jinja2/compiler.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
    jinja2.compiler
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

    Compiles nodes into python code.

    :copyright: Copyright 2008 by Armin Ronacher.
    :license: GNU GPL.
"""
from time import time
from copy import copy
from random import randrange
from keyword import iskeyword
from cStringIO import StringIO
from itertools import chain
from jinja2 import nodes
from jinja2.visitor import NodeVisitor, NodeTransformer
from jinja2.exceptions import TemplateAssertionError
from jinja2.runtime import concat
from jinja2.utils import Markup


operators = {
    'eq':       '==',
    'ne':       '!=',
    'gt':       '>',
    'gteq':     '>=',
    'lt':       '<',
    'lteq':     '<=',
    'in':       'in',
    'notin':    'not in'
}


try:
    exec '(0 if 0 else 0)'
except SyntaxError:
    have_condexpr = False
else:
    have_condexpr = True


def generate(node, environment, name, filename, stream=None):
    """Generate the python source for a node tree."""
    generator = CodeGenerator(environment, name, filename, stream)
    generator.visit(node)
    if stream is None:
        return generator.stream.getvalue()


def has_safe_repr(value):
    """Does the node have a safe representation?"""
    if value is None or value is NotImplemented or value is Ellipsis:
        return True
    if isinstance(value, (bool, int, long, float, complex, basestring,
                          xrange, Markup)):
        return True
    if isinstance(value, (tuple, list, set, frozenset)):
        for item in value:
            if not has_safe_repr(item):
                return False
        return True
    elif isinstance(value, dict):
        for key, value in value.iteritems():
            if not has_safe_repr(key):
                return False
            if not has_safe_repr(value):
                return False
        return True
    return False


class Identifiers(object):
    """Tracks the status of identifiers in frames."""

    def __init__(self):
        # variables that are known to be declared (probably from outer
        # frames or because they are special for the frame)
        self.declared = set()

        # undeclared variables from outer scopes
        self.outer_undeclared = set()

        # names that are accessed without being explicitly declared by
        # this one or any of the outer scopes.  Names can appear both in
        # declared and undeclared.
        self.undeclared = set()

        # names that are declared locally
        self.declared_locally = set()

        # names that are declared by parameters
        self.declared_parameter = set()

        # filters/tests that are referenced
        self.filters = set()
        self.tests = set()

    def add_special(self, name):
        """Register a special name like `loop`."""
        self.undeclared.discard(name)
        self.declared.add(name)

    def is_declared(self, name, local_only=False):
        """Check if a name is declared in this or an outer scope."""
        if name in self.declared_locally or name in self.declared_parameter:
            return True
        if local_only:
            return False
        return name in self.declared

    def find_shadowed(self):
        """Find all the shadowed names."""
        return (self.declared | self.outer_undeclared) & \
               (self.declared_locally | self.declared_parameter)


class Frame(object):
    """Holds compile time information for us."""

    def __init__(self, parent=None):
        self.identifiers = Identifiers()

        # a toplevel frame is the root + soft frames such as if conditions.
        self.toplevel = False

        # the root frame is basically just the outermost frame, so no if
        # conditions.  This information is used to optimize inheritance
        # situations.
        self.rootlevel = False

        # inside some tags we are using a buffer rather than yield statements.
        # this for example affects {% filter %} or {% macro %}.  If a frame
        # is buffered this variable points to the name of the list used as
        # buffer.
        self.buffer = None

        # if a frame has name_overrides, all read access to a name in this
        # dict is redirected to a string expression.
        self.name_overrides = {}

        # the name of the block we're in, otherwise None.
        self.block = parent and parent.block or None

        # the parent of this frame
        self.parent = parent

        if parent is not None:
            self.identifiers.declared.update(
                parent.identifiers.declared |
                parent.identifiers.declared_locally |
                parent.identifiers.declared_parameter
            )
            self.identifiers.outer_undeclared.update(
                parent.identifiers.undeclared -
                self.identifiers.declared
            )
            self.buffer = parent.buffer
            self.name_overrides = parent.name_overrides.copy()

    def copy(self):
        """Create a copy of the current one."""
        rv = copy(self)
        rv.identifiers = copy(self.identifiers)
        rv.name_overrides = self.name_overrides.copy()
        return rv

    def inspect(self, nodes, with_depenencies=False, hard_scope=False):
        """Walk the node and check for identifiers.  If the scope is hard (eg:
        enforce on a python level) overrides from outer scopes are tracked
        differently.

        Per default filters and tests (dependencies) are not tracked.  That's
        the case because filters and tests are absolutely immutable and so we
        can savely use them in closures too.  The `Template` and `Block`
        visitor visits the frame with dependencies to collect them.
        """
        visitor = FrameIdentifierVisitor(self.identifiers, hard_scope)
        for node in nodes:
            visitor.visit(node, True, with_depenencies)

    def inner(self):
        """Return an inner frame."""
        return Frame(self)

    def soft(self):
        """Return a soft frame.  A soft frame may not be modified as
        standalone thing as it shares the resources with the frame it
        was created of, but it's not a rootlevel frame any longer.
        """
        rv = copy(self)
        rv.rootlevel = False
        return rv


class FrameIdentifierVisitor(NodeVisitor):
    """A visitor for `Frame.inspect`."""

    def __init__(self, identifiers, hard_scope):
        self.identifiers = identifiers
        self.hard_scope = hard_scope

    def visit_Name(self, node, visit_ident, visit_deps):
        """All assignments to names go through this function."""
        if visit_ident:
            if node.ctx in ('store', 'param'):
                self.identifiers.declared_locally.add(node.name)
            elif node.ctx == 'load' and not \
                 self.identifiers.is_declared(node.name, self.hard_scope):
                self.identifiers.undeclared.add(node.name)

    def visit_Filter(self, node, visit_ident, visit_deps):
        if visit_deps:
            self.generic_visit(node, visit_ident, True)
            self.identifiers.filters.add(node.name)

    def visit_Test(self, node, visit_ident, visit_deps):
        if visit_deps:
            self.generic_visit(node, visit_ident, True)
            self.identifiers.tests.add(node.name)

    def visit_Macro(self, node, visit_ident, visit_deps):
        if visit_ident:
            self.identifiers.declared_locally.add(node.name)

    def visit_Import(self, node, visit_ident, visit_deps):
        if visit_ident:
            self.generic_visit(node, True, visit_deps)
            self.identifiers.declared_locally.add(node.target)

    def visit_FromImport(self, node, visit_ident, visit_deps):
        if visit_ident:
            self.generic_visit(node, True, visit_deps)
            for name in node.names:
                if isinstance(name, tuple):
                    self.identifiers.declared_locally.add(name[1])
                else:
                    self.identifiers.declared_locally.add(name)

    def visit_Assign(self, node, visit_ident, visit_deps):
        """Visit assignments in the correct order."""
        self.visit(node.node, visit_ident, visit_deps)
        self.visit(node.target, visit_ident, visit_deps)

    def visit_For(self, node, visit_ident, visit_deps):
        """Visiting stops at for blocks.  However the block sequence
        is visited as part of the outer scope.
        """
        if visit_ident:
            self.visit(node.iter, True, visit_deps)
            if visit_deps:
                for child in node.iter_child_nodes(exclude=('iter',)):
                    self.visit(child, False, True)

    def ident_stop(self, node, visit_ident, visit_deps):
        if visit_deps:
            self.generic_visit(node, False, True)
    visit_CallBlock = visit_FilterBlock = ident_stop
    visit_Block = lambda s, n, a, b: None


class CompilerExit(Exception):
    """Raised if the compiler encountered a situation where it just
    doesn't make sense to further process the code.  Any block that
    raises such an exception is not further processed.
    """


class CodeGenerator(NodeVisitor):

    def __init__(self, environment, name, filename, stream=None):
        if stream is None:
            stream = StringIO()
        self.environment = environment
        self.name = name
        self.filename = filename
        self.stream = stream

        # a registry for all blocks.  Because blocks are moved out
        # into the global python scope they are registered here
        self.blocks = {}

        # the number of extends statements so far
        self.extends_so_far = 0

        # some templates have a rootlevel extends.  In this case we
        # can safely assume that we're a child template and do some
        # more optimizations.
        self.has_known_extends = False

        # the current line number
        self.code_lineno = 1

        # the debug information
        self.debug_info = []
        self._write_debug_info = None

        # the number of new lines before the next write()
        self._new_lines = 0

        # the line number of the last written statement
        self._last_line = 0

        # true if nothing was written so far.
        self._first_write = True

        # used by the `temporary_identifier` method to get new
        # unique, temporary identifier
        self._last_identifier = 0

        # the current indentation
        self._indentation = 0

    def temporary_identifier(self):
        """Get a new unique identifier."""
        self._last_identifier += 1
        return 't%d' % self._last_identifier

    def indent(self):
        """Indent by one."""
        self._indentation += 1

    def outdent(self, step=1):
        """Outdent by step."""
        self._indentation -= step

    def blockvisit(self, nodes, frame, indent=True, force_generator=True):
        """Visit a list of nodes as block in a frame.  Per default the
        code is indented, but this can be disabled by setting the indent
        parameter to False.  If the current frame is no buffer a dummy
        ``if 0: yield None`` is written automatically unless the
        force_generator parameter is set to False.
        """
        if indent:
            self.indent()
        if frame.buffer is None and force_generator:
            self.writeline('if 0: yield None')
        try:
            for node in nodes:
                self.visit(node, frame)
        except CompilerExit:
            pass
        if indent:
            self.outdent()

    def write(self, x):
        """Write a string into the output stream."""
        if self._new_lines:
            if not self._first_write:
                self.stream.write('\n' * self._new_lines)
                self.code_lineno += self._new_lines
                if self._write_debug_info is not None:
                    self.debug_info.append((self._write_debug_info,
                                            self.code_lineno))
                    self._write_debug_info = None
            self._first_write = False
            self.stream.write('    ' * self._indentation)
            self._new_lines = 0
        self.stream.write(x)

    def writeline(self, x, node=None, extra=0):
        """Combination of newline and write."""
        self.newline(node, extra)
        self.write(x)

    def newline(self, node=None, extra=0):
        """Add one or more newlines before the next write."""
        self._new_lines = max(self._new_lines, 1 + extra)
        if node is not None and node.lineno != self._last_line:
            self._write_debug_info = node.lineno
            self._last_line = node.lineno

    def signature(self, node, frame, have_comma=True, extra_kwargs=None):
        """Writes a function call to the stream for the current node.
        Per default it will write a leading comma but this can be
        disabled by setting have_comma to False.  The extra keyword
        arguments may not include python keywords otherwise a syntax
        error could occour.  The extra keyword arguments should be given
        as python dict.
        """
        have_comma = have_comma and [True] or []
        def touch_comma():
            if have_comma:
                self.write(', ')
            else:
                have_comma.append(True)

        # if any of the given keyword arguments is a python keyword
        # we have to make sure that no invalid call is created.
        kwarg_workaround = False
        for kwarg in chain((x.key for x in node.kwargs), extra_kwargs or ()):
            if iskeyword(kwarg):
                kwarg_workaround = True
                break

        for arg in node.args:
            touch_comma()
            self.visit(arg, frame)

        if not kwarg_workaround:
            for kwarg in node.kwargs:
                touch_comma()
                self.visit(kwarg, frame)
            if extra_kwargs is not None:
                for key, value in extra_kwargs.iteritems():
                    touch_comma()
                    self.write('%s=%s' % (key, value))
        if node.dyn_args:
            touch_comma()
            self.write('*')
            self.visit(node.dyn_args, frame)

        if kwarg_workaround:
            touch_comma()
            if node.dyn_kwargs is not None:
                self.write('**dict({')
            else:
                self.write('**{')
            for kwarg in node.kwargs:
                self.write('%r: ' % kwarg.key)
                self.visit(kwarg.value, frame)
                self.write(', ')
            if extra_kwargs is not None:
                for key, value in extra_kwargs.iteritems():
                    touch_comma()
                    self.write('%r: %s, ' % (key, value))
            if node.dyn_kwargs is not None:
                self.write('}, **')
                self.visit(node.dyn_kwargs, frame)
                self.write(')')
            else:
                self.write('}')

        elif node.dyn_kwargs is not None:
            touch_comma()
            self.write('**')
            self.visit(node.dyn_kwargs, frame)

    def pull_locals(self, frame, indent=True):
        """Pull all the references identifiers into the local scope.
        This affects regular names, filters and tests.  If indent is
        set to False, no automatic indentation will take place.
        """
        if indent:
            self.indent()
        for name in frame.identifiers.undeclared:
            self.writeline('l_%s = context[%r]' % (name, name))
        for name in frame.identifiers.filters:
            self.writeline('f_%s = environment.filters[%r]' % (name, name))
        for name in frame.identifiers.tests:
            self.writeline('t_%s = environment.tests[%r]' % (name, name))
        if indent:
            self.outdent()

    def collect_shadowed(self, frame):
        """This function returns all the shadowed variables in a dict
        in the form name: alias and will write the required assignments
        into the current scope.  No indentation takes place.
        """
        # make sure we "backup" overridden, local identifiers
        # TODO: we should probably optimize this and check if the
        # identifier is in use afterwards.
        aliases = {}
        for name in frame.identifiers.find_shadowed():
            aliases[name] = ident = self.temporary_identifier()
            self.writeline('%s = l_%s' % (ident, name))
        return aliases

    def function_scoping(self, node, frame):
        """In Jinja a few statements require the help of anonymous
        functions.  Those are currently macros and call blocks and in
        the future also recursive loops.  As there is currently
        technical limitation that doesn't allow reading and writing a
        variable in a scope where the initial value is coming from an
        outer scope, this function tries to fall back with a common
        error message.  Additionally the frame passed is modified so
        that the argumetns are collected and callers are looked up.

        This will return the modified frame.
        """
        func_frame = frame.inner()
        func_frame.inspect(node.iter_child_nodes(), hard_scope=True)

        # variables that are undeclared (accessed before declaration) and
        # declared locally *and* part of an outside scope raise a template
        # assertion error. Reason: we can't generate reasonable code from
        # it without aliasing all the variables.  XXX: alias them ^^
        overriden_closure_vars = (
            func_frame.identifiers.undeclared &
            func_frame.identifiers.declared &
            (func_frame.identifiers.declared_locally |
             func_frame.identifiers.declared_parameter)
        )
        if overriden_closure_vars:
            vars = ', '.join(sorted(overriden_closure_vars))
            raise TemplateAssertionError('It\'s not possible to set and '
                                         'access variables derived from '
                                         'an outer scope! (affects: %s' %
                                         vars, node.lineno, self.name)

        # remove variables from a closure from the frame's undeclared
        # identifiers.
        func_frame.identifiers.undeclared -= (
            func_frame.identifiers.undeclared &
            func_frame.identifiers.declared
        )

        func_frame.accesses_kwargs = False
        func_frame.accesses_varargs = False
        func_frame.accesses_caller = False
        func_frame.arguments = args = ['l_' + x.name for x in node.args]

        if 'caller' in func_frame.identifiers.undeclared:
            func_frame.accesses_caller = True
            func_frame.identifiers.add_special('caller')
            args.append('l_caller')
        if 'kwargs' in func_frame.identifiers.undeclared:
            func_frame.accesses_kwargs = True
            func_frame.identifiers.add_special('kwargs')
            args.append('l_kwargs')
        if 'varargs' in func_frame.identifiers.undeclared:
            func_frame.accesses_varargs = True
            func_frame.identifiers.add_special('varargs')
            args.append('l_varargs')
        return func_frame

    # -- Visitors

    def visit_Template(self, node, frame=None):
        assert frame is None, 'no root frame allowed'
        from jinja2.runtime import __all__ as exported
        self.writeline('from jinja2.runtime import ' + ', '.join(exported))
        self.writeline('name = %r' % self.name)

        # do we have an extends tag at all?  If not, we can save some
        # overhead by just not processing any inheritance code.
        have_extends = node.find(nodes.Extends) is not None

        # find all blocks
        for block in node.find_all(nodes.Block):
            if block.name in self.blocks:
                raise TemplateAssertionError('block %r defined twice' %
                                             block.name, block.lineno,
                                             self.name)
            self.blocks[block.name] = block

        # generate the root render function.
        self.writeline('def root(context, environment=environment):', extra=1)
        if have_extends:
            self.indent()
            self.writeline('parent_template = None')
            self.outdent()

        # process the root
        frame = Frame()
        frame.inspect(node.body, with_depenencies=True)
        frame.toplevel = frame.rootlevel = True
        self.indent()
        self.pull_locals(frame, indent=False)
        self.blockvisit(node.body, frame, indent=False)
        self.outdent()

        # make sure that the parent root is called.
        if have_extends:
            if not self.has_known_extends:
                self.indent()
                self.writeline('if parent_template is not None:')
            self.indent()
            self.writeline('for event in parent_template.'
                           'root_render_func(context):')
            self.indent()
            self.writeline('yield event')
            self.outdent(2 + (not self.has_known_extends))

        # at this point we now have the blocks collected and can visit them too.
        for name, block in self.blocks.iteritems():
            block_frame = Frame()
            block_frame.inspect(block.body, with_depenencies=True)
            block_frame.block = name
            block_frame.identifiers.add_special('super')
            block_frame.name_overrides['super'] = 'context.super(%r, ' \
                'block_%s)' % (name, name)
            self.writeline('def block_%s(context, environment=environment):'
                           % name, block, 1)
            self.pull_locals(block_frame)
            self.blockvisit(block.body, block_frame)

        self.writeline('blocks = {%s}' % ', '.join('%r: block_%s' % (x, x)
                                                   for x in self.blocks),
                       extra=1)

        # add a function that returns the debug info
        self.writeline('debug_info = %r' % '&'.join('%s=%s' % x for x
                                                    in self.debug_info))

    def visit_Block(self, node, frame):
        """Call a block and register it for the template."""
        level = 1
        if frame.toplevel:
            # if we know that we are a child template, there is no need to
            # check if we are one
            if self.has_known_extends:
                return
            if self.extends_so_far > 0:
                self.writeline('if parent_template is None:')
                self.indent()
                level += 1
        self.writeline('for event in context.blocks[%r][-1](context):' % node.name)
        self.indent()
        if frame.buffer is None:
            self.writeline('yield event')
        else:
            self.writeline('%s.append(event)' % frame.buffer)
        self.outdent(level)

    def visit_Extends(self, node, frame):
        """Calls the extender."""
        if not frame.toplevel:
            raise TemplateAssertionError('cannot use extend from a non '
                                         'top-level scope', node.lineno,
                                         self.name)

        # if the number of extends statements in general is zero so
        # far, we don't have to add a check if something extended
        # the template before this one.
        if self.extends_so_far > 0:

            # if we have a known extends we just add a template runtime
            # error into the generated code.  We could catch that at compile
            # time too, but i welcome it not to confuse users by throwing the
            # same error at different times just "because we can".
            if not self.has_known_extends:
                self.writeline('if parent_template is not None:')
                self.indent()
            self.writeline('raise TemplateRuntimeError(%r)' %
                           'extended multiple times')

            # if we have a known extends already we don't need that code here
            # as we know that the template execution will end here.
            if self.has_known_extends:
                raise CompilerExit()
            self.outdent()

        self.writeline('parent_template = environment.get_template(', node, 1)
        self.visit(node.template, frame)
        self.write(', %r)' % self.name)
        self.writeline('for name, parent_block in parent_template.'
                       'blocks.iteritems():')
        self.indent()
        self.writeline('context.blocks.setdefault(name, []).'
                       'insert(0, parent_block)')
        self.outdent()

        # if this extends statement was in the root level we can take
        # advantage of that information and simplify the generated code
        # in the top level from this point onwards
        self.has_known_extends = True

        # and now we have one more
        self.extends_so_far += 1

    def visit_Include(self, node, frame):
        """Handles includes."""
        self.writeline('included_template = environment.get_template(', node)
        self.visit(node.template, frame)
        self.write(', %r)' % self.name)
        self.writeline('for event in included_template.root_render_func('
                       'included_template.new_context(context.get_root())):')
        self.indent()
        if frame.buffer is None:
            self.writeline('yield event')
        else:
            self.writeline('%s.append(event)' % frame.buffer)
        self.outdent()

    def visit_Import(self, node, frame):
        """Visit regular imports."""
        self.writeline('l_%s = ' % node.target, node)
        if frame.toplevel:
            self.write('context.vars[%r] = ' % node.target)
        self.write('environment.get_template(')
        self.visit(node.template, frame)
        self.write(', %r).include(context)' % self.name)
        if frame.toplevel:
            self.writeline('context.exported_vars.discard(%r)' % node.target)

    def visit_FromImport(self, node, frame):
        """Visit named imports."""
        self.newline(node)
        self.write('included_template = environment.get_template(')
        self.visit(node.template, frame)
        self.write(', %r).include(context)' % self.name)
        for name in node.names:
            if isinstance(name, tuple):
                name, alias = name
            else:
                alias = name
            self.writeline('l_%s = getattr(included_template, '
                           '%r, missing)' % (alias, name))
            self.writeline('if l_%s is missing:' % alias)
            self.indent()
            self.writeline('l_%s = environment.undefined(%r %% '
                           'included_template.name)' %
                           (alias, 'the template %r does not export '
                            'the requested name ' + repr(name)))
            self.outdent()
            if frame.toplevel:
                self.writeline('context.vars[%r] = l_%s' % (alias, alias))
                self.writeline('context.exported_vars.discard(%r)' % alias)

    def visit_For(self, node, frame):
        loop_frame = frame.inner()
        loop_frame.inspect(node.iter_child_nodes(exclude=('iter',)))
        extended_loop = bool(node.else_) or \
                        'loop' in loop_frame.identifiers.undeclared
        if extended_loop:
            loop_frame.identifiers.add_special('loop')

        aliases = self.collect_shadowed(loop_frame)
        self.pull_locals(loop_frame, indent=False)
        if node.else_:
            self.writeline('l_loop = None')

        self.newline(node)
        self.writeline('for ')
        self.visit(node.target, loop_frame)
        self.write(extended_loop and ', l_loop in LoopContext(' or ' in ')

        # the expression pointing to the parent loop.  We make the
        # undefined a bit more debug friendly at the same time.
        parent_loop = 'loop' in aliases and aliases['loop'] \
                      or "environment.undefined(%r)" % "'loop' is undefined. " \
                         'the filter section of a loop as well as the ' \
                         'else block doesn\'t have access to the special ' \
                         "'loop' variable of the current loop.  Because " \
                         'there is no parent loop it\'s undefined.'

        # if we have an extened loop and a node test, we filter in the
        # "outer frame".
        if extended_loop and node.test is not None:
            self.write('(')
            self.visit(node.target, loop_frame)
            self.write(' for ')
            self.visit(node.target, loop_frame)
            self.write(' in ')
            self.visit(node.iter, loop_frame)
            self.write(' if (')
            test_frame = loop_frame.copy()
            test_frame.name_overrides['loop'] = parent_loop
            self.visit(node.test, test_frame)
            self.write('))')

        else:
            self.visit(node.iter, loop_frame)

        self.write(extended_loop and '):' or ':')

        # tests in not extended loops become a continue
        if not extended_loop and node.test is not None:
            self.indent()
            self.writeline('if ')
            self.visit(node.test, loop_frame)
            self.write(':')
            self.indent()
            self.writeline('continue')
            self.outdent(2)

        self.blockvisit(node.body, loop_frame, force_generator=True)

        if node.else_:
            self.writeline('if l_loop is None:')
            self.indent()
            self.writeline('l_loop = ' + parent_loop)
            self.outdent()
            self.blockvisit(node.else_, loop_frame, force_generator=False)

        # reset the aliases if there are any.
        for name, alias in aliases.iteritems():
            self.writeline('l_%s = %s' % (name, alias))

    def visit_If(self, node, frame):
        if_frame = frame.soft()
        self.writeline('if ', node)
        self.visit(node.test, if_frame)
        self.write(':')
        self.blockvisit(node.body, if_frame)
        if node.else_:
            self.writeline('else:')
            self.blockvisit(node.else_, if_frame)

    def visit_Macro(self, node, frame):
        macro_frame = self.function_scoping(node, frame)
        args = macro_frame.arguments
        self.writeline('def macro(%s):' % ', '.join(args), node)
        macro_frame.buffer = buf = self.temporary_identifier()
        self.indent()
        self.pull_locals(macro_frame, indent=False)
        self.writeline('%s = []' % buf)
        self.blockvisit(node.body, macro_frame, indent=False)
        self.writeline("return Markup(concat(%s))" % buf)
        self.outdent()
        self.newline()
        if frame.toplevel:
            self.write('context.exported_vars.add(%r)' % node.name)
            self.writeline('context.vars[%r] = ' % node.name)
        arg_tuple = ', '.join(repr(x.name) for x in node.args)
        if len(node.args) == 1:
            arg_tuple += ','
        self.write('l_%s = Macro(environment, macro, %r, (%s), (' %
                   (node.name, node.name, arg_tuple))
        for arg in node.defaults:
            self.visit(arg, macro_frame)
            self.write(', ')
        self.write('), %s, %s, %s)' % (
            macro_frame.accesses_kwargs and '1' or '0',
            macro_frame.accesses_varargs and '1' or '0',
            macro_frame.accesses_caller and '1' or '0'
        ))

    def visit_CallBlock(self, node, frame):
        call_frame = self.function_scoping(node, frame)
        args = call_frame.arguments
        self.writeline('def call(%s):' % ', '.join(args), node)
        call_frame.buffer = buf = self.temporary_identifier()
        self.indent()
        self.pull_locals(call_frame, indent=False)
        self.writeline('%s = []' % buf)
        self.blockvisit(node.body, call_frame, indent=False)
        self.writeline("return Markup(concat(%s))" % buf)
        self.outdent()
        arg_tuple = ', '.join(repr(x.name) for x in node.args)
        if len(node.args) == 1:
            arg_tuple += ','
        self.writeline('caller = Macro(environment, call, None, (%s), (' %
                       arg_tuple)
        for arg in node.defaults:
            self.visit(arg)
            self.write(', ')
        self.write('), %s, %s, 0)' % (
            call_frame.accesses_kwargs and '1' or '0',
            call_frame.accesses_varargs and '1' or '0'
        ))
        if frame.buffer is None:
            self.writeline('yield ', node)
        else:
            self.writeline('%s.append(' % frame.buffer, node)
        self.visit_Call(node.call, call_frame,
                        extra_kwargs={'caller': 'caller'})
        if frame.buffer is not None:
            self.write(')')

    def visit_FilterBlock(self, node, frame):
        filter_frame = frame.inner()
        filter_frame.inspect(node.iter_child_nodes())

        aliases = self.collect_shadowed(filter_frame)
        self.pull_locals(filter_frame, indent=False)
        filter_frame.buffer = buf = self.temporary_identifier()

        self.writeline('%s = []' % buf, node)
        for child in node.body:
            self.visit(child, filter_frame)

        if frame.buffer is None:
            self.writeline('yield ', node)
        else:
            self.writeline('%s.append(' % frame.buffer, node)
        self.visit_Filter(node.filter, filter_frame, 'concat(%s)' % buf)
        if frame.buffer is not None:
            self.write(')')

    def visit_ExprStmt(self, node, frame):
        self.newline(node)
        self.visit(node.node, frame)

    def visit_Output(self, node, frame):
        # if we have a known extends statement, we don't output anything
        if self.has_known_extends and frame.toplevel:
            return

        self.newline(node)
        if self.environment.finalize is unicode:
            finalizer = 'unicode'
            have_finalizer = False
        else:
            finalizer = 'environment.finalize'
            have_finalizer = True

        # if we are in the toplevel scope and there was already an extends
        # statement we have to add a check that disables our yield(s) here
        # so that they don't appear in the output.
        outdent_later = False
        if frame.toplevel and self.extends_so_far != 0:
            self.writeline('if parent_template is None:')
            self.indent()
            outdent_later = True

        # try to evaluate as many chunks as possible into a static
        # string at compile time.
        body = []
        for child in node.nodes:
            try:
                const = unicode(child.as_const())
            except:
                body.append(child)
                continue
            if body and isinstance(body[-1], list):
                body[-1].append(const)
            else:
                body.append([const])

        # if we have less than 3 nodes or less than 6 and a buffer we
        # yield or extend
        if len(body) < 3 or (frame.buffer is not None and len(body) < 6):
            if frame.buffer is not None:
                self.writeline('%s.extend((' % frame.buffer)
            for item in body:
                if isinstance(item, list):
                    val = repr(concat(item))
                    if frame.buffer is None:
                        self.writeline('yield ' + val)
                    else:
                        self.write(val + ', ')
                else:
                    if frame.buffer is None:
                        self.writeline('yield ')
                    self.write(finalizer + '(')
                    self.visit(item, frame)
                    self.write(')')
                    if frame.buffer is not None:
                        self.write(', ')
            if frame.buffer is not None:
                self.write('))')

        # otherwise we create a format string as this is faster in that case
        else:
            format = []
            arguments = []
            for item in body:
                if isinstance(item, list):
                    format.append(concat(item).replace('%', '%%'))
                else:
                    format.append('%s')
                    arguments.append(item)
            if frame.buffer is None:
                self.writeline('yield ')
            else:
                self.writeline('%s.append(' % frame.buffer)
            self.write(repr(concat(format)) + ' % (')
            idx = -1
            self.indent()
            for argument in arguments:
                self.newline(argument)
                if have_finalizer:
                    self.write(finalizer + '(')
                self.visit(argument, frame)
                if have_finalizer:
                    self.write(')')
                self.write(',')
            self.outdent()
            self.writeline(')')
            if frame.buffer is not None:
                self.write(')')

        if outdent_later:
            self.outdent()

    def visit_Assign(self, node, frame):
        self.newline(node)
        # toplevel assignments however go into the local namespace and
        # the current template's context.  We create a copy of the frame
        # here and add a set so that the Name visitor can add the assigned
        # names here.
        if frame.toplevel:
            assignment_frame = frame.copy()
            assignment_frame.assigned_names = set()
        else:
            assignment_frame = frame
        self.visit(node.target, assignment_frame)
        self.write(' = ')
        self.visit(node.node, frame)

        # make sure toplevel assignments are added to the context.
        if frame.toplevel:
            for name in assignment_frame.assigned_names:
                self.writeline('context.vars[%r] = l_%s' % (name, name))
                self.writeline('context.exported_vars.add(%r)' % name)

    def visit_Name(self, node, frame):
        if node.ctx == 'store':
            if frame.toplevel:
                frame.assigned_names.add(node.name)
            frame.name_overrides.pop(node.name, None)
        elif node.ctx == 'load':
            if node.name in frame.name_overrides:
                self.write(frame.name_overrides[node.name])
                return
        self.write('l_' + node.name)

    def visit_Const(self, node, frame):
        val = node.value
        if isinstance(val, float):
            # XXX: add checks for infinity and nan
            self.write(str(val))
        else:
            self.write(repr(val))

    def visit_Tuple(self, node, frame):
        self.write('(')
        idx = -1
        for idx, item in enumerate(node.items):
            if idx:
                self.write(', ')
            self.visit(item, frame)
        self.write(idx == 0 and ',)' or ')')

    def visit_List(self, node, frame):
        self.write('[')
        for idx, item in enumerate(node.items):
            if idx:
                self.write(', ')
            self.visit(item, frame)
        self.write(']')

    def visit_Dict(self, node, frame):
        self.write('{')
        for idx, item in enumerate(node.items):
            if idx:
                self.write(', ')
            self.visit(item.key, frame)
            self.write(': ')
            self.visit(item.value, frame)
        self.write('}')

    def binop(operator):
        def visitor(self, node, frame):
            self.write('(')
            self.visit(node.left, frame)
            self.write(' %s ' % operator)
            self.visit(node.right, frame)
            self.write(')')
        return visitor

    def uaop(operator):
        def visitor(self, node, frame):
            self.write('(' + operator)
            self.visit(node.node, frame)
            self.write(')')
        return visitor

    visit_Add = binop('+')
    visit_Sub = binop('-')
    visit_Mul = binop('*')
    visit_Div = binop('/')
    visit_FloorDiv = binop('//')
    visit_Pow = binop('**')
    visit_Mod = binop('%')
    visit_And = binop('and')
    visit_Or = binop('or')
    visit_Pos = uaop('+')
    visit_Neg = uaop('-')
    visit_Not = uaop('not ')
    del binop, uaop

    def visit_Compare(self, node, frame):
        self.visit(node.expr, frame)
        for op in node.ops:
            self.visit(op, frame)

    def visit_Operand(self, node, frame):
        self.write(' %s ' % operators[node.op])
        self.visit(node.expr, frame)

    def visit_Subscript(self, node, frame):
        if isinstance(node.arg, nodes.Slice):
            self.visit(node.node, frame)
            self.write('[')
            self.visit(node.arg, frame)
            self.write(']')
            return
        try:
            const = node.arg.as_const()
            have_const = True
        except nodes.Impossible:
            have_const = False
        self.write('environment.subscribe(')
        self.visit(node.node, frame)
        self.write(', ')
        if have_const:
            self.write(repr(const))
        else:
            self.visit(node.arg, frame)
        self.write(')')

    def visit_Slice(self, node, frame):
        if node.start is not None:
            self.visit(node.start, frame)
        self.write(':')
        if node.stop is not None:
            self.visit(node.stop, frame)
        if node.step is not None:
            self.write(':')
            self.visit(node.step, frame)

    def visit_Filter(self, node, frame, initial=None):
        self.write('f_%s(' % node.name)
        func = self.environment.filters.get(node.name)
        if func is None:
            raise TemplateAssertionError('no filter named %r' % node.name,
                                         node.lineno, self.filename)
        if getattr(func, 'contextfilter', False):
            self.write('context, ')
        elif getattr(func, 'environmentfilter', False):
            self.write('environment, ')
        if isinstance(node.node, nodes.Filter):
            self.visit_Filter(node.node, frame, initial)
        elif node.node is None:
            self.write(initial)
        else:
            self.visit(node.node, frame)
        self.signature(node, frame)
        self.write(')')

    def visit_Test(self, node, frame):
        self.write('t_%s(' % node.name)
        if node.name not in self.environment.tests:
            raise TemplateAssertionError('no test named %r' % node.name,
                                         node.lineno, self.filename)
        self.visit(node.node, frame)
        self.signature(node, frame)
        self.write(')')

    def visit_CondExpr(self, node, frame):
        if not have_condexpr:
            self.write('((')
            self.visit(node.test, frame)
            self.write(') and (')
            self.visit(node.expr1, frame)
            self.write(',) or (')
            self.visit(node.expr2, frame)
            self.write(',))[0]')
        else:
            self.write('(')
            self.visit(node.expr1, frame)
            self.write(' if ')
            self.visit(node.test, frame)
            self.write(' else ')
            self.visit(node.expr2, frame)
            self.write(')')

    def visit_Call(self, node, frame, extra_kwargs=None):
        if self.environment.sandboxed:
            self.write('environment.call(')
        self.visit(node.node, frame)
        self.write(self.environment.sandboxed and ', ' or '(')
        self.signature(node, frame, False, extra_kwargs)
        self.write(')')

    def visit_Keyword(self, node, frame):
        self.write(node.key + '=')
        self.visit(node.value, frame)