Modules/posixmodule.c

/***********************************************************
Copyright (c) 2000, BeOpen.com.
Copyright (c) 1995-2000, Corporation for National Research Initiatives.
Copyright (c) 1990-1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum.
All rights reserved.

See the file "Misc/COPYRIGHT" for information on usage and
redistribution of this file, and for a DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES.
******************************************************************/

/* POSIX module implementation */

/* This file is also used for Windows NT and MS-Win.  In that case the module
   actually calls itself 'nt', not 'posix', and a few functions are
   either unimplemented or implemented differently.  The source
   assumes that for Windows NT, the macro 'MS_WIN32' is defined independent
   of the compiler used.  Different compilers define their own feature
   test macro, e.g. '__BORLANDC__' or '_MSC_VER'. */

/* See also ../Dos/dosmodule.c */

static char posix__doc__ [] =
"This module provides access to operating system functionality that is\n\
standardized by the C Standard and the POSIX standard (a thinly\n\
disguised Unix interface).  Refer to the library manual and\n\
corresponding Unix manual entries for more information on calls.";

#include "Python.h"

#if defined(PYOS_OS2)
#define  INCL_DOS
#define  INCL_DOSERRORS
#define  INCL_DOSPROCESS
#define  INCL_NOPMAPI
#include <os2.h>
#endif

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#ifdef HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H
#include <sys/wait.h>		/* For WNOHANG */
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SIGNAL_H
#include <signal.h>
#endif

#include "mytime.h"		/* For clock_t on some systems */

#ifdef HAVE_FCNTL_H
#include <fcntl.h>
#endif /* HAVE_FCNTL_H */

/* Various compilers have only certain posix functions */
/* XXX Gosh I wish these were all moved into config.h */
#if defined(PYCC_VACPP) && defined(PYOS_OS2)
#include <process.h>
#else
#if defined(__WATCOMC__) && !defined(__QNX__)		/* Watcom compiler */
#define HAVE_GETCWD     1
#define HAVE_OPENDIR    1
#define HAVE_SYSTEM	1
#if defined(__OS2__)
#define HAVE_EXECV      1
#define HAVE_WAIT       1
#endif
#include <process.h>
#else
#ifdef __BORLANDC__		/* Borland compiler */
#define HAVE_EXECV      1
#define HAVE_GETCWD     1
#define HAVE_GETEGID    1
#define HAVE_GETEUID    1
#define HAVE_GETGID     1
#define HAVE_GETPPID    1
#define HAVE_GETUID     1
#define HAVE_KILL       1
#define HAVE_OPENDIR    1
#define HAVE_PIPE       1
#define HAVE_POPEN      1
#define HAVE_SYSTEM	1
#define HAVE_WAIT       1
#else
#ifdef _MSC_VER		/* Microsoft compiler */
#define HAVE_GETCWD     1
#ifdef MS_WIN32
#define HAVE_SPAWNV	1
#define HAVE_EXECV      1
#define HAVE_PIPE       1
#define HAVE_POPEN      1
#define HAVE_SYSTEM	1
#else /* 16-bit Windows */
#endif /* !MS_WIN32 */
#else			/* all other compilers */
/* Unix functions that the configure script doesn't check for */
#define HAVE_EXECV      1
#define HAVE_FORK       1
#define HAVE_GETCWD     1
#define HAVE_GETEGID    1
#define HAVE_GETEUID    1
#define HAVE_GETGID     1
#define HAVE_GETPPID    1
#define HAVE_GETUID     1
#define HAVE_KILL       1
#define HAVE_OPENDIR    1
#define HAVE_PIPE       1
#define HAVE_POPEN      1
#define HAVE_SYSTEM	1
#define HAVE_WAIT       1
#define HAVE_TTYNAME	1
#endif  /* _MSC_VER */
#endif  /* __BORLANDC__ */
#endif  /* ! __WATCOMC__ || __QNX__ */
#endif /* ! __IBMC__ */

#ifndef _MSC_VER

#ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
#include <unistd.h>
#endif

#ifdef NeXT
/* NeXT's <unistd.h> and <utime.h> aren't worth much */
#undef HAVE_UNISTD_H
#undef HAVE_UTIME_H
#define HAVE_WAITPID
/* #undef HAVE_GETCWD */
#define UNION_WAIT /* This should really be checked for by autoconf */
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
/* XXX These are for SunOS4.1.3 but shouldn't hurt elsewhere */
extern int rename();
extern int pclose();
extern int lstat();
extern int symlink();
extern int fsync();
#else /* !HAVE_UNISTD_H */
#if defined(PYCC_VACPP)
extern int mkdir(char *);
#else
#if ( defined(__WATCOMC__) || defined(_MSC_VER) ) && !defined(__QNX__)
extern int mkdir(const char *);
#else
extern int mkdir(const char *, mode_t);
#endif
#endif
#if defined(__IBMC__) || defined(__IBMCPP__)
extern int chdir(char *);
extern int rmdir(char *);
#else
extern int chdir(const char *);
extern int rmdir(const char *);
#endif
extern int chmod(const char *, mode_t);
extern int chown(const char *, uid_t, gid_t);
extern char *getcwd(char *, int);
extern char *strerror(int);
extern int link(const char *, const char *);
extern int rename(const char *, const char *);
extern int stat(const char *, struct stat *);
extern int unlink(const char *);
extern int pclose(FILE *);
#ifdef HAVE_SYMLINK
extern int symlink(const char *, const char *);
#endif /* HAVE_SYMLINK */
#ifdef HAVE_LSTAT
extern int lstat(const char *, struct stat *);
#endif /* HAVE_LSTAT */
#endif /* !HAVE_UNISTD_H */

#endif /* !_MSC_VER */

#ifdef HAVE_UTIME_H
#include <utime.h>
#endif /* HAVE_UTIME_H */

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_UTIME_H
#include <sys/utime.h>
#define HAVE_UTIME_H /* pretend we do for the rest of this file */
#endif /* HAVE_SYS_UTIME_H */

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIMES_H
#include <sys/times.h>
#endif /* HAVE_SYS_TIMES_H */

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_PARAM_H
#include <sys/param.h>
#endif /* HAVE_SYS_PARAM_H */

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_UTSNAME_H
#include <sys/utsname.h>
#endif /* HAVE_SYS_UTSNAME_H */

#ifndef MAXPATHLEN
#define MAXPATHLEN 1024
#endif /* MAXPATHLEN */

#ifdef HAVE_DIRENT_H
#include <dirent.h>
#define NAMLEN(dirent) strlen((dirent)->d_name)
#else
#if defined(__WATCOMC__) && !defined(__QNX__)
#include <direct.h>
#define NAMLEN(dirent) strlen((dirent)->d_name)
#else
#define dirent direct
#define NAMLEN(dirent) (dirent)->d_namlen
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SYS_NDIR_H
#include <sys/ndir.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SYS_DIR_H
#include <sys/dir.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_NDIR_H
#include <ndir.h>
#endif
#endif

#ifdef _MSC_VER
#include <direct.h>
#include <io.h>
#include <process.h>
#define WINDOWS_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#include <windows.h>
#ifdef MS_WIN32
#define popen	_popen
#define pclose	_pclose
#else /* 16-bit Windows */
#include <dos.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#endif /* MS_WIN32 */
#endif /* _MSC_VER */

#if defined(PYCC_VACPP) && defined(PYOS_OS2)
#include <io.h>
#endif /* OS2 */

#ifdef UNION_WAIT
/* Emulate some macros on systems that have a union instead of macros */

#ifndef WIFEXITED
#define WIFEXITED(u_wait) (!(u_wait).w_termsig && !(u_wait).w_coredump)
#endif

#ifndef WEXITSTATUS
#define WEXITSTATUS(u_wait) (WIFEXITED(u_wait)?((u_wait).w_retcode):-1)
#endif

#ifndef WTERMSIG
#define WTERMSIG(u_wait) ((u_wait).w_termsig)
#endif

#endif /* UNION_WAIT */

/* Don't use the "_r" form if we don't need it (also, won't have a
   prototype for it, at least on Solaris -- maybe others as well?). */
#if defined(HAVE_CTERMID_R) && defined(WITH_THREAD)
#define USE_CTERMID_R
#endif

#if defined(HAVE_TMPNAM_R) && defined(WITH_THREAD)
#define USE_TMPNAM_R
#endif

/* choose the appropriate stat and fstat functions and return structs */
#undef STAT
#ifdef MS_WIN64
#	define STAT _stati64
#	define FSTAT _fstati64
#	define STRUCT_STAT struct _stati64
#else
#	define STAT stat
#	define FSTAT fstat
#	define STRUCT_STAT struct stat
#endif


/* Return a dictionary corresponding to the POSIX environment table */

#if !defined(_MSC_VER) && ( !defined(__WATCOMC__) || defined(__QNX__) )
extern char **environ;
#endif /* !_MSC_VER */

static PyObject *
convertenviron()
{
	PyObject *d;
	char **e;
	d = PyDict_New();
	if (d == NULL)
		return NULL;
	if (environ == NULL)
		return d;
	/* This part ignores errors */
	for (e = environ; *e != NULL; e++) {
		PyObject *k;
		PyObject *v;
		char *p = strchr(*e, '=');
		if (p == NULL)
			continue;
		k = PyString_FromStringAndSize(*e, (int)(p-*e));
		if (k == NULL) {
			PyErr_Clear();
			continue;
		}
		v = PyString_FromString(p+1);
		if (v == NULL) {
			PyErr_Clear();
			Py_DECREF(k);
			continue;
		}
		if (PyDict_GetItem(d, k) == NULL) {
			if (PyDict_SetItem(d, k, v) != 0)
				PyErr_Clear();
		}
		Py_DECREF(k);
		Py_DECREF(v);
	}
#if defined(PYOS_OS2)
    {
        APIRET rc;
        char   buffer[1024]; /* OS/2 Provides a Documented Max of 1024 Chars */

        rc = DosQueryExtLIBPATH(buffer, BEGIN_LIBPATH);
	if (rc == NO_ERROR) { /* (not a type, envname is NOT 'BEGIN_LIBPATH') */
            PyObject *v = PyString_FromString(buffer);
		    PyDict_SetItemString(d, "BEGINLIBPATH", v);
            Py_DECREF(v);
        }
        rc = DosQueryExtLIBPATH(buffer, END_LIBPATH);
        if (rc == NO_ERROR) { /* (not a typo, envname is NOT 'END_LIBPATH') */
            PyObject *v = PyString_FromString(buffer);
		    PyDict_SetItemString(d, "ENDLIBPATH", v);
            Py_DECREF(v);
        }
    }
#endif
	return d;
}


/* Set a POSIX-specific error from errno, and return NULL */

static PyObject *
posix_error()
{
	return PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
}
static PyObject *
posix_error_with_filename(char* name)
{
	return PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename(PyExc_OSError, name);
}

#ifdef MS_WIN32
static PyObject *
win32_error(char* function, char* filename)
{
	/* XXX this could be improved */
	errno = GetLastError();
	if (filename)
		return PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename(PyExc_OSError, filename);
	else
		return PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
}
#endif

#if defined(PYOS_OS2)
/**********************************************************************
 *         Helper Function to Trim and Format OS/2 Messages
 **********************************************************************/
    static void
os2_formatmsg(char *msgbuf, int msglen, char *reason)
{
    msgbuf[msglen] = '\0'; /* OS/2 Doesn't Guarantee a Terminator */

    if (strlen(msgbuf) > 0) { /* If Non-Empty Msg, Trim CRLF */
        char *lastc = &msgbuf[ strlen(msgbuf)-1 ];

        while (lastc > msgbuf && isspace(*lastc))
            *lastc-- = '\0'; /* Trim Trailing Whitespace (CRLF) */
    }

    /* Add Optional Reason Text */
    if (reason) {
        strcat(msgbuf, " : ");
        strcat(msgbuf, reason);
    }
}

/**********************************************************************
 *             Decode an OS/2 Operating System Error Code
 *
 * A convenience function to lookup an OS/2 error code and return a
 * text message we can use to raise a Python exception.
 *
 * Notes:
 *   The messages for errors returned from the OS/2 kernel reside in
 *   the file OSO001.MSG in the \OS2 directory hierarchy.
 *
 **********************************************************************/
    static char *
os2_strerror(char *msgbuf, int msgbuflen, int errorcode, char *reason)
{
    APIRET rc;
    ULONG  msglen;

    /* Retrieve Kernel-Related Error Message from OSO001.MSG File */
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    rc = DosGetMessage(NULL, 0, msgbuf, msgbuflen,
                       errorcode, "oso001.msg", &msglen);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

    if (rc == NO_ERROR)
        os2_formatmsg(msgbuf, msglen, reason);
    else
        sprintf(msgbuf, "unknown OS error #%d", errorcode);

    return msgbuf;
}

/* Set an OS/2-specific error and return NULL.  OS/2 kernel
   errors are not in a global variable e.g. 'errno' nor are
   they congruent with posix error numbers. */

static PyObject * os2_error(int code)
{
    char text[1024];
    PyObject *v;

    os2_strerror(text, sizeof(text), code, "");

    v = Py_BuildValue("(is)", code, text);
    if (v != NULL) {
        PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_OSError, v);
        Py_DECREF(v);
    }
    return NULL; /* Signal to Python that an Exception is Pending */
}

#endif /* OS2 */

/* POSIX generic methods */

static PyObject *
posix_int(PyObject *args, char *format, int (*func)(int))
{
	int fd;
	int res;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args,  format, &fd))
		return NULL;
	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	res = (*func)(fd);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (res < 0)
		return posix_error();
	Py_INCREF(Py_None);
	return Py_None;
}


static PyObject *
posix_1str(PyObject *args, char *format, int (*func)(const char*))
{
	char *path1;
	int res;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, format, &path1))
		return NULL;
	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	res = (*func)(path1);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (res < 0)
		return posix_error_with_filename(path1);
	Py_INCREF(Py_None);
	return Py_None;
}

static PyObject *
posix_2str(PyObject *args, char *format,
	   int (*func)(const char *, const char *))
{
	char *path1, *path2;
	int res;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, format, &path1, &path2))
		return NULL;
	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	res = (*func)(path1, path2);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (res != 0)
		/* XXX how to report both path1 and path2??? */
		return posix_error();
	Py_INCREF(Py_None);
	return Py_None;
}

static PyObject *
posix_strint(PyObject *args, char *format, int (*func)(const char *, int))
{
	char *path;
	int i;
	int res;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, format, &path, &i))
		return NULL;
	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	res = (*func)(path, i);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (res < 0)
		return posix_error_with_filename(path);
	Py_INCREF(Py_None);
	return Py_None;
}

static PyObject *
posix_strintint(PyObject *args, char *format,
		int (*func)(const char *, int, int))
{
	char *path;
	int i,i2;
	int res;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, format, &path, &i, &i2))
		return NULL;
	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	res = (*func)(path, i, i2);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (res < 0)
		return posix_error_with_filename(path);
	Py_INCREF(Py_None);
	return Py_None;
}



/* pack a system stat C structure into the Python stat tuple 
   (used by posix_stat() and posix_fstat()) */
static PyObject*
_pystat_fromstructstat(STRUCT_STAT st)
{
	PyObject *v = PyTuple_New(10);
	if (v == NULL)
		return NULL;

	PyTuple_SetItem(v, 0, PyInt_FromLong((long)st.st_mode));
#ifdef HAVE_LARGEFILE_SUPPORT
	PyTuple_SetItem(v, 1, PyLong_FromLongLong((LONG_LONG)st.st_ino));
#else
	PyTuple_SetItem(v, 1, PyInt_FromLong((long)st.st_ino));
#endif
#if defined(HAVE_LONG_LONG) && !defined(MS_WINDOWS)
	PyTuple_SetItem(v, 2, PyLong_FromLongLong((LONG_LONG)st.st_dev));
#else
	PyTuple_SetItem(v, 2, PyInt_FromLong((long)st.st_dev));
#endif
	PyTuple_SetItem(v, 3, PyInt_FromLong((long)st.st_nlink));
	PyTuple_SetItem(v, 4, PyInt_FromLong((long)st.st_uid));
	PyTuple_SetItem(v, 5, PyInt_FromLong((long)st.st_gid));
#ifdef HAVE_LARGEFILE_SUPPORT
	PyTuple_SetItem(v, 6, PyLong_FromLongLong((LONG_LONG)st.st_size));
#else
	PyTuple_SetItem(v, 6, PyInt_FromLong(st.st_size));
#endif
#if SIZEOF_TIME_T > SIZEOF_LONG
	PyTuple_SetItem(v, 7, PyLong_FromLongLong((LONG_LONG)st.st_atime));
	PyTuple_SetItem(v, 8, PyLong_FromLongLong((LONG_LONG)st.st_mtime));
	PyTuple_SetItem(v, 9, PyLong_FromLongLong((LONG_LONG)st.st_ctime));
#else
	PyTuple_SetItem(v, 7, PyInt_FromLong((long)st.st_atime));
	PyTuple_SetItem(v, 8, PyInt_FromLong((long)st.st_mtime));
	PyTuple_SetItem(v, 9, PyInt_FromLong((long)st.st_ctime));
#endif

	if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
		Py_DECREF(v);
		return NULL;
	}

	return v;
}


static PyObject *
posix_do_stat(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, char *format,
	      int (*statfunc)(const char *, STRUCT_STAT *))
{
	STRUCT_STAT st;
	char *path;
	int res;

#ifdef MS_WIN32
      int pathlen;
      char pathcopy[MAX_PATH];
#endif /* MS_WIN32 */

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, format, &path))
		return NULL;

#ifdef MS_WIN32
	pathlen = strlen(path);
	/* the library call can blow up if the file name is too long! */
	if (pathlen > MAX_PATH) {
		errno = ENAMETOOLONG;
		return posix_error();
	}

	if ((pathlen > 0) && (path[pathlen-1] == '\\' || path[pathlen-1] == '/')) {
		/* exception for specific or current drive root */
		if (!((pathlen == 1) ||
		      ((pathlen == 3) &&
		      (path[1] == ':') &&
		      (path[2] == '\\' || path[2] == '/'))))
		{
			strncpy(pathcopy, path, pathlen);
			pathcopy[pathlen-1] = '\0'; /* nuke the trailing backslash */
			path = pathcopy;
		}
	}
#endif /* MS_WIN32 */

	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	res = (*statfunc)(path, &st);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (res != 0)
		return posix_error_with_filename(path);

	return _pystat_fromstructstat(st);
}


/* POSIX methods */

static char posix_access__doc__[] =
"access(path, mode) -> 1 if granted, 0 otherwise\n\
Test for access to a file.";

static PyObject *
posix_access(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	char *path;
	int mode;
	int res;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "si:access", &path, &mode))
		return NULL;
	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	res = access(path, mode);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	return(PyInt_FromLong(res == 0 ? 1L : 0L));
}

#ifndef F_OK
#define F_OK 0
#endif
#ifndef R_OK
#define R_OK 4
#endif
#ifndef W_OK
#define W_OK 2
#endif
#ifndef X_OK
#define X_OK 1
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_TTYNAME
static char posix_ttyname__doc__[] =
"ttyname(fd) -> String\n\
Return the name of the terminal device connected to 'fd'.";

static PyObject *
posix_ttyname(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	int id;
	char *ret;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:ttyname", &id))
		return NULL;

	ret = ttyname(id);
	if (ret == NULL)
		return(posix_error());
	return(PyString_FromString(ret));
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_CTERMID
static char posix_ctermid__doc__[] =
"ctermid() -> String\n\
Return the name of the controlling terminal for this process.";

static PyObject *
posix_ctermid(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
        char *ret;
        char buffer[L_ctermid];

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":ctermid"))
		return NULL;

#ifdef USE_CTERMID_R
	ret = ctermid_r(buffer);
#else
        ret = ctermid(buffer);
#endif
	if (ret == NULL)
		return(posix_error());
	return(PyString_FromString(buffer));
}
#endif

static char posix_chdir__doc__[] =
"chdir(path) -> None\n\
Change the current working directory to the specified path.";

static PyObject *
posix_chdir(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	return posix_1str(args, "s:chdir", chdir);
}


static char posix_chmod__doc__[] =
"chmod(path, mode) -> None\n\
Change the access permissions of a file.";

static PyObject *
posix_chmod(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	char *path;
	int i;
	int res;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "si", &path, &i))
		return NULL;
	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	res = chmod(path, i);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (res < 0)
		return posix_error_with_filename(path);
	Py_INCREF(Py_None);
	return Py_None;
}


#ifdef HAVE_FSYNC
static char posix_fsync__doc__[] =
"fsync(fildes) -> None\n\
force write of file with filedescriptor to disk.";

static PyObject *
posix_fsync(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
       return posix_int(args, "i:fsync", fsync);
}
#endif /* HAVE_FSYNC */

#ifdef HAVE_FDATASYNC
static char posix_fdatasync__doc__[] =
"fdatasync(fildes) -> None\n\
force write of file with filedescriptor to disk.\n\
 does not force update of metadata.";

extern int fdatasync(int); /* Prototype just in case */

static PyObject *
posix_fdatasync(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
       return posix_int(args, "i:fdatasync", fdatasync);
}
#endif /* HAVE_FDATASYNC */


#ifdef HAVE_CHOWN
static char posix_chown__doc__[] =
"chown(path, uid, gid) -> None\n\
Change the owner and group id of path to the numeric uid and gid.";

static PyObject *
posix_chown(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	return posix_strintint(args, "sii:chown", chown);
}
#endif /* HAVE_CHOWN */


#ifdef HAVE_GETCWD
static char posix_getcwd__doc__[] =
"getcwd() -> path\n\
Return a string representing the current working directory.";

static PyObject *
posix_getcwd(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	char buf[1026];
	char *res;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":getcwd"))
		return NULL;
	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	res = getcwd(buf, sizeof buf);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (res == NULL)
		return posix_error();
	return PyString_FromString(buf);
}
#endif


#ifdef HAVE_LINK
static char posix_link__doc__[] =
"link(src, dst) -> None\n\
Create a hard link to a file.";

static PyObject *
posix_link(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	return posix_2str(args, "ss:link", link);
}
#endif /* HAVE_LINK */


static char posix_listdir__doc__[] =
"listdir(path) -> list_of_strings\n\
Return a list containing the names of the entries in the directory.\n\
\n\
	path: path of directory to list\n\
\n\
The list is in arbitrary order.  It does not include the special\n\
entries '.' and '..' even if they are present in the directory.";

static PyObject *
posix_listdir(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	/* XXX Should redo this putting the (now four) versions of opendir
	   in separate files instead of having them all here... */
#if defined(MS_WIN32) && !defined(HAVE_OPENDIR)

	char *name;
	int len;
	PyObject *d, *v;
	HANDLE hFindFile;
	WIN32_FIND_DATA FileData;
	char namebuf[MAX_PATH+5];

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "t#:listdir", &name, &len))
		return NULL;
	if (len >= MAX_PATH) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "path too long");
		return NULL;
	}
	strcpy(namebuf, name);
	if (namebuf[len-1] != '/' && namebuf[len-1] != '\\')
		namebuf[len++] = '/';
	strcpy(namebuf + len, "*.*");

	if ((d = PyList_New(0)) == NULL)
		return NULL;

	hFindFile = FindFirstFile(namebuf, &FileData);
	if (hFindFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
		errno = GetLastError();
		if (errno == ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND)
			return PyList_New(0);
		return win32_error("FindFirstFile", name);
	}
	do {
		if (FileData.cFileName[0] == '.' &&
		    (FileData.cFileName[1] == '\0' ||
		     FileData.cFileName[1] == '.' &&
		     FileData.cFileName[2] == '\0'))
			continue;
		v = PyString_FromString(FileData.cFileName);
		if (v == NULL) {
			Py_DECREF(d);
			d = NULL;
			break;
		}
		if (PyList_Append(d, v) != 0) {
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(d);
			d = NULL;
			break;
		}
		Py_DECREF(v);
	} while (FindNextFile(hFindFile, &FileData) == TRUE);

	if (FindClose(hFindFile) == FALSE)
		return win32_error("FindClose", name);

	return d;

#else /* !MS_WIN32 */
#ifdef _MSC_VER /* 16-bit Windows */

#ifndef MAX_PATH
#define MAX_PATH	250
#endif
	char *name, *pt;
	int len;
	PyObject *d, *v;
	char namebuf[MAX_PATH+5];
	struct _find_t ep;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "t#:listdir", &name, &len))
		return NULL;
	if (len >= MAX_PATH) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "path too long");
		return NULL;
	}
	strcpy(namebuf, name);
	for (pt = namebuf; *pt; pt++)
		if (*pt == '/')
			*pt = '\\';
	if (namebuf[len-1] != '\\')
		namebuf[len++] = '\\';
	strcpy(namebuf + len, "*.*");

	if ((d = PyList_New(0)) == NULL)
		return NULL;

	if (_dos_findfirst(namebuf, _A_RDONLY |
			   _A_HIDDEN | _A_SYSTEM | _A_SUBDIR, &ep) != 0)
        {
		errno = ENOENT;
		return posix_error_with_filename(name);
	}
	do {
		if (ep.name[0] == '.' &&
		    (ep.name[1] == '\0' ||
		     ep.name[1] == '.' &&
		     ep.name[2] == '\0'))
			continue;
		strcpy(namebuf, ep.name);
		for (pt = namebuf; *pt; pt++)
			if (isupper(*pt))
				*pt = tolower(*pt);
		v = PyString_FromString(namebuf);
		if (v == NULL) {
			Py_DECREF(d);
			d = NULL;
			break;
		}
		if (PyList_Append(d, v) != 0) {
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(d);
			d = NULL;
			break;
		}
		Py_DECREF(v);
	} while (_dos_findnext(&ep) == 0);

	return d;

#else
#if defined(PYOS_OS2)

#ifndef MAX_PATH
#define MAX_PATH    CCHMAXPATH
#endif
    char *name, *pt;
    int len;
    PyObject *d, *v;
    char namebuf[MAX_PATH+5];
    HDIR  hdir = 1;
    ULONG srchcnt = 1;
    FILEFINDBUF3   ep;
    APIRET rc;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "t#:listdir", &name, &len))
        return NULL;
    if (len >= MAX_PATH) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "path too long");
        return NULL;
    }
    strcpy(namebuf, name);
    for (pt = namebuf; *pt; pt++)
        if (*pt == '/')
            *pt = '\\';
    if (namebuf[len-1] != '\\')
        namebuf[len++] = '\\';
    strcpy(namebuf + len, "*.*");

	if ((d = PyList_New(0)) == NULL)
        return NULL;

    rc = DosFindFirst(namebuf,         /* Wildcard Pattern to Match */
                      &hdir,           /* Handle to Use While Search Directory */
                      FILE_READONLY | FILE_HIDDEN | FILE_SYSTEM | FILE_DIRECTORY,
                      &ep, sizeof(ep), /* Structure to Receive Directory Entry */
                      &srchcnt,        /* Max and Actual Count of Entries Per Iteration */
                      FIL_STANDARD);   /* Format of Entry (EAs or Not) */

    if (rc != NO_ERROR) {
        errno = ENOENT;
        return posix_error_with_filename(name);
    }

    if (srchcnt > 0) { /* If Directory is NOT Totally Empty, */
        do {
            if (ep.achName[0] == '.'
            && (ep.achName[1] == '\0' || ep.achName[1] == '.' && ep.achName[2] == '\0'))
                continue; /* Skip Over "." and ".." Names */

            strcpy(namebuf, ep.achName);

            /* Leave Case of Name Alone -- In Native Form */
            /* (Removed Forced Lowercasing Code) */

            v = PyString_FromString(namebuf);
            if (v == NULL) {
                Py_DECREF(d);
                d = NULL;
                break;
            }
            if (PyList_Append(d, v) != 0) {
                Py_DECREF(v);
                Py_DECREF(d);
                d = NULL;
                break;
            }
            Py_DECREF(v);
        } while (DosFindNext(hdir, &ep, sizeof(ep), &srchcnt) == NO_ERROR && srchcnt > 0);
    }

    return d;
#else

	char *name;
	PyObject *d, *v;
	DIR *dirp;
	struct dirent *ep;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s:listdir", &name))
		return NULL;
	if ((dirp = opendir(name)) == NULL) {
		return posix_error_with_filename(name);
	}
	if ((d = PyList_New(0)) == NULL) {
		closedir(dirp);
		return NULL;
	}
	while ((ep = readdir(dirp)) != NULL) {
		if (ep->d_name[0] == '.' &&
		    (NAMLEN(ep) == 1 ||
		     (ep->d_name[1] == '.' && NAMLEN(ep) == 2)))
			continue;
		v = PyString_FromStringAndSize(ep->d_name, NAMLEN(ep));
		if (v == NULL) {
			Py_DECREF(d);
			d = NULL;
			break;
		}
		if (PyList_Append(d, v) != 0) {
			Py_DECREF(v);
			Py_DECREF(d);
			d = NULL;
			break;
		}
		Py_DECREF(v);
	}
	closedir(dirp);

	return d;

#endif /* !PYOS_OS2 */
#endif /* !_MSC_VER */
#endif /* !MS_WIN32 */
}

static char posix_mkdir__doc__[] =
"mkdir(path [, mode=0777]) -> None\n\
Create a directory.";

static PyObject *
posix_mkdir(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	int res;
	char *path;
	int mode = 0777;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s|i:mkdir", &path, &mode))
		return NULL;
	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
#if ( defined(__WATCOMC__) || defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(PYCC_VACPP) ) && !defined(__QNX__)
	res = mkdir(path);
#else
	res = mkdir(path, mode);
#endif
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (res < 0)
		return posix_error_with_filename(path);
	Py_INCREF(Py_None);
	return Py_None;
}


#ifdef HAVE_NICE
static char posix_nice__doc__[] =
"nice(inc) -> new_priority\n\
Decrease the priority of process and return new priority.";

static PyObject *
posix_nice(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	int increment, value;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:nice", &increment))
		return NULL;
	value = nice(increment);
	if (value == -1)
		return posix_error();
	return PyInt_FromLong((long) value);
}
#endif /* HAVE_NICE */


static char posix_rename__doc__[] =
"rename(old, new) -> None\n\
Rename a file or directory.";

static PyObject *
posix_rename(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	return posix_2str(args, "ss:rename", rename);
}


static char posix_rmdir__doc__[] =
"rmdir(path) -> None\n\
Remove a directory.";

static PyObject *
posix_rmdir(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	return posix_1str(args, "s:rmdir", rmdir);
}


static char posix_stat__doc__[] =
"stat(path) -> (mode,ino,dev,nlink,uid,gid,size,atime,mtime,ctime)\n\
Perform a stat system call on the given path.";

static PyObject *
posix_stat(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	return posix_do_stat(self, args, "s:stat", STAT);
}


#ifdef HAVE_SYSTEM
static char posix_system__doc__[] =
"system(command) -> exit_status\n\
Execute the command (a string) in a subshell.";

static PyObject *
posix_system(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	char *command;
	long sts;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s:system", &command))
		return NULL;
	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	sts = system(command);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	return PyInt_FromLong(sts);
}
#endif


static char posix_umask__doc__[] =
"umask(new_mask) -> old_mask\n\
Set the current numeric umask and return the previous umask.";

static PyObject *
posix_umask(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	int i;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:umask", &i))
		return NULL;
	i = umask(i);
	if (i < 0)
		return posix_error();
	return PyInt_FromLong((long)i);
}


static char posix_unlink__doc__[] =
"unlink(path) -> None\n\
Remove a file (same as remove(path)).";

static char posix_remove__doc__[] =
"remove(path) -> None\n\
Remove a file (same as unlink(path)).";

static PyObject *
posix_unlink(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	return posix_1str(args, "s:remove", unlink);
}


#ifdef HAVE_UNAME
static char posix_uname__doc__[] =
"uname() -> (sysname, nodename, release, version, machine)\n\
Return a tuple identifying the current operating system.";

static PyObject *
posix_uname(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	struct utsname u;
	int res;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":uname"))
		return NULL;
	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	res = uname(&u);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (res < 0)
		return posix_error();
	return Py_BuildValue("(sssss)",
			     u.sysname,
			     u.nodename,
			     u.release,
			     u.version,
			     u.machine);
}
#endif /* HAVE_UNAME */


static char posix_utime__doc__[] =
"utime(path, (atime, utime)) -> None\n\
utime(path, None) -> None\n\
Set the access and modified time of the file to the given values.  If the\n\
second form is used, set the access and modified times to the current time.";

static PyObject *
posix_utime(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	char *path;
	long atime, mtime;
	int res;
	PyObject* arg;

/* XXX should define struct utimbuf instead, above */
#ifdef HAVE_UTIME_H
	struct utimbuf buf;
#define ATIME buf.actime
#define MTIME buf.modtime
#define UTIME_ARG &buf
#else /* HAVE_UTIME_H */
	time_t buf[2];
#define ATIME buf[0]
#define MTIME buf[1]
#define UTIME_ARG buf
#endif /* HAVE_UTIME_H */

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "sO:utime", &path, &arg))
		return NULL;
	if (arg == Py_None) {
		/* optional time values not given */
		Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
		res = utime(path, NULL);
		Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	}
	else if (!PyArg_Parse(arg, "(ll)", &atime, &mtime)) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
			      "Second argument must be a 2-tuple of numbers.");
		return NULL;
	}
	else {
		ATIME = atime;
		MTIME = mtime;
		Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
		res = utime(path, UTIME_ARG);
		Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	}
	if (res < 0)
		return posix_error_with_filename(path);
	Py_INCREF(Py_None);
	return Py_None;
#undef UTIME_ARG
#undef ATIME
#undef MTIME
}


/* Process operations */

static char posix__exit__doc__[] =
"_exit(status)\n\
Exit to the system with specified status, without normal exit processing.";

static PyObject *
posix__exit(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	int sts;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:_exit", &sts))
		return NULL;
	_exit(sts);
	return NULL; /* Make gcc -Wall happy */
}


#ifdef HAVE_EXECV
static char posix_execv__doc__[] =
"execv(path, args)\n\
Execute an executable path with arguments, replacing current process.\n\
\n\
	path: path of executable file\n\
	args: tuple or list of strings";

static PyObject *
posix_execv(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	char *path;
	PyObject *argv;
	char **argvlist;
	int i, argc;
	PyObject *(*getitem)(PyObject *, int);

	/* execv has two arguments: (path, argv), where
	   argv is a list or tuple of strings. */

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "sO:execv", &path, &argv))
		return NULL;
	if (PyList_Check(argv)) {
		argc = PyList_Size(argv);
		getitem = PyList_GetItem;
	}
	else if (PyTuple_Check(argv)) {
		argc = PyTuple_Size(argv);
		getitem = PyTuple_GetItem;
	}
	else {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "argv must be tuple or list");
		return NULL;
	}

	if (argc == 0) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "empty argument list");
		return NULL;
	}

	argvlist = PyMem_NEW(char *, argc+1);
	if (argvlist == NULL)
		return NULL;
	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
		if (!PyArg_Parse((*getitem)(argv, i), "s", &argvlist[i])) {
			PyMem_DEL(argvlist);
			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, 
					"all arguments must be strings");
			return NULL;
			
		}
	}
	argvlist[argc] = NULL;

#ifdef BAD_EXEC_PROTOTYPES
	execv(path, (const char **) argvlist);
#else /* BAD_EXEC_PROTOTYPES */
	execv(path, argvlist);
#endif /* BAD_EXEC_PROTOTYPES */

	/* If we get here it's definitely an error */

	PyMem_DEL(argvlist);
	return posix_error();
}


static char posix_execve__doc__[] =
"execve(path, args, env)\n\
Execute a path with arguments and environment, replacing current process.\n\
\n\
	path: path of executable file\n\
	args: tuple or list of arguments\n\
	env: dictonary of strings mapping to strings";

static PyObject *
posix_execve(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	char *path;
	PyObject *argv, *env;
	char **argvlist;
	char **envlist;
	PyObject *key, *val, *keys=NULL, *vals=NULL;
	int i, pos, argc, envc;
	PyObject *(*getitem)(PyObject *, int);

	/* execve has three arguments: (path, argv, env), where
	   argv is a list or tuple of strings and env is a dictionary
	   like posix.environ. */

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "sOO:execve", &path, &argv, &env))
		return NULL;
	if (PyList_Check(argv)) {
		argc = PyList_Size(argv);
		getitem = PyList_GetItem;
	}
	else if (PyTuple_Check(argv)) {
		argc = PyTuple_Size(argv);
		getitem = PyTuple_GetItem;
	}
	else {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "argv must be tuple or list");
		return NULL;
	}
	if (!PyMapping_Check(env)) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "env must be mapping object");
		return NULL;
	}

	if (argc == 0) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, 
				"empty argument list");
		return NULL;
	}

	argvlist = PyMem_NEW(char *, argc+1);
	if (argvlist == NULL) {
		PyErr_NoMemory();
		return NULL;
	}
	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
		if (!PyArg_Parse((*getitem)(argv, i),
				 "s;argv must be list of strings",
				 &argvlist[i]))
		{
			goto fail_1;
		}
	}
	argvlist[argc] = NULL;

	i = PyMapping_Length(env);
	envlist = PyMem_NEW(char *, i + 1);
	if (envlist == NULL) {
		PyErr_NoMemory();
		goto fail_1;
	}
	envc = 0;
	keys = PyMapping_Keys(env);
	vals = PyMapping_Values(env);
	if (!keys || !vals)
		goto fail_2;
	
	for (pos = 0; pos < i; pos++) {
		char *p, *k, *v;

		key = PyList_GetItem(keys, pos);
		val = PyList_GetItem(vals, pos);
		if (!key || !val)
			goto fail_2;
		
		if (!PyArg_Parse(key, "s;non-string key in env", &k) ||
		    !PyArg_Parse(val, "s;non-string value in env", &v))
		{
			goto fail_2;
		}

#if defined(PYOS_OS2)
        /* Omit Pseudo-Env Vars that Would Confuse Programs if Passed On */
        if (stricmp(k, "BEGINLIBPATH") != 0 && stricmp(k, "ENDLIBPATH") != 0) {
#endif
		p = PyMem_NEW(char, PyString_Size(key)+PyString_Size(val) + 2);
		if (p == NULL) {
			PyErr_NoMemory();
			goto fail_2;
		}
		sprintf(p, "%s=%s", k, v);
		envlist[envc++] = p;
#if defined(PYOS_OS2)
    }
#endif
	}
	envlist[envc] = 0;


#ifdef BAD_EXEC_PROTOTYPES
	execve(path, (const char **)argvlist, envlist);
#else /* BAD_EXEC_PROTOTYPES */
	execve(path, argvlist, envlist);
#endif /* BAD_EXEC_PROTOTYPES */
	
	/* If we get here it's definitely an error */

	(void) posix_error();

 fail_2:
	while (--envc >= 0)
		PyMem_DEL(envlist[envc]);
	PyMem_DEL(envlist);
 fail_1:
	PyMem_DEL(argvlist);
	Py_XDECREF(vals);
	Py_XDECREF(keys);
	return NULL;
}
#endif /* HAVE_EXECV */


#ifdef HAVE_SPAWNV
static char posix_spawnv__doc__[] =
"spawnv(mode, path, args)\n\
Execute an executable path with arguments, replacing current process.\n\
\n\
	mode: mode of process creation\n\
	path: path of executable file\n\
	args: tuple or list of strings";

static PyObject *
posix_spawnv(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	char *path;
	PyObject *argv;
	char **argvlist;
	int mode, i, argc;
	intptr_t spawnval;
	PyObject *(*getitem)(PyObject *, int);

	/* spawnv has three arguments: (mode, path, argv), where
	   argv is a list or tuple of strings. */

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "isO:spawnv", &mode, &path, &argv))
		return NULL;
	if (PyList_Check(argv)) {
		argc = PyList_Size(argv);
		getitem = PyList_GetItem;
	}
	else if (PyTuple_Check(argv)) {
		argc = PyTuple_Size(argv);
		getitem = PyTuple_GetItem;
	}
	else {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "argv must be tuple or list");
		return NULL;
	}

	argvlist = PyMem_NEW(char *, argc+1);
	if (argvlist == NULL)
		return NULL;
	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
		if (!PyArg_Parse((*getitem)(argv, i), "s", &argvlist[i])) {
			PyMem_DEL(argvlist);
			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, 
					"all arguments must be strings");
			return NULL;
		}
	}
	argvlist[argc] = NULL;

	if (mode == _OLD_P_OVERLAY)
		mode = _P_OVERLAY;
	spawnval = _spawnv(mode, path, argvlist);

	PyMem_DEL(argvlist);

	if (spawnval == -1)
		return posix_error();
	else
#if SIZEOF_LONG == SIZEOF_VOID_P
		return Py_BuildValue("l", (long) spawnval);
#else
		return Py_BuildValue("L", (LONG_LONG) spawnval);
#endif
}


static char posix_spawnve__doc__[] =
"spawnve(mode, path, args, env)\n\
Execute a path with arguments and environment, replacing current process.\n\
\n\
	mode: mode of process creation\n\
	path: path of executable file\n\
	args: tuple or list of arguments\n\
	env: dictonary of strings mapping to strings";

static PyObject *
posix_spawnve(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	char *path;
	PyObject *argv, *env;
	char **argvlist;
	char **envlist;
	PyObject *key, *val, *keys=NULL, *vals=NULL, *res=NULL;
	int mode, i, pos, argc, envc;
	intptr_t spawnval;
	PyObject *(*getitem)(PyObject *, int);

	/* spawnve has four arguments: (mode, path, argv, env), where
	   argv is a list or tuple of strings and env is a dictionary
	   like posix.environ. */

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "isOO:spawnve", &mode, &path, &argv, &env))
		return NULL;
	if (PyList_Check(argv)) {
		argc = PyList_Size(argv);
		getitem = PyList_GetItem;
	}
	else if (PyTuple_Check(argv)) {
		argc = PyTuple_Size(argv);
		getitem = PyTuple_GetItem;
	}
	else {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "argv must be tuple or list");
		return NULL;
	}
	if (!PyMapping_Check(env)) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "env must be mapping object");
		return NULL;
	}

	argvlist = PyMem_NEW(char *, argc+1);
	if (argvlist == NULL) {
		PyErr_NoMemory();
		return NULL;
	}
	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
		if (!PyArg_Parse((*getitem)(argv, i),
				 "s;argv must be list of strings",
				 &argvlist[i]))
		{
			goto fail_1;
		}
	}
	argvlist[argc] = NULL;

	i = PyMapping_Length(env);
	envlist = PyMem_NEW(char *, i + 1);
	if (envlist == NULL) {
		PyErr_NoMemory();
		goto fail_1;
	}
	envc = 0;
	keys = PyMapping_Keys(env);
	vals = PyMapping_Values(env);
	if (!keys || !vals)
		goto fail_2;
	
	for (pos = 0; pos < i; pos++) {
		char *p, *k, *v;

		key = PyList_GetItem(keys, pos);
		val = PyList_GetItem(vals, pos);
		if (!key || !val)
			goto fail_2;
		
		if (!PyArg_Parse(key, "s;non-string key in env", &k) ||
		    !PyArg_Parse(val, "s;non-string value in env", &v))
		{
			goto fail_2;
		}
		p = PyMem_NEW(char, PyString_Size(key)+PyString_Size(val) + 2);
		if (p == NULL) {
			PyErr_NoMemory();
			goto fail_2;
		}
		sprintf(p, "%s=%s", k, v);
		envlist[envc++] = p;
	}
	envlist[envc] = 0;

	if (mode == _OLD_P_OVERLAY)
		mode = _P_OVERLAY;
	spawnval = _spawnve(mode, path, argvlist, envlist);
	if (spawnval == -1)
		(void) posix_error();
	else
#if SIZEOF_LONG == SIZEOF_VOID_P
		res = Py_BuildValue("l", (long) spawnval);
#else
		res = Py_BuildValue("L", (LONG_LONG) spawnval);
#endif

 fail_2:
	while (--envc >= 0)
		PyMem_DEL(envlist[envc]);
	PyMem_DEL(envlist);
 fail_1:
	PyMem_DEL(argvlist);
	Py_XDECREF(vals);
	Py_XDECREF(keys);
	return res;
}
#endif /* HAVE_SPAWNV */


#ifdef HAVE_FORK
static char posix_fork__doc__[] =
"fork() -> pid\n\
Fork a child process.\n\
\n\
Return 0 to child process and PID of child to parent process.";

static PyObject *
posix_fork(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	int pid;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":fork"))
		return NULL;
	pid = fork();
	if (pid == -1)
		return posix_error();
	if (pid == 0)
		PyOS_AfterFork();
	return PyInt_FromLong((long)pid);
}
#endif

#if defined(HAVE_OPENPTY) || defined(HAVE_FORKPTY)
#ifdef HAVE_PTY_H
#include <pty.h>
#else
#ifdef HAVE_LIBUTIL_H
#include <libutil.h>
#else
/* BSDI does not supply a prototype for the 'openpty' and 'forkpty'
   functions, eventhough they are included in libutil. */
#include <termios.h>
extern int openpty(int *, int *, char *, struct termios *, struct winsize *);
extern int forkpty(int *, char *, struct termios *, struct winsize *);
#endif /* HAVE_LIBUTIL_H */
#endif /* HAVE_PTY_H */
#endif /* defined(HAVE_OPENPTY) or defined(HAVE_FORKPTY) */

#ifdef HAVE_OPENPTY
static char posix_openpty__doc__[] =
"openpty() -> (master_fd, slave_fd)\n\
Open a pseudo-terminal, returning open fd's for both master and slave end.\n";

static PyObject *
posix_openpty(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	int master_fd, slave_fd;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":openpty"))
		return NULL;
	if (openpty(&master_fd, &slave_fd, NULL, NULL, NULL) != 0)
		return posix_error();
	return Py_BuildValue("(ii)", master_fd, slave_fd);
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_FORKPTY
static char posix_forkpty__doc__[] =
"forkpty() -> (pid, master_fd)\n\
Fork a new process with a new pseudo-terminal as controlling tty.\n\n\
Like fork(), return 0 as pid to child process, and PID of child to parent.\n\
To both, return fd of newly opened pseudo-terminal.\n";

static PyObject *
posix_forkpty(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	int master_fd, pid;
	
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":forkpty"))
		return NULL;
	pid = forkpty(&master_fd, NULL, NULL, NULL);
	if (pid == -1)
		return posix_error();
	if (pid == 0)
		PyOS_AfterFork();
	return Py_BuildValue("(ii)", pid, master_fd);
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_GETEGID
static char posix_getegid__doc__[] =
"getegid() -> egid\n\
Return the current process's effective group id.";

static PyObject *
posix_getegid(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":getegid"))
		return NULL;
	return PyInt_FromLong((long)getegid());
}
#endif


#ifdef HAVE_GETEUID
static char posix_geteuid__doc__[] =
"geteuid() -> euid\n\
Return the current process's effective user id.";

static PyObject *
posix_geteuid(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":geteuid"))
		return NULL;
	return PyInt_FromLong((long)geteuid());
}
#endif


#ifdef HAVE_GETGID
static char posix_getgid__doc__[] =
"getgid() -> gid\n\
Return the current process's group id.";

static PyObject *
posix_getgid(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":getgid"))
		return NULL;
	return PyInt_FromLong((long)getgid());
}
#endif


static char posix_getpid__doc__[] =
"getpid() -> pid\n\
Return the current process id";

static PyObject *
posix_getpid(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":getpid"))
		return NULL;
	return PyInt_FromLong((long)getpid());
}


#ifdef HAVE_GETGROUPS
static char posix_getgroups__doc__[] = "\
getgroups() -> list of group IDs\n\
Return list of supplemental group IDs for the process.";

static PyObject *
posix_getgroups(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *result = NULL;

    if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":getgroups")) {
#ifdef NGROUPS_MAX
#define MAX_GROUPS NGROUPS_MAX
#else
        /* defined to be 16 on Solaris7, so this should be a small number */
#define MAX_GROUPS 64
#endif
        gid_t grouplist[MAX_GROUPS];
        int n;

        n = getgroups(MAX_GROUPS, grouplist);
        if (n < 0)
            posix_error();
        else {
            result = PyList_New(n);
            if (result != NULL) {
                PyObject *o;
                int i;
                for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
                    o = PyInt_FromLong((long)grouplist[i]);
                    if (o == NULL) {
                        Py_DECREF(result);
                        result = NULL;
                        break;
                    }
                    PyList_SET_ITEM(result, i, o);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return result;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_GETPGRP
static char posix_getpgrp__doc__[] =
"getpgrp() -> pgrp\n\
Return the current process group id.";

static PyObject *
posix_getpgrp(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":getpgrp"))
		return NULL;
#ifdef GETPGRP_HAVE_ARG
	return PyInt_FromLong((long)getpgrp(0));
#else /* GETPGRP_HAVE_ARG */
	return PyInt_FromLong((long)getpgrp());
#endif /* GETPGRP_HAVE_ARG */
}
#endif /* HAVE_GETPGRP */


#ifdef HAVE_SETPGRP
static char posix_setpgrp__doc__[] =
"setpgrp() -> None\n\
Make this process a session leader.";

static PyObject *
posix_setpgrp(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":setpgrp"))
		return NULL;
#ifdef SETPGRP_HAVE_ARG
	if (setpgrp(0, 0) < 0)
#else /* SETPGRP_HAVE_ARG */
	if (setpgrp() < 0)
#endif /* SETPGRP_HAVE_ARG */
		return posix_error();
	Py_INCREF(Py_None);
	return Py_None;
}

#endif /* HAVE_SETPGRP */

#ifdef HAVE_GETPPID
static char posix_getppid__doc__[] =
"getppid() -> ppid\n\
Return the parent's process id.";

static PyObject *
posix_getppid(self, args)
	PyObject *self;
	PyObject *args;
{
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":getppid"))
		return NULL;
	return PyInt_FromLong((long)getppid());
}
#endif


#ifdef HAVE_GETLOGIN
static char posix_getlogin__doc__[] = "\
getlogin() -> string\n\
Return the actual login name.";

static PyObject *
posix_getlogin(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *result = NULL;

    if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":getlogin")) {
        char *name = getlogin();

        if (name == NULL)
            posix_error();
        else
            result = PyString_FromString(name);
    }
    return result;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_GETUID
static char posix_getuid__doc__[] =
"getuid() -> uid\n\
Return the current process's user id.";

static PyObject *
posix_getuid(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":getuid"))
		return NULL;
	return PyInt_FromLong((long)getuid());
}
#endif


#ifdef HAVE_KILL
static char posix_kill__doc__[] =
"kill(pid, sig) -> None\n\
Kill a process with a signal.";

static PyObject *
posix_kill(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	int pid, sig;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "ii:kill", &pid, &sig))
		return NULL;
#if defined(PYOS_OS2)
    if (sig == XCPT_SIGNAL_INTR || sig == XCPT_SIGNAL_BREAK) {
        APIRET rc;
        if ((rc = DosSendSignalException(pid, sig)) != NO_ERROR)
            return os2_error(rc);

    } else if (sig == XCPT_SIGNAL_KILLPROC) {
        APIRET rc;
        if ((rc = DosKillProcess(DKP_PROCESS, pid)) != NO_ERROR)
            return os2_error(rc);

    } else
        return NULL; /* Unrecognized Signal Requested */
#else
	if (kill(pid, sig) == -1)
		return posix_error();
#endif
	Py_INCREF(Py_None);
	return Py_None;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_PLOCK

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_LOCK_H
#include <sys/lock.h>
#endif

static char posix_plock__doc__[] =
"plock(op) -> None\n\
Lock program segments into memory.";

static PyObject *
posix_plock(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	int op;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:plock", &op))
		return NULL;
	if (plock(op) == -1)
		return posix_error();
	Py_INCREF(Py_None);
	return Py_None;
}
#endif


#ifdef HAVE_POPEN
static char posix_popen__doc__[] =
"popen(command [, mode='r' [, bufsize]]) -> pipe\n\
Open a pipe to/from a command returning a file object.";

#if defined(PYOS_OS2)
static int
async_system(const char *command)
{
    char        *p, errormsg[256], args[1024];
    RESULTCODES  rcodes;
    APIRET       rc;
    char        *shell = getenv("COMSPEC");
    if (!shell)
        shell = "cmd";

    strcpy(args, shell);
    p = &args[ strlen(args)+1 ];
    strcpy(p, "/c ");
    strcat(p, command);
    p += strlen(p) + 1;
    *p = '\0';

    rc = DosExecPgm(errormsg, sizeof(errormsg),
                    EXEC_ASYNC, /* Execute Async w/o Wait for Results */
                    args,
                    NULL,       /* Inherit Parent's Environment */
                    &rcodes, shell);
    return rc;
}

static FILE *
popen(const char *command, const char *mode, int pipesize, int *err)
{
    HFILE    rhan, whan;
    FILE    *retfd = NULL;
    APIRET   rc = DosCreatePipe(&rhan, &whan, pipesize);

    if (rc != NO_ERROR) {
	*err = rc;
        return NULL; /* ERROR - Unable to Create Anon Pipe */
    }

    if (strchr(mode, 'r') != NULL) { /* Treat Command as a Data Source */
        int oldfd = dup(1);      /* Save STDOUT Handle in Another Handle */

        DosEnterCritSec();      /* Stop Other Threads While Changing Handles */
        close(1);                /* Make STDOUT Available for Reallocation */

        if (dup2(whan, 1) == 0) {      /* Connect STDOUT to Pipe Write Side */
            DosClose(whan);            /* Close Now-Unused Pipe Write Handle */

            if (async_system(command) == NO_ERROR)
                retfd = fdopen(rhan, mode); /* And Return Pipe Read Handle */
        }

        dup2(oldfd, 1);          /* Reconnect STDOUT to Original Handle */
        DosExitCritSec();        /* Now Allow Other Threads to Run */

        close(oldfd);            /* And Close Saved STDOUT Handle */
        return retfd;            /* Return fd of Pipe or NULL if Error */

    } else if (strchr(mode, 'w')) { /* Treat Command as a Data Sink */
        int oldfd = dup(0);      /* Save STDIN Handle in Another Handle */

        DosEnterCritSec();      /* Stop Other Threads While Changing Handles */
        close(0);                /* Make STDIN Available for Reallocation */

        if (dup2(rhan, 0) == 0)     { /* Connect STDIN to Pipe Read Side */
            DosClose(rhan);           /* Close Now-Unused Pipe Read Handle */

            if (async_system(command) == NO_ERROR)
                retfd = fdopen(whan, mode); /* And Return Pipe Write Handle */
        }

        dup2(oldfd, 0);          /* Reconnect STDIN to Original Handle */
        DosExitCritSec();        /* Now Allow Other Threads to Run */

        close(oldfd);            /* And Close Saved STDIN Handle */
        return retfd;            /* Return fd of Pipe or NULL if Error */

    } else {
	*err = ERROR_INVALID_ACCESS;
        return NULL; /* ERROR - Invalid Mode (Neither Read nor Write) */
    }
}

static PyObject *
posix_popen(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	char *name;
	char *mode = "r";
	int   err, bufsize = -1;
	FILE *fp;
	PyObject *f;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s|si:popen", &name, &mode, &bufsize))
		return NULL;
	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	fp = popen(name, mode, (bufsize > 0) ? bufsize : 4096, &err);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (fp == NULL)
		return os2_error(err);

	f = PyFile_FromFile(fp, name, mode, fclose);
	if (f != NULL)
		PyFile_SetBufSize(f, bufsize);
	return f;
}

#elif defined(MS_WIN32)

/*
 * Portable 'popen' replacement for Win32.
 *
 * Written by Bill Tutt <billtut@microsoft.com>.  Minor tweaks
 * and 2.0 integration by Fredrik Lundh <fredrik@pythonware.com>
 */

#include <malloc.h>
#include <io.h>
#include <fcntl.h>

/* These tell _PyPopen() wether to return 1, 2, or 3 file objects. */
#define POPEN_1 1
#define POPEN_2 2
#define POPEN_3 3
#define POPEN_4 4

static PyObject *_PyPopen(char *, int, int);

/* popen that works from a GUI.
 *
 * The result of this function is a pipe (file) connected to the
 * processes stdin or stdout, depending on the requested mode.
 */

static PyObject *
posix_popen(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	PyObject *f, *s;
	int tm = 0;
  
	char *cmdstring;
	char *mode = "r";
	int bufsize = -1;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s|si:popen", &cmdstring, &mode, &bufsize))
		return NULL;

	s = PyTuple_New(0);
	  
	if (*mode == 'r')
		tm = _O_RDONLY;
	else if (*mode != 'w') {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "mode must be 'r' or 'w'");
		return NULL;
	} else
		tm = _O_WRONLY;
	 
	if (bufsize != -1) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "bufsize must be -1");
		return NULL;
	}

	if (*(mode+1) == 't')
		f = _PyPopen(cmdstring, tm | _O_TEXT, POPEN_1);
	else if (*(mode+1) == 'b')
		f = _PyPopen(cmdstring, tm | _O_BINARY, POPEN_1);
	else
		f = _PyPopen(cmdstring, tm | _O_TEXT, POPEN_1);

	return f;
}

/* Variation on win32pipe.popen
 *
 * The result of this function is a pipe (file) connected to the
 * process's stdin, and a pipe connected to the process's stdout.
 */

static PyObject *
win32_popen2(PyObject *self, PyObject  *args)
{
	PyObject *f;
	int tm=0;
  
	char *cmdstring;
	char *mode = "t";
	int bufsize = -1;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s|si:popen2", &cmdstring, &mode, &bufsize))
		return NULL;
  
	if (*mode == 't')
		tm = _O_TEXT;
	else if (*mode != 'b') {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "mode must be 't' or 'b'");
		return NULL;
	} else
		tm = _O_BINARY;
  
	if (bufsize != -1) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "bufsize must be -1");
		return NULL;
	}

	f = _PyPopen(cmdstring, tm, POPEN_2);
  
	return f;
}

/*
 * Variation on <om win32pipe.popen>
 *
 * The result of this function is 3 pipes - the process's stdin,
 * stdout and stderr
 */

static PyObject *
win32_popen3(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	PyObject *f;
	int tm = 0;
  
	char *cmdstring;
	char *mode = "t";
	int bufsize = -1;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s|si:popen3", &cmdstring, &mode, &bufsize))
		return NULL;
  
	if (*mode == 't')
		tm = _O_TEXT;
	else if (*mode != 'b') {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "mode must be 't' or 'b'");
		return NULL;
	} else
		tm = _O_BINARY;
  
	if (bufsize != -1) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "bufsize must be -1");
		return NULL;
	}

	f = _PyPopen(cmdstring, tm, POPEN_3);
  
	return f;
}

/*
 * Variation on win32pipe.popen
 *
 * The result of this function is 2 pipes - the processes stdin, 
 * and stdout+stderr combined as a single pipe.
 */

static PyObject *
win32_popen4(PyObject *self, PyObject  *args)
{
	PyObject *f;
	int tm = 0;
  
	char *cmdstring;
	char *mode = "t";
	int bufsize = -1;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s|si:popen4", &cmdstring, &mode, &bufsize))
		return NULL;
  
	if (*mode == 't')
		tm = _O_TEXT;
	else if (*mode != 'b') {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "mode must be 't' or 'b'");
		return NULL;
	} else
		tm = _O_BINARY;

	if (bufsize != -1) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "bufsize must be -1");
		return NULL;
	}

	f = _PyPopen(cmdstring, tm, POPEN_4);

	return f;
}

static int
_PyPopenCreateProcess(char *cmdstring,
					  HANDLE hStdin,
					  HANDLE hStdout,
					  HANDLE hStderr)
{
	PROCESS_INFORMATION piProcInfo;
	STARTUPINFO siStartInfo;
	char *s1,*s2, *s3 = " /c ";
	const char *szConsoleSpawn = "w9xpopen.exe \"";
	int i;
	int x;

	if (i = GetEnvironmentVariable("COMSPEC",NULL,0)) {
		s1 = (char *)_alloca(i);
		if (!(x = GetEnvironmentVariable("COMSPEC", s1, i)))
			return x;
		if (GetVersion() < 0x80000000) {
			/*
			 * NT/2000
			 */
			x = i + strlen(s3) + strlen(cmdstring) + 1;
			s2 = (char *)_alloca(x);
			ZeroMemory(s2, x);
			sprintf(s2, "%s%s%s", s1, s3, cmdstring);
		}
		else {
			/*
			 * Oh gag, we're on Win9x. Use the workaround listed in
			 * KB: Q150956
			 */
			char modulepath[256];
			GetModuleFileName(NULL, modulepath, sizeof(modulepath));
			for (i = x = 0; modulepath[i]; i++)
				if (modulepath[i] == '\\')
					x = i+1;
			modulepath[x] = '\0';
			x = i + strlen(s3) + strlen(cmdstring) + 1 +
				strlen(modulepath) + 
				strlen(szConsoleSpawn) + 1;
			s2 = (char *)_alloca(x);
			ZeroMemory(s2, x);
			sprintf(
				s2,
				"%s%s%s%s%s\"",
				modulepath,
				szConsoleSpawn,
				s1,
				s3,
				cmdstring);
		}
	}

	/* Could be an else here to try cmd.exe / command.com in the path
	   Now we'll just error out.. */
	else
		return -1;
  
	ZeroMemory(&siStartInfo, sizeof(STARTUPINFO));
	siStartInfo.cb = sizeof(STARTUPINFO);
	siStartInfo.dwFlags = STARTF_USESTDHANDLES | STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW;
	siStartInfo.hStdInput = hStdin;
	siStartInfo.hStdOutput = hStdout;
	siStartInfo.hStdError = hStderr;
	siStartInfo.wShowWindow = SW_HIDE;

	if (CreateProcess(NULL,
					  s2,
					  NULL,
					  NULL,
					  TRUE,
					  CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE,
					  NULL,
					  NULL,
					  &siStartInfo,
					  &piProcInfo) ) {
		/* Close the handles now so anyone waiting is woken. */
		CloseHandle(piProcInfo.hProcess);
		CloseHandle(piProcInfo.hThread);
		return TRUE;
	}
	return FALSE;
}

/* The following code is based off of KB: Q190351 */

static PyObject *
_PyPopen(char *cmdstring, int mode, int n)
{
	HANDLE hChildStdinRd, hChildStdinWr, hChildStdoutRd, hChildStdoutWr,
		hChildStderrRd, hChildStderrWr, hChildStdinWrDup, hChildStdoutRdDup,
		hChildStderrRdDup; /* hChildStdoutWrDup; */
	  
	SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES saAttr;
	BOOL fSuccess;
	int fd1, fd2, fd3;
	FILE *f1, *f2, *f3;
	PyObject *f;

	saAttr.nLength = sizeof(SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES);
	saAttr.bInheritHandle = TRUE;
	saAttr.lpSecurityDescriptor = NULL;

	if (!CreatePipe(&hChildStdinRd, &hChildStdinWr, &saAttr, 0))
		return win32_error("CreatePipe", NULL);

	/* Create new output read handle and the input write handle. Set
	 * the inheritance properties to FALSE. Otherwise, the child inherits
	 * the these handles; resulting in non-closeable handles to the pipes
	 * being created. */
	 fSuccess = DuplicateHandle(GetCurrentProcess(), hChildStdinWr,
								GetCurrentProcess(), &hChildStdinWrDup, 0,
								FALSE,
								DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS);
	 if (!fSuccess)
		 return win32_error("DuplicateHandle", NULL);

	 /* Close the inheritable version of ChildStdin
	that we're using. */
	 CloseHandle(hChildStdinWr);

	 if (!CreatePipe(&hChildStdoutRd, &hChildStdoutWr, &saAttr, 0))
		 return win32_error("CreatePipe", NULL);

	 fSuccess = DuplicateHandle(GetCurrentProcess(), hChildStdoutRd,
								GetCurrentProcess(), &hChildStdoutRdDup, 0,
								FALSE,
								DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS);
	 if (!fSuccess)
		 return win32_error("DuplicateHandle", NULL);

	 /* Close the inheritable version of ChildStdout
		that we're using. */
	 CloseHandle(hChildStdoutRd);

	 if (n != POPEN_4) {
		 if (!CreatePipe(&hChildStderrRd, &hChildStderrWr, &saAttr, 0))
			 return win32_error("CreatePipe", NULL);
		 fSuccess = DuplicateHandle(GetCurrentProcess(), hChildStderrRd,
									GetCurrentProcess(), &hChildStderrRdDup, 0,
									FALSE,
									DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS);
		 if (!fSuccess)
			 return win32_error("DuplicateHandle", NULL);
		 /* Close the inheritable version of ChildStdErr that we're using. */
		 CloseHandle(hChildStderrRd);
	 }
	  
	 switch (n) {
	 case POPEN_1:
		 switch (mode & (_O_RDONLY | _O_TEXT | _O_BINARY | _O_WRONLY)) {
		 case _O_WRONLY | _O_TEXT:
			 /* Case for writing to child Stdin in text mode. */
			 fd1 = _open_osfhandle((long)hChildStdinWrDup, mode);
			 f1 = _fdopen(fd1, "w");
			 f = PyFile_FromFile(f1, cmdstring, "w", fclose);
			 PyFile_SetBufSize(f, 0);
			 /* We don't care about these pipes anymore, so close them. */
			 CloseHandle(hChildStdoutRdDup);
			 CloseHandle(hChildStderrRdDup);
			 break;

		 case _O_RDONLY | _O_TEXT:
			 /* Case for reading from child Stdout in text mode. */
			 fd1 = _open_osfhandle((long)hChildStdoutRdDup, mode);
			 f1 = _fdopen(fd1, "r");
			 f = PyFile_FromFile(f1, cmdstring, "r", fclose);
			 PyFile_SetBufSize(f, 0);
			 /* We don't care about these pipes anymore, so close them. */
			 CloseHandle(hChildStdinWrDup);
			 CloseHandle(hChildStderrRdDup);
			 break;

		 case _O_RDONLY | _O_BINARY:
			 /* Case for readinig from child Stdout in binary mode. */
			 fd1 = _open_osfhandle((long)hChildStdoutRdDup, mode);
			 f1 = _fdopen(fd1, "rb");
			 f = PyFile_FromFile(f1, cmdstring, "rb", fclose);
			 PyFile_SetBufSize(f, 0);
			 /* We don't care about these pipes anymore, so close them. */
			 CloseHandle(hChildStdinWrDup);
			 CloseHandle(hChildStderrRdDup);
			 break;

		 case _O_WRONLY | _O_BINARY:
			 /* Case for writing to child Stdin in binary mode. */
			 fd1 = _open_osfhandle((long)hChildStdinWrDup, mode);
			 f1 = _fdopen(fd1, "wb");
			 f = PyFile_FromFile(f1, cmdstring, "wb", fclose);
			 PyFile_SetBufSize(f, 0);
			 /* We don't care about these pipes anymore, so close them. */
			 CloseHandle(hChildStdoutRdDup);
			 CloseHandle(hChildStderrRdDup);
			 break;
		 }
		 break;
	
	 case POPEN_2:
	 case POPEN_4:
	 {
		 char *m1, *m2;
		 PyObject *p1, *p2;
		
		 if (mode && _O_TEXT) {
			 m1 = "r";
			 m2 = "w";
		 } else {
			 m1 = "rb";
			 m2 = "wb";
		 }

		 fd1 = _open_osfhandle((long)hChildStdinWrDup, mode);
		 f1 = _fdopen(fd1, m2);
		 fd2 = _open_osfhandle((long)hChildStdoutRdDup, mode);
		 f2 = _fdopen(fd2, m1);
		 p1 = PyFile_FromFile(f1, cmdstring, m2, fclose);
		 PyFile_SetBufSize(p1, 0);
		 p2 = PyFile_FromFile(f2, cmdstring, m1, fclose);
		 PyFile_SetBufSize(p2, 0);

		 if (n != 4)
			 CloseHandle(hChildStderrRdDup);

		 f = Py_BuildValue("OO",p2,p1);
		 break;
	 }
	
	 case POPEN_3:
	 {
		 char *m1, *m2;
		 PyObject *p1, *p2, *p3;
		
		 if (mode && _O_TEXT) {
			 m1 = "r";
			 m2 = "w";
		 } else {
			 m1 = "rb";
			 m2 = "wb";
		 }

		 fd1 = _open_osfhandle((long)hChildStdinWrDup, mode);
		 f1 = _fdopen(fd1, m2);
		 fd2 = _open_osfhandle((long)hChildStdoutRdDup, mode);
		 f2 = _fdopen(fd2, m1);
		 fd3 = _open_osfhandle((long)hChildStderrRdDup, mode);
		 f3 = _fdopen(fd3, m1);
		 p1 = PyFile_FromFile(f1, cmdstring, m2, fclose);
		 p2 = PyFile_FromFile(f2, cmdstring, m1, fclose);
		 p3 = PyFile_FromFile(f3, cmdstring, m1, fclose);
		 PyFile_SetBufSize(p1, 0);
		 PyFile_SetBufSize(p2, 0);
		 PyFile_SetBufSize(p3, 0);
		 f = Py_BuildValue("OOO",p2,p1,p3);
		 break;
	 }
	 }

	 if (n == POPEN_4) {
		 if (!_PyPopenCreateProcess(cmdstring,
									hChildStdinRd,
									hChildStdoutWr,
									hChildStdoutWr))
			 return win32_error("CreateProcess", NULL);
	 }
	 else {
		 if (!_PyPopenCreateProcess(cmdstring,
									hChildStdinRd,
									hChildStdoutWr,
									hChildStderrWr))
			 return win32_error("CreateProcess", NULL);
	 }

	 /* Child is launched. Close the parents copy of those pipe
	  * handles that only the child should have open.  You need to
	  * make sure that no handles to the write end of the output pipe
	  * are maintained in this process or else the pipe will not close
	  * when the child process exits and the ReadFile will hang. */

	 if (!CloseHandle(hChildStdinRd))
		 return win32_error("CloseHandle", NULL);
	  
	 if (!CloseHandle(hChildStdoutWr))
		 return win32_error("CloseHandle", NULL);
	  
	 if ((n != 4) && (!CloseHandle(hChildStderrWr)))
		 return win32_error("CloseHandle", NULL);

	 return f;
}
#else
static PyObject *
posix_popen(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	char *name;
	char *mode = "r";
	int bufsize = -1;
	FILE *fp;
	PyObject *f;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s|si:popen", &name, &mode, &bufsize))
		return NULL;
	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	fp = popen(name, mode);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (fp == NULL)
		return posix_error();
	f = PyFile_FromFile(fp, name, mode, pclose);
	if (f != NULL)
		PyFile_SetBufSize(f, bufsize);
	return f;
}
#endif

#endif /* HAVE_POPEN */


#ifdef HAVE_SETUID
static char posix_setuid__doc__[] =
"setuid(uid) -> None\n\
Set the current process's user id.";
static PyObject *
posix_setuid(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	int uid;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:setuid", &uid))
		return NULL;
	if (setuid(uid) < 0)
		return posix_error();
	Py_INCREF(Py_None);
	return Py_None;
}
#endif /* HAVE_SETUID */


#ifdef HAVE_SETGID
static char posix_setgid__doc__[] =
"setgid(gid) -> None\n\
Set the current process's group id.";

static PyObject *
posix_setgid(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	int gid;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:setgid", &gid))
		return NULL;
	if (setgid(gid) < 0)
		return posix_error();
	Py_INCREF(Py_None);
	return Py_None;
}
#endif /* HAVE_SETGID */


#ifdef HAVE_WAITPID
static char posix_waitpid__doc__[] =
"waitpid(pid, options) -> (pid, status)\n\
Wait for completion of a give child process.";

static PyObject *
posix_waitpid(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	int pid, options;
#ifdef UNION_WAIT
	union wait status;
#define status_i (status.w_status)
#else
	int status;
#define status_i status
#endif
	status_i = 0;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "ii:waitpid", &pid, &options))
		return NULL;
	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
#ifdef NeXT
	pid = wait4(pid, &status, options, NULL);
#else
	pid = waitpid(pid, &status, options);
#endif
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (pid == -1)
		return posix_error();
	else
		return Py_BuildValue("ii", pid, status_i);
}
#endif /* HAVE_WAITPID */


#ifdef HAVE_WAIT
static char posix_wait__doc__[] =
"wait() -> (pid, status)\n\
Wait for completion of a child process.";

static PyObject *
posix_wait(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	int pid;
#ifdef UNION_WAIT
	union wait status;
#define status_i (status.w_status)
#else
	int status;
#define status_i status
#endif
        if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":wait"))
                return NULL;
	status_i = 0;
	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	pid = wait(&status);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (pid == -1)
		return posix_error();
	else
		return Py_BuildValue("ii", pid, status_i);
#undef status_i
}
#endif


static char posix_lstat__doc__[] =
"lstat(path) -> (mode,ino,dev,nlink,uid,gid,size,atime,mtime,ctime)\n\
Like stat(path), but do not follow symbolic links.";

static PyObject *
posix_lstat(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
#ifdef HAVE_LSTAT
	return posix_do_stat(self, args, "s:lstat", lstat);
#else /* !HAVE_LSTAT */
	return posix_do_stat(self, args, "s:lstat", STAT);
#endif /* !HAVE_LSTAT */
}


#ifdef HAVE_READLINK
static char posix_readlink__doc__[] =
"readlink(path) -> path\n\
Return a string representing the path to which the symbolic link points.";

static PyObject *
posix_readlink(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	char buf[MAXPATHLEN];
	char *path;
	int n;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s:readlink", &path))
		return NULL;
	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	n = readlink(path, buf, (int) sizeof buf);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (n < 0)
		return posix_error_with_filename(path);
	return PyString_FromStringAndSize(buf, n);
}
#endif /* HAVE_READLINK */


#ifdef HAVE_SYMLINK
static char posix_symlink__doc__[] =
"symlink(src, dst) -> None\n\
Create a symbolic link.";

static PyObject *
posix_symlink(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	return posix_2str(args, "ss:symlink", symlink);
}
#endif /* HAVE_SYMLINK */


#ifdef HAVE_TIMES
#ifndef HZ
#define HZ 60 /* Universal constant :-) */
#endif /* HZ */
	
#if defined(PYCC_VACPP) && defined(PYOS_OS2)
static long
system_uptime()
{
    ULONG     value = 0;

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    DosQuerySysInfo(QSV_MS_COUNT, QSV_MS_COUNT, &value, sizeof(value));
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

    return value;
}

static PyObject *
posix_times(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":times"))
		return NULL;

    /* Currently Only Uptime is Provided -- Others Later */
	return Py_BuildValue("ddddd",
			     (double)0 /* t.tms_utime / HZ */,
			     (double)0 /* t.tms_stime / HZ */,
			     (double)0 /* t.tms_cutime / HZ */,
			     (double)0 /* t.tms_cstime / HZ */,
			     (double)system_uptime() / 1000);
}
#else /* not OS2 */
static PyObject *
posix_times(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	struct tms t;
	clock_t c;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":times"))
		return NULL;
	errno = 0;
	c = times(&t);
	if (c == (clock_t) -1)
		return posix_error();
	return Py_BuildValue("ddddd",
			     (double)t.tms_utime / HZ,
			     (double)t.tms_stime / HZ,
			     (double)t.tms_cutime / HZ,
			     (double)t.tms_cstime / HZ,
			     (double)c / HZ);
}
#endif /* not OS2 */
#endif /* HAVE_TIMES */


#ifdef MS_WIN32
#define HAVE_TIMES	/* so the method table will pick it up */
static PyObject *
posix_times(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	FILETIME create, exit, kernel, user;
	HANDLE hProc;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":times"))
		return NULL;
	hProc = GetCurrentProcess();
	GetProcessTimes(hProc, &create, &exit, &kernel, &user);
	/* The fields of a FILETIME structure are the hi and lo part
	   of a 64-bit value expressed in 100 nanosecond units.
	   1e7 is one second in such units; 1e-7 the inverse.
	   429.4967296 is 2**32 / 1e7 or 2**32 * 1e-7.
	*/
	return Py_BuildValue(
		"ddddd",
		(double)(kernel.dwHighDateTime*429.4967296 +
		         kernel.dwLowDateTime*1e-7),
		(double)(user.dwHighDateTime*429.4967296 +
		         user.dwLowDateTime*1e-7),
		(double)0,
		(double)0,
		(double)0);
}
#endif /* MS_WIN32 */

#ifdef HAVE_TIMES
static char posix_times__doc__[] =
"times() -> (utime, stime, cutime, cstime, elapsed_time)\n\
Return a tuple of floating point numbers indicating process times.";
#endif


#ifdef HAVE_SETSID
static char posix_setsid__doc__[] =
"setsid() -> None\n\
Call the system call setsid().";

static PyObject *
posix_setsid(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":setsid"))
		return NULL;
	if (setsid() < 0)
		return posix_error();
	Py_INCREF(Py_None);
	return Py_None;
}
#endif /* HAVE_SETSID */

#ifdef HAVE_SETPGID
static char posix_setpgid__doc__[] =
"setpgid(pid, pgrp) -> None\n\
Call the system call setpgid().";

static PyObject *
posix_setpgid(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	int pid, pgrp;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "ii:setpgid", &pid, &pgrp))
		return NULL;
	if (setpgid(pid, pgrp) < 0)
		return posix_error();
	Py_INCREF(Py_None);
	return Py_None;
}
#endif /* HAVE_SETPGID */


#ifdef HAVE_TCGETPGRP
static char posix_tcgetpgrp__doc__[] =
"tcgetpgrp(fd) -> pgid\n\
Return the process group associated with the terminal given by a fd.";

static PyObject *
posix_tcgetpgrp(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	int fd, pgid;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:tcgetpgrp", &fd))
		return NULL;
	pgid = tcgetpgrp(fd);
	if (pgid < 0)
		return posix_error();
	return PyInt_FromLong((long)pgid);
}
#endif /* HAVE_TCGETPGRP */


#ifdef HAVE_TCSETPGRP
static char posix_tcsetpgrp__doc__[] =
"tcsetpgrp(fd, pgid) -> None\n\
Set the process group associated with the terminal given by a fd.";

static PyObject *
posix_tcsetpgrp(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	int fd, pgid;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "ii:tcsetpgrp", &fd, &pgid))
		return NULL;
	if (tcsetpgrp(fd, pgid) < 0)
		return posix_error();
	Py_INCREF(Py_None);
	return Py_None;
}
#endif /* HAVE_TCSETPGRP */

/* Functions acting on file descriptors */

static char posix_open__doc__[] =
"open(filename, flag [, mode=0777]) -> fd\n\
Open a file (for low level IO).";

static PyObject *
posix_open(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	char *file;
	int flag;
	int mode = 0777;
	int fd;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "si|i", &file, &flag, &mode))
		return NULL;

	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	fd = open(file, flag, mode);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (fd < 0)
		return posix_error_with_filename(file);
	return PyInt_FromLong((long)fd);
}


static char posix_close__doc__[] =
"close(fd) -> None\n\
Close a file descriptor (for low level IO).";

static PyObject *
posix_close(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	int fd, res;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:close", &fd))
		return NULL;
	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	res = close(fd);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (res < 0)
		return posix_error();
	Py_INCREF(Py_None);
	return Py_None;
}


static char posix_dup__doc__[] =
"dup(fd) -> fd2\n\
Return a duplicate of a file descriptor.";

static PyObject *
posix_dup(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	int fd;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:dup", &fd))
		return NULL;
	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	fd = dup(fd);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (fd < 0)
		return posix_error();
	return PyInt_FromLong((long)fd);
}


static char posix_dup2__doc__[] =
"dup2(fd, fd2) -> None\n\
Duplicate file descriptor.";

static PyObject *
posix_dup2(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	int fd, fd2, res;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "ii:dup2", &fd, &fd2))
		return NULL;
	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	res = dup2(fd, fd2);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (res < 0)
		return posix_error();
	Py_INCREF(Py_None);
	return Py_None;
}


static char posix_lseek__doc__[] =
"lseek(fd, pos, how) -> newpos\n\
Set the current position of a file descriptor.";

static PyObject *
posix_lseek(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	int fd, how;
#ifdef MS_WIN64
	LONG_LONG pos, res;
#else
	off_t pos, res;
#endif
	PyObject *posobj;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iOi:lseek", &fd, &posobj, &how))
		return NULL;
#ifdef SEEK_SET
	/* Turn 0, 1, 2 into SEEK_{SET,CUR,END} */
	switch (how) {
	case 0: how = SEEK_SET; break;
	case 1: how = SEEK_CUR; break;
	case 2: how = SEEK_END; break;
	}
#endif /* SEEK_END */

#if !defined(HAVE_LARGEFILE_SUPPORT)
	pos = PyInt_AsLong(posobj);
#else
	pos = PyLong_Check(posobj) ?
		PyLong_AsLongLong(posobj) : PyInt_AsLong(posobj);
#endif
	if (PyErr_Occurred())
		return NULL;

	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
#ifdef MS_WIN64
	res = _lseeki64(fd, pos, how);
#else
	res = lseek(fd, pos, how);
#endif
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (res < 0)
		return posix_error();

#if !defined(HAVE_LARGEFILE_SUPPORT)
	return PyInt_FromLong(res);
#else
	return PyLong_FromLongLong(res);
#endif
}


static char posix_read__doc__[] =
"read(fd, buffersize) -> string\n\
Read a file descriptor.";

static PyObject *
posix_read(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	int fd, size, n;
	PyObject *buffer;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "ii:read", &fd, &size))
		return NULL;
	buffer = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, size);
	if (buffer == NULL)
		return NULL;
	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	n = read(fd, PyString_AsString(buffer), size);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (n < 0) {
		Py_DECREF(buffer);
		return posix_error();
	}
	if (n != size)
		_PyString_Resize(&buffer, n);
	return buffer;
}


static char posix_write__doc__[] =
"write(fd, string) -> byteswritten\n\
Write a string to a file descriptor.";

static PyObject *
posix_write(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	int fd, size;
	char *buffer;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "is#:write", &fd, &buffer, &size))
		return NULL;
	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	size = write(fd, buffer, size);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (size < 0)
		return posix_error();
	return PyInt_FromLong((long)size);
}


static char posix_fstat__doc__[]=
"fstat(fd) -> (mode, ino, dev, nlink, uid, gid, size, atime, mtime, ctime)\n\
Like stat(), but for an open file descriptor.";

static PyObject *
posix_fstat(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	int fd;
	STRUCT_STAT st;
	int res;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:fstat", &fd))
		return NULL;
	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	res = FSTAT(fd, &st);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (res != 0)
		return posix_error();
	
	return _pystat_fromstructstat(st);
}


static char posix_fdopen__doc__[] =
"fdopen(fd, [, mode='r' [, bufsize]]) -> file_object\n\
Return an open file object connected to a file descriptor.";

static PyObject *
posix_fdopen(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	extern int fclose(FILE *);
	int fd;
	char *mode = "r";
	int bufsize = -1;
	FILE *fp;
	PyObject *f;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i|si", &fd, &mode, &bufsize))
		return NULL;

	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	fp = fdopen(fd, mode);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (fp == NULL)
		return posix_error();
	f = PyFile_FromFile(fp, "(fdopen)", mode, fclose);
	if (f != NULL)
		PyFile_SetBufSize(f, bufsize);
	return f;
}


#ifdef HAVE_PIPE
static char posix_pipe__doc__[] =
"pipe() -> (read_end, write_end)\n\
Create a pipe.";

static PyObject *
posix_pipe(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
#if defined(PYOS_OS2)
    HFILE read, write;
    APIRET rc;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":pipe"))
        return NULL;

	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    rc = DosCreatePipe( &read, &write, 4096);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (rc != NO_ERROR)
        return os2_error(rc);

    return Py_BuildValue("(ii)", read, write);
#else
#if !defined(MS_WIN32)
	int fds[2];
	int res;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":pipe"))
		return NULL;
	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	res = pipe(fds);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (res != 0)
		return posix_error();
	return Py_BuildValue("(ii)", fds[0], fds[1]);
#else /* MS_WIN32 */
	HANDLE read, write;
	int read_fd, write_fd;
	BOOL ok;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":pipe"))
		return NULL;
	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	ok = CreatePipe(&read, &write, NULL, 0);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (!ok)
		return win32_error("CreatePipe", NULL);
	read_fd = _open_osfhandle((intptr_t)read, 0);
	write_fd = _open_osfhandle((intptr_t)write, 1);
	return Py_BuildValue("(ii)", read_fd, write_fd);
#endif /* MS_WIN32 */
#endif
}
#endif  /* HAVE_PIPE */


#ifdef HAVE_MKFIFO
static char posix_mkfifo__doc__[] =
"mkfifo(file, [, mode=0666]) -> None\n\
Create a FIFO (a POSIX named pipe).";

static PyObject *
posix_mkfifo(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	char *file;
	int mode = 0666;
	int res;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s|i:mkfifo", &file, &mode))
		return NULL;
	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	res = mkfifo(file, mode);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (res < 0)
		return posix_error();
	Py_INCREF(Py_None);
	return Py_None;
}
#endif


#ifdef HAVE_FTRUNCATE
static char posix_ftruncate__doc__[] =
"ftruncate(fd, length) -> None\n\
Truncate a file to a specified length.";

static PyObject *
posix_ftruncate(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	int fd;
	off_t length;
	int res;
	PyObject *lenobj;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO:ftruncate", &fd, &lenobj))
		return NULL;

#if !defined(HAVE_LARGEFILE_SUPPORT)
	length = PyInt_AsLong(lenobj);
#else
	length = PyLong_Check(lenobj) ?
		PyLong_AsLongLong(lenobj) : PyInt_AsLong(lenobj);
#endif
	if (PyErr_Occurred())
		return NULL;

	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	res = ftruncate(fd, length);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (res < 0) {
		PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_IOError);
		return NULL;
	}
	Py_INCREF(Py_None);
	return Py_None;
}
#endif

#ifdef NeXT
#define HAVE_PUTENV
/* Steve Spicklemire got this putenv from NeXTAnswers */
static int
putenv(char *newval)
{
	extern char **environ;

	static int firstTime = 1;
	char **ep;
	char *cp;
	int esiz;
	char *np;

	if (!(np = strchr(newval, '=')))
		return 1;
	*np = '\0';

	/* look it up */
	for (ep=environ ; *ep ; ep++)
	{
		/* this should always be true... */
		if (cp = strchr(*ep, '='))
		{
			*cp = '\0';
			if (!strcmp(*ep, newval))
			{
				/* got it! */
				*cp = '=';
				break;
			}
			*cp = '=';
		}
		else
		{
			*np = '=';
			return 1;
		}
	}

	*np = '=';
	if (*ep)
	{
		/* the string was already there:
		   just replace it with the new one */
		*ep = newval;
		return 0;
	}

	/* expand environ by one */
	for (esiz=2, ep=environ ; *ep ; ep++)
		esiz++;
	if (firstTime)
	{
		char **epp;
		char **newenv;
		if (!(newenv = malloc(esiz * sizeof(char *))))
			return 1;
   
		for (ep=environ, epp=newenv ; *ep ;)
			*epp++ = *ep++;
		*epp++ = newval;
		*epp = (char *) 0;
		environ = newenv;
	}
	else
	{
		if (!(environ = realloc(environ, esiz * sizeof(char *))))
			return 1;
		environ[esiz - 2] = newval;
		environ[esiz - 1] = (char *) 0;
		firstTime = 0;
	}

	return 0;
}
#endif /* NeXT */


#ifdef HAVE_PUTENV
static char posix_putenv__doc__[] =
"putenv(key, value) -> None\n\
Change or add an environment variable.";

#ifdef __BEOS__
/* We have putenv(), but not in the headers (as of PR2). - [cjh] */
int putenv( const char *str );
#endif

/* Save putenv() parameters as values here, so we can collect them when they
 * get re-set with another call for the same key. */
static PyObject *posix_putenv_garbage;

static PyObject * 
posix_putenv(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
        char *s1, *s2;
        char *new;
	PyObject *newstr;

	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "ss:putenv", &s1, &s2))
		return NULL;

#if defined(PYOS_OS2)
    if (stricmp(s1, "BEGINLIBPATH") == 0) {
        APIRET rc;

        if (strlen(s2) == 0)  /* If New Value is an Empty String */
            s2 = NULL;        /* Then OS/2 API Wants a NULL to Undefine It */

        rc = DosSetExtLIBPATH(s2, BEGIN_LIBPATH);
        if (rc != NO_ERROR)
            return os2_error(rc);

    } else if (stricmp(s1, "ENDLIBPATH") == 0) {
        APIRET rc;

        if (strlen(s2) == 0)  /* If New Value is an Empty String */
            s2 = NULL;        /* Then OS/2 API Wants a NULL to Undefine It */

        rc = DosSetExtLIBPATH(s2, END_LIBPATH);
        if (rc != NO_ERROR)
            return os2_error(rc);
    } else {
#endif

	/* XXX This can leak memory -- not easy to fix :-( */
	newstr = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, strlen(s1) + strlen(s2) + 2);
	if (newstr == NULL)
		return PyErr_NoMemory();
	new = PyString_AS_STRING(newstr);
	(void) sprintf(new, "%s=%s", s1, s2);
	if (putenv(new)) {
                posix_error();
                return NULL;
	}
	/* Install the first arg and newstr in posix_putenv_garbage;
	 * this will cause previous value to be collected.  This has to
	 * happen after the real putenv() call because the old value
	 * was still accessible until then. */
	if (PyDict_SetItem(posix_putenv_garbage,
			   PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, 0), newstr)) {
		/* really not much we can do; just leak */
		PyErr_Clear();
	}
	else {
		Py_DECREF(newstr);
	}

#if defined(PYOS_OS2)
    }
#endif
	Py_INCREF(Py_None);
        return Py_None;
}
#endif /* putenv */

#ifdef HAVE_STRERROR
static char posix_strerror__doc__[] =
"strerror(code) -> string\n\
Translate an error code to a message string.";

PyObject *
posix_strerror(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	int code;
	char *message;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:strerror", &code))
		return NULL;
	message = strerror(code);
	if (message == NULL) {
		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
				"strerror code out of range");
		return NULL;
	}
	return PyString_FromString(message);
}
#endif /* strerror */


#ifdef HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H

#ifdef WIFSTOPPED
static char posix_WIFSTOPPED__doc__[] =
"WIFSTOPPED(status) -> Boolean\n\
Return true if the process returning 'status' was stopped.";

static PyObject *
posix_WIFSTOPPED(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
#ifdef UNION_WAIT
	union wait status;
#define status_i (status.w_status)
#else
	int status;
#define status_i status
#endif
	status_i = 0;
   
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:WIFSTOPPED", &status_i))
	{
		return NULL;
	}
   
	return Py_BuildValue("i", WIFSTOPPED(status));
#undef status_i
}
#endif /* WIFSTOPPED */

#ifdef WIFSIGNALED
static char posix_WIFSIGNALED__doc__[] =
"WIFSIGNALED(status) -> Boolean\n\
Return true if the process returning 'status' was terminated by a signal.";

static PyObject *
posix_WIFSIGNALED(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
#ifdef UNION_WAIT
	union wait status;
#define status_i (status.w_status)
#else
	int status;
#define status_i status
#endif
	status_i = 0;
   
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:WIFSIGNALED", &status_i))
	{
		return NULL;
	}
   
	return Py_BuildValue("i", WIFSIGNALED(status));
#undef status_i
}
#endif /* WIFSIGNALED */

#ifdef WIFEXITED
static char posix_WIFEXITED__doc__[] =
"WIFEXITED(status) -> Boolean\n\
Return true if the process returning 'status' exited using the exit()\n\
system call.";

static PyObject *
posix_WIFEXITED(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
#ifdef UNION_WAIT
	union wait status;
#define status_i (status.w_status)
#else
	int status;
#define status_i status
#endif
	status_i = 0;
   
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:WIFEXITED", &status_i))
	{
		return NULL;
	}
   
	return Py_BuildValue("i", WIFEXITED(status));
#undef status_i
}
#endif /* WIFEXITED */

#ifdef WEXITSTATUS
static char posix_WEXITSTATUS__doc__[] =
"WEXITSTATUS(status) -> integer\n\
Return the process return code from 'status'.";

static PyObject *
posix_WEXITSTATUS(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
#ifdef UNION_WAIT
	union wait status;
#define status_i (status.w_status)
#else
	int status;
#define status_i status
#endif
	status_i = 0;
   
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:WEXITSTATUS", &status_i))
	{
		return NULL;
	}
   
	return Py_BuildValue("i", WEXITSTATUS(status));
#undef status_i
}
#endif /* WEXITSTATUS */

#ifdef WTERMSIG
static char posix_WTERMSIG__doc__[] =
"WTERMSIG(status) -> integer\n\
Return the signal that terminated the process that provided the 'status'\n\
value.";

static PyObject *
posix_WTERMSIG(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
#ifdef UNION_WAIT
	union wait status;
#define status_i (status.w_status)
#else
	int status;
#define status_i status
#endif
	status_i = 0;
   
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:WTERMSIG", &status_i))
	{
		return NULL;
	}
   
	return Py_BuildValue("i", WTERMSIG(status));
#undef status_i
}
#endif /* WTERMSIG */

#ifdef WSTOPSIG
static char posix_WSTOPSIG__doc__[] =
"WSTOPSIG(status) -> integer\n\
Return the signal that stopped the process that provided the 'status' value.";

static PyObject *
posix_WSTOPSIG(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
#ifdef UNION_WAIT
	union wait status;
#define status_i (status.w_status)
#else
	int status;
#define status_i status
#endif
	status_i = 0;
   
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:WSTOPSIG", &status_i))
	{
		return NULL;
	}
   
	return Py_BuildValue("i", WSTOPSIG(status));
#undef status_i
}
#endif /* WSTOPSIG */

#endif /* HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H */


#if defined(HAVE_FSTATVFS)
#ifdef _SCO_DS
/* SCO OpenServer 5.0 and later requires _SVID3 before it reveals the
   needed definitions in sys/statvfs.h */
#define _SVID3
#endif
#include <sys/statvfs.h>

static char posix_fstatvfs__doc__[] =
"fstatvfs(fd) -> \n\
 (bsize, frsize, blocks, bfree, bavail, files, ffree, favail, flag, namemax)\n\
Perform an fstatvfs system call on the given fd.";

static PyObject *
posix_fstatvfs(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	int fd, res;
	struct statvfs st;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:fstatvfs", &fd))
		return NULL;
	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	res = fstatvfs(fd, &st);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (res != 0)
		return posix_error();
#if !defined(HAVE_LARGEFILE_SUPPORT)
	return Py_BuildValue("(llllllllll)",
		    (long) st.f_bsize,
		    (long) st.f_frsize,
		    (long) st.f_blocks,
		    (long) st.f_bfree,
		    (long) st.f_bavail,
		    (long) st.f_files,
		    (long) st.f_ffree,
		    (long) st.f_favail,
		    (long) st.f_flag,
		    (long) st.f_namemax);
#else
	return Py_BuildValue("(llLLLLLLll)",
		    (long) st.f_bsize,
		    (long) st.f_frsize,
		    (LONG_LONG) st.f_blocks,
		    (LONG_LONG) st.f_bfree,
		    (LONG_LONG) st.f_bavail,
		    (LONG_LONG) st.f_files,
		    (LONG_LONG) st.f_ffree,
		    (LONG_LONG) st.f_favail,
		    (long) st.f_flag,
		    (long) st.f_namemax);
#endif
}
#endif /* HAVE_FSTATVFS */


#if defined(HAVE_STATVFS)
#include <sys/statvfs.h>

static char posix_statvfs__doc__[] =
"statvfs(path) -> \n\
 (bsize, frsize, blocks, bfree, bavail, files, ffree, favail, flag, namemax)\n\
Perform a statvfs system call on the given path.";

static PyObject *
posix_statvfs(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
	char *path;
	int res;
	struct statvfs st;
	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s:statvfs", &path))
		return NULL;
	Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
	res = statvfs(path, &st);
	Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
	if (res != 0)
		return posix_error_with_filename(path);
#if !defined(HAVE_LARGEFILE_SUPPORT)
	return Py_BuildValue("(llllllllll)",
		    (long) st.f_bsize,
		    (long) st.f_frsize,
		    (long) st.f_blocks,
		    (long) st.f_bfree,
		    (long) st.f_bavail,
		    (long) st.f_files,
		    (long) st.f_ffree,
		    (long) st.f_favail,
		    (long) st.f_flag,
		    (long) st.f_namemax);
#else	/* HAVE_LARGEFILE_SUPPORT */
	return Py_BuildValue("(llLLLLLLll)",
		    (long) st.f_bsize,
		    (long) st.f_frsize,
		    (LONG_LONG) st.f_blocks,
		    (LONG_LONG) st.f_bfree,
		    (LONG_LONG) st.f_bavail,
		    (LONG_LONG) st.f_files,
		    (LONG_LONG) st.f_ffree,
		    (LONG_LONG) st.f_favail,
		    (long) st.f_flag,
		    (long) st.f_namemax);
#endif
}
#endif /* HAVE_STATVFS */


#ifdef HAVE_TEMPNAM
static char posix_tempnam__doc__[] = "\
tempnam([dir[, prefix]]) -> string\n\
Return a unique name for a temporary file.\n\
The directory and a short may be specified as strings; they may be omitted\n\
or None if not needed.";

static PyObject *
posix_tempnam(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *result = NULL;
    char *dir = NULL;
    char *pfx = NULL;
    char *name;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|zz:tempnam", &dir, &pfx))
        return NULL;
    name = tempnam(dir, pfx);
    if (name == NULL)
        return PyErr_NoMemory();
    result = PyString_FromString(name);
    free(name);
    return result;
}
#endif


#ifdef HAVE_TMPFILE
static char posix_tmpfile__doc__[] = "\
tmpfile() -> file object\n\
Create a temporary file with no directory entries.";

static PyObject *
posix_tmpfile(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    FILE *fp;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":tmpfile"))
        return NULL;
    fp = tmpfile();
    if (fp == NULL)
        return posix_error();
    return PyFile_FromFile(fp, "<tmpfile>", "w+", fclose);
}
#endif


#ifdef HAVE_TMPNAM
static char posix_tmpnam__doc__[] = "\
tmpnam() -> string\n\
Return a unique name for a temporary file.";

static PyObject *
posix_tmpnam(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    char buffer[L_tmpnam];
    char *name;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":tmpnam"))
        return NULL;
#ifdef USE_TMPNAM_R
    name = tmpnam_r(buffer);
#else
    name = tmpnam(buffer);
#endif
    if (name == NULL) {
        PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_OSError,
                        Py_BuildValue("is", 0,
#ifdef USE_TMPNAM_R
                                      "unexpected NULL from tmpnam_r"
#else
                                      "unexpected NULL from tmpnam"
#endif
                                      ));
        return NULL;
    }
    return PyString_FromString(buffer);
}
#endif


/* This is used for fpathconf(), pathconf(), confstr() and sysconf().
 * It maps strings representing configuration variable names to
 * integer values, allowing those functions to be called with the
 * magic names instead of poluting the module's namespace with tons of
 * rarely-used constants.  There are three separate tables that use
 * these definitions.
 *
 * This code is always included, even if none of the interfaces that
 * need it are included.  The #if hackery needed to avoid it would be
 * sufficiently pervasive that it's not worth the loss of readability.
 */
struct constdef {
    char *name;
    long value;
};

static int
conv_confname(PyObject *arg, int *valuep, struct constdef *table,
	      size_t tablesize)
{
    if (PyInt_Check(arg)) {
        *valuep = PyInt_AS_LONG(arg);
        return 1;
    }
    if (PyString_Check(arg)) {
        /* look up the value in the table using a binary search */
        size_t lo = 0;
		size_t mid;
        size_t hi = tablesize;
        int cmp;
        char *confname = PyString_AS_STRING(arg);
        while (lo < hi) {
            mid = (lo + hi) / 2;
            cmp = strcmp(confname, table[mid].name);
            if (cmp < 0)
                hi = mid;
            else if (cmp > 0)
                lo = mid + 1;
            else {
                *valuep = table[mid].value;
                return 1;
            }
        }
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "unrecognized configuration name");
    }
    else
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "configuration names must be strings or integers");
    return 0;
}


#if defined(HAVE_FPATHCONF) || defined(HAVE_PATHCONF)
static struct constdef  posix_constants_pathconf[] = {
#ifdef _PC_ABI_AIO_XFER_MAX
    {"PC_ABI_AIO_XFER_MAX",	_PC_ABI_AIO_XFER_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_ABI_ASYNC_IO
    {"PC_ABI_ASYNC_IO",	_PC_ABI_ASYNC_IO},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_ASYNC_IO
    {"PC_ASYNC_IO",	_PC_ASYNC_IO},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED
    {"PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED",	_PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_FILESIZEBITS
    {"PC_FILESIZEBITS",	_PC_FILESIZEBITS},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_LAST
    {"PC_LAST",	_PC_LAST},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_LINK_MAX
    {"PC_LINK_MAX",	_PC_LINK_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_MAX_CANON
    {"PC_MAX_CANON",	_PC_MAX_CANON},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_MAX_INPUT
    {"PC_MAX_INPUT",	_PC_MAX_INPUT},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_NAME_MAX
    {"PC_NAME_MAX",	_PC_NAME_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_NO_TRUNC
    {"PC_NO_TRUNC",	_PC_NO_TRUNC},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_PATH_MAX
    {"PC_PATH_MAX",	_PC_PATH_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_PIPE_BUF
    {"PC_PIPE_BUF",	_PC_PIPE_BUF},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_PRIO_IO
    {"PC_PRIO_IO",	_PC_PRIO_IO},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_SOCK_MAXBUF
    {"PC_SOCK_MAXBUF",	_PC_SOCK_MAXBUF},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_SYNC_IO
    {"PC_SYNC_IO",	_PC_SYNC_IO},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_VDISABLE
    {"PC_VDISABLE",	_PC_VDISABLE},
#endif
};

static int
conv_path_confname(PyObject *arg, int *valuep)
{
    return conv_confname(arg, valuep, posix_constants_pathconf,
                         sizeof(posix_constants_pathconf)
                           / sizeof(struct constdef));
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_FPATHCONF
static char posix_fpathconf__doc__[] = "\
fpathconf(fd, name) -> integer\n\
Return the configuration limit name for the file descriptor fd.\n\
If there is no limit, return -1.";

static PyObject *
posix_fpathconf(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *result = NULL;
    int name, fd;

    if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO&:fpathconf", &fd,
                         conv_path_confname, &name)) {
        long limit;

        errno = 0;
        limit = fpathconf(fd, name);
        if (limit == -1 && errno != 0)
            posix_error();
        else
            result = PyInt_FromLong(limit);
    }
    return result;
}
#endif


#ifdef HAVE_PATHCONF
static char posix_pathconf__doc__[] = "\
pathconf(path, name) -> integer\n\
Return the configuration limit name for the file or directory path.\n\
If there is no limit, return -1.";

static PyObject *
posix_pathconf(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *result = NULL;
    int name;
    char *path;

    if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "sO&:pathconf", &path,
                         conv_path_confname, &name)) {
        long limit;

        errno = 0;
        limit = pathconf(path, name);
        if (limit == -1 && errno != 0) {
            if (errno == EINVAL)
                /* could be a path or name problem */
                posix_error();
            else
                posix_error_with_filename(path);
        }
        else
            result = PyInt_FromLong(limit);
    }
    return result;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_CONFSTR
static struct constdef posix_constants_confstr[] = {
#ifdef _CS_ARCHITECTURE
    {"CS_ARCHITECTURE",	_CS_ARCHITECTURE},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_HOSTNAME
    {"CS_HOSTNAME",	_CS_HOSTNAME},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_HW_PROVIDER
    {"CS_HW_PROVIDER",	_CS_HW_PROVIDER},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_HW_SERIAL
    {"CS_HW_SERIAL",	_CS_HW_SERIAL},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_INITTAB_NAME
    {"CS_INITTAB_NAME",	_CS_INITTAB_NAME},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_LFS64_CFLAGS
    {"CS_LFS64_CFLAGS",	_CS_LFS64_CFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_LFS64_LDFLAGS
    {"CS_LFS64_LDFLAGS",	_CS_LFS64_LDFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_LFS64_LIBS
    {"CS_LFS64_LIBS",	_CS_LFS64_LIBS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_LFS64_LINTFLAGS
    {"CS_LFS64_LINTFLAGS",	_CS_LFS64_LINTFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_LFS_CFLAGS
    {"CS_LFS_CFLAGS",	_CS_LFS_CFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_LFS_LDFLAGS
    {"CS_LFS_LDFLAGS",	_CS_LFS_LDFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_LFS_LIBS
    {"CS_LFS_LIBS",	_CS_LFS_LIBS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_LFS_LINTFLAGS
    {"CS_LFS_LINTFLAGS",	_CS_LFS_LINTFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_MACHINE
    {"CS_MACHINE",	_CS_MACHINE},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_PATH
    {"CS_PATH",	_CS_PATH},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_RELEASE
    {"CS_RELEASE",	_CS_RELEASE},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_SRPC_DOMAIN
    {"CS_SRPC_DOMAIN",	_CS_SRPC_DOMAIN},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_SYSNAME
    {"CS_SYSNAME",	_CS_SYSNAME},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_VERSION
    {"CS_VERSION",	_CS_VERSION},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS
    {"CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS",	_CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS
    {"CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS",	_CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS
    {"CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS",	_CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LINTFLAGS
    {"CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LINTFLAGS",	_CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LINTFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS
    {"CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS",	_CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS
    {"CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS",	_CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS
    {"CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS",	_CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS
    {"CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS",	_CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS
    {"CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS",	_CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS
    {"CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS",	_CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LIBS
    {"CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LIBS",	_CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LIBS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LINTFLAGS
    {"CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LINTFLAGS",	_CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LINTFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS
    {"CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS",	_CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS
    {"CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS",	_CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS
    {"CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS",	_CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS
    {"CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS",	_CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _MIPS_CS_AVAIL_PROCESSORS
    {"MIPS_CS_AVAIL_PROCESSORS",	_MIPS_CS_AVAIL_PROCESSORS},
#endif
#ifdef _MIPS_CS_BASE
    {"MIPS_CS_BASE",	_MIPS_CS_BASE},
#endif
#ifdef _MIPS_CS_HOSTID
    {"MIPS_CS_HOSTID",	_MIPS_CS_HOSTID},
#endif
#ifdef _MIPS_CS_HW_NAME
    {"MIPS_CS_HW_NAME",	_MIPS_CS_HW_NAME},
#endif
#ifdef _MIPS_CS_NUM_PROCESSORS
    {"MIPS_CS_NUM_PROCESSORS",	_MIPS_CS_NUM_PROCESSORS},
#endif
#ifdef _MIPS_CS_OSREL_MAJ
    {"MIPS_CS_OSREL_MAJ",	_MIPS_CS_OSREL_MAJ},
#endif
#ifdef _MIPS_CS_OSREL_MIN
    {"MIPS_CS_OSREL_MIN",	_MIPS_CS_OSREL_MIN},
#endif
#ifdef _MIPS_CS_OSREL_PATCH
    {"MIPS_CS_OSREL_PATCH",	_MIPS_CS_OSREL_PATCH},
#endif
#ifdef _MIPS_CS_OS_NAME
    {"MIPS_CS_OS_NAME",	_MIPS_CS_OS_NAME},
#endif
#ifdef _MIPS_CS_OS_PROVIDER
    {"MIPS_CS_OS_PROVIDER",	_MIPS_CS_OS_PROVIDER},
#endif
#ifdef _MIPS_CS_PROCESSORS
    {"MIPS_CS_PROCESSORS",	_MIPS_CS_PROCESSORS},
#endif
#ifdef _MIPS_CS_SERIAL
    {"MIPS_CS_SERIAL",	_MIPS_CS_SERIAL},
#endif
#ifdef _MIPS_CS_VENDOR
    {"MIPS_CS_VENDOR",	_MIPS_CS_VENDOR},
#endif
};

static int
conv_confstr_confname(PyObject *arg, int *valuep)
{
    return conv_confname(arg, valuep, posix_constants_confstr,
                         sizeof(posix_constants_confstr)
                           / sizeof(struct constdef));
}

static char posix_confstr__doc__[] = "\
confstr(name) -> string\n\
Return a string-valued system configuration variable.";

static PyObject *
posix_confstr(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *result = NULL;
    int name;
    char buffer[64];

    if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&:confstr", conv_confstr_confname, &name)) {
        int len = confstr(name, buffer, sizeof(buffer));

        errno = 0;
        if (len == 0) {
            if (errno != 0)
                posix_error();
            else
                result = PyString_FromString("");
        }
        else {
            if (len >= sizeof(buffer)) {
                result = PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, len);
                if (result != NULL)
                    confstr(name, PyString_AS_STRING(result), len+1);
            }
            else
                result = PyString_FromString(buffer);
        }
    }
    return result;
}
#endif


#ifdef HAVE_SYSCONF
static struct constdef posix_constants_sysconf[] = {
#ifdef _SC_2_CHAR_TERM
    {"SC_2_CHAR_TERM",	_SC_2_CHAR_TERM},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_2_C_BIND
    {"SC_2_C_BIND",	_SC_2_C_BIND},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_2_C_DEV
    {"SC_2_C_DEV",	_SC_2_C_DEV},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_2_C_VERSION
    {"SC_2_C_VERSION",	_SC_2_C_VERSION},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_2_FORT_DEV
    {"SC_2_FORT_DEV",	_SC_2_FORT_DEV},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_2_FORT_RUN
    {"SC_2_FORT_RUN",	_SC_2_FORT_RUN},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_2_LOCALEDEF
    {"SC_2_LOCALEDEF",	_SC_2_LOCALEDEF},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_2_SW_DEV
    {"SC_2_SW_DEV",	_SC_2_SW_DEV},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_2_UPE
    {"SC_2_UPE",	_SC_2_UPE},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_2_VERSION
    {"SC_2_VERSION",	_SC_2_VERSION},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_ABI_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO
    {"SC_ABI_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO",	_SC_ABI_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_ACL
    {"SC_ACL",	_SC_ACL},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX
    {"SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX",	_SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_AIO_MAX
    {"SC_AIO_MAX",	_SC_AIO_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX
    {"SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX",	_SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_ARG_MAX
    {"SC_ARG_MAX",	_SC_ARG_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO
    {"SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO",	_SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_ATEXIT_MAX
    {"SC_ATEXIT_MAX",	_SC_ATEXIT_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_AUDIT
    {"SC_AUDIT",	_SC_AUDIT},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_AVPHYS_PAGES
    {"SC_AVPHYS_PAGES",	_SC_AVPHYS_PAGES},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_BC_BASE_MAX
    {"SC_BC_BASE_MAX",	_SC_BC_BASE_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_BC_DIM_MAX
    {"SC_BC_DIM_MAX",	_SC_BC_DIM_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_BC_SCALE_MAX
    {"SC_BC_SCALE_MAX",	_SC_BC_SCALE_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_BC_STRING_MAX
    {"SC_BC_STRING_MAX",	_SC_BC_STRING_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_CAP
    {"SC_CAP",	_SC_CAP},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_CHARCLASS_NAME_MAX
    {"SC_CHARCLASS_NAME_MAX",	_SC_CHARCLASS_NAME_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_CHAR_BIT
    {"SC_CHAR_BIT",	_SC_CHAR_BIT},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_CHAR_MAX
    {"SC_CHAR_MAX",	_SC_CHAR_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_CHAR_MIN
    {"SC_CHAR_MIN",	_SC_CHAR_MIN},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_CHILD_MAX
    {"SC_CHILD_MAX",	_SC_CHILD_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_CLK_TCK
    {"SC_CLK_TCK",	_SC_CLK_TCK},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_COHER_BLKSZ
    {"SC_COHER_BLKSZ",	_SC_COHER_BLKSZ},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX
    {"SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX",	_SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_DCACHE_ASSOC
    {"SC_DCACHE_ASSOC",	_SC_DCACHE_ASSOC},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_DCACHE_BLKSZ
    {"SC_DCACHE_BLKSZ",	_SC_DCACHE_BLKSZ},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_DCACHE_LINESZ
    {"SC_DCACHE_LINESZ",	_SC_DCACHE_LINESZ},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_DCACHE_SZ
    {"SC_DCACHE_SZ",	_SC_DCACHE_SZ},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_DCACHE_TBLKSZ
    {"SC_DCACHE_TBLKSZ",	_SC_DCACHE_TBLKSZ},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX
    {"SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX",	_SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_EQUIV_CLASS_MAX
    {"SC_EQUIV_CLASS_MAX",	_SC_EQUIV_CLASS_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX
    {"SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX",	_SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_FSYNC
    {"SC_FSYNC",	_SC_FSYNC},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX
    {"SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX",	_SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX
    {"SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX",	_SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_ICACHE_ASSOC
    {"SC_ICACHE_ASSOC",	_SC_ICACHE_ASSOC},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_ICACHE_BLKSZ
    {"SC_ICACHE_BLKSZ",	_SC_ICACHE_BLKSZ},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_ICACHE_LINESZ
    {"SC_ICACHE_LINESZ",	_SC_ICACHE_LINESZ},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_ICACHE_SZ
    {"SC_ICACHE_SZ",	_SC_ICACHE_SZ},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_INF
    {"SC_INF",	_SC_INF},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_INT_MAX
    {"SC_INT_MAX",	_SC_INT_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_INT_MIN
    {"SC_INT_MIN",	_SC_INT_MIN},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_IOV_MAX
    {"SC_IOV_MAX",	_SC_IOV_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_IP_SECOPTS
    {"SC_IP_SECOPTS",	_SC_IP_SECOPTS},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_JOB_CONTROL
    {"SC_JOB_CONTROL",	_SC_JOB_CONTROL},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_KERN_POINTERS
    {"SC_KERN_POINTERS",	_SC_KERN_POINTERS},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_KERN_SIM
    {"SC_KERN_SIM",	_SC_KERN_SIM},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_LINE_MAX
    {"SC_LINE_MAX",	_SC_LINE_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX
    {"SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX",	_SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_LOGNAME_MAX
    {"SC_LOGNAME_MAX",	_SC_LOGNAME_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_LONG_BIT
    {"SC_LONG_BIT",	_SC_LONG_BIT},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_MAC
    {"SC_MAC",	_SC_MAC},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_MAPPED_FILES
    {"SC_MAPPED_FILES",	_SC_MAPPED_FILES},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_MAXPID
    {"SC_MAXPID",	_SC_MAXPID},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_MB_LEN_MAX
    {"SC_MB_LEN_MAX",	_SC_MB_LEN_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_MEMLOCK
    {"SC_MEMLOCK",	_SC_MEMLOCK},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE
    {"SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE",	_SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION
    {"SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION",	_SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_MESSAGE_PASSING
    {"SC_MESSAGE_PASSING",	_SC_MESSAGE_PASSING},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_MMAP_FIXED_ALIGNMENT
    {"SC_MMAP_FIXED_ALIGNMENT",	_SC_MMAP_FIXED_ALIGNMENT},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_MQ_OPEN_MAX
    {"SC_MQ_OPEN_MAX",	_SC_MQ_OPEN_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX
    {"SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX",	_SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_NACLS_MAX
    {"SC_NACLS_MAX",	_SC_NACLS_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_NGROUPS_MAX
    {"SC_NGROUPS_MAX",	_SC_NGROUPS_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_NL_ARGMAX
    {"SC_NL_ARGMAX",	_SC_NL_ARGMAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_NL_LANGMAX
    {"SC_NL_LANGMAX",	_SC_NL_LANGMAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_NL_MSGMAX
    {"SC_NL_MSGMAX",	_SC_NL_MSGMAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_NL_NMAX
    {"SC_NL_NMAX",	_SC_NL_NMAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_NL_SETMAX
    {"SC_NL_SETMAX",	_SC_NL_SETMAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_NL_TEXTMAX
    {"SC_NL_TEXTMAX",	_SC_NL_TEXTMAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF
    {"SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF",	_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN
    {"SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN",	_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_NPROC_CONF
    {"SC_NPROC_CONF",	_SC_NPROC_CONF},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_NPROC_ONLN
    {"SC_NPROC_ONLN",	_SC_NPROC_ONLN},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_NZERO
    {"SC_NZERO",	_SC_NZERO},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_OPEN_MAX
    {"SC_OPEN_MAX",	_SC_OPEN_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PAGESIZE
    {"SC_PAGESIZE",	_SC_PAGESIZE},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PAGE_SIZE
    {"SC_PAGE_SIZE",	_SC_PAGE_SIZE},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PASS_MAX
    {"SC_PASS_MAX",	_SC_PASS_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PHYS_PAGES
    {"SC_PHYS_PAGES",	_SC_PHYS_PAGES},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PII
    {"SC_PII",	_SC_PII},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PII_INTERNET
    {"SC_PII_INTERNET",	_SC_PII_INTERNET},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PII_INTERNET_DGRAM
    {"SC_PII_INTERNET_DGRAM",	_SC_PII_INTERNET_DGRAM},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PII_INTERNET_STREAM
    {"SC_PII_INTERNET_STREAM",	_SC_PII_INTERNET_STREAM},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PII_OSI
    {"SC_PII_OSI",	_SC_PII_OSI},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PII_OSI_CLTS
    {"SC_PII_OSI_CLTS",	_SC_PII_OSI_CLTS},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PII_OSI_COTS
    {"SC_PII_OSI_COTS",	_SC_PII_OSI_COTS},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PII_OSI_M
    {"SC_PII_OSI_M",	_SC_PII_OSI_M},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PII_SOCKET
    {"SC_PII_SOCKET",	_SC_PII_SOCKET},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PII_XTI
    {"SC_PII_XTI",	_SC_PII_XTI},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_POLL
    {"SC_POLL",	_SC_POLL},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PRIORITIZED_IO
    {"SC_PRIORITIZED_IO",	_SC_PRIORITIZED_IO},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING
    {"SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING",	_SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS
    {"SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS",	_SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_RE_DUP_MAX
    {"SC_RE_DUP_MAX",	_SC_RE_DUP_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_RTSIG_MAX
    {"SC_RTSIG_MAX",	_SC_RTSIG_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SAVED_IDS
    {"SC_SAVED_IDS",	_SC_SAVED_IDS},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SCHAR_MAX
    {"SC_SCHAR_MAX",	_SC_SCHAR_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SCHAR_MIN
    {"SC_SCHAR_MIN",	_SC_SCHAR_MIN},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SELECT
    {"SC_SELECT",	_SC_SELECT},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SEMAPHORES
    {"SC_SEMAPHORES",	_SC_SEMAPHORES},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX
    {"SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX",	_SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX
    {"SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX",	_SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS
    {"SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS",	_SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SHRT_MAX
    {"SC_SHRT_MAX",	_SC_SHRT_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SHRT_MIN
    {"SC_SHRT_MIN",	_SC_SHRT_MIN},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX
    {"SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX",	_SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SIGRT_MAX
    {"SC_SIGRT_MAX",	_SC_SIGRT_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SIGRT_MIN
    {"SC_SIGRT_MIN",	_SC_SIGRT_MIN},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SOFTPOWER
    {"SC_SOFTPOWER",	_SC_SOFTPOWER},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SPLIT_CACHE
    {"SC_SPLIT_CACHE",	_SC_SPLIT_CACHE},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SSIZE_MAX
    {"SC_SSIZE_MAX",	_SC_SSIZE_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_STACK_PROT
    {"SC_STACK_PROT",	_SC_STACK_PROT},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_STREAM_MAX
    {"SC_STREAM_MAX",	_SC_STREAM_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO
    {"SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO",	_SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_THREADS
    {"SC_THREADS",	_SC_THREADS},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR
    {"SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR",	_SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE
    {"SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE",	_SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS
    {"SC_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS",	_SC_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX
    {"SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX",	_SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING
    {"SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING",	_SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT
    {"SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT",	_SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT
    {"SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT",	_SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED
    {"SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED",	_SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS
    {"SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS",	_SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN
    {"SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN",	_SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX
    {"SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX",	_SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_TIMERS
    {"SC_TIMERS",	_SC_TIMERS},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_TIMER_MAX
    {"SC_TIMER_MAX",	_SC_TIMER_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_TTY_NAME_MAX
    {"SC_TTY_NAME_MAX",	_SC_TTY_NAME_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_TZNAME_MAX
    {"SC_TZNAME_MAX",	_SC_TZNAME_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_T_IOV_MAX
    {"SC_T_IOV_MAX",	_SC_T_IOV_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_UCHAR_MAX
    {"SC_UCHAR_MAX",	_SC_UCHAR_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_UINT_MAX
    {"SC_UINT_MAX",	_SC_UINT_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_UIO_MAXIOV
    {"SC_UIO_MAXIOV",	_SC_UIO_MAXIOV},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_ULONG_MAX
    {"SC_ULONG_MAX",	_SC_ULONG_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_USHRT_MAX
    {"SC_USHRT_MAX",	_SC_USHRT_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_VERSION
    {"SC_VERSION",	_SC_VERSION},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_WORD_BIT
    {"SC_WORD_BIT",	_SC_WORD_BIT},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32
    {"SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32",	_SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG
    {"SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG",	_SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XBS5_LP64_OFF64
    {"SC_XBS5_LP64_OFF64",	_SC_XBS5_LP64_OFF64},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG
    {"SC_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG",	_SC_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XOPEN_CRYPT
    {"SC_XOPEN_CRYPT",	_SC_XOPEN_CRYPT},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XOPEN_ENH_I18N
    {"SC_XOPEN_ENH_I18N",	_SC_XOPEN_ENH_I18N},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XOPEN_LEGACY
    {"SC_XOPEN_LEGACY",	_SC_XOPEN_LEGACY},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XOPEN_REALTIME
    {"SC_XOPEN_REALTIME",	_SC_XOPEN_REALTIME},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS
    {"SC_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS",	_SC_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XOPEN_SHM
    {"SC_XOPEN_SHM",	_SC_XOPEN_SHM},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XOPEN_UNIX
    {"SC_XOPEN_UNIX",	_SC_XOPEN_UNIX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XOPEN_VERSION
    {"SC_XOPEN_VERSION",	_SC_XOPEN_VERSION},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XOPEN_XCU_VERSION
    {"SC_XOPEN_XCU_VERSION",	_SC_XOPEN_XCU_VERSION},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XOPEN_XPG2
    {"SC_XOPEN_XPG2",	_SC_XOPEN_XPG2},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XOPEN_XPG3
    {"SC_XOPEN_XPG3",	_SC_XOPEN_XPG3},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XOPEN_XPG4
    {"SC_XOPEN_XPG4",	_SC_XOPEN_XPG4},
#endif
};

static int
conv_sysconf_confname(PyObject *arg, int *valuep)
{
    return conv_confname(arg, valuep, posix_constants_sysconf,
                         sizeof(posix_constants_sysconf)
                           / sizeof(struct constdef));
}

static char posix_sysconf__doc__[] = "\
sysconf(name) -> integer\n\
Return an integer-valued system configuration variable.";

static PyObject *
posix_sysconf(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *result = NULL;
    int name;

    if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&:sysconf", conv_sysconf_confname, &name)) {
        int value;

        errno = 0;
        value = sysconf(name);
        if (value == -1 && errno != 0)
            posix_error();
        else
            result = PyInt_FromLong(value);
    }
    return result;
}
#endif


/* This code is used to ensure that the tables of configuration value names
 * are in sorted order as required by conv_confname(), and also to build the
 * the exported dictionaries that are used to publish information about the
 * names available on the host platform.
 *
 * Sorting the table at runtime ensures that the table is properly ordered
 * when used, even for platforms we're not able to test on.  It also makes
 * it easier to add additional entries to the tables.
 */

static int
cmp_constdefs(const void *v1,  const void *v2)
{
    const struct constdef *c1 =
        (const struct constdef *) v1;
    const struct constdef *c2 =
        (const struct constdef *) v2;

    return strcmp(c1->name, c2->name);
}

static int
setup_confname_table(struct constdef *table, size_t tablesize,
		     char *tablename, PyObject *moddict)
{
    PyObject *d = NULL;
    size_t i;
    int status;

    qsort(table, tablesize, sizeof(struct constdef), cmp_constdefs);
    d = PyDict_New();
    if (d == NULL)
	    return -1;

    for (i=0; i < tablesize; ++i) {
            PyObject *o = PyInt_FromLong(table[i].value);
            if (o == NULL || PyDict_SetItemString(d, table[i].name, o) == -1) {
		    Py_XDECREF(o);
		    Py_DECREF(d);
		    return -1;
            }
	    Py_DECREF(o);
    }
    status = PyDict_SetItemString(moddict, tablename, d);
    Py_DECREF(d);
    return status;
}

/* Return -1 on failure, 0 on success. */
static int
setup_confname_tables(PyObject *moddict)
{
#if defined(HAVE_FPATHCONF) || defined(HAVE_PATHCONF)
    if (setup_confname_table(posix_constants_pathconf,
                             sizeof(posix_constants_pathconf)
                               / sizeof(struct constdef),
                             "pathconf_names", moddict))
        return -1;
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_CONFSTR
    if (setup_confname_table(posix_constants_confstr,
                             sizeof(posix_constants_confstr)
                               / sizeof(struct constdef),
                             "confstr_names", moddict))
        return -1;
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SYSCONF
    if (setup_confname_table(posix_constants_sysconf,
                             sizeof(posix_constants_sysconf)
                               / sizeof(struct constdef),
                             "sysconf_names", moddict))
        return -1;
#endif
    return 0;
}


static char posix_abort__doc__[] = "\
abort() -> does not return!\n\
Abort the interpreter immediately.  This 'dumps core' or otherwise fails\n\
in the hardest way possible on the hosting operating system.";

static PyObject *
posix_abort(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ":abort"))
        return NULL;
    abort();
    /*NOTREACHED*/
    Py_FatalError("abort() called from Python code didn't abort!");
    return NULL;
}


static PyMethodDef posix_methods[] = {
	{"access",	posix_access, METH_VARARGS, posix_access__doc__},
#ifdef HAVE_TTYNAME
	{"ttyname",	posix_ttyname, METH_VARARGS, posix_ttyname__doc__},
#endif
	{"chdir",	posix_chdir, METH_VARARGS, posix_chdir__doc__},
	{"chmod",	posix_chmod, METH_VARARGS, posix_chmod__doc__},
#ifdef HAVE_CHOWN
	{"chown",	posix_chown, METH_VARARGS, posix_chown__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_CHOWN */
#ifdef HAVE_CTERMID
	{"ctermid",	posix_ctermid, METH_VARARGS, posix_ctermid__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_GETCWD
	{"getcwd",	posix_getcwd, METH_VARARGS, posix_getcwd__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_LINK
	{"link",	posix_link, METH_VARARGS, posix_link__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_LINK */
	{"listdir",	posix_listdir, METH_VARARGS, posix_listdir__doc__},
	{"lstat",	posix_lstat, METH_VARARGS, posix_lstat__doc__},
	{"mkdir",	posix_mkdir, METH_VARARGS, posix_mkdir__doc__},
#ifdef HAVE_NICE
	{"nice",	posix_nice, METH_VARARGS, posix_nice__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_NICE */
#ifdef HAVE_READLINK
	{"readlink",	posix_readlink, METH_VARARGS, posix_readlink__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_READLINK */
	{"rename",	posix_rename, METH_VARARGS, posix_rename__doc__},
	{"rmdir",	posix_rmdir, METH_VARARGS, posix_rmdir__doc__},
	{"stat",	posix_stat, METH_VARARGS, posix_stat__doc__},
#ifdef HAVE_SYMLINK
	{"symlink",	posix_symlink, METH_VARARGS, posix_symlink__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_SYMLINK */
#ifdef HAVE_SYSTEM
	{"system",	posix_system, METH_VARARGS, posix_system__doc__},
#endif
	{"umask",	posix_umask, METH_VARARGS, posix_umask__doc__},
#ifdef HAVE_UNAME
	{"uname",	posix_uname, METH_VARARGS, posix_uname__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_UNAME */
	{"unlink",	posix_unlink, METH_VARARGS, posix_unlink__doc__},
	{"remove",	posix_unlink, METH_VARARGS, posix_remove__doc__},
	{"utime",	posix_utime, METH_VARARGS, posix_utime__doc__},
#ifdef HAVE_TIMES
	{"times",	posix_times, METH_VARARGS, posix_times__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_TIMES */
	{"_exit",	posix__exit, METH_VARARGS, posix__exit__doc__},
#ifdef HAVE_EXECV
	{"execv",	posix_execv, METH_VARARGS, posix_execv__doc__},
	{"execve",	posix_execve, METH_VARARGS, posix_execve__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_EXECV */
#ifdef HAVE_SPAWNV
	{"spawnv",	posix_spawnv, METH_VARARGS, posix_spawnv__doc__},
	{"spawnve",	posix_spawnve, METH_VARARGS, posix_spawnve__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_SPAWNV */
#ifdef HAVE_FORK
	{"fork",	posix_fork, METH_VARARGS, posix_fork__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_FORK */
#ifdef HAVE_OPENPTY
	{"openpty",	posix_openpty, METH_VARARGS, posix_openpty__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_OPENPTY */
#ifdef HAVE_FORKPTY
	{"forkpty",	posix_forkpty, METH_VARARGS, posix_forkpty__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_FORKPTY */
#ifdef HAVE_GETEGID
	{"getegid",	posix_getegid, METH_VARARGS, posix_getegid__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_GETEGID */
#ifdef HAVE_GETEUID
	{"geteuid",	posix_geteuid, METH_VARARGS, posix_geteuid__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_GETEUID */
#ifdef HAVE_GETGID
	{"getgid",	posix_getgid, METH_VARARGS, posix_getgid__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_GETGID */
#ifdef HAVE_GETGROUPS
	{"getgroups",	posix_getgroups, METH_VARARGS, posix_getgroups__doc__},
#endif
	{"getpid",	posix_getpid, METH_VARARGS, posix_getpid__doc__},
#ifdef HAVE_GETPGRP
	{"getpgrp",	posix_getpgrp, METH_VARARGS, posix_getpgrp__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_GETPGRP */
#ifdef HAVE_GETPPID
	{"getppid",	posix_getppid, METH_VARARGS, posix_getppid__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_GETPPID */
#ifdef HAVE_GETUID
	{"getuid",	posix_getuid, METH_VARARGS, posix_getuid__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_GETUID */
#ifdef HAVE_GETLOGIN
	{"getlogin",	posix_getlogin, METH_VARARGS, posix_getlogin__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_KILL
	{"kill",	posix_kill, METH_VARARGS, posix_kill__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_KILL */
#ifdef HAVE_PLOCK
	{"plock",	posix_plock, METH_VARARGS, posix_plock__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_PLOCK */
#ifdef HAVE_POPEN
	{"popen",	posix_popen, METH_VARARGS, posix_popen__doc__},
#ifdef MS_WIN32
	{"popen2",	win32_popen2, METH_VARARGS},
	{"popen3",	win32_popen3, METH_VARARGS},
	{"popen4",	win32_popen4, METH_VARARGS},
#endif
#endif /* HAVE_POPEN */
#ifdef HAVE_SETUID
	{"setuid",	posix_setuid, METH_VARARGS, posix_setuid__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_SETUID */
#ifdef HAVE_SETGID
	{"setgid",	posix_setgid, METH_VARARGS, posix_setgid__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_SETGID */
#ifdef HAVE_SETPGRP
	{"setpgrp",	posix_setpgrp, METH_VARARGS, posix_setpgrp__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_SETPGRP */
#ifdef HAVE_WAIT
	{"wait",	posix_wait, METH_VARARGS, posix_wait__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_WAIT */
#ifdef HAVE_WAITPID
	{"waitpid",	posix_waitpid, METH_VARARGS, posix_waitpid__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_WAITPID */
#ifdef HAVE_SETSID
	{"setsid",	posix_setsid, METH_VARARGS, posix_setsid__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_SETSID */
#ifdef HAVE_SETPGID
	{"setpgid",	posix_setpgid, METH_VARARGS, posix_setpgid__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_SETPGID */
#ifdef HAVE_TCGETPGRP
	{"tcgetpgrp",	posix_tcgetpgrp, METH_VARARGS, posix_tcgetpgrp__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_TCGETPGRP */
#ifdef HAVE_TCSETPGRP
	{"tcsetpgrp",	posix_tcsetpgrp, METH_VARARGS, posix_tcsetpgrp__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_TCSETPGRP */
	{"open",	posix_open, METH_VARARGS, posix_open__doc__},
	{"close",	posix_close, METH_VARARGS, posix_close__doc__},
	{"dup",		posix_dup, METH_VARARGS, posix_dup__doc__},
	{"dup2",	posix_dup2, METH_VARARGS, posix_dup2__doc__},
	{"lseek",	posix_lseek, METH_VARARGS, posix_lseek__doc__},
	{"read",	posix_read, METH_VARARGS, posix_read__doc__},
	{"write",	posix_write, METH_VARARGS, posix_write__doc__},
	{"fstat",	posix_fstat, METH_VARARGS, posix_fstat__doc__},
	{"fdopen",	posix_fdopen, METH_VARARGS, posix_fdopen__doc__},
#ifdef HAVE_PIPE
	{"pipe",	posix_pipe, METH_VARARGS, posix_pipe__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_MKFIFO
	{"mkfifo",	posix_mkfifo, METH_VARARGS, posix_mkfifo__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_FTRUNCATE
	{"ftruncate",	posix_ftruncate, METH_VARARGS, posix_ftruncate__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_PUTENV
	{"putenv",	posix_putenv, METH_VARARGS, posix_putenv__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_STRERROR
	{"strerror",	posix_strerror, METH_VARARGS, posix_strerror__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_FSYNC
	{"fsync",       posix_fsync, METH_VARARGS, posix_fsync__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_FDATASYNC
	{"fdatasync",   posix_fdatasync,  METH_VARARGS, posix_fdatasync__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H
#ifdef WIFSTOPPED
        {"WIFSTOPPED",	posix_WIFSTOPPED, METH_VARARGS, posix_WIFSTOPPED__doc__},
#endif /* WIFSTOPPED */
#ifdef WIFSIGNALED
        {"WIFSIGNALED",	posix_WIFSIGNALED, METH_VARARGS, posix_WIFSIGNALED__doc__},
#endif /* WIFSIGNALED */
#ifdef WIFEXITED
        {"WIFEXITED",	posix_WIFEXITED, METH_VARARGS, posix_WIFEXITED__doc__},
#endif /* WIFEXITED */
#ifdef WEXITSTATUS
        {"WEXITSTATUS",	posix_WEXITSTATUS, METH_VARARGS, posix_WEXITSTATUS__doc__},
#endif /* WEXITSTATUS */
#ifdef WTERMSIG
        {"WTERMSIG",	posix_WTERMSIG, METH_VARARGS, posix_WTERMSIG__doc__},
#endif /* WTERMSIG */
#ifdef WSTOPSIG
        {"WSTOPSIG",	posix_WSTOPSIG, METH_VARARGS, posix_WSTOPSIG__doc__},
#endif /* WSTOPSIG */
#endif /* HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H */
#ifdef HAVE_FSTATVFS
	{"fstatvfs",	posix_fstatvfs, METH_VARARGS, posix_fstatvfs__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_STATVFS
	{"statvfs",	posix_statvfs, METH_VARARGS, posix_statvfs__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_TMPNAM
	{"tmpfile",	posix_tmpfile, METH_VARARGS, posix_tmpfile__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_TEMPNAM
	{"tempnam",	posix_tempnam, METH_VARARGS, posix_tempnam__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_TMPNAM
	{"tmpnam",	posix_tmpnam, METH_VARARGS, posix_tmpnam__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_CONFSTR
	{"confstr",	posix_confstr, METH_VARARGS, posix_confstr__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SYSCONF
	{"sysconf",	posix_sysconf, METH_VARARGS, posix_sysconf__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_FPATHCONF
	{"fpathconf",	posix_fpathconf, METH_VARARGS, posix_fpathconf__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_PATHCONF
	{"pathconf",	posix_pathconf, METH_VARARGS, posix_pathconf__doc__},
#endif
	{"abort",	posix_abort, METH_VARARGS, posix_abort__doc__},
	{NULL,		NULL}		 /* Sentinel */
};


static int
ins(PyObject *d, char *symbol, long value)
{
        PyObject* v = PyInt_FromLong(value);
        if (!v || PyDict_SetItemString(d, symbol, v) < 0)
                return -1;                   /* triggers fatal error */

        Py_DECREF(v);
        return 0;
}

#if defined(PYOS_OS2)
/* Insert Platform-Specific Constant Values (Strings & Numbers) of Common Use */
static int insertvalues(PyObject *d)
{
    APIRET    rc;
    ULONG     values[QSV_MAX+1];
    PyObject *v;
    char     *ver, tmp[10];

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    rc = DosQuerySysInfo(1, QSV_MAX, &values[1], sizeof(values));
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

    if (rc != NO_ERROR) {
        os2_error(rc);
        return -1;
    }

    if (ins(d, "meminstalled", values[QSV_TOTPHYSMEM])) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "memkernel",    values[QSV_TOTRESMEM])) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "memvirtual",   values[QSV_TOTAVAILMEM])) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "maxpathlen",   values[QSV_MAX_PATH_LENGTH])) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "maxnamelen",   values[QSV_MAX_COMP_LENGTH])) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "revision",     values[QSV_VERSION_REVISION])) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "timeslice",    values[QSV_MIN_SLICE])) return -1;

    switch (values[QSV_VERSION_MINOR]) {
    case 0:  ver = "2.00"; break;
    case 10: ver = "2.10"; break;
    case 11: ver = "2.11"; break;
    case 30: ver = "3.00"; break;
    case 40: ver = "4.00"; break;
    case 50: ver = "5.00"; break;
    default:
        sprintf(tmp, "%d-%d", values[QSV_VERSION_MAJOR],
                              values[QSV_VERSION_MINOR]);
        ver = &tmp[0];
    }

    /* Add Indicator of the Version of the Operating System */
    v = PyString_FromString(ver);
    if (!v || PyDict_SetItemString(d, "version", v) < 0)
        return -1;
    Py_DECREF(v);

    /* Add Indicator of Which Drive was Used to Boot the System */
    tmp[0] = 'A' + values[QSV_BOOT_DRIVE] - 1;
    tmp[1] = ':';
    tmp[2] = '\0';

    v = PyString_FromString(tmp);
    if (!v || PyDict_SetItemString(d, "bootdrive", v) < 0)
        return -1;
    Py_DECREF(v);

    return 0;
}
#endif

static int
all_ins(d)
        PyObject* d;
{
#ifdef F_OK
        if (ins(d, "F_OK", (long)F_OK)) return -1;
#endif        
#ifdef R_OK
        if (ins(d, "R_OK", (long)R_OK)) return -1;
#endif        
#ifdef W_OK
        if (ins(d, "W_OK", (long)W_OK)) return -1;
#endif        
#ifdef X_OK
        if (ins(d, "X_OK", (long)X_OK)) return -1;
#endif        
#ifdef NGROUPS_MAX
        if (ins(d, "NGROUPS_MAX", (long)NGROUPS_MAX)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef TMP_MAX
        if (ins(d, "TMP_MAX", (long)TMP_MAX)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef WNOHANG
        if (ins(d, "WNOHANG", (long)WNOHANG)) return -1;
#endif        
#ifdef O_RDONLY
        if (ins(d, "O_RDONLY", (long)O_RDONLY)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_WRONLY
        if (ins(d, "O_WRONLY", (long)O_WRONLY)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_RDWR
        if (ins(d, "O_RDWR", (long)O_RDWR)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_NDELAY
        if (ins(d, "O_NDELAY", (long)O_NDELAY)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_NONBLOCK
        if (ins(d, "O_NONBLOCK", (long)O_NONBLOCK)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_APPEND
        if (ins(d, "O_APPEND", (long)O_APPEND)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_DSYNC
        if (ins(d, "O_DSYNC", (long)O_DSYNC)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_RSYNC
        if (ins(d, "O_RSYNC", (long)O_RSYNC)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_SYNC
        if (ins(d, "O_SYNC", (long)O_SYNC)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_NOCTTY
        if (ins(d, "O_NOCTTY", (long)O_NOCTTY)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_CREAT
        if (ins(d, "O_CREAT", (long)O_CREAT)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_EXCL
        if (ins(d, "O_EXCL", (long)O_EXCL)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_TRUNC
        if (ins(d, "O_TRUNC", (long)O_TRUNC)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_BINARY
        if (ins(d, "O_BINARY", (long)O_BINARY)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_TEXT
        if (ins(d, "O_TEXT", (long)O_TEXT)) return -1;
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SPAWNV
        if (ins(d, "P_WAIT", (long)_P_WAIT)) return -1;
        if (ins(d, "P_NOWAIT", (long)_P_NOWAIT)) return -1;
        if (ins(d, "P_OVERLAY", (long)_OLD_P_OVERLAY)) return -1;
        if (ins(d, "P_NOWAITO", (long)_P_NOWAITO)) return -1;
        if (ins(d, "P_DETACH", (long)_P_DETACH)) return -1;
#endif

#if defined(PYOS_OS2)
        if (insertvalues(d)) return -1;
#endif
        return 0;
}


#if ( defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__WATCOMC__) ) && !defined(__QNX__)
#define INITFUNC initnt
#define MODNAME "nt"
#else
#if defined(PYOS_OS2)
#define INITFUNC initos2
#define MODNAME "os2"
#else
#define INITFUNC initposix
#define MODNAME "posix"
#endif
#endif

DL_EXPORT(void)
INITFUNC()
{
	PyObject *m, *d, *v;
	
	m = Py_InitModule4(MODNAME,
			   posix_methods,
			   posix__doc__,
			   (PyObject *)NULL,
			   PYTHON_API_VERSION);
	d = PyModule_GetDict(m);
	
	/* Initialize environ dictionary */
	v = convertenviron();
	if (v == NULL || PyDict_SetItemString(d, "environ", v) != 0)
		return;
	Py_DECREF(v);

        if (all_ins(d))
                return;

        if (setup_confname_tables(d))
                return;

	PyDict_SetItemString(d, "error", PyExc_OSError);

#ifdef HAVE_PUTENV
	posix_putenv_garbage = PyDict_New();
#endif
}