Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1 | :mod:`email`: Representing character sets |
| 2 | ----------------------------------------- |
| 3 | |
| 4 | .. module:: email.charset |
| 5 | :synopsis: Character Sets |
| 6 | |
| 7 | |
| 8 | This module provides a class :class:`Charset` for representing character sets |
| 9 | and character set conversions in email messages, as well as a character set |
| 10 | registry and several convenience methods for manipulating this registry. |
| 11 | Instances of :class:`Charset` are used in several other modules within the |
| 12 | :mod:`email` package. |
| 13 | |
| 14 | Import this class from the :mod:`email.charset` module. |
| 15 | |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 16 | |
Georg Brandl | 3f076d8 | 2009-05-17 11:28:33 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 17 | .. class:: Charset(input_charset=DEFAULT_CHARSET) |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 18 | |
| 19 | Map character sets to their email properties. |
| 20 | |
| 21 | This class provides information about the requirements imposed on email for a |
| 22 | specific character set. It also provides convenience routines for converting |
| 23 | between character sets, given the availability of the applicable codecs. Given |
| 24 | a character set, it will do its best to provide information on how to use that |
| 25 | character set in an email message in an RFC-compliant way. |
| 26 | |
| 27 | Certain character sets must be encoded with quoted-printable or base64 when used |
| 28 | in email headers or bodies. Certain character sets must be converted outright, |
| 29 | and are not allowed in email. |
| 30 | |
| 31 | Optional *input_charset* is as described below; it is always coerced to lower |
| 32 | case. After being alias normalized it is also used as a lookup into the |
| 33 | registry of character sets to find out the header encoding, body encoding, and |
| 34 | output conversion codec to be used for the character set. For example, if |
| 35 | *input_charset* is ``iso-8859-1``, then headers and bodies will be encoded using |
| 36 | quoted-printable and no output conversion codec is necessary. If |
| 37 | *input_charset* is ``euc-jp``, then headers will be encoded with base64, bodies |
| 38 | will not be encoded, but output text will be converted from the ``euc-jp`` |
| 39 | character set to the ``iso-2022-jp`` character set. |
| 40 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 41 | :class:`Charset` instances have the following data attributes: |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 42 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 43 | .. attribute:: input_charset |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 44 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 45 | The initial character set specified. Common aliases are converted to |
| 46 | their *official* email names (e.g. ``latin_1`` is converted to |
| 47 | ``iso-8859-1``). Defaults to 7-bit ``us-ascii``. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 48 | |
| 49 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 50 | .. attribute:: header_encoding |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 51 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 52 | If the character set must be encoded before it can be used in an email |
| 53 | header, this attribute will be set to ``Charset.QP`` (for |
| 54 | quoted-printable), ``Charset.BASE64`` (for base64 encoding), or |
| 55 | ``Charset.SHORTEST`` for the shortest of QP or BASE64 encoding. Otherwise, |
| 56 | it will be ``None``. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 57 | |
| 58 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 59 | .. attribute:: body_encoding |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 60 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 61 | Same as *header_encoding*, but describes the encoding for the mail |
| 62 | message's body, which indeed may be different than the header encoding. |
| 63 | ``Charset.SHORTEST`` is not allowed for *body_encoding*. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 64 | |
| 65 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 66 | .. attribute:: output_charset |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 67 | |
Georg Brandl | 3f076d8 | 2009-05-17 11:28:33 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 68 | Some character sets must be converted before they can be used in email |
| 69 | headers or bodies. If the *input_charset* is one of them, this attribute |
| 70 | will contain the name of the character set output will be converted to. |
| 71 | Otherwise, it will be ``None``. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 72 | |
| 73 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 74 | .. attribute:: input_codec |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 75 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 76 | The name of the Python codec used to convert the *input_charset* to |
| 77 | Unicode. If no conversion codec is necessary, this attribute will be |
| 78 | ``None``. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 79 | |
| 80 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 81 | .. attribute:: output_codec |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 82 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 83 | The name of the Python codec used to convert Unicode to the |
| 84 | *output_charset*. If no conversion codec is necessary, this attribute |
| 85 | will have the same value as the *input_codec*. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 86 | |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 87 | |
Georg Brandl | 3f076d8 | 2009-05-17 11:28:33 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 88 | :class:`Charset` instances also have the following methods: |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 89 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 90 | .. method:: get_body_encoding() |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 91 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 92 | Return the content transfer encoding used for body encoding. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 93 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 94 | This is either the string ``quoted-printable`` or ``base64`` depending on |
| 95 | the encoding used, or it is a function, in which case you should call the |
| 96 | function with a single argument, the Message object being encoded. The |
| 97 | function should then set the :mailheader:`Content-Transfer-Encoding` |
| 98 | header itself to whatever is appropriate. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 99 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 100 | Returns the string ``quoted-printable`` if *body_encoding* is ``QP``, |
| 101 | returns the string ``base64`` if *body_encoding* is ``BASE64``, and |
| 102 | returns the string ``7bit`` otherwise. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 103 | |
Georg Brandl | 3f076d8 | 2009-05-17 11:28:33 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 104 | .. XXX to_splittable and from_splittable are not there anymore! |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 105 | |
Georg Brandl | 3f076d8 | 2009-05-17 11:28:33 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 106 | .. method to_splittable(s) |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 107 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 108 | Convert a possibly multibyte string to a safely splittable format. *s* is |
| 109 | the string to split. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 110 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 111 | Uses the *input_codec* to try and convert the string to Unicode, so it can |
| 112 | be safely split on character boundaries (even for multibyte characters). |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 113 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 114 | Returns the string as-is if it isn't known how to convert *s* to Unicode |
| 115 | with the *input_charset*. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 116 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 117 | Characters that could not be converted to Unicode will be replaced with |
| 118 | the Unicode replacement character ``'U+FFFD'``. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 119 | |
| 120 | |
Georg Brandl | 3f076d8 | 2009-05-17 11:28:33 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 121 | .. method from_splittable(ustr[, to_output]) |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 122 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 123 | Convert a splittable string back into an encoded string. *ustr* is a |
| 124 | Unicode string to "unsplit". |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 125 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 126 | This method uses the proper codec to try and convert the string from |
| 127 | Unicode back into an encoded format. Return the string as-is if it is not |
| 128 | Unicode, or if it could not be converted from Unicode. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 129 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 130 | Characters that could not be converted from Unicode will be replaced with |
| 131 | an appropriate character (usually ``'?'``). |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 132 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 133 | If *to_output* is ``True`` (the default), uses *output_codec* to convert |
| 134 | to an encoded format. If *to_output* is ``False``, it uses *input_codec*. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 135 | |
| 136 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 137 | .. method:: get_output_charset() |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 138 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 139 | Return the output character set. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 140 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 141 | This is the *output_charset* attribute if that is not ``None``, otherwise |
| 142 | it is *input_charset*. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 143 | |
| 144 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 145 | .. method:: encoded_header_len() |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 146 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 147 | Return the length of the encoded header string, properly calculating for |
| 148 | quoted-printable or base64 encoding. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 149 | |
| 150 | |
Georg Brandl | 3f076d8 | 2009-05-17 11:28:33 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 151 | .. method:: header_encode(string) |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 152 | |
Georg Brandl | 3f076d8 | 2009-05-17 11:28:33 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 153 | Header-encode the string *string*. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 154 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 155 | The type of encoding (base64 or quoted-printable) will be based on the |
| 156 | *header_encoding* attribute. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 157 | |
| 158 | |
Georg Brandl | 3f076d8 | 2009-05-17 11:28:33 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 159 | .. method:: body_encode(string) |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 160 | |
Georg Brandl | 3f076d8 | 2009-05-17 11:28:33 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 161 | Body-encode the string *string*. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 162 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 163 | The type of encoding (base64 or quoted-printable) will be based on the |
| 164 | *body_encoding* attribute. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 165 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 166 | The :class:`Charset` class also provides a number of methods to support |
| 167 | standard operations and built-in functions. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 168 | |
| 169 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 170 | .. method:: __str__() |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 171 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 172 | Returns *input_charset* as a string coerced to lower |
| 173 | case. :meth:`__repr__` is an alias for :meth:`__str__`. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 174 | |
| 175 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 176 | .. method:: __eq__(other) |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 177 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 178 | This method allows you to compare two :class:`Charset` instances for |
| 179 | equality. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 180 | |
| 181 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 182 | .. method:: __ne__(other) |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 183 | |
Benjamin Peterson | e41251e | 2008-04-25 01:59:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 184 | This method allows you to compare two :class:`Charset` instances for |
| 185 | inequality. |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 186 | |
| 187 | The :mod:`email.charset` module also provides the following functions for adding |
| 188 | new entries to the global character set, alias, and codec registries: |
| 189 | |
| 190 | |
Georg Brandl | 3f076d8 | 2009-05-17 11:28:33 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 191 | .. function:: add_charset(charset, header_enc=None, body_enc=None, output_charset=None) |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 192 | |
| 193 | Add character properties to the global registry. |
| 194 | |
| 195 | *charset* is the input character set, and must be the canonical name of a |
| 196 | character set. |
| 197 | |
| 198 | Optional *header_enc* and *body_enc* is either ``Charset.QP`` for |
| 199 | quoted-printable, ``Charset.BASE64`` for base64 encoding, |
| 200 | ``Charset.SHORTEST`` for the shortest of quoted-printable or base64 encoding, |
| 201 | or ``None`` for no encoding. ``SHORTEST`` is only valid for |
| 202 | *header_enc*. The default is ``None`` for no encoding. |
| 203 | |
| 204 | Optional *output_charset* is the character set that the output should be in. |
| 205 | Conversions will proceed from input charset, to Unicode, to the output charset |
| 206 | when the method :meth:`Charset.convert` is called. The default is to output in |
| 207 | the same character set as the input. |
| 208 | |
| 209 | Both *input_charset* and *output_charset* must have Unicode codec entries in the |
| 210 | module's character set-to-codec mapping; use :func:`add_codec` to add codecs the |
| 211 | module does not know about. See the :mod:`codecs` module's documentation for |
| 212 | more information. |
| 213 | |
| 214 | The global character set registry is kept in the module global dictionary |
| 215 | ``CHARSETS``. |
| 216 | |
| 217 | |
| 218 | .. function:: add_alias(alias, canonical) |
| 219 | |
| 220 | Add a character set alias. *alias* is the alias name, e.g. ``latin-1``. |
| 221 | *canonical* is the character set's canonical name, e.g. ``iso-8859-1``. |
| 222 | |
| 223 | The global charset alias registry is kept in the module global dictionary |
| 224 | ``ALIASES``. |
| 225 | |
| 226 | |
| 227 | .. function:: add_codec(charset, codecname) |
| 228 | |
| 229 | Add a codec that map characters in the given character set to and from Unicode. |
| 230 | |
| 231 | *charset* is the canonical name of a character set. *codecname* is the name of a |
Georg Brandl | f694518 | 2008-02-01 11:56:49 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 232 | Python codec, as appropriate for the second argument to the :class:`str`'s |
| 233 | :func:`decode` method |
Georg Brandl | 116aa62 | 2007-08-15 14:28:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 234 | |