Serhiy Storchaka | d7a4415 | 2015-11-12 11:23:04 +0200 | [diff] [blame] | 1 | import copy |
Antoine Pitrou | 796564c | 2013-07-30 19:59:21 +0200 | [diff] [blame] | 2 | import gc |
Serhiy Storchaka | d7a4415 | 2015-11-12 11:23:04 +0200 | [diff] [blame] | 3 | import pickle |
Antoine Pitrou | 796564c | 2013-07-30 19:59:21 +0200 | [diff] [blame] | 4 | import sys |
| 5 | import unittest |
| 6 | import weakref |
| 7 | |
| 8 | from test import support |
| 9 | |
| 10 | |
| 11 | class FinalizationTest(unittest.TestCase): |
| 12 | |
| 13 | def test_frame_resurrect(self): |
| 14 | # A generator frame can be resurrected by a generator's finalization. |
| 15 | def gen(): |
| 16 | nonlocal frame |
| 17 | try: |
| 18 | yield |
| 19 | finally: |
| 20 | frame = sys._getframe() |
| 21 | |
| 22 | g = gen() |
| 23 | wr = weakref.ref(g) |
| 24 | next(g) |
| 25 | del g |
| 26 | support.gc_collect() |
| 27 | self.assertIs(wr(), None) |
| 28 | self.assertTrue(frame) |
| 29 | del frame |
| 30 | support.gc_collect() |
| 31 | |
| 32 | def test_refcycle(self): |
| 33 | # A generator caught in a refcycle gets finalized anyway. |
| 34 | old_garbage = gc.garbage[:] |
| 35 | finalized = False |
| 36 | def gen(): |
| 37 | nonlocal finalized |
| 38 | try: |
| 39 | g = yield |
| 40 | yield 1 |
| 41 | finally: |
| 42 | finalized = True |
| 43 | |
| 44 | g = gen() |
| 45 | next(g) |
| 46 | g.send(g) |
| 47 | self.assertGreater(sys.getrefcount(g), 2) |
| 48 | self.assertFalse(finalized) |
| 49 | del g |
| 50 | support.gc_collect() |
| 51 | self.assertTrue(finalized) |
| 52 | self.assertEqual(gc.garbage, old_garbage) |
| 53 | |
Serhiy Storchaka | c775ad6 | 2015-03-11 18:20:35 +0200 | [diff] [blame] | 54 | def test_lambda_generator(self): |
| 55 | # Issue #23192: Test that a lambda returning a generator behaves |
| 56 | # like the equivalent function |
| 57 | f = lambda: (yield 1) |
| 58 | def g(): return (yield 1) |
| 59 | |
| 60 | # test 'yield from' |
| 61 | f2 = lambda: (yield from g()) |
| 62 | def g2(): return (yield from g()) |
| 63 | |
| 64 | f3 = lambda: (yield from f()) |
| 65 | def g3(): return (yield from f()) |
| 66 | |
| 67 | for gen_fun in (f, g, f2, g2, f3, g3): |
| 68 | gen = gen_fun() |
| 69 | self.assertEqual(next(gen), 1) |
| 70 | with self.assertRaises(StopIteration) as cm: |
| 71 | gen.send(2) |
| 72 | self.assertEqual(cm.exception.value, 2) |
| 73 | |
Antoine Pitrou | 796564c | 2013-07-30 19:59:21 +0200 | [diff] [blame] | 74 | |
Serhiy Storchaka | d7a4415 | 2015-11-12 11:23:04 +0200 | [diff] [blame] | 75 | class GeneratorTest(unittest.TestCase): |
| 76 | |
| 77 | def test_copy(self): |
| 78 | def f(): |
| 79 | yield 1 |
| 80 | g = f() |
| 81 | with self.assertRaises(TypeError): |
| 82 | copy.copy(g) |
| 83 | |
| 84 | def test_pickle(self): |
| 85 | def f(): |
| 86 | yield 1 |
| 87 | g = f() |
| 88 | for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1): |
| 89 | with self.assertRaises((TypeError, pickle.PicklingError)): |
| 90 | pickle.dumps(g, proto) |
| 91 | |
| 92 | |
Victor Stinner | 26f7b8a | 2015-01-31 10:29:47 +0100 | [diff] [blame] | 93 | class ExceptionTest(unittest.TestCase): |
| 94 | # Tests for the issue #23353: check that the currently handled exception |
| 95 | # is correctly saved/restored in PyEval_EvalFrameEx(). |
| 96 | |
| 97 | def test_except_throw(self): |
| 98 | def store_raise_exc_generator(): |
| 99 | try: |
| 100 | self.assertEqual(sys.exc_info()[0], None) |
| 101 | yield |
| 102 | except Exception as exc: |
| 103 | # exception raised by gen.throw(exc) |
| 104 | self.assertEqual(sys.exc_info()[0], ValueError) |
| 105 | self.assertIsNone(exc.__context__) |
| 106 | yield |
| 107 | |
| 108 | # ensure that the exception is not lost |
| 109 | self.assertEqual(sys.exc_info()[0], ValueError) |
| 110 | yield |
| 111 | |
| 112 | # we should be able to raise back the ValueError |
| 113 | raise |
| 114 | |
| 115 | make = store_raise_exc_generator() |
| 116 | next(make) |
| 117 | |
| 118 | try: |
| 119 | raise ValueError() |
| 120 | except Exception as exc: |
| 121 | try: |
| 122 | make.throw(exc) |
| 123 | except Exception: |
| 124 | pass |
| 125 | |
| 126 | next(make) |
| 127 | with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm: |
| 128 | next(make) |
| 129 | self.assertIsNone(cm.exception.__context__) |
| 130 | |
| 131 | self.assertEqual(sys.exc_info(), (None, None, None)) |
| 132 | |
| 133 | def test_except_next(self): |
| 134 | def gen(): |
| 135 | self.assertEqual(sys.exc_info()[0], ValueError) |
| 136 | yield "done" |
| 137 | |
| 138 | g = gen() |
| 139 | try: |
| 140 | raise ValueError |
| 141 | except Exception: |
| 142 | self.assertEqual(next(g), "done") |
| 143 | self.assertEqual(sys.exc_info(), (None, None, None)) |
| 144 | |
| 145 | def test_except_gen_except(self): |
| 146 | def gen(): |
| 147 | try: |
| 148 | self.assertEqual(sys.exc_info()[0], None) |
| 149 | yield |
| 150 | # we are called from "except ValueError:", TypeError must |
| 151 | # inherit ValueError in its context |
| 152 | raise TypeError() |
| 153 | except TypeError as exc: |
| 154 | self.assertEqual(sys.exc_info()[0], TypeError) |
| 155 | self.assertEqual(type(exc.__context__), ValueError) |
| 156 | # here we are still called from the "except ValueError:" |
| 157 | self.assertEqual(sys.exc_info()[0], ValueError) |
| 158 | yield |
| 159 | self.assertIsNone(sys.exc_info()[0]) |
| 160 | yield "done" |
| 161 | |
| 162 | g = gen() |
| 163 | next(g) |
| 164 | try: |
| 165 | raise ValueError |
| 166 | except Exception: |
| 167 | next(g) |
| 168 | |
| 169 | self.assertEqual(next(g), "done") |
| 170 | self.assertEqual(sys.exc_info(), (None, None, None)) |
| 171 | |
| 172 | def test_except_throw_exception_context(self): |
| 173 | def gen(): |
| 174 | try: |
| 175 | try: |
| 176 | self.assertEqual(sys.exc_info()[0], None) |
| 177 | yield |
| 178 | except ValueError: |
| 179 | # we are called from "except ValueError:" |
| 180 | self.assertEqual(sys.exc_info()[0], ValueError) |
| 181 | raise TypeError() |
| 182 | except Exception as exc: |
| 183 | self.assertEqual(sys.exc_info()[0], TypeError) |
| 184 | self.assertEqual(type(exc.__context__), ValueError) |
| 185 | # we are still called from "except ValueError:" |
| 186 | self.assertEqual(sys.exc_info()[0], ValueError) |
| 187 | yield |
| 188 | self.assertIsNone(sys.exc_info()[0]) |
| 189 | yield "done" |
| 190 | |
| 191 | g = gen() |
| 192 | next(g) |
| 193 | try: |
| 194 | raise ValueError |
| 195 | except Exception as exc: |
| 196 | g.throw(exc) |
| 197 | |
| 198 | self.assertEqual(next(g), "done") |
| 199 | self.assertEqual(sys.exc_info(), (None, None, None)) |
| 200 | |
| 201 | |
Tim Peters | 6ba5f79 | 2001-06-23 20:45:43 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 202 | tutorial_tests = """ |
Tim Peters | 1def351 | 2001-06-23 20:27:04 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 203 | Let's try a simple generator: |
| 204 | |
| 205 | >>> def f(): |
| 206 | ... yield 1 |
| 207 | ... yield 2 |
| 208 | |
Tim Peters | b9e9ff1 | 2001-06-24 03:44:52 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 209 | >>> for i in f(): |
Guido van Rossum | 7131f84 | 2007-02-09 20:13:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 210 | ... print(i) |
Tim Peters | b9e9ff1 | 2001-06-24 03:44:52 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 211 | 1 |
| 212 | 2 |
Tim Peters | 1def351 | 2001-06-23 20:27:04 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 213 | >>> g = f() |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 214 | >>> next(g) |
Tim Peters | 1def351 | 2001-06-23 20:27:04 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 215 | 1 |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 216 | >>> next(g) |
Tim Peters | 1def351 | 2001-06-23 20:27:04 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 217 | 2 |
Tim Peters | ea2e97a | 2001-06-24 07:10:02 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 218 | |
Tim Peters | 2106ef0 | 2001-06-25 01:30:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 219 | "Falling off the end" stops the generator: |
Tim Peters | ea2e97a | 2001-06-24 07:10:02 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 220 | |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 221 | >>> next(g) |
Tim Peters | 1def351 | 2001-06-23 20:27:04 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 222 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
| 223 | File "<stdin>", line 1, in ? |
| 224 | File "<stdin>", line 2, in g |
| 225 | StopIteration |
| 226 | |
Tim Peters | ea2e97a | 2001-06-24 07:10:02 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 227 | "return" also stops the generator: |
Tim Peters | 1def351 | 2001-06-23 20:27:04 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 228 | |
| 229 | >>> def f(): |
| 230 | ... yield 1 |
| 231 | ... return |
| 232 | ... yield 2 # never reached |
| 233 | ... |
| 234 | >>> g = f() |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 235 | >>> next(g) |
Tim Peters | 1def351 | 2001-06-23 20:27:04 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 236 | 1 |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 237 | >>> next(g) |
Tim Peters | 1def351 | 2001-06-23 20:27:04 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 238 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
| 239 | File "<stdin>", line 1, in ? |
| 240 | File "<stdin>", line 3, in f |
| 241 | StopIteration |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 242 | >>> next(g) # once stopped, can't be resumed |
Tim Peters | 1def351 | 2001-06-23 20:27:04 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 243 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
| 244 | File "<stdin>", line 1, in ? |
| 245 | StopIteration |
| 246 | |
| 247 | "raise StopIteration" stops the generator too: |
| 248 | |
| 249 | >>> def f(): |
| 250 | ... yield 1 |
Tim Peters | 3446365 | 2001-07-12 22:43:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 251 | ... raise StopIteration |
Tim Peters | 1def351 | 2001-06-23 20:27:04 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 252 | ... yield 2 # never reached |
| 253 | ... |
| 254 | >>> g = f() |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 255 | >>> next(g) |
Tim Peters | 1def351 | 2001-06-23 20:27:04 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 256 | 1 |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 257 | >>> next(g) |
Tim Peters | 1def351 | 2001-06-23 20:27:04 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 258 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
| 259 | File "<stdin>", line 1, in ? |
| 260 | StopIteration |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 261 | >>> next(g) |
Tim Peters | 1def351 | 2001-06-23 20:27:04 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 262 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
| 263 | File "<stdin>", line 1, in ? |
| 264 | StopIteration |
| 265 | |
| 266 | However, they are not exactly equivalent: |
| 267 | |
| 268 | >>> def g1(): |
| 269 | ... try: |
| 270 | ... return |
| 271 | ... except: |
| 272 | ... yield 1 |
| 273 | ... |
| 274 | >>> list(g1()) |
| 275 | [] |
| 276 | |
| 277 | >>> def g2(): |
| 278 | ... try: |
| 279 | ... raise StopIteration |
| 280 | ... except: |
| 281 | ... yield 42 |
Guido van Rossum | 7131f84 | 2007-02-09 20:13:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 282 | >>> print(list(g2())) |
Tim Peters | 1def351 | 2001-06-23 20:27:04 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 283 | [42] |
| 284 | |
| 285 | This may be surprising at first: |
| 286 | |
| 287 | >>> def g3(): |
| 288 | ... try: |
| 289 | ... return |
| 290 | ... finally: |
| 291 | ... yield 1 |
| 292 | ... |
| 293 | >>> list(g3()) |
| 294 | [1] |
| 295 | |
| 296 | Let's create an alternate range() function implemented as a generator: |
| 297 | |
| 298 | >>> def yrange(n): |
| 299 | ... for i in range(n): |
| 300 | ... yield i |
| 301 | ... |
| 302 | >>> list(yrange(5)) |
| 303 | [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] |
| 304 | |
| 305 | Generators always return to the most recent caller: |
| 306 | |
| 307 | >>> def creator(): |
| 308 | ... r = yrange(5) |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 309 | ... print("creator", next(r)) |
Tim Peters | 1def351 | 2001-06-23 20:27:04 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 310 | ... return r |
Guido van Rossum | c420b2f | 2007-02-09 22:09:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 311 | ... |
Tim Peters | 1def351 | 2001-06-23 20:27:04 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 312 | >>> def caller(): |
| 313 | ... r = creator() |
| 314 | ... for i in r: |
Guido van Rossum | 7131f84 | 2007-02-09 20:13:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 315 | ... print("caller", i) |
Guido van Rossum | c420b2f | 2007-02-09 22:09:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 316 | ... |
Tim Peters | 1def351 | 2001-06-23 20:27:04 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 317 | >>> caller() |
| 318 | creator 0 |
| 319 | caller 1 |
| 320 | caller 2 |
| 321 | caller 3 |
| 322 | caller 4 |
| 323 | |
| 324 | Generators can call other generators: |
| 325 | |
| 326 | >>> def zrange(n): |
| 327 | ... for i in yrange(n): |
| 328 | ... yield i |
| 329 | ... |
| 330 | >>> list(zrange(5)) |
| 331 | [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] |
| 332 | |
| 333 | """ |
| 334 | |
Tim Peters | 6ba5f79 | 2001-06-23 20:45:43 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 335 | # The examples from PEP 255. |
| 336 | |
| 337 | pep_tests = """ |
| 338 | |
Tim Peters | e561463 | 2001-08-15 04:41:19 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 339 | Specification: Yield |
| 340 | |
| 341 | Restriction: A generator cannot be resumed while it is actively |
| 342 | running: |
| 343 | |
| 344 | >>> def g(): |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 345 | ... i = next(me) |
Tim Peters | e561463 | 2001-08-15 04:41:19 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 346 | ... yield i |
| 347 | >>> me = g() |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 348 | >>> next(me) |
Tim Peters | e561463 | 2001-08-15 04:41:19 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 349 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
| 350 | ... |
| 351 | File "<string>", line 2, in g |
| 352 | ValueError: generator already executing |
| 353 | |
Tim Peters | 6ba5f79 | 2001-06-23 20:45:43 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 354 | Specification: Return |
| 355 | |
| 356 | Note that return isn't always equivalent to raising StopIteration: the |
| 357 | difference lies in how enclosing try/except constructs are treated. |
| 358 | For example, |
| 359 | |
| 360 | >>> def f1(): |
| 361 | ... try: |
| 362 | ... return |
| 363 | ... except: |
| 364 | ... yield 1 |
Guido van Rossum | 7131f84 | 2007-02-09 20:13:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 365 | >>> print(list(f1())) |
Tim Peters | 6ba5f79 | 2001-06-23 20:45:43 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 366 | [] |
| 367 | |
| 368 | because, as in any function, return simply exits, but |
| 369 | |
| 370 | >>> def f2(): |
| 371 | ... try: |
| 372 | ... raise StopIteration |
| 373 | ... except: |
| 374 | ... yield 42 |
Guido van Rossum | 7131f84 | 2007-02-09 20:13:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 375 | >>> print(list(f2())) |
Tim Peters | 6ba5f79 | 2001-06-23 20:45:43 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 376 | [42] |
| 377 | |
| 378 | because StopIteration is captured by a bare "except", as is any |
| 379 | exception. |
| 380 | |
| 381 | Specification: Generators and Exception Propagation |
| 382 | |
| 383 | >>> def f(): |
Tim Peters | 3caca23 | 2001-12-06 06:23:26 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 384 | ... return 1//0 |
Tim Peters | 6ba5f79 | 2001-06-23 20:45:43 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 385 | >>> def g(): |
| 386 | ... yield f() # the zero division exception propagates |
| 387 | ... yield 42 # and we'll never get here |
| 388 | >>> k = g() |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 389 | >>> next(k) |
Tim Peters | 6ba5f79 | 2001-06-23 20:45:43 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 390 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
| 391 | File "<stdin>", line 1, in ? |
| 392 | File "<stdin>", line 2, in g |
| 393 | File "<stdin>", line 2, in f |
| 394 | ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 395 | >>> next(k) # and the generator cannot be resumed |
Tim Peters | 6ba5f79 | 2001-06-23 20:45:43 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 396 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
| 397 | File "<stdin>", line 1, in ? |
| 398 | StopIteration |
| 399 | >>> |
| 400 | |
| 401 | Specification: Try/Except/Finally |
| 402 | |
| 403 | >>> def f(): |
| 404 | ... try: |
| 405 | ... yield 1 |
| 406 | ... try: |
| 407 | ... yield 2 |
Tim Peters | 3caca23 | 2001-12-06 06:23:26 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 408 | ... 1//0 |
Tim Peters | 6ba5f79 | 2001-06-23 20:45:43 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 409 | ... yield 3 # never get here |
| 410 | ... except ZeroDivisionError: |
| 411 | ... yield 4 |
| 412 | ... yield 5 |
| 413 | ... raise |
| 414 | ... except: |
| 415 | ... yield 6 |
| 416 | ... yield 7 # the "raise" above stops this |
| 417 | ... except: |
| 418 | ... yield 8 |
| 419 | ... yield 9 |
| 420 | ... try: |
| 421 | ... x = 12 |
| 422 | ... finally: |
| 423 | ... yield 10 |
| 424 | ... yield 11 |
Guido van Rossum | 7131f84 | 2007-02-09 20:13:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 425 | >>> print(list(f())) |
Tim Peters | 6ba5f79 | 2001-06-23 20:45:43 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 426 | [1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11] |
| 427 | >>> |
| 428 | |
Tim Peters | 6ba5f79 | 2001-06-23 20:45:43 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 429 | Guido's binary tree example. |
| 430 | |
| 431 | >>> # A binary tree class. |
| 432 | >>> class Tree: |
| 433 | ... |
| 434 | ... def __init__(self, label, left=None, right=None): |
| 435 | ... self.label = label |
| 436 | ... self.left = left |
| 437 | ... self.right = right |
| 438 | ... |
| 439 | ... def __repr__(self, level=0, indent=" "): |
Walter Dörwald | 70a6b49 | 2004-02-12 17:35:32 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 440 | ... s = level*indent + repr(self.label) |
Tim Peters | 6ba5f79 | 2001-06-23 20:45:43 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 441 | ... if self.left: |
| 442 | ... s = s + "\\n" + self.left.__repr__(level+1, indent) |
| 443 | ... if self.right: |
| 444 | ... s = s + "\\n" + self.right.__repr__(level+1, indent) |
| 445 | ... return s |
| 446 | ... |
| 447 | ... def __iter__(self): |
| 448 | ... return inorder(self) |
| 449 | |
| 450 | >>> # Create a Tree from a list. |
| 451 | >>> def tree(list): |
| 452 | ... n = len(list) |
| 453 | ... if n == 0: |
| 454 | ... return [] |
Tim Peters | 3caca23 | 2001-12-06 06:23:26 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 455 | ... i = n // 2 |
Tim Peters | 6ba5f79 | 2001-06-23 20:45:43 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 456 | ... return Tree(list[i], tree(list[:i]), tree(list[i+1:])) |
| 457 | |
| 458 | >>> # Show it off: create a tree. |
| 459 | >>> t = tree("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ") |
| 460 | |
Tim Peters | d674e17 | 2002-03-10 07:59:13 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 461 | >>> # A recursive generator that generates Tree labels in in-order. |
Tim Peters | 6ba5f79 | 2001-06-23 20:45:43 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 462 | >>> def inorder(t): |
| 463 | ... if t: |
| 464 | ... for x in inorder(t.left): |
| 465 | ... yield x |
| 466 | ... yield t.label |
| 467 | ... for x in inorder(t.right): |
| 468 | ... yield x |
| 469 | |
| 470 | >>> # Show it off: create a tree. |
Edward Loper | 103d26e | 2004-08-09 02:03:30 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 471 | >>> t = tree("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ") |
| 472 | >>> # Print the nodes of the tree in in-order. |
| 473 | >>> for x in t: |
Guido van Rossum | c420b2f | 2007-02-09 22:09:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 474 | ... print(' '+x, end='') |
| 475 | A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |
Tim Peters | 6ba5f79 | 2001-06-23 20:45:43 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 476 | |
| 477 | >>> # A non-recursive generator. |
| 478 | >>> def inorder(node): |
| 479 | ... stack = [] |
| 480 | ... while node: |
| 481 | ... while node.left: |
| 482 | ... stack.append(node) |
| 483 | ... node = node.left |
| 484 | ... yield node.label |
| 485 | ... while not node.right: |
| 486 | ... try: |
| 487 | ... node = stack.pop() |
| 488 | ... except IndexError: |
| 489 | ... return |
| 490 | ... yield node.label |
| 491 | ... node = node.right |
| 492 | |
| 493 | >>> # Exercise the non-recursive generator. |
| 494 | >>> for x in t: |
Guido van Rossum | c420b2f | 2007-02-09 22:09:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 495 | ... print(' '+x, end='') |
| 496 | A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |
Tim Peters | 6ba5f79 | 2001-06-23 20:45:43 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 497 | |
| 498 | """ |
| 499 | |
Tim Peters | b2bc6a9 | 2001-06-24 10:14:27 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 500 | # Examples from Iterator-List and Python-Dev and c.l.py. |
Tim Peters | 6ba5f79 | 2001-06-23 20:45:43 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 501 | |
| 502 | email_tests = """ |
| 503 | |
| 504 | The difference between yielding None and returning it. |
| 505 | |
| 506 | >>> def g(): |
| 507 | ... for i in range(3): |
| 508 | ... yield None |
| 509 | ... yield None |
| 510 | ... return |
| 511 | >>> list(g()) |
| 512 | [None, None, None, None] |
| 513 | |
| 514 | Ensure that explicitly raising StopIteration acts like any other exception |
| 515 | in try/except, not like a return. |
| 516 | |
| 517 | >>> def g(): |
| 518 | ... yield 1 |
| 519 | ... try: |
| 520 | ... raise StopIteration |
| 521 | ... except: |
| 522 | ... yield 2 |
| 523 | ... yield 3 |
| 524 | >>> list(g()) |
| 525 | [1, 2, 3] |
Tim Peters | b9e9ff1 | 2001-06-24 03:44:52 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 526 | |
Tim Peters | b2bc6a9 | 2001-06-24 10:14:27 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 527 | Next one was posted to c.l.py. |
| 528 | |
| 529 | >>> def gcomb(x, k): |
| 530 | ... "Generate all combinations of k elements from list x." |
| 531 | ... |
| 532 | ... if k > len(x): |
| 533 | ... return |
| 534 | ... if k == 0: |
| 535 | ... yield [] |
| 536 | ... else: |
| 537 | ... first, rest = x[0], x[1:] |
| 538 | ... # A combination does or doesn't contain first. |
| 539 | ... # If it does, the remainder is a k-1 comb of rest. |
| 540 | ... for c in gcomb(rest, k-1): |
| 541 | ... c.insert(0, first) |
| 542 | ... yield c |
| 543 | ... # If it doesn't contain first, it's a k comb of rest. |
| 544 | ... for c in gcomb(rest, k): |
| 545 | ... yield c |
| 546 | |
Guido van Rossum | 805365e | 2007-05-07 22:24:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 547 | >>> seq = list(range(1, 5)) |
Tim Peters | b2bc6a9 | 2001-06-24 10:14:27 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 548 | >>> for k in range(len(seq) + 2): |
Guido van Rossum | 7131f84 | 2007-02-09 20:13:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 549 | ... print("%d-combs of %s:" % (k, seq)) |
Tim Peters | b2bc6a9 | 2001-06-24 10:14:27 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 550 | ... for c in gcomb(seq, k): |
Guido van Rossum | 7131f84 | 2007-02-09 20:13:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 551 | ... print(" ", c) |
Tim Peters | b2bc6a9 | 2001-06-24 10:14:27 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 552 | 0-combs of [1, 2, 3, 4]: |
| 553 | [] |
| 554 | 1-combs of [1, 2, 3, 4]: |
| 555 | [1] |
| 556 | [2] |
| 557 | [3] |
| 558 | [4] |
| 559 | 2-combs of [1, 2, 3, 4]: |
| 560 | [1, 2] |
| 561 | [1, 3] |
| 562 | [1, 4] |
| 563 | [2, 3] |
| 564 | [2, 4] |
| 565 | [3, 4] |
| 566 | 3-combs of [1, 2, 3, 4]: |
| 567 | [1, 2, 3] |
| 568 | [1, 2, 4] |
| 569 | [1, 3, 4] |
| 570 | [2, 3, 4] |
| 571 | 4-combs of [1, 2, 3, 4]: |
| 572 | [1, 2, 3, 4] |
| 573 | 5-combs of [1, 2, 3, 4]: |
Tim Peters | 3e7b1a0 | 2001-06-25 19:46:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 574 | |
Tim Peters | e77f2e2 | 2001-06-26 22:24:51 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 575 | From the Iterators list, about the types of these things. |
Tim Peters | 3e7b1a0 | 2001-06-25 19:46:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 576 | |
| 577 | >>> def g(): |
| 578 | ... yield 1 |
| 579 | ... |
| 580 | >>> type(g) |
Martin v. Löwis | 250ad61 | 2008-04-07 05:43:42 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 581 | <class 'function'> |
Tim Peters | 3e7b1a0 | 2001-06-25 19:46:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 582 | >>> i = g() |
| 583 | >>> type(i) |
Martin v. Löwis | 250ad61 | 2008-04-07 05:43:42 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 584 | <class 'generator'> |
Tim Peters | 5d2b77c | 2001-09-03 05:47:38 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 585 | >>> [s for s in dir(i) if not s.startswith('_')] |
Christian Heimes | af98da1 | 2008-01-27 15:18:18 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 586 | ['close', 'gi_code', 'gi_frame', 'gi_running', 'send', 'throw'] |
Serhiy Storchaka | 9a11f17 | 2013-01-31 16:11:04 +0200 | [diff] [blame] | 587 | >>> from test.support import HAVE_DOCSTRINGS |
Larry Hastings | 581ee36 | 2014-01-28 05:00:08 -0800 | [diff] [blame] | 588 | >>> print(i.__next__.__doc__ if HAVE_DOCSTRINGS else 'Implement next(self).') |
| 589 | Implement next(self). |
Tim Peters | 3e7b1a0 | 2001-06-25 19:46:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 590 | >>> iter(i) is i |
Guido van Rossum | 77f6a65 | 2002-04-03 22:41:51 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 591 | True |
Tim Peters | 3e7b1a0 | 2001-06-25 19:46:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 592 | >>> import types |
| 593 | >>> isinstance(i, types.GeneratorType) |
Guido van Rossum | 77f6a65 | 2002-04-03 22:41:51 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 594 | True |
Tim Peters | e77f2e2 | 2001-06-26 22:24:51 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 595 | |
| 596 | And more, added later. |
| 597 | |
| 598 | >>> i.gi_running |
| 599 | 0 |
| 600 | >>> type(i.gi_frame) |
Martin v. Löwis | 250ad61 | 2008-04-07 05:43:42 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 601 | <class 'frame'> |
Tim Peters | e77f2e2 | 2001-06-26 22:24:51 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 602 | >>> i.gi_running = 42 |
| 603 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
| 604 | ... |
Collin Winter | 42dae6a | 2007-03-28 21:44:53 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 605 | AttributeError: readonly attribute |
Tim Peters | e77f2e2 | 2001-06-26 22:24:51 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 606 | >>> def g(): |
| 607 | ... yield me.gi_running |
| 608 | >>> me = g() |
| 609 | >>> me.gi_running |
| 610 | 0 |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 611 | >>> next(me) |
Tim Peters | e77f2e2 | 2001-06-26 22:24:51 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 612 | 1 |
| 613 | >>> me.gi_running |
| 614 | 0 |
Tim Peters | 3530266 | 2001-07-02 01:38:33 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 615 | |
| 616 | A clever union-find implementation from c.l.py, due to David Eppstein. |
| 617 | Sent: Friday, June 29, 2001 12:16 PM |
| 618 | To: python-list@python.org |
| 619 | Subject: Re: PEP 255: Simple Generators |
| 620 | |
| 621 | >>> class disjointSet: |
| 622 | ... def __init__(self, name): |
| 623 | ... self.name = name |
| 624 | ... self.parent = None |
| 625 | ... self.generator = self.generate() |
| 626 | ... |
| 627 | ... def generate(self): |
| 628 | ... while not self.parent: |
| 629 | ... yield self |
| 630 | ... for x in self.parent.generator: |
| 631 | ... yield x |
| 632 | ... |
| 633 | ... def find(self): |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 634 | ... return next(self.generator) |
Tim Peters | 3530266 | 2001-07-02 01:38:33 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 635 | ... |
| 636 | ... def union(self, parent): |
| 637 | ... if self.parent: |
| 638 | ... raise ValueError("Sorry, I'm not a root!") |
| 639 | ... self.parent = parent |
| 640 | ... |
| 641 | ... def __str__(self): |
| 642 | ... return self.name |
Tim Peters | 3530266 | 2001-07-02 01:38:33 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 643 | |
| 644 | >>> names = "ABCDEFGHIJKLM" |
| 645 | >>> sets = [disjointSet(name) for name in names] |
| 646 | >>> roots = sets[:] |
| 647 | |
| 648 | >>> import random |
Raymond Hettinger | 28de64f | 2008-01-13 23:40:30 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 649 | >>> gen = random.Random(42) |
Tim Peters | 3530266 | 2001-07-02 01:38:33 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 650 | >>> while 1: |
| 651 | ... for s in sets: |
Guido van Rossum | c420b2f | 2007-02-09 22:09:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 652 | ... print(" %s->%s" % (s, s.find()), end='') |
Guido van Rossum | 7131f84 | 2007-02-09 20:13:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 653 | ... print() |
Tim Peters | 3530266 | 2001-07-02 01:38:33 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 654 | ... if len(roots) > 1: |
Raymond Hettinger | dd24a9f | 2002-12-30 00:46:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 655 | ... s1 = gen.choice(roots) |
Tim Peters | 3530266 | 2001-07-02 01:38:33 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 656 | ... roots.remove(s1) |
Raymond Hettinger | dd24a9f | 2002-12-30 00:46:09 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 657 | ... s2 = gen.choice(roots) |
Tim Peters | 3530266 | 2001-07-02 01:38:33 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 658 | ... s1.union(s2) |
Guido van Rossum | 7131f84 | 2007-02-09 20:13:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 659 | ... print("merged", s1, "into", s2) |
Tim Peters | 3530266 | 2001-07-02 01:38:33 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 660 | ... else: |
| 661 | ... break |
Guido van Rossum | c420b2f | 2007-02-09 22:09:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 662 | A->A B->B C->C D->D E->E F->F G->G H->H I->I J->J K->K L->L M->M |
Raymond Hettinger | c585eec | 2010-09-07 15:00:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 663 | merged K into B |
| 664 | A->A B->B C->C D->D E->E F->F G->G H->H I->I J->J K->B L->L M->M |
Raymond Hettinger | 28de64f | 2008-01-13 23:40:30 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 665 | merged A into F |
Raymond Hettinger | c585eec | 2010-09-07 15:00:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 666 | A->F B->B C->C D->D E->E F->F G->G H->H I->I J->J K->B L->L M->M |
| 667 | merged E into F |
| 668 | A->F B->B C->C D->D E->F F->F G->G H->H I->I J->J K->B L->L M->M |
| 669 | merged D into C |
| 670 | A->F B->B C->C D->C E->F F->F G->G H->H I->I J->J K->B L->L M->M |
Raymond Hettinger | 28de64f | 2008-01-13 23:40:30 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 671 | merged M into C |
Raymond Hettinger | c585eec | 2010-09-07 15:00:15 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 672 | A->F B->B C->C D->C E->F F->F G->G H->H I->I J->J K->B L->L M->C |
| 673 | merged J into B |
| 674 | A->F B->B C->C D->C E->F F->F G->G H->H I->I J->B K->B L->L M->C |
| 675 | merged B into C |
| 676 | A->F B->C C->C D->C E->F F->F G->G H->H I->I J->C K->C L->L M->C |
| 677 | merged F into G |
| 678 | A->G B->C C->C D->C E->G F->G G->G H->H I->I J->C K->C L->L M->C |
| 679 | merged L into C |
| 680 | A->G B->C C->C D->C E->G F->G G->G H->H I->I J->C K->C L->C M->C |
| 681 | merged G into I |
| 682 | A->I B->C C->C D->C E->I F->I G->I H->H I->I J->C K->C L->C M->C |
| 683 | merged I into H |
| 684 | A->H B->C C->C D->C E->H F->H G->H H->H I->H J->C K->C L->C M->C |
| 685 | merged C into H |
| 686 | A->H B->H C->H D->H E->H F->H G->H H->H I->H J->H K->H L->H M->H |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 687 | |
Tim Peters | 6ba5f79 | 2001-06-23 20:45:43 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 688 | """ |
Barry Warsaw | 04f357c | 2002-07-23 19:04:11 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 689 | # Emacs turd ' |
Tim Peters | 6ba5f79 | 2001-06-23 20:45:43 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 690 | |
Tim Peters | 0f9da0a | 2001-06-23 21:01:47 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 691 | # Fun tests (for sufficiently warped notions of "fun"). |
| 692 | |
| 693 | fun_tests = """ |
| 694 | |
| 695 | Build up to a recursive Sieve of Eratosthenes generator. |
| 696 | |
| 697 | >>> def firstn(g, n): |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 698 | ... return [next(g) for i in range(n)] |
Tim Peters | 0f9da0a | 2001-06-23 21:01:47 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 699 | |
| 700 | >>> def intsfrom(i): |
| 701 | ... while 1: |
| 702 | ... yield i |
| 703 | ... i += 1 |
| 704 | |
| 705 | >>> firstn(intsfrom(5), 7) |
| 706 | [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11] |
| 707 | |
| 708 | >>> def exclude_multiples(n, ints): |
| 709 | ... for i in ints: |
| 710 | ... if i % n: |
| 711 | ... yield i |
| 712 | |
| 713 | >>> firstn(exclude_multiples(3, intsfrom(1)), 6) |
| 714 | [1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8] |
| 715 | |
| 716 | >>> def sieve(ints): |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 717 | ... prime = next(ints) |
Tim Peters | 0f9da0a | 2001-06-23 21:01:47 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 718 | ... yield prime |
| 719 | ... not_divisible_by_prime = exclude_multiples(prime, ints) |
| 720 | ... for p in sieve(not_divisible_by_prime): |
| 721 | ... yield p |
| 722 | |
| 723 | >>> primes = sieve(intsfrom(2)) |
| 724 | >>> firstn(primes, 20) |
| 725 | [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71] |
Tim Peters | b9e9ff1 | 2001-06-24 03:44:52 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 726 | |
Tim Peters | f6ed074 | 2001-06-27 07:17:57 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 727 | |
Tim Peters | b9e9ff1 | 2001-06-24 03:44:52 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 728 | Another famous problem: generate all integers of the form |
| 729 | 2**i * 3**j * 5**k |
| 730 | in increasing order, where i,j,k >= 0. Trickier than it may look at first! |
| 731 | Try writing it without generators, and correctly, and without generating |
| 732 | 3 internal results for each result output. |
| 733 | |
| 734 | >>> def times(n, g): |
| 735 | ... for i in g: |
| 736 | ... yield n * i |
| 737 | >>> firstn(times(10, intsfrom(1)), 10) |
| 738 | [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100] |
| 739 | |
| 740 | >>> def merge(g, h): |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 741 | ... ng = next(g) |
| 742 | ... nh = next(h) |
Tim Peters | b9e9ff1 | 2001-06-24 03:44:52 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 743 | ... while 1: |
| 744 | ... if ng < nh: |
| 745 | ... yield ng |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 746 | ... ng = next(g) |
Tim Peters | b9e9ff1 | 2001-06-24 03:44:52 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 747 | ... elif ng > nh: |
| 748 | ... yield nh |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 749 | ... nh = next(h) |
Tim Peters | b9e9ff1 | 2001-06-24 03:44:52 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 750 | ... else: |
| 751 | ... yield ng |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 752 | ... ng = next(g) |
| 753 | ... nh = next(h) |
Tim Peters | b9e9ff1 | 2001-06-24 03:44:52 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 754 | |
Tim Peters | f6ed074 | 2001-06-27 07:17:57 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 755 | The following works, but is doing a whale of a lot of redundant work -- |
| 756 | it's not clear how to get the internal uses of m235 to share a single |
| 757 | generator. Note that me_times2 (etc) each need to see every element in the |
| 758 | result sequence. So this is an example where lazy lists are more natural |
| 759 | (you can look at the head of a lazy list any number of times). |
Tim Peters | b9e9ff1 | 2001-06-24 03:44:52 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 760 | |
| 761 | >>> def m235(): |
| 762 | ... yield 1 |
| 763 | ... me_times2 = times(2, m235()) |
| 764 | ... me_times3 = times(3, m235()) |
| 765 | ... me_times5 = times(5, m235()) |
| 766 | ... for i in merge(merge(me_times2, |
| 767 | ... me_times3), |
| 768 | ... me_times5): |
| 769 | ... yield i |
| 770 | |
Tim Peters | f6ed074 | 2001-06-27 07:17:57 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 771 | Don't print "too many" of these -- the implementation above is extremely |
| 772 | inefficient: each call of m235() leads to 3 recursive calls, and in |
| 773 | turn each of those 3 more, and so on, and so on, until we've descended |
| 774 | enough levels to satisfy the print stmts. Very odd: when I printed 5 |
| 775 | lines of results below, this managed to screw up Win98's malloc in "the |
| 776 | usual" way, i.e. the heap grew over 4Mb so Win98 started fragmenting |
| 777 | address space, and it *looked* like a very slow leak. |
| 778 | |
Tim Peters | b9e9ff1 | 2001-06-24 03:44:52 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 779 | >>> result = m235() |
Tim Peters | f6ed074 | 2001-06-27 07:17:57 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 780 | >>> for i in range(3): |
Guido van Rossum | 7131f84 | 2007-02-09 20:13:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 781 | ... print(firstn(result, 15)) |
Tim Peters | b9e9ff1 | 2001-06-24 03:44:52 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 782 | [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24] |
| 783 | [25, 27, 30, 32, 36, 40, 45, 48, 50, 54, 60, 64, 72, 75, 80] |
| 784 | [81, 90, 96, 100, 108, 120, 125, 128, 135, 144, 150, 160, 162, 180, 192] |
Tim Peters | ee30927 | 2001-06-24 05:47:06 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 785 | |
| 786 | Heh. Here's one way to get a shared list, complete with an excruciating |
| 787 | namespace renaming trick. The *pretty* part is that the times() and merge() |
| 788 | functions can be reused as-is, because they only assume their stream |
| 789 | arguments are iterable -- a LazyList is the same as a generator to times(). |
| 790 | |
| 791 | >>> class LazyList: |
| 792 | ... def __init__(self, g): |
| 793 | ... self.sofar = [] |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 794 | ... self.fetch = g.__next__ |
Tim Peters | ee30927 | 2001-06-24 05:47:06 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 795 | ... |
| 796 | ... def __getitem__(self, i): |
| 797 | ... sofar, fetch = self.sofar, self.fetch |
| 798 | ... while i >= len(sofar): |
| 799 | ... sofar.append(fetch()) |
| 800 | ... return sofar[i] |
| 801 | |
| 802 | >>> def m235(): |
| 803 | ... yield 1 |
Tim Peters | ea2e97a | 2001-06-24 07:10:02 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 804 | ... # Gack: m235 below actually refers to a LazyList. |
Tim Peters | ee30927 | 2001-06-24 05:47:06 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 805 | ... me_times2 = times(2, m235) |
| 806 | ... me_times3 = times(3, m235) |
| 807 | ... me_times5 = times(5, m235) |
| 808 | ... for i in merge(merge(me_times2, |
| 809 | ... me_times3), |
| 810 | ... me_times5): |
| 811 | ... yield i |
| 812 | |
Tim Peters | f6ed074 | 2001-06-27 07:17:57 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 813 | Print as many of these as you like -- *this* implementation is memory- |
Neil Schemenauer | b20e9db | 2001-07-12 13:26:41 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 814 | efficient. |
Tim Peters | f6ed074 | 2001-06-27 07:17:57 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 815 | |
Tim Peters | ee30927 | 2001-06-24 05:47:06 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 816 | >>> m235 = LazyList(m235()) |
| 817 | >>> for i in range(5): |
Guido van Rossum | 7131f84 | 2007-02-09 20:13:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 818 | ... print([m235[j] for j in range(15*i, 15*(i+1))]) |
Tim Peters | ee30927 | 2001-06-24 05:47:06 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 819 | [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24] |
| 820 | [25, 27, 30, 32, 36, 40, 45, 48, 50, 54, 60, 64, 72, 75, 80] |
| 821 | [81, 90, 96, 100, 108, 120, 125, 128, 135, 144, 150, 160, 162, 180, 192] |
| 822 | [200, 216, 225, 240, 243, 250, 256, 270, 288, 300, 320, 324, 360, 375, 384] |
| 823 | [400, 405, 432, 450, 480, 486, 500, 512, 540, 576, 600, 625, 640, 648, 675] |
Tim Peters | f6ed074 | 2001-06-27 07:17:57 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 824 | |
Tim Peters | f6ed074 | 2001-06-27 07:17:57 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 825 | Ye olde Fibonacci generator, LazyList style. |
| 826 | |
| 827 | >>> def fibgen(a, b): |
| 828 | ... |
| 829 | ... def sum(g, h): |
| 830 | ... while 1: |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 831 | ... yield next(g) + next(h) |
Tim Peters | f6ed074 | 2001-06-27 07:17:57 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 832 | ... |
| 833 | ... def tail(g): |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 834 | ... next(g) # throw first away |
Tim Peters | f6ed074 | 2001-06-27 07:17:57 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 835 | ... for x in g: |
| 836 | ... yield x |
| 837 | ... |
| 838 | ... yield a |
| 839 | ... yield b |
| 840 | ... for s in sum(iter(fib), |
| 841 | ... tail(iter(fib))): |
| 842 | ... yield s |
| 843 | |
| 844 | >>> fib = LazyList(fibgen(1, 2)) |
| 845 | >>> firstn(iter(fib), 17) |
| 846 | [1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584] |
Georg Brandl | 52715f6 | 2005-08-24 09:02:29 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 847 | |
| 848 | |
| 849 | Running after your tail with itertools.tee (new in version 2.4) |
| 850 | |
| 851 | The algorithms "m235" (Hamming) and Fibonacci presented above are both |
| 852 | examples of a whole family of FP (functional programming) algorithms |
| 853 | where a function produces and returns a list while the production algorithm |
| 854 | suppose the list as already produced by recursively calling itself. |
| 855 | For these algorithms to work, they must: |
| 856 | |
| 857 | - produce at least a first element without presupposing the existence of |
| 858 | the rest of the list |
| 859 | - produce their elements in a lazy manner |
| 860 | |
| 861 | To work efficiently, the beginning of the list must not be recomputed over |
| 862 | and over again. This is ensured in most FP languages as a built-in feature. |
| 863 | In python, we have to explicitly maintain a list of already computed results |
| 864 | and abandon genuine recursivity. |
| 865 | |
| 866 | This is what had been attempted above with the LazyList class. One problem |
| 867 | with that class is that it keeps a list of all of the generated results and |
| 868 | therefore continually grows. This partially defeats the goal of the generator |
| 869 | concept, viz. produce the results only as needed instead of producing them |
| 870 | all and thereby wasting memory. |
| 871 | |
| 872 | Thanks to itertools.tee, it is now clear "how to get the internal uses of |
| 873 | m235 to share a single generator". |
| 874 | |
| 875 | >>> from itertools import tee |
| 876 | >>> def m235(): |
| 877 | ... def _m235(): |
| 878 | ... yield 1 |
| 879 | ... for n in merge(times(2, m2), |
| 880 | ... merge(times(3, m3), |
| 881 | ... times(5, m5))): |
| 882 | ... yield n |
Thomas Wouters | 49fd7fa | 2006-04-21 10:40:58 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 883 | ... m1 = _m235() |
| 884 | ... m2, m3, m5, mRes = tee(m1, 4) |
Georg Brandl | 52715f6 | 2005-08-24 09:02:29 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 885 | ... return mRes |
| 886 | |
| 887 | >>> it = m235() |
| 888 | >>> for i in range(5): |
Guido van Rossum | 7131f84 | 2007-02-09 20:13:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 889 | ... print(firstn(it, 15)) |
Georg Brandl | 52715f6 | 2005-08-24 09:02:29 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 890 | [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24] |
| 891 | [25, 27, 30, 32, 36, 40, 45, 48, 50, 54, 60, 64, 72, 75, 80] |
| 892 | [81, 90, 96, 100, 108, 120, 125, 128, 135, 144, 150, 160, 162, 180, 192] |
| 893 | [200, 216, 225, 240, 243, 250, 256, 270, 288, 300, 320, 324, 360, 375, 384] |
| 894 | [400, 405, 432, 450, 480, 486, 500, 512, 540, 576, 600, 625, 640, 648, 675] |
| 895 | |
| 896 | The "tee" function does just what we want. It internally keeps a generated |
| 897 | result for as long as it has not been "consumed" from all of the duplicated |
| 898 | iterators, whereupon it is deleted. You can therefore print the hamming |
| 899 | sequence during hours without increasing memory usage, or very little. |
| 900 | |
Thomas Wouters | 49fd7fa | 2006-04-21 10:40:58 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 901 | The beauty of it is that recursive running-after-their-tail FP algorithms |
Georg Brandl | 52715f6 | 2005-08-24 09:02:29 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 902 | are quite straightforwardly expressed with this Python idiom. |
| 903 | |
Georg Brandl | 52715f6 | 2005-08-24 09:02:29 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 904 | Ye olde Fibonacci generator, tee style. |
| 905 | |
| 906 | >>> def fib(): |
Tim Peters | 9e34c04 | 2005-08-26 15:20:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 907 | ... |
Georg Brandl | 52715f6 | 2005-08-24 09:02:29 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 908 | ... def _isum(g, h): |
| 909 | ... while 1: |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 910 | ... yield next(g) + next(h) |
Tim Peters | 9e34c04 | 2005-08-26 15:20:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 911 | ... |
Georg Brandl | 52715f6 | 2005-08-24 09:02:29 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 912 | ... def _fib(): |
| 913 | ... yield 1 |
| 914 | ... yield 2 |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 915 | ... next(fibTail) # throw first away |
Georg Brandl | 52715f6 | 2005-08-24 09:02:29 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 916 | ... for res in _isum(fibHead, fibTail): |
| 917 | ... yield res |
Tim Peters | 9e34c04 | 2005-08-26 15:20:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 918 | ... |
Thomas Wouters | 49fd7fa | 2006-04-21 10:40:58 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 919 | ... realfib = _fib() |
| 920 | ... fibHead, fibTail, fibRes = tee(realfib, 3) |
Georg Brandl | 52715f6 | 2005-08-24 09:02:29 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 921 | ... return fibRes |
| 922 | |
| 923 | >>> firstn(fib(), 17) |
| 924 | [1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584] |
| 925 | |
Tim Peters | 0f9da0a | 2001-06-23 21:01:47 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 926 | """ |
| 927 | |
Tim Peters | b6c3cea | 2001-06-26 03:36:28 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 928 | # syntax_tests mostly provokes SyntaxErrors. Also fiddling with #if 0 |
| 929 | # hackery. |
Tim Peters | ee30927 | 2001-06-24 05:47:06 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 930 | |
Tim Peters | ea2e97a | 2001-06-24 07:10:02 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 931 | syntax_tests = """ |
| 932 | |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 933 | These are fine: |
Tim Peters | ea2e97a | 2001-06-24 07:10:02 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 934 | |
| 935 | >>> def f(): |
| 936 | ... yield 1 |
| 937 | ... return |
| 938 | |
Tim Peters | aef8cfa | 2004-08-27 15:12:49 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 939 | >>> def f(): |
Tim Peters | ea2e97a | 2001-06-24 07:10:02 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 940 | ... try: |
| 941 | ... yield 1 |
| 942 | ... finally: |
| 943 | ... pass |
Tim Peters | ea2e97a | 2001-06-24 07:10:02 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 944 | |
Tim Peters | aef8cfa | 2004-08-27 15:12:49 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 945 | >>> def f(): |
Tim Peters | ea2e97a | 2001-06-24 07:10:02 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 946 | ... try: |
| 947 | ... try: |
Tim Peters | 3caca23 | 2001-12-06 06:23:26 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 948 | ... 1//0 |
Tim Peters | ea2e97a | 2001-06-24 07:10:02 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 949 | ... except ZeroDivisionError: |
Tim Peters | 536cf99 | 2005-12-25 23:18:31 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 950 | ... yield 666 |
Tim Peters | ea2e97a | 2001-06-24 07:10:02 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 951 | ... except: |
| 952 | ... pass |
| 953 | ... finally: |
| 954 | ... pass |
Tim Peters | ea2e97a | 2001-06-24 07:10:02 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 955 | |
| 956 | >>> def f(): |
| 957 | ... try: |
| 958 | ... try: |
| 959 | ... yield 12 |
Tim Peters | 3caca23 | 2001-12-06 06:23:26 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 960 | ... 1//0 |
Tim Peters | ea2e97a | 2001-06-24 07:10:02 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 961 | ... except ZeroDivisionError: |
| 962 | ... yield 666 |
| 963 | ... except: |
| 964 | ... try: |
| 965 | ... x = 12 |
| 966 | ... finally: |
| 967 | ... yield 12 |
| 968 | ... except: |
| 969 | ... return |
| 970 | >>> list(f()) |
| 971 | [12, 666] |
Tim Peters | b6c3cea | 2001-06-26 03:36:28 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 972 | |
| 973 | >>> def f(): |
Tim Peters | 08a898f | 2001-06-28 01:52:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 974 | ... yield |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 975 | >>> type(f()) |
Martin v. Löwis | 250ad61 | 2008-04-07 05:43:42 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 976 | <class 'generator'> |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 977 | |
Tim Peters | 08a898f | 2001-06-28 01:52:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 978 | |
| 979 | >>> def f(): |
| 980 | ... if 0: |
| 981 | ... yield |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 982 | >>> type(f()) |
Martin v. Löwis | 250ad61 | 2008-04-07 05:43:42 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 983 | <class 'generator'> |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 984 | |
Tim Peters | 08a898f | 2001-06-28 01:52:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 985 | |
| 986 | >>> def f(): |
Tim Peters | b6c3cea | 2001-06-26 03:36:28 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 987 | ... if 0: |
| 988 | ... yield 1 |
| 989 | >>> type(f()) |
Martin v. Löwis | 250ad61 | 2008-04-07 05:43:42 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 990 | <class 'generator'> |
Tim Peters | b6c3cea | 2001-06-26 03:36:28 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 991 | |
| 992 | >>> def f(): |
| 993 | ... if "": |
| 994 | ... yield None |
| 995 | >>> type(f()) |
Martin v. Löwis | 250ad61 | 2008-04-07 05:43:42 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 996 | <class 'generator'> |
Tim Peters | b6c3cea | 2001-06-26 03:36:28 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 997 | |
| 998 | >>> def f(): |
| 999 | ... return |
| 1000 | ... try: |
| 1001 | ... if x==4: |
| 1002 | ... pass |
| 1003 | ... elif 0: |
| 1004 | ... try: |
Tim Peters | 3caca23 | 2001-12-06 06:23:26 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1005 | ... 1//0 |
Tim Peters | b6c3cea | 2001-06-26 03:36:28 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1006 | ... except SyntaxError: |
| 1007 | ... pass |
| 1008 | ... else: |
| 1009 | ... if 0: |
| 1010 | ... while 12: |
| 1011 | ... x += 1 |
| 1012 | ... yield 2 # don't blink |
| 1013 | ... f(a, b, c, d, e) |
| 1014 | ... else: |
| 1015 | ... pass |
| 1016 | ... except: |
| 1017 | ... x = 1 |
| 1018 | ... return |
| 1019 | >>> type(f()) |
Martin v. Löwis | 250ad61 | 2008-04-07 05:43:42 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1020 | <class 'generator'> |
Tim Peters | b6c3cea | 2001-06-26 03:36:28 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1021 | |
| 1022 | >>> def f(): |
| 1023 | ... if 0: |
| 1024 | ... def g(): |
| 1025 | ... yield 1 |
| 1026 | ... |
| 1027 | >>> type(f()) |
Martin v. Löwis | 250ad61 | 2008-04-07 05:43:42 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1028 | <class 'NoneType'> |
Tim Peters | b6c3cea | 2001-06-26 03:36:28 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1029 | |
| 1030 | >>> def f(): |
| 1031 | ... if 0: |
| 1032 | ... class C: |
| 1033 | ... def __init__(self): |
| 1034 | ... yield 1 |
| 1035 | ... def f(self): |
| 1036 | ... yield 2 |
| 1037 | >>> type(f()) |
Martin v. Löwis | 250ad61 | 2008-04-07 05:43:42 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1038 | <class 'NoneType'> |
Tim Peters | 08a898f | 2001-06-28 01:52:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1039 | |
| 1040 | >>> def f(): |
| 1041 | ... if 0: |
| 1042 | ... return |
| 1043 | ... if 0: |
| 1044 | ... yield 2 |
| 1045 | >>> type(f()) |
Martin v. Löwis | 250ad61 | 2008-04-07 05:43:42 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1046 | <class 'generator'> |
Tim Peters | 08a898f | 2001-06-28 01:52:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1047 | |
Guido van Rossum | c5fe5eb | 2002-06-12 03:45:21 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1048 | This one caused a crash (see SF bug 567538): |
| 1049 | |
| 1050 | >>> def f(): |
| 1051 | ... for i in range(3): |
| 1052 | ... try: |
| 1053 | ... continue |
| 1054 | ... finally: |
| 1055 | ... yield i |
Tim Peters | c411dba | 2002-07-16 21:35:23 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1056 | ... |
Guido van Rossum | c5fe5eb | 2002-06-12 03:45:21 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1057 | >>> g = f() |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1058 | >>> print(next(g)) |
Guido van Rossum | c5fe5eb | 2002-06-12 03:45:21 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1059 | 0 |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1060 | >>> print(next(g)) |
Guido van Rossum | c5fe5eb | 2002-06-12 03:45:21 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1061 | 1 |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1062 | >>> print(next(g)) |
Guido van Rossum | c5fe5eb | 2002-06-12 03:45:21 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1063 | 2 |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1064 | >>> print(next(g)) |
Guido van Rossum | c5fe5eb | 2002-06-12 03:45:21 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1065 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
| 1066 | StopIteration |
Christian Heimes | af98da1 | 2008-01-27 15:18:18 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1067 | |
| 1068 | |
| 1069 | Test the gi_code attribute |
| 1070 | |
| 1071 | >>> def f(): |
| 1072 | ... yield 5 |
| 1073 | ... |
| 1074 | >>> g = f() |
| 1075 | >>> g.gi_code is f.__code__ |
| 1076 | True |
| 1077 | >>> next(g) |
| 1078 | 5 |
| 1079 | >>> next(g) |
| 1080 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
| 1081 | StopIteration |
| 1082 | >>> g.gi_code is f.__code__ |
| 1083 | True |
| 1084 | |
Alexandre Vassalotti | e9f305f | 2008-05-16 04:39:54 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1085 | |
| 1086 | Test the __name__ attribute and the repr() |
| 1087 | |
| 1088 | >>> def f(): |
| 1089 | ... yield 5 |
| 1090 | ... |
| 1091 | >>> g = f() |
| 1092 | >>> g.__name__ |
| 1093 | 'f' |
| 1094 | >>> repr(g) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS |
Alexandre Vassalotti | bee3253 | 2008-05-16 18:15:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1095 | '<generator object f at ...>' |
Benjamin Peterson | 371ccfb | 2008-12-27 19:03:36 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1096 | |
| 1097 | Lambdas shouldn't have their usual return behavior. |
| 1098 | |
| 1099 | >>> x = lambda: (yield 1) |
| 1100 | >>> list(x()) |
| 1101 | [1] |
| 1102 | |
| 1103 | >>> x = lambda: ((yield 1), (yield 2)) |
| 1104 | >>> list(x()) |
| 1105 | [1, 2] |
Tim Peters | ea2e97a | 2001-06-24 07:10:02 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1106 | """ |
| 1107 | |
Tim Peters | be4f0a7 | 2001-06-29 02:41:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1108 | # conjoin is a simple backtracking generator, named in honor of Icon's |
| 1109 | # "conjunction" control structure. Pass a list of no-argument functions |
| 1110 | # that return iterable objects. Easiest to explain by example: assume the |
| 1111 | # function list [x, y, z] is passed. Then conjoin acts like: |
| 1112 | # |
| 1113 | # def g(): |
| 1114 | # values = [None] * 3 |
| 1115 | # for values[0] in x(): |
| 1116 | # for values[1] in y(): |
| 1117 | # for values[2] in z(): |
| 1118 | # yield values |
| 1119 | # |
| 1120 | # So some 3-lists of values *may* be generated, each time we successfully |
| 1121 | # get into the innermost loop. If an iterator fails (is exhausted) before |
| 1122 | # then, it "backtracks" to get the next value from the nearest enclosing |
| 1123 | # iterator (the one "to the left"), and starts all over again at the next |
| 1124 | # slot (pumps a fresh iterator). Of course this is most useful when the |
| 1125 | # iterators have side-effects, so that which values *can* be generated at |
| 1126 | # each slot depend on the values iterated at previous slots. |
| 1127 | |
Benjamin Peterson | 78565b2 | 2009-06-28 19:19:51 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1128 | def simple_conjoin(gs): |
Tim Peters | be4f0a7 | 2001-06-29 02:41:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1129 | |
| 1130 | values = [None] * len(gs) |
| 1131 | |
Benjamin Peterson | 78565b2 | 2009-06-28 19:19:51 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1132 | def gen(i): |
Tim Peters | be4f0a7 | 2001-06-29 02:41:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1133 | if i >= len(gs): |
| 1134 | yield values |
| 1135 | else: |
| 1136 | for values[i] in gs[i](): |
| 1137 | for x in gen(i+1): |
| 1138 | yield x |
| 1139 | |
| 1140 | for x in gen(0): |
| 1141 | yield x |
| 1142 | |
Tim Peters | c468fd2 | 2001-06-30 07:29:44 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1143 | # That works fine, but recursing a level and checking i against len(gs) for |
| 1144 | # each item produced is inefficient. By doing manual loop unrolling across |
| 1145 | # generator boundaries, it's possible to eliminate most of that overhead. |
| 1146 | # This isn't worth the bother *in general* for generators, but conjoin() is |
| 1147 | # a core building block for some CPU-intensive generator applications. |
| 1148 | |
| 1149 | def conjoin(gs): |
| 1150 | |
| 1151 | n = len(gs) |
| 1152 | values = [None] * n |
| 1153 | |
| 1154 | # Do one loop nest at time recursively, until the # of loop nests |
| 1155 | # remaining is divisible by 3. |
| 1156 | |
Benjamin Peterson | 78565b2 | 2009-06-28 19:19:51 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1157 | def gen(i): |
Tim Peters | c468fd2 | 2001-06-30 07:29:44 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1158 | if i >= n: |
| 1159 | yield values |
| 1160 | |
| 1161 | elif (n-i) % 3: |
| 1162 | ip1 = i+1 |
| 1163 | for values[i] in gs[i](): |
| 1164 | for x in gen(ip1): |
| 1165 | yield x |
| 1166 | |
| 1167 | else: |
| 1168 | for x in _gen3(i): |
| 1169 | yield x |
| 1170 | |
| 1171 | # Do three loop nests at a time, recursing only if at least three more |
| 1172 | # remain. Don't call directly: this is an internal optimization for |
| 1173 | # gen's use. |
| 1174 | |
Benjamin Peterson | 78565b2 | 2009-06-28 19:19:51 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1175 | def _gen3(i): |
Tim Peters | c468fd2 | 2001-06-30 07:29:44 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1176 | assert i < n and (n-i) % 3 == 0 |
| 1177 | ip1, ip2, ip3 = i+1, i+2, i+3 |
| 1178 | g, g1, g2 = gs[i : ip3] |
| 1179 | |
| 1180 | if ip3 >= n: |
| 1181 | # These are the last three, so we can yield values directly. |
| 1182 | for values[i] in g(): |
| 1183 | for values[ip1] in g1(): |
| 1184 | for values[ip2] in g2(): |
| 1185 | yield values |
| 1186 | |
| 1187 | else: |
| 1188 | # At least 6 loop nests remain; peel off 3 and recurse for the |
| 1189 | # rest. |
| 1190 | for values[i] in g(): |
| 1191 | for values[ip1] in g1(): |
| 1192 | for values[ip2] in g2(): |
| 1193 | for x in _gen3(ip3): |
| 1194 | yield x |
| 1195 | |
| 1196 | for x in gen(0): |
| 1197 | yield x |
| 1198 | |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1199 | # And one more approach: For backtracking apps like the Knight's Tour |
| 1200 | # solver below, the number of backtracking levels can be enormous (one |
| 1201 | # level per square, for the Knight's Tour, so that e.g. a 100x100 board |
| 1202 | # needs 10,000 levels). In such cases Python is likely to run out of |
| 1203 | # stack space due to recursion. So here's a recursion-free version of |
| 1204 | # conjoin too. |
| 1205 | # NOTE WELL: This allows large problems to be solved with only trivial |
| 1206 | # demands on stack space. Without explicitly resumable generators, this is |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1207 | # much harder to achieve. OTOH, this is much slower (up to a factor of 2) |
| 1208 | # than the fancy unrolled recursive conjoin. |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1209 | |
| 1210 | def flat_conjoin(gs): # rename to conjoin to run tests with this instead |
| 1211 | n = len(gs) |
| 1212 | values = [None] * n |
| 1213 | iters = [None] * n |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1214 | _StopIteration = StopIteration # make local because caught a *lot* |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1215 | i = 0 |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1216 | while 1: |
| 1217 | # Descend. |
| 1218 | try: |
| 1219 | while i < n: |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1220 | it = iters[i] = gs[i]().__next__ |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1221 | values[i] = it() |
| 1222 | i += 1 |
| 1223 | except _StopIteration: |
| 1224 | pass |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1225 | else: |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1226 | assert i == n |
| 1227 | yield values |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1228 | |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1229 | # Backtrack until an older iterator can be resumed. |
| 1230 | i -= 1 |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1231 | while i >= 0: |
| 1232 | try: |
| 1233 | values[i] = iters[i]() |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1234 | # Success! Start fresh at next level. |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1235 | i += 1 |
| 1236 | break |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1237 | except _StopIteration: |
| 1238 | # Continue backtracking. |
| 1239 | i -= 1 |
| 1240 | else: |
| 1241 | assert i < 0 |
| 1242 | break |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1243 | |
Tim Peters | be4f0a7 | 2001-06-29 02:41:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1244 | # A conjoin-based N-Queens solver. |
| 1245 | |
| 1246 | class Queens: |
| 1247 | def __init__(self, n): |
| 1248 | self.n = n |
| 1249 | rangen = range(n) |
| 1250 | |
| 1251 | # Assign a unique int to each column and diagonal. |
| 1252 | # columns: n of those, range(n). |
| 1253 | # NW-SE diagonals: 2n-1 of these, i-j unique and invariant along |
| 1254 | # each, smallest i-j is 0-(n-1) = 1-n, so add n-1 to shift to 0- |
| 1255 | # based. |
| 1256 | # NE-SW diagonals: 2n-1 of these, i+j unique and invariant along |
| 1257 | # each, smallest i+j is 0, largest is 2n-2. |
| 1258 | |
| 1259 | # For each square, compute a bit vector of the columns and |
| 1260 | # diagonals it covers, and for each row compute a function that |
| 1261 | # generates the possiblities for the columns in that row. |
| 1262 | self.rowgenerators = [] |
| 1263 | for i in rangen: |
Guido van Rossum | e2a383d | 2007-01-15 16:59:06 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1264 | rowuses = [(1 << j) | # column ordinal |
| 1265 | (1 << (n + i-j + n-1)) | # NW-SE ordinal |
| 1266 | (1 << (n + 2*n-1 + i+j)) # NE-SW ordinal |
Tim Peters | be4f0a7 | 2001-06-29 02:41:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1267 | for j in rangen] |
| 1268 | |
| 1269 | def rowgen(rowuses=rowuses): |
| 1270 | for j in rangen: |
| 1271 | uses = rowuses[j] |
Tim Peters | c468fd2 | 2001-06-30 07:29:44 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1272 | if uses & self.used == 0: |
| 1273 | self.used |= uses |
| 1274 | yield j |
| 1275 | self.used &= ~uses |
Tim Peters | be4f0a7 | 2001-06-29 02:41:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1276 | |
| 1277 | self.rowgenerators.append(rowgen) |
| 1278 | |
| 1279 | # Generate solutions. |
| 1280 | def solve(self): |
| 1281 | self.used = 0 |
| 1282 | for row2col in conjoin(self.rowgenerators): |
| 1283 | yield row2col |
| 1284 | |
| 1285 | def printsolution(self, row2col): |
| 1286 | n = self.n |
| 1287 | assert n == len(row2col) |
| 1288 | sep = "+" + "-+" * n |
Guido van Rossum | be19ed7 | 2007-02-09 05:37:30 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1289 | print(sep) |
Tim Peters | be4f0a7 | 2001-06-29 02:41:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1290 | for i in range(n): |
| 1291 | squares = [" " for j in range(n)] |
| 1292 | squares[row2col[i]] = "Q" |
Guido van Rossum | be19ed7 | 2007-02-09 05:37:30 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1293 | print("|" + "|".join(squares) + "|") |
| 1294 | print(sep) |
Tim Peters | be4f0a7 | 2001-06-29 02:41:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1295 | |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1296 | # A conjoin-based Knight's Tour solver. This is pretty sophisticated |
| 1297 | # (e.g., when used with flat_conjoin above, and passing hard=1 to the |
| 1298 | # constructor, a 200x200 Knight's Tour was found quickly -- note that we're |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1299 | # creating 10s of thousands of generators then!), and is lengthy. |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1300 | |
| 1301 | class Knights: |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1302 | def __init__(self, m, n, hard=0): |
| 1303 | self.m, self.n = m, n |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1304 | |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1305 | # solve() will set up succs[i] to be a list of square #i's |
| 1306 | # successors. |
| 1307 | succs = self.succs = [] |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1308 | |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1309 | # Remove i0 from each of its successor's successor lists, i.e. |
| 1310 | # successors can't go back to i0 again. Return 0 if we can |
| 1311 | # detect this makes a solution impossible, else return 1. |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1312 | |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1313 | def remove_from_successors(i0, len=len): |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1314 | # If we remove all exits from a free square, we're dead: |
| 1315 | # even if we move to it next, we can't leave it again. |
| 1316 | # If we create a square with one exit, we must visit it next; |
| 1317 | # else somebody else will have to visit it, and since there's |
| 1318 | # only one adjacent, there won't be a way to leave it again. |
| 1319 | # Finelly, if we create more than one free square with a |
| 1320 | # single exit, we can only move to one of them next, leaving |
| 1321 | # the other one a dead end. |
| 1322 | ne0 = ne1 = 0 |
| 1323 | for i in succs[i0]: |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1324 | s = succs[i] |
| 1325 | s.remove(i0) |
| 1326 | e = len(s) |
| 1327 | if e == 0: |
| 1328 | ne0 += 1 |
| 1329 | elif e == 1: |
| 1330 | ne1 += 1 |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1331 | return ne0 == 0 and ne1 < 2 |
| 1332 | |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1333 | # Put i0 back in each of its successor's successor lists. |
| 1334 | |
| 1335 | def add_to_successors(i0): |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1336 | for i in succs[i0]: |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1337 | succs[i].append(i0) |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1338 | |
| 1339 | # Generate the first move. |
| 1340 | def first(): |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1341 | if m < 1 or n < 1: |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1342 | return |
| 1343 | |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1344 | # Since we're looking for a cycle, it doesn't matter where we |
| 1345 | # start. Starting in a corner makes the 2nd move easy. |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1346 | corner = self.coords2index(0, 0) |
| 1347 | remove_from_successors(corner) |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1348 | self.lastij = corner |
| 1349 | yield corner |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1350 | add_to_successors(corner) |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1351 | |
| 1352 | # Generate the second moves. |
| 1353 | def second(): |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1354 | corner = self.coords2index(0, 0) |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1355 | assert self.lastij == corner # i.e., we started in the corner |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1356 | if m < 3 or n < 3: |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1357 | return |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1358 | assert len(succs[corner]) == 2 |
| 1359 | assert self.coords2index(1, 2) in succs[corner] |
| 1360 | assert self.coords2index(2, 1) in succs[corner] |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1361 | # Only two choices. Whichever we pick, the other must be the |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1362 | # square picked on move m*n, as it's the only way to get back |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1363 | # to (0, 0). Save its index in self.final so that moves before |
| 1364 | # the last know it must be kept free. |
| 1365 | for i, j in (1, 2), (2, 1): |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1366 | this = self.coords2index(i, j) |
| 1367 | final = self.coords2index(3-i, 3-j) |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1368 | self.final = final |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1369 | |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1370 | remove_from_successors(this) |
| 1371 | succs[final].append(corner) |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1372 | self.lastij = this |
| 1373 | yield this |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1374 | succs[final].remove(corner) |
| 1375 | add_to_successors(this) |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1376 | |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1377 | # Generate moves 3 thru m*n-1. |
| 1378 | def advance(len=len): |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1379 | # If some successor has only one exit, must take it. |
| 1380 | # Else favor successors with fewer exits. |
| 1381 | candidates = [] |
| 1382 | for i in succs[self.lastij]: |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1383 | e = len(succs[i]) |
| 1384 | assert e > 0, "else remove_from_successors() pruning flawed" |
| 1385 | if e == 1: |
| 1386 | candidates = [(e, i)] |
| 1387 | break |
| 1388 | candidates.append((e, i)) |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1389 | else: |
| 1390 | candidates.sort() |
| 1391 | |
| 1392 | for e, i in candidates: |
| 1393 | if i != self.final: |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1394 | if remove_from_successors(i): |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1395 | self.lastij = i |
| 1396 | yield i |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1397 | add_to_successors(i) |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1398 | |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1399 | # Generate moves 3 thru m*n-1. Alternative version using a |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1400 | # stronger (but more expensive) heuristic to order successors. |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1401 | # Since the # of backtracking levels is m*n, a poor move early on |
| 1402 | # can take eons to undo. Smallest square board for which this |
| 1403 | # matters a lot is 52x52. |
| 1404 | def advance_hard(vmid=(m-1)/2.0, hmid=(n-1)/2.0, len=len): |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1405 | # If some successor has only one exit, must take it. |
| 1406 | # Else favor successors with fewer exits. |
| 1407 | # Break ties via max distance from board centerpoint (favor |
| 1408 | # corners and edges whenever possible). |
| 1409 | candidates = [] |
| 1410 | for i in succs[self.lastij]: |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1411 | e = len(succs[i]) |
| 1412 | assert e > 0, "else remove_from_successors() pruning flawed" |
| 1413 | if e == 1: |
| 1414 | candidates = [(e, 0, i)] |
| 1415 | break |
| 1416 | i1, j1 = self.index2coords(i) |
| 1417 | d = (i1 - vmid)**2 + (j1 - hmid)**2 |
| 1418 | candidates.append((e, -d, i)) |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1419 | else: |
| 1420 | candidates.sort() |
| 1421 | |
| 1422 | for e, d, i in candidates: |
| 1423 | if i != self.final: |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1424 | if remove_from_successors(i): |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1425 | self.lastij = i |
| 1426 | yield i |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1427 | add_to_successors(i) |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1428 | |
| 1429 | # Generate the last move. |
| 1430 | def last(): |
| 1431 | assert self.final in succs[self.lastij] |
| 1432 | yield self.final |
| 1433 | |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1434 | if m*n < 4: |
| 1435 | self.squaregenerators = [first] |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1436 | else: |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1437 | self.squaregenerators = [first, second] + \ |
| 1438 | [hard and advance_hard or advance] * (m*n - 3) + \ |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1439 | [last] |
| 1440 | |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1441 | def coords2index(self, i, j): |
| 1442 | assert 0 <= i < self.m |
| 1443 | assert 0 <= j < self.n |
| 1444 | return i * self.n + j |
| 1445 | |
| 1446 | def index2coords(self, index): |
| 1447 | assert 0 <= index < self.m * self.n |
| 1448 | return divmod(index, self.n) |
| 1449 | |
| 1450 | def _init_board(self): |
| 1451 | succs = self.succs |
| 1452 | del succs[:] |
| 1453 | m, n = self.m, self.n |
| 1454 | c2i = self.coords2index |
| 1455 | |
| 1456 | offsets = [( 1, 2), ( 2, 1), ( 2, -1), ( 1, -2), |
| 1457 | (-1, -2), (-2, -1), (-2, 1), (-1, 2)] |
| 1458 | rangen = range(n) |
| 1459 | for i in range(m): |
| 1460 | for j in rangen: |
| 1461 | s = [c2i(i+io, j+jo) for io, jo in offsets |
| 1462 | if 0 <= i+io < m and |
| 1463 | 0 <= j+jo < n] |
| 1464 | succs.append(s) |
| 1465 | |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1466 | # Generate solutions. |
| 1467 | def solve(self): |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1468 | self._init_board() |
| 1469 | for x in conjoin(self.squaregenerators): |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1470 | yield x |
| 1471 | |
| 1472 | def printsolution(self, x): |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1473 | m, n = self.m, self.n |
| 1474 | assert len(x) == m*n |
| 1475 | w = len(str(m*n)) |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1476 | format = "%" + str(w) + "d" |
| 1477 | |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1478 | squares = [[None] * n for i in range(m)] |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1479 | k = 1 |
| 1480 | for i in x: |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1481 | i1, j1 = self.index2coords(i) |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1482 | squares[i1][j1] = format % k |
| 1483 | k += 1 |
| 1484 | |
| 1485 | sep = "+" + ("-" * w + "+") * n |
Guido van Rossum | be19ed7 | 2007-02-09 05:37:30 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1486 | print(sep) |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1487 | for i in range(m): |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1488 | row = squares[i] |
Guido van Rossum | be19ed7 | 2007-02-09 05:37:30 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1489 | print("|" + "|".join(row) + "|") |
| 1490 | print(sep) |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1491 | |
Tim Peters | be4f0a7 | 2001-06-29 02:41:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1492 | conjoin_tests = """ |
| 1493 | |
| 1494 | Generate the 3-bit binary numbers in order. This illustrates dumbest- |
| 1495 | possible use of conjoin, just to generate the full cross-product. |
| 1496 | |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1497 | >>> for c in conjoin([lambda: iter((0, 1))] * 3): |
Guido van Rossum | 7131f84 | 2007-02-09 20:13:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1498 | ... print(c) |
Tim Peters | be4f0a7 | 2001-06-29 02:41:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1499 | [0, 0, 0] |
| 1500 | [0, 0, 1] |
| 1501 | [0, 1, 0] |
| 1502 | [0, 1, 1] |
| 1503 | [1, 0, 0] |
| 1504 | [1, 0, 1] |
| 1505 | [1, 1, 0] |
| 1506 | [1, 1, 1] |
| 1507 | |
Tim Peters | c468fd2 | 2001-06-30 07:29:44 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1508 | For efficiency in typical backtracking apps, conjoin() yields the same list |
| 1509 | object each time. So if you want to save away a full account of its |
| 1510 | generated sequence, you need to copy its results. |
| 1511 | |
| 1512 | >>> def gencopy(iterator): |
| 1513 | ... for x in iterator: |
| 1514 | ... yield x[:] |
| 1515 | |
| 1516 | >>> for n in range(10): |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1517 | ... all = list(gencopy(conjoin([lambda: iter((0, 1))] * n))) |
Guido van Rossum | 7131f84 | 2007-02-09 20:13:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1518 | ... print(n, len(all), all[0] == [0] * n, all[-1] == [1] * n) |
Guido van Rossum | 77f6a65 | 2002-04-03 22:41:51 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1519 | 0 1 True True |
| 1520 | 1 2 True True |
| 1521 | 2 4 True True |
| 1522 | 3 8 True True |
| 1523 | 4 16 True True |
| 1524 | 5 32 True True |
| 1525 | 6 64 True True |
| 1526 | 7 128 True True |
| 1527 | 8 256 True True |
| 1528 | 9 512 True True |
Tim Peters | c468fd2 | 2001-06-30 07:29:44 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1529 | |
Tim Peters | be4f0a7 | 2001-06-29 02:41:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1530 | And run an 8-queens solver. |
| 1531 | |
| 1532 | >>> q = Queens(8) |
| 1533 | >>> LIMIT = 2 |
| 1534 | >>> count = 0 |
| 1535 | >>> for row2col in q.solve(): |
| 1536 | ... count += 1 |
| 1537 | ... if count <= LIMIT: |
Guido van Rossum | 7131f84 | 2007-02-09 20:13:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1538 | ... print("Solution", count) |
Tim Peters | be4f0a7 | 2001-06-29 02:41:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1539 | ... q.printsolution(row2col) |
| 1540 | Solution 1 |
| 1541 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
| 1542 | |Q| | | | | | | | |
| 1543 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
| 1544 | | | | | |Q| | | | |
| 1545 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
| 1546 | | | | | | | | |Q| |
| 1547 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
| 1548 | | | | | | |Q| | | |
| 1549 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
| 1550 | | | |Q| | | | | | |
| 1551 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
| 1552 | | | | | | | |Q| | |
| 1553 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
| 1554 | | |Q| | | | | | | |
| 1555 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
| 1556 | | | | |Q| | | | | |
| 1557 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
| 1558 | Solution 2 |
| 1559 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
| 1560 | |Q| | | | | | | | |
| 1561 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
| 1562 | | | | | | |Q| | | |
| 1563 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
| 1564 | | | | | | | | |Q| |
| 1565 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
| 1566 | | | |Q| | | | | | |
| 1567 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
| 1568 | | | | | | | |Q| | |
| 1569 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
| 1570 | | | | |Q| | | | | |
| 1571 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
| 1572 | | |Q| | | | | | | |
| 1573 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
| 1574 | | | | | |Q| | | | |
| 1575 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
| 1576 | |
Guido van Rossum | 7131f84 | 2007-02-09 20:13:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1577 | >>> print(count, "solutions in all.") |
Tim Peters | be4f0a7 | 2001-06-29 02:41:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1578 | 92 solutions in all. |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1579 | |
| 1580 | And run a Knight's Tour on a 10x10 board. Note that there are about |
| 1581 | 20,000 solutions even on a 6x6 board, so don't dare run this to exhaustion. |
| 1582 | |
Tim Peters | 9a8c8e2 | 2001-07-13 09:12:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1583 | >>> k = Knights(10, 10) |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1584 | >>> LIMIT = 2 |
| 1585 | >>> count = 0 |
| 1586 | >>> for x in k.solve(): |
| 1587 | ... count += 1 |
| 1588 | ... if count <= LIMIT: |
Guido van Rossum | 7131f84 | 2007-02-09 20:13:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1589 | ... print("Solution", count) |
unknown | 3156956 | 2001-07-04 22:11:22 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1590 | ... k.printsolution(x) |
| 1591 | ... else: |
| 1592 | ... break |
| 1593 | Solution 1 |
| 1594 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ |
| 1595 | | 1| 58| 27| 34| 3| 40| 29| 10| 5| 8| |
| 1596 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ |
| 1597 | | 26| 35| 2| 57| 28| 33| 4| 7| 30| 11| |
| 1598 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ |
| 1599 | | 59|100| 73| 36| 41| 56| 39| 32| 9| 6| |
| 1600 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ |
| 1601 | | 74| 25| 60| 55| 72| 37| 42| 49| 12| 31| |
| 1602 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ |
| 1603 | | 61| 86| 99| 76| 63| 52| 47| 38| 43| 50| |
| 1604 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ |
| 1605 | | 24| 75| 62| 85| 54| 71| 64| 51| 48| 13| |
| 1606 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ |
| 1607 | | 87| 98| 91| 80| 77| 84| 53| 46| 65| 44| |
| 1608 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ |
| 1609 | | 90| 23| 88| 95| 70| 79| 68| 83| 14| 17| |
| 1610 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ |
| 1611 | | 97| 92| 21| 78| 81| 94| 19| 16| 45| 66| |
| 1612 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ |
| 1613 | | 22| 89| 96| 93| 20| 69| 82| 67| 18| 15| |
| 1614 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ |
| 1615 | Solution 2 |
| 1616 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ |
| 1617 | | 1| 58| 27| 34| 3| 40| 29| 10| 5| 8| |
| 1618 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ |
| 1619 | | 26| 35| 2| 57| 28| 33| 4| 7| 30| 11| |
| 1620 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ |
| 1621 | | 59|100| 73| 36| 41| 56| 39| 32| 9| 6| |
| 1622 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ |
| 1623 | | 74| 25| 60| 55| 72| 37| 42| 49| 12| 31| |
| 1624 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ |
| 1625 | | 61| 86| 99| 76| 63| 52| 47| 38| 43| 50| |
| 1626 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ |
| 1627 | | 24| 75| 62| 85| 54| 71| 64| 51| 48| 13| |
| 1628 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ |
| 1629 | | 87| 98| 89| 80| 77| 84| 53| 46| 65| 44| |
| 1630 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ |
| 1631 | | 90| 23| 92| 95| 70| 79| 68| 83| 14| 17| |
| 1632 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ |
| 1633 | | 97| 88| 21| 78| 81| 94| 19| 16| 45| 66| |
| 1634 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ |
| 1635 | | 22| 91| 96| 93| 20| 69| 82| 67| 18| 15| |
| 1636 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ |
Tim Peters | be4f0a7 | 2001-06-29 02:41:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1637 | """ |
| 1638 | |
Fred Drake | 56d1266 | 2002-08-09 18:37:10 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1639 | weakref_tests = """\ |
| 1640 | Generators are weakly referencable: |
| 1641 | |
| 1642 | >>> import weakref |
| 1643 | >>> def gen(): |
| 1644 | ... yield 'foo!' |
| 1645 | ... |
| 1646 | >>> wr = weakref.ref(gen) |
| 1647 | >>> wr() is gen |
| 1648 | True |
| 1649 | >>> p = weakref.proxy(gen) |
| 1650 | |
| 1651 | Generator-iterators are weakly referencable as well: |
| 1652 | |
| 1653 | >>> gi = gen() |
| 1654 | >>> wr = weakref.ref(gi) |
| 1655 | >>> wr() is gi |
| 1656 | True |
| 1657 | >>> p = weakref.proxy(gi) |
| 1658 | >>> list(p) |
| 1659 | ['foo!'] |
| 1660 | |
| 1661 | """ |
| 1662 | |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1663 | coroutine_tests = """\ |
| 1664 | Sending a value into a started generator: |
| 1665 | |
| 1666 | >>> def f(): |
Guido van Rossum | 7131f84 | 2007-02-09 20:13:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1667 | ... print((yield 1)) |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1668 | ... yield 2 |
| 1669 | >>> g = f() |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1670 | >>> next(g) |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1671 | 1 |
| 1672 | >>> g.send(42) |
| 1673 | 42 |
| 1674 | 2 |
| 1675 | |
| 1676 | Sending a value into a new generator produces a TypeError: |
| 1677 | |
| 1678 | >>> f().send("foo") |
| 1679 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
| 1680 | ... |
| 1681 | TypeError: can't send non-None value to a just-started generator |
| 1682 | |
| 1683 | |
| 1684 | Yield by itself yields None: |
| 1685 | |
| 1686 | >>> def f(): yield |
| 1687 | >>> list(f()) |
| 1688 | [None] |
| 1689 | |
| 1690 | |
| 1691 | |
| 1692 | An obscene abuse of a yield expression within a generator expression: |
| 1693 | |
| 1694 | >>> list((yield 21) for i in range(4)) |
| 1695 | [21, None, 21, None, 21, None, 21, None] |
| 1696 | |
| 1697 | And a more sane, but still weird usage: |
| 1698 | |
| 1699 | >>> def f(): list(i for i in [(yield 26)]) |
| 1700 | >>> type(f()) |
Martin v. Löwis | 250ad61 | 2008-04-07 05:43:42 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1701 | <class 'generator'> |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1702 | |
| 1703 | |
Thomas Wouters | 0e3f591 | 2006-08-11 14:57:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1704 | A yield expression with augmented assignment. |
| 1705 | |
| 1706 | >>> def coroutine(seq): |
| 1707 | ... count = 0 |
| 1708 | ... while count < 200: |
| 1709 | ... count += yield |
| 1710 | ... seq.append(count) |
| 1711 | >>> seq = [] |
| 1712 | >>> c = coroutine(seq) |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1713 | >>> next(c) |
Guido van Rossum | 7131f84 | 2007-02-09 20:13:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1714 | >>> print(seq) |
Thomas Wouters | 0e3f591 | 2006-08-11 14:57:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1715 | [] |
| 1716 | >>> c.send(10) |
Guido van Rossum | 7131f84 | 2007-02-09 20:13:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1717 | >>> print(seq) |
Thomas Wouters | 0e3f591 | 2006-08-11 14:57:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1718 | [10] |
| 1719 | >>> c.send(10) |
Guido van Rossum | 7131f84 | 2007-02-09 20:13:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1720 | >>> print(seq) |
Thomas Wouters | 0e3f591 | 2006-08-11 14:57:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1721 | [10, 20] |
| 1722 | >>> c.send(10) |
Guido van Rossum | 7131f84 | 2007-02-09 20:13:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1723 | >>> print(seq) |
Thomas Wouters | 0e3f591 | 2006-08-11 14:57:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1724 | [10, 20, 30] |
| 1725 | |
| 1726 | |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1727 | Check some syntax errors for yield expressions: |
| 1728 | |
| 1729 | >>> f=lambda: (yield 1),(yield 2) |
| 1730 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
| 1731 | ... |
Guido van Rossum | 33d2689 | 2007-08-05 15:29:28 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1732 | SyntaxError: 'yield' outside function |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1733 | |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1734 | >>> def f(): x = yield = y |
| 1735 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
| 1736 | ... |
Guido van Rossum | 33d2689 | 2007-08-05 15:29:28 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1737 | SyntaxError: assignment to yield expression not possible |
Thomas Wouters | 0e3f591 | 2006-08-11 14:57:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1738 | |
| 1739 | >>> def f(): (yield bar) = y |
| 1740 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
| 1741 | ... |
Guido van Rossum | 33d2689 | 2007-08-05 15:29:28 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1742 | SyntaxError: can't assign to yield expression |
Thomas Wouters | 0e3f591 | 2006-08-11 14:57:12 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1743 | |
| 1744 | >>> def f(): (yield bar) += y |
| 1745 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
| 1746 | ... |
Benjamin Peterson | 87c8d87 | 2009-06-11 22:54:11 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1747 | SyntaxError: can't assign to yield expression |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1748 | |
| 1749 | |
| 1750 | Now check some throw() conditions: |
| 1751 | |
| 1752 | >>> def f(): |
| 1753 | ... while True: |
| 1754 | ... try: |
Guido van Rossum | 7131f84 | 2007-02-09 20:13:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1755 | ... print((yield)) |
Guido van Rossum | b940e11 | 2007-01-10 16:19:56 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1756 | ... except ValueError as v: |
Guido van Rossum | c420b2f | 2007-02-09 22:09:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1757 | ... print("caught ValueError (%s)" % (v)) |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1758 | >>> import sys |
| 1759 | >>> g = f() |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1760 | >>> next(g) |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1761 | |
| 1762 | >>> g.throw(ValueError) # type only |
| 1763 | caught ValueError () |
| 1764 | |
| 1765 | >>> g.throw(ValueError("xyz")) # value only |
| 1766 | caught ValueError (xyz) |
| 1767 | |
| 1768 | >>> g.throw(ValueError, ValueError(1)) # value+matching type |
| 1769 | caught ValueError (1) |
| 1770 | |
| 1771 | >>> g.throw(ValueError, TypeError(1)) # mismatched type, rewrapped |
| 1772 | caught ValueError (1) |
| 1773 | |
Thomas Wouters | 49fd7fa | 2006-04-21 10:40:58 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1774 | >>> g.throw(ValueError, ValueError(1), None) # explicit None traceback |
| 1775 | caught ValueError (1) |
| 1776 | |
Tim Peters | e9fe7e0 | 2005-08-07 03:04:58 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1777 | >>> g.throw(ValueError(1), "foo") # bad args |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1778 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
| 1779 | ... |
| 1780 | TypeError: instance exception may not have a separate value |
| 1781 | |
Tim Peters | e9fe7e0 | 2005-08-07 03:04:58 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1782 | >>> g.throw(ValueError, "foo", 23) # bad args |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1783 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
| 1784 | ... |
| 1785 | TypeError: throw() third argument must be a traceback object |
| 1786 | |
Guido van Rossum | bf12cdb | 2006-08-17 20:24:18 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1787 | >>> g.throw("abc") |
| 1788 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
| 1789 | ... |
| 1790 | TypeError: exceptions must be classes or instances deriving from BaseException, not str |
| 1791 | |
| 1792 | >>> g.throw(0) |
| 1793 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
| 1794 | ... |
| 1795 | TypeError: exceptions must be classes or instances deriving from BaseException, not int |
| 1796 | |
| 1797 | >>> g.throw(list) |
| 1798 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
| 1799 | ... |
| 1800 | TypeError: exceptions must be classes or instances deriving from BaseException, not type |
| 1801 | |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1802 | >>> def throw(g,exc): |
| 1803 | ... try: |
| 1804 | ... raise exc |
| 1805 | ... except: |
| 1806 | ... g.throw(*sys.exc_info()) |
Tim Peters | e9fe7e0 | 2005-08-07 03:04:58 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1807 | >>> throw(g,ValueError) # do it with traceback included |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1808 | caught ValueError () |
| 1809 | |
| 1810 | >>> g.send(1) |
| 1811 | 1 |
| 1812 | |
Tim Peters | e9fe7e0 | 2005-08-07 03:04:58 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1813 | >>> throw(g,TypeError) # terminate the generator |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1814 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
| 1815 | ... |
| 1816 | TypeError |
| 1817 | |
Guido van Rossum | 7131f84 | 2007-02-09 20:13:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1818 | >>> print(g.gi_frame) |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1819 | None |
| 1820 | |
| 1821 | >>> g.send(2) |
| 1822 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
| 1823 | ... |
| 1824 | StopIteration |
| 1825 | |
Tim Peters | e9fe7e0 | 2005-08-07 03:04:58 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1826 | >>> g.throw(ValueError,6) # throw on closed generator |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1827 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
| 1828 | ... |
| 1829 | ValueError: 6 |
| 1830 | |
Tim Peters | e9fe7e0 | 2005-08-07 03:04:58 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1831 | >>> f().throw(ValueError,7) # throw on just-opened generator |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1832 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
| 1833 | ... |
| 1834 | ValueError: 7 |
| 1835 | |
Antoine Pitrou | 551ba20 | 2011-10-18 16:40:50 +0200 | [diff] [blame] | 1836 | Plain "raise" inside a generator should preserve the traceback (#13188). |
| 1837 | The traceback should have 3 levels: |
| 1838 | - g.throw() |
| 1839 | - f() |
| 1840 | - 1/0 |
| 1841 | |
| 1842 | >>> def f(): |
| 1843 | ... try: |
| 1844 | ... yield |
| 1845 | ... except: |
| 1846 | ... raise |
| 1847 | >>> g = f() |
| 1848 | >>> try: |
| 1849 | ... 1/0 |
| 1850 | ... except ZeroDivisionError as v: |
| 1851 | ... try: |
| 1852 | ... g.throw(v) |
| 1853 | ... except Exception as w: |
| 1854 | ... tb = w.__traceback__ |
| 1855 | >>> levels = 0 |
| 1856 | >>> while tb: |
| 1857 | ... levels += 1 |
| 1858 | ... tb = tb.tb_next |
| 1859 | >>> levels |
| 1860 | 3 |
| 1861 | |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1862 | Now let's try closing a generator: |
| 1863 | |
| 1864 | >>> def f(): |
| 1865 | ... try: yield |
| 1866 | ... except GeneratorExit: |
Guido van Rossum | 7131f84 | 2007-02-09 20:13:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1867 | ... print("exiting") |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1868 | |
| 1869 | >>> g = f() |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1870 | >>> next(g) |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1871 | >>> g.close() |
| 1872 | exiting |
| 1873 | >>> g.close() # should be no-op now |
| 1874 | |
| 1875 | >>> f().close() # close on just-opened generator should be fine |
| 1876 | |
Tim Peters | e9fe7e0 | 2005-08-07 03:04:58 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1877 | >>> def f(): yield # an even simpler generator |
| 1878 | >>> f().close() # close before opening |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1879 | >>> g = f() |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1880 | >>> next(g) |
Tim Peters | e9fe7e0 | 2005-08-07 03:04:58 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1881 | >>> g.close() # close normally |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1882 | |
| 1883 | And finalization: |
| 1884 | |
| 1885 | >>> def f(): |
| 1886 | ... try: yield |
| 1887 | ... finally: |
Guido van Rossum | 7131f84 | 2007-02-09 20:13:25 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1888 | ... print("exiting") |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1889 | |
| 1890 | >>> g = f() |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1891 | >>> next(g) |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1892 | >>> del g |
| 1893 | exiting |
| 1894 | |
| 1895 | |
Christian Heimes | cbf3b5c | 2007-12-03 21:02:03 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1896 | GeneratorExit is not caught by except Exception: |
| 1897 | |
| 1898 | >>> def f(): |
| 1899 | ... try: yield |
| 1900 | ... except Exception: |
| 1901 | ... print('except') |
| 1902 | ... finally: |
| 1903 | ... print('finally') |
| 1904 | |
| 1905 | >>> g = f() |
| 1906 | >>> next(g) |
| 1907 | >>> del g |
| 1908 | finally |
| 1909 | |
| 1910 | |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1911 | Now let's try some ill-behaved generators: |
| 1912 | |
| 1913 | >>> def f(): |
| 1914 | ... try: yield |
| 1915 | ... except GeneratorExit: |
| 1916 | ... yield "foo!" |
| 1917 | >>> g = f() |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1918 | >>> next(g) |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1919 | >>> g.close() |
| 1920 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
| 1921 | ... |
| 1922 | RuntimeError: generator ignored GeneratorExit |
| 1923 | >>> g.close() |
| 1924 | |
| 1925 | |
| 1926 | Our ill-behaved code should be invoked during GC: |
| 1927 | |
Guido van Rossum | 34d1928 | 2007-08-09 01:03:29 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1928 | >>> import sys, io |
| 1929 | >>> old, sys.stderr = sys.stderr, io.StringIO() |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1930 | >>> g = f() |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1931 | >>> next(g) |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1932 | >>> del g |
Andrew Svetlov | 76bcff2 | 2012-11-03 15:56:05 +0200 | [diff] [blame] | 1933 | >>> "RuntimeError: generator ignored GeneratorExit" in sys.stderr.getvalue() |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1934 | True |
| 1935 | >>> sys.stderr = old |
| 1936 | |
| 1937 | |
| 1938 | And errors thrown during closing should propagate: |
| 1939 | |
| 1940 | >>> def f(): |
| 1941 | ... try: yield |
| 1942 | ... except GeneratorExit: |
| 1943 | ... raise TypeError("fie!") |
| 1944 | >>> g = f() |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1945 | >>> next(g) |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1946 | >>> g.close() |
| 1947 | Traceback (most recent call last): |
| 1948 | ... |
| 1949 | TypeError: fie! |
| 1950 | |
| 1951 | |
| 1952 | Ensure that various yield expression constructs make their |
| 1953 | enclosing function a generator: |
| 1954 | |
| 1955 | >>> def f(): x += yield |
| 1956 | >>> type(f()) |
Martin v. Löwis | 250ad61 | 2008-04-07 05:43:42 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1957 | <class 'generator'> |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1958 | |
| 1959 | >>> def f(): x = yield |
| 1960 | >>> type(f()) |
Martin v. Löwis | 250ad61 | 2008-04-07 05:43:42 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1961 | <class 'generator'> |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1962 | |
| 1963 | >>> def f(): lambda x=(yield): 1 |
| 1964 | >>> type(f()) |
Martin v. Löwis | 250ad61 | 2008-04-07 05:43:42 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1965 | <class 'generator'> |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1966 | |
| 1967 | >>> def f(): x=(i for i in (yield) if (yield)) |
| 1968 | >>> type(f()) |
Martin v. Löwis | 250ad61 | 2008-04-07 05:43:42 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1969 | <class 'generator'> |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1970 | |
| 1971 | >>> def f(d): d[(yield "a")] = d[(yield "b")] = 27 |
| 1972 | >>> data = [1,2] |
| 1973 | >>> g = f(data) |
| 1974 | >>> type(g) |
Martin v. Löwis | 250ad61 | 2008-04-07 05:43:42 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1975 | <class 'generator'> |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1976 | >>> g.send(None) |
| 1977 | 'a' |
| 1978 | >>> data |
| 1979 | [1, 2] |
| 1980 | >>> g.send(0) |
| 1981 | 'b' |
| 1982 | >>> data |
| 1983 | [27, 2] |
| 1984 | >>> try: g.send(1) |
| 1985 | ... except StopIteration: pass |
| 1986 | >>> data |
| 1987 | [27, 27] |
| 1988 | |
| 1989 | """ |
| 1990 | |
Thomas Wouters | 49fd7fa | 2006-04-21 10:40:58 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 1991 | refleaks_tests = """ |
| 1992 | Prior to adding cycle-GC support to itertools.tee, this code would leak |
| 1993 | references. We add it to the standard suite so the routine refleak-tests |
| 1994 | would trigger if it starts being uncleanable again. |
| 1995 | |
| 1996 | >>> import itertools |
| 1997 | >>> def leak(): |
| 1998 | ... class gen: |
| 1999 | ... def __iter__(self): |
| 2000 | ... return self |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 2001 | ... def __next__(self): |
Thomas Wouters | 49fd7fa | 2006-04-21 10:40:58 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 2002 | ... return self.item |
| 2003 | ... g = gen() |
| 2004 | ... head, tail = itertools.tee(g) |
| 2005 | ... g.item = head |
| 2006 | ... return head |
| 2007 | >>> it = leak() |
| 2008 | |
| 2009 | Make sure to also test the involvement of the tee-internal teedataobject, |
| 2010 | which stores returned items. |
| 2011 | |
Georg Brandl | a18af4e | 2007-04-21 15:47:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 2012 | >>> item = next(it) |
Thomas Wouters | 49fd7fa | 2006-04-21 10:40:58 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 2013 | |
| 2014 | |
| 2015 | |
| 2016 | This test leaked at one point due to generator finalization/destruction. |
| 2017 | It was copied from Lib/test/leakers/test_generator_cycle.py before the file |
| 2018 | was removed. |
| 2019 | |
| 2020 | >>> def leak(): |
| 2021 | ... def gen(): |
| 2022 | ... while True: |
| 2023 | ... yield g |
| 2024 | ... g = gen() |
| 2025 | |
| 2026 | >>> leak() |
| 2027 | |
| 2028 | |
| 2029 | |
| 2030 | This test isn't really generator related, but rather exception-in-cleanup |
| 2031 | related. The coroutine tests (above) just happen to cause an exception in |
| 2032 | the generator's __del__ (tp_del) method. We can also test for this |
| 2033 | explicitly, without generators. We do have to redirect stderr to avoid |
| 2034 | printing warnings and to doublecheck that we actually tested what we wanted |
| 2035 | to test. |
| 2036 | |
Guido van Rossum | 34d1928 | 2007-08-09 01:03:29 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 2037 | >>> import sys, io |
Thomas Wouters | 49fd7fa | 2006-04-21 10:40:58 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 2038 | >>> old = sys.stderr |
| 2039 | >>> try: |
Guido van Rossum | 34d1928 | 2007-08-09 01:03:29 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 2040 | ... sys.stderr = io.StringIO() |
Thomas Wouters | 49fd7fa | 2006-04-21 10:40:58 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 2041 | ... class Leaker: |
| 2042 | ... def __del__(self): |
Andrew Svetlov | 76bcff2 | 2012-11-03 15:56:05 +0200 | [diff] [blame] | 2043 | ... def invoke(message): |
| 2044 | ... raise RuntimeError(message) |
| 2045 | ... invoke("test") |
Thomas Wouters | 49fd7fa | 2006-04-21 10:40:58 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 2046 | ... |
| 2047 | ... l = Leaker() |
| 2048 | ... del l |
| 2049 | ... err = sys.stderr.getvalue().strip() |
Andrew Svetlov | 76bcff2 | 2012-11-03 15:56:05 +0200 | [diff] [blame] | 2050 | ... "Exception ignored in" in err |
| 2051 | ... "RuntimeError: test" in err |
| 2052 | ... "Traceback" in err |
| 2053 | ... "in invoke" in err |
Thomas Wouters | 49fd7fa | 2006-04-21 10:40:58 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 2054 | ... finally: |
| 2055 | ... sys.stderr = old |
| 2056 | True |
| 2057 | True |
Andrew Svetlov | 76bcff2 | 2012-11-03 15:56:05 +0200 | [diff] [blame] | 2058 | True |
| 2059 | True |
Thomas Wouters | 49fd7fa | 2006-04-21 10:40:58 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 2060 | |
| 2061 | |
| 2062 | These refleak tests should perhaps be in a testfile of their own, |
| 2063 | test_generators just happened to be the test that drew these out. |
| 2064 | |
| 2065 | """ |
| 2066 | |
Tim Peters | f6ed074 | 2001-06-27 07:17:57 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 2067 | __test__ = {"tut": tutorial_tests, |
| 2068 | "pep": pep_tests, |
| 2069 | "email": email_tests, |
| 2070 | "fun": fun_tests, |
Tim Peters | be4f0a7 | 2001-06-29 02:41:16 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 2071 | "syntax": syntax_tests, |
Fred Drake | 56d1266 | 2002-08-09 18:37:10 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 2072 | "conjoin": conjoin_tests, |
| 2073 | "weakref": weakref_tests, |
Phillip J. Eby | 0d6615f | 2005-08-02 00:46:46 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 2074 | "coroutine": coroutine_tests, |
Thomas Wouters | 49fd7fa | 2006-04-21 10:40:58 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 2075 | "refleaks": refleaks_tests, |
Fred Drake | 56d1266 | 2002-08-09 18:37:10 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 2076 | } |
Tim Peters | 1def351 | 2001-06-23 20:27:04 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 2077 | |
| 2078 | # Magic test name that regrtest.py invokes *after* importing this module. |
| 2079 | # This worms around a bootstrap problem. |
| 2080 | # Note that doctest and regrtest both look in sys.argv for a "-v" argument, |
| 2081 | # so this works as expected in both ways of running regrtest. |
Tim Peters | a0a6222 | 2001-09-09 06:12:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 2082 | def test_main(verbose=None): |
Benjamin Peterson | ee8712c | 2008-05-20 21:35:26 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 2083 | from test import support, test_generators |
Antoine Pitrou | 796564c | 2013-07-30 19:59:21 +0200 | [diff] [blame] | 2084 | support.run_unittest(__name__) |
Benjamin Peterson | ee8712c | 2008-05-20 21:35:26 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 2085 | support.run_doctest(test_generators, verbose) |
Tim Peters | 1def351 | 2001-06-23 20:27:04 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 2086 | |
| 2087 | # This part isn't needed for regrtest, but for running the test directly. |
| 2088 | if __name__ == "__main__": |
Tim Peters | a0a6222 | 2001-09-09 06:12:01 +0000 | [diff] [blame] | 2089 | test_main(1) |