr*/
    0,                          /*tps_etattr*/
    0,                          /*tp_compare */
    (reprfunc)textiowrapper_repr,/*tp_repr*/
    0,                          /*tp_as_number*/
    0,                          /*tp_as_sequence*/
    0,                          /*tp_as_mapping*/
    0,                          /*tp_hash */
    0,                          /*tp_call*/
    0,                          /*tp_str*/
    0,                          /*tp_getattro*/
    0,                          /*tp_setattro*/
    0,                          /*tp_as_buffer*/
    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE
        | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE, /*tp_flags*/
    textiowrapper_doc,          /* tp_doc */
    (traverseproc)textiowrapper_traverse, /* tp_traverse */
    (inquiry)textiowrapper_clear, /* tp_clear */
    0,                          /* tp_richcompare */
    offsetof(textio, weakreflist), /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
    0,                          /* tp_iter */
    (iternextfunc)textiowrapper_iternext, /* tp_iternext */
    textiowrapper_methods,      /* tp_methods */
    textiowrapper_members,      /* tp_members */
    textiowrapper_getset,       /* tp_getset */
    0,                          /* tp_base */
    0,                          /* tp_dict */
    0,                          /* tp_descr_get */
    0,                          /* tp_descr_set */
    offsetof(textio, dict), /*tp_dictoffset*/
    (initproc)textiowrapper_init, /* tp_init */
    0,                          /* tp_alloc */
    PyType_GenericNew,          /* tp_new */
    0,                          /* tp_free */
    0,                          /* tp_is_gc */
    0,                          /* tp_bases */
    0,                          /* tp_mro */
    0,                          /* tp_cache */
    0,                          /* tp_subclasses */
    0,                          /* tp_weaklist */
    0,                          /* tp_del */
    0,                          /* tp_version_tag */
    0,                          /* tp_finalize */
};