generator.py

#!/usr/bin/python3 -i
#
# Copyright (c) 2013-2016 The Khronos Group Inc.
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
# copy of this software and/or associated documentation files (the
# "Materials"), to deal in the Materials without restriction, including
# without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
# distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Materials, and to
# permit persons to whom the Materials are furnished to do so, subject to
# the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
# in all copies or substantial portions of the Materials.
#
# THE MATERIALS ARE PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
# IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
# CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
# TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
# MATERIALS OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE MATERIALS.

import os,re,sys
from collections import namedtuple
from lxml import etree

def write( *args, **kwargs ):
    file = kwargs.pop('file',sys.stdout)
    end = kwargs.pop( 'end','\n')
    file.write( ' '.join([str(arg) for arg in args]) )
    file.write( end )

# noneStr - returns string argument, or "" if argument is None.
# Used in converting lxml Elements into text.
#   str - string to convert
def noneStr(str):
    if (str):
        return str
    else:
        return ""

# enquote - returns string argument with surrounding quotes,
#   for serialization into Python code.
def enquote(str):
    if (str):
        return "'" + str + "'"
    else:
        return None

# Primary sort key for regSortFeatures.
# Sorts by category of the feature name string:
#   Core API features (those defined with a <feature> tag)
#   ARB/KHR/OES (Khronos extensions)
#   other       (EXT/vendor extensions)
# This will need changing for Vulkan!
def regSortCategoryKey(feature):
    if (feature.elem.tag == 'feature'):
        return 0
    elif (feature.category == 'ARB' or
          feature.category == 'KHR' or
          feature.category == 'OES'):
        return 1
    else:
        return 2

# Secondary sort key for regSortFeatures.
# Sorts by extension name.
def regSortNameKey(feature):
    return feature.name

# Second sort key for regSortFeatures.
# Sorts by feature version. <extension> elements all have version number "0"
def regSortFeatureVersionKey(feature):
    return float(feature.version)

# Tertiary sort key for regSortFeatures.
# Sorts by extension number. <feature> elements all have extension number 0.
def regSortExtensionNumberKey(feature):
    return int(feature.number)

# regSortFeatures - default sort procedure for features.
# Sorts by primary key of feature category ('feature' or 'extension')
#   then by version number (for features)
#   then by extension number (for extensions)
def regSortFeatures(featureList):
    featureList.sort(key = regSortExtensionNumberKey)
    featureList.sort(key = regSortFeatureVersionKey)
    featureList.sort(key = regSortCategoryKey)

# GeneratorOptions - base class for options used during header production
# These options are target language independent, and used by
# Registry.apiGen() and by base OutputGenerator objects.
#
# Members
#   filename - name of file to generate, or None to write to stdout.
#   apiname - string matching <api> 'apiname' attribute, e.g. 'gl'.
#   profile - string specifying API profile , e.g. 'core', or None.
#   versions - regex matching API versions to process interfaces for.
#     Normally '.*' or '[0-9]\.[0-9]' to match all defined versions.
#   emitversions - regex matching API versions to actually emit
#    interfaces for (though all requested versions are considered
#    when deciding which interfaces to generate). For GL 4.3 glext.h,
#     this might be '1\.[2-5]|[2-4]\.[0-9]'.
#   defaultExtensions - If not None, a string which must in its
#     entirety match the pattern in the "supported" attribute of
#     the <extension>. Defaults to None. Usually the same as apiname.
#   addExtensions - regex matching names of additional extensions
#     to include. Defaults to None.
#   removeExtensions - regex matching names of extensions to
#     remove (after defaultExtensions and addExtensions). Defaults
#     to None.
#   sortProcedure - takes a list of FeatureInfo objects and sorts
#     them in place to a preferred order in the generated output.
#     Default is core API versions, ARB/KHR/OES extensions, all
#     other extensions, alphabetically within each group.
# The regex patterns can be None or empty, in which case they match
#   nothing.
class GeneratorOptions:
    """Represents options during header production from an API registry"""
    def __init__(self,
                 filename = None,
                 apiname = None,
                 profile = None,
                 versions = '.*',
                 emitversions = '.*',
                 defaultExtensions = None,
                 addExtensions = None,
                 removeExtensions = None,
                 sortProcedure = regSortFeatures):
        self.filename          = filename
        self.apiname           = apiname
        self.profile           = profile
        self.versions          = self.emptyRegex(versions)
        self.emitversions      = self.emptyRegex(emitversions)
        self.defaultExtensions = defaultExtensions
        self.addExtensions     = self.emptyRegex(addExtensions)
        self.removeExtensions  = self.emptyRegex(removeExtensions)
        self.sortProcedure     = sortProcedure
    #
    # Substitute a regular expression which matches no version
    # or extension names for None or the empty string.
    def emptyRegex(self,pat):
        if (pat == None or pat == ''):
            return '_nomatch_^'
        else:
            return pat

# CGeneratorOptions - subclass of GeneratorOptions.
#
# Adds options used by COutputGenerator objects during C language header
# generation.
#
# Additional members
#   prefixText - list of strings to prefix generated header with
#     (usually a copyright statement + calling convention macros).
#   protectFile - True if multiple inclusion protection should be
#     generated (based on the filename) around the entire header.
#   protectFeature - True if #ifndef..#endif protection should be
#     generated around a feature interface in the header file.
#   genFuncPointers - True if function pointer typedefs should be
#     generated
#   protectProto - If conditional protection should be generated
#     around prototype declarations, set to either '#ifdef'
#     to require opt-in (#ifdef protectProtoStr) or '#ifndef'
#     to require opt-out (#ifndef protectProtoStr). Otherwise
#     set to None.
#   protectProtoStr - #ifdef/#ifndef symbol to use around prototype
#     declarations, if protectProto is set
#   apicall - string to use for the function declaration prefix,
#     such as APICALL on Windows.
#   apientry - string to use for the calling convention macro,
#     in typedefs, such as APIENTRY.
#   apientryp - string to use for the calling convention macro
#     in function pointer typedefs, such as APIENTRYP.
#   indentFuncProto - True if prototype declarations should put each
#     parameter on a separate line
#   indentFuncPointer - True if typedefed function pointers should put each
#     parameter on a separate line
#   alignFuncParam - if nonzero and parameters are being put on a
#     separate line, align parameter names at the specified column
class CGeneratorOptions(GeneratorOptions):
    """Represents options during C interface generation for headers"""
    def __init__(self,
                 filename = None,
                 apiname = None,
                 profile = None,
                 versions = '.*',
                 emitversions = '.*',
                 defaultExtensions = None,
                 addExtensions = None,
                 removeExtensions = None,
                 sortProcedure = regSortFeatures,
                 prefixText = "",
                 genFuncPointers = True,
                 protectFile = True,
                 protectFeature = True,
                 protectProto = None,
                 protectProtoStr = None,
                 apicall = '',
                 apientry = '',
                 apientryp = '',
                 indentFuncProto = True,
                 indentFuncPointer = False,
                 alignFuncParam = 0):
        GeneratorOptions.__init__(self, filename, apiname, profile,
                                  versions, emitversions, defaultExtensions,
                                  addExtensions, removeExtensions, sortProcedure)
        self.prefixText      = prefixText
        self.genFuncPointers = genFuncPointers
        self.protectFile     = protectFile
        self.protectFeature  = protectFeature
        self.protectProto    = protectProto
        self.protectProtoStr = protectProtoStr
        self.apicall         = apicall
        self.apientry        = apientry
        self.apientryp       = apientryp
        self.indentFuncProto = indentFuncProto
        self.indentFuncPointer = indentFuncPointer
        self.alignFuncParam  = alignFuncParam

# DocGeneratorOptions - subclass of GeneratorOptions.
#
# Shares many members with CGeneratorOptions, since
# both are writing C-style declarations:
#
#   prefixText - list of strings to prefix generated header with
#     (usually a copyright statement + calling convention macros).
#   apicall - string to use for the function declaration prefix,
#     such as APICALL on Windows.
#   apientry - string to use for the calling convention macro,
#     in typedefs, such as APIENTRY.
#   apientryp - string to use for the calling convention macro
#     in function pointer typedefs, such as APIENTRYP.
#   genDirectory - directory into which to generate include files
#   indentFuncProto - True if prototype declarations should put each
#     parameter on a separate line
#   indentFuncPointer - True if typedefed function pointers should put each
#     parameter on a separate line
#   alignFuncParam - if nonzero and parameters are being put on a
#     separate line, align parameter names at the specified column
#
# Additional members:
#
class DocGeneratorOptions(GeneratorOptions):
    """Represents options during C interface generation for Asciidoc"""
    def __init__(self,
                 filename = None,
                 apiname = None,
                 profile = None,
                 versions = '.*',
                 emitversions = '.*',
                 defaultExtensions = None,
                 addExtensions = None,
                 removeExtensions = None,
                 sortProcedure = regSortFeatures,
                 prefixText = "",
                 apicall = '',
                 apientry = '',
                 apientryp = '',
                 genDirectory = 'gen',
                 indentFuncProto = True,
                 indentFuncPointer = False,
                 alignFuncParam = 0,
                 expandEnumerants = True):
        GeneratorOptions.__init__(self, filename, apiname, profile,
                                  versions, emitversions, defaultExtensions,
                                  addExtensions, removeExtensions, sortProcedure)
        self.prefixText      = prefixText
        self.apicall         = apicall
        self.apientry        = apientry
        self.apientryp       = apientryp
        self.genDirectory    = genDirectory
        self.indentFuncProto = indentFuncProto
        self.indentFuncPointer = indentFuncPointer
        self.alignFuncParam  = alignFuncParam
        self.expandEnumerants = expandEnumerants

# ThreadGeneratorOptions - subclass of GeneratorOptions.
#
# Adds options used by COutputGenerator objects during C language header
# generation.
#
# Additional members
#   prefixText - list of strings to prefix generated header with
#     (usually a copyright statement + calling convention macros).
#   protectFile - True if multiple inclusion protection should be
#     generated (based on the filename) around the entire header.
#   protectFeature - True if #ifndef..#endif protection should be
#     generated around a feature interface in the header file.
#   genFuncPointers - True if function pointer typedefs should be
#     generated
#   protectProto - True if #ifdef..#endif protection should be
#     generated around prototype declarations
#   protectProtoStr - #ifdef symbol to use around prototype
#     declarations, if protected
#   apicall - string to use for the function declaration prefix,
#     such as APICALL on Windows.
#   apientry - string to use for the calling convention macro,
#     in typedefs, such as APIENTRY.
#   apientryp - string to use for the calling convention macro
#     in function pointer typedefs, such as APIENTRYP.
#   indentFuncProto - True if prototype declarations should put each
#     parameter on a separate line
#   indentFuncPointer - True if typedefed function pointers should put each
#     parameter on a separate line
#   alignFuncParam - if nonzero and parameters are being put on a
#     separate line, align parameter names at the specified column
class ThreadGeneratorOptions(GeneratorOptions):
    """Represents options during C interface generation for headers"""
    def __init__(self,
                 filename = None,
                 apiname = None,
                 profile = None,
                 versions = '.*',
                 emitversions = '.*',
                 defaultExtensions = None,
                 addExtensions = None,
                 removeExtensions = None,
                 sortProcedure = regSortFeatures,
                 prefixText = "",
                 genFuncPointers = True,
                 protectFile = True,
                 protectFeature = True,
                 protectProto = True,
                 protectProtoStr = True,
                 apicall = '',
                 apientry = '',
                 apientryp = '',
                 indentFuncProto = True,
                 indentFuncPointer = False,
                 alignFuncParam = 0):
        GeneratorOptions.__init__(self, filename, apiname, profile,
                                  versions, emitversions, defaultExtensions,
                                  addExtensions, removeExtensions, sortProcedure)
        self.prefixText      = prefixText
        self.genFuncPointers = genFuncPointers
        self.protectFile     = protectFile
        self.protectFeature  = protectFeature
        self.protectProto    = protectProto
        self.protectProtoStr = protectProtoStr
        self.apicall         = apicall
        self.apientry        = apientry
        self.apientryp       = apientryp
        self.indentFuncProto = indentFuncProto
        self.indentFuncPointer = indentFuncPointer
        self.alignFuncParam  = alignFuncParam


# ParamCheckerGeneratorOptions - subclass of GeneratorOptions.
#
# Adds options used by ParamCheckerOutputGenerator objects during parameter validation
# generation.
#
# Additional members
#   prefixText - list of strings to prefix generated header with
#     (usually a copyright statement + calling convention macros).
#   protectFile - True if multiple inclusion protection should be
#     generated (based on the filename) around the entire header.
#   protectFeature - True if #ifndef..#endif protection should be
#     generated around a feature interface in the header file.
#   genFuncPointers - True if function pointer typedefs should be
#     generated
#   protectProto - If conditional protection should be generated
#     around prototype declarations, set to either '#ifdef'
#     to require opt-in (#ifdef protectProtoStr) or '#ifndef'
#     to require opt-out (#ifndef protectProtoStr). Otherwise
#     set to None.
#   protectProtoStr - #ifdef/#ifndef symbol to use around prototype
#     declarations, if protectProto is set
#   apicall - string to use for the function declaration prefix,
#     such as APICALL on Windows.
#   apientry - string to use for the calling convention macro,
#     in typedefs, such as APIENTRY.
#   apientryp - string to use for the calling convention macro
#     in function pointer typedefs, such as APIENTRYP.
#   indentFuncProto - True if prototype declarations should put each
#     parameter on a separate line
#   indentFuncPointer - True if typedefed function pointers should put each
#     parameter on a separate line
#   alignFuncParam - if nonzero and parameters are being put on a
#     separate line, align parameter names at the specified column
class ParamCheckerGeneratorOptions(GeneratorOptions):
    """Represents options during C interface generation for headers"""
    def __init__(self,
                 filename = None,
                 apiname = None,
                 profile = None,
                 versions = '.*',
                 emitversions = '.*',
                 defaultExtensions = None,
                 addExtensions = None,
                 removeExtensions = None,
                 sortProcedure = regSortFeatures,
                 prefixText = "",
                 genFuncPointers = True,
                 protectFile = True,
                 protectFeature = True,
                 protectProto = None,
                 protectProtoStr = None,
                 apicall = '',
                 apientry = '',
                 apientryp = '',
                 indentFuncProto = True,
                 indentFuncPointer = False,
                 alignFuncParam = 0):
        GeneratorOptions.__init__(self, filename, apiname, profile,
                                  versions, emitversions, defaultExtensions,
                                  addExtensions, removeExtensions, sortProcedure)
        self.prefixText      = prefixText
        self.genFuncPointers = genFuncPointers
        self.protectFile     = protectFile
        self.protectFeature  = protectFeature
        self.protectProto    = protectProto
        self.protectProtoStr = protectProtoStr
        self.apicall         = apicall
        self.apientry        = apientry
        self.apientryp       = apientryp
        self.indentFuncProto = indentFuncProto
        self.indentFuncPointer = indentFuncPointer
        self.alignFuncParam  = alignFuncParam


# OutputGenerator - base class for generating API interfaces.
# Manages basic logic, logging, and output file control
# Derived classes actually generate formatted output.
#
# ---- methods ----
# OutputGenerator(errFile, warnFile, diagFile)
#   errFile, warnFile, diagFile - file handles to write errors,
#     warnings, diagnostics to. May be None to not write.
# logMsg(level, *args) - log messages of different categories
#   level - 'error', 'warn', or 'diag'. 'error' will also
#     raise a UserWarning exception
#   *args - print()-style arguments
# setExtMap(map) - specify a dictionary map from extension names to
#   numbers, used in creating values for extension enumerants.
# beginFile(genOpts) - start a new interface file
#   genOpts - GeneratorOptions controlling what's generated and how
# endFile() - finish an interface file, closing it when done
# beginFeature(interface, emit) - write interface for a feature
# and tag generated features as having been done.
#   interface - element for the <version> / <extension> to generate
#   emit - actually write to the header only when True
# endFeature() - finish an interface.
# genType(typeinfo,name) - generate interface for a type
#   typeinfo - TypeInfo for a type
# genStruct(typeinfo,name) - generate interface for a C "struct" type.
#   typeinfo - TypeInfo for a type interpreted as a struct
# genGroup(groupinfo,name) - generate interface for a group of enums (C "enum")
#   groupinfo - GroupInfo for a group
# genEnum(enuminfo, name) - generate interface for an enum (constant)
#   enuminfo - EnumInfo for an enum
#   name - enum name
# genCmd(cmdinfo) - generate interface for a command
#   cmdinfo - CmdInfo for a command
# makeCDecls(cmd) - return C prototype and function pointer typedef for a
#     <command> Element, as a list of two strings
#   cmd - Element for the <command>
# newline() - print a newline to the output file (utility function)
#
class OutputGenerator:
    """Generate specified API interfaces in a specific style, such as a C header"""
    def __init__(self,
                 errFile = sys.stderr,
                 warnFile = sys.stderr,
                 diagFile = sys.stdout):
        self.outFile = None
        self.errFile = errFile
        self.warnFile = warnFile
        self.diagFile = diagFile
        # Internal state
        self.featureName = None
        self.genOpts = None
        self.registry = None
        # Used for extension enum value generation
        self.extBase      = 1000000000
        self.extBlockSize = 1000
    #
    # logMsg - write a message of different categories to different
    #   destinations.
    # level -
    #   'diag' (diagnostic, voluminous)
    #   'warn' (warning)
    #   'error' (fatal error - raises exception after logging)
    # *args - print()-style arguments to direct to corresponding log
    def logMsg(self, level, *args):
        """Log a message at the given level. Can be ignored or log to a file"""
        if (level == 'error'):
            strfile = io.StringIO()
            write('ERROR:', *args, file=strfile)
            if (self.errFile != None):
                write(strfile.getvalue(), file=self.errFile)
            raise UserWarning(strfile.getvalue())
        elif (level == 'warn'):
            if (self.warnFile != None):
                write('WARNING:', *args, file=self.warnFile)
        elif (level == 'diag'):
            if (self.diagFile != None):
                write('DIAG:', *args, file=self.diagFile)
        else:
            raise UserWarning(
                '*** FATAL ERROR in Generator.logMsg: unknown level:' + level)
    #
    # enumToValue - parses and converts an <enum> tag into a value.
    # Returns a list
    #   first element - integer representation of the value, or None
    #       if needsNum is False. The value must be a legal number
    #       if needsNum is True.
    #   second element - string representation of the value
    # There are several possible representations of values.
    #   A 'value' attribute simply contains the value.
    #   A 'bitpos' attribute defines a value by specifying the bit
    #       position which is set in that value.
    #   A 'offset','extbase','extends' triplet specifies a value
    #       as an offset to a base value defined by the specified
    #       'extbase' extension name, which is then cast to the
    #       typename specified by 'extends'. This requires probing
    #       the registry database, and imbeds knowledge of the
    #       Vulkan extension enum scheme in this function.
    def enumToValue(self, elem, needsNum):
        name = elem.get('name')
        numVal = None
        if ('value' in elem.keys()):
            value = elem.get('value')
            # print('About to translate value =', value, 'type =', type(value))
            if (needsNum):
                numVal = int(value, 0)
            # If there's a non-integer, numeric 'type' attribute (e.g. 'u' or
            # 'ull'), append it to the string value.
            # t = enuminfo.elem.get('type')
            # if (t != None and t != '' and t != 'i' and t != 's'):
            #     value += enuminfo.type
            self.logMsg('diag', 'Enum', name, '-> value [', numVal, ',', value, ']')
            return [numVal, value]
        if ('bitpos' in elem.keys()):
            value = elem.get('bitpos')
            numVal = int(value, 0)
            numVal = 1 << numVal
            value = '0x%08x' % numVal
            self.logMsg('diag', 'Enum', name, '-> bitpos [', numVal, ',', value, ']')
            return [numVal, value]
        if ('offset' in elem.keys()):
            # Obtain values in the mapping from the attributes
            enumNegative = False
            offset = int(elem.get('offset'),0)
            extnumber = int(elem.get('extnumber'),0)
            extends = elem.get('extends')
            if ('dir' in elem.keys()):
                enumNegative = True
            self.logMsg('diag', 'Enum', name, 'offset =', offset,
                'extnumber =', extnumber, 'extends =', extends,
                'enumNegative =', enumNegative)
            # Now determine the actual enumerant value, as defined
            # in the "Layers and Extensions" appendix of the spec.
            numVal = self.extBase + (extnumber - 1) * self.extBlockSize + offset
            if (enumNegative):
                numVal = -numVal
            value = '%d' % numVal
            # More logic needed!
            self.logMsg('diag', 'Enum', name, '-> offset [', numVal, ',', value, ']')
            return [numVal, value]
        return [None, None]
    #
    def beginFile(self, genOpts):
        self.genOpts = genOpts
        #
        # Open specified output file. Not done in constructor since a
        # Generator can be used without writing to a file.
        if (self.genOpts.filename != None):
            self.outFile = open(self.genOpts.filename, 'w')
        else:
            self.outFile = sys.stdout
    def endFile(self):
        self.errFile and self.errFile.flush()
        self.warnFile and self.warnFile.flush()
        self.diagFile and self.diagFile.flush()
        self.outFile.flush()
        if (self.outFile != sys.stdout and self.outFile != sys.stderr):
            self.outFile.close()
        self.genOpts = None
    #
    def beginFeature(self, interface, emit):
        self.emit = emit
        self.featureName = interface.get('name')
        # If there's an additional 'protect' attribute in the feature, save it
        self.featureExtraProtect = interface.get('protect')
    def endFeature(self):
        # Derived classes responsible for emitting feature
        self.featureName = None
        self.featureExtraProtect = None
    # Utility method to validate we're generating something only inside a
    # <feature> tag
    def validateFeature(self, featureType, featureName):
        if (self.featureName == None):
            raise UserWarning('Attempt to generate', featureType, name,
                    'when not in feature')
    #
    # Type generation
    def genType(self, typeinfo, name):
        self.validateFeature('type', name)
    #
    # Struct (e.g. C "struct" type) generation
    def genStruct(self, typeinfo, name):
        self.validateFeature('struct', name)
    #
    # Group (e.g. C "enum" type) generation
    def genGroup(self, groupinfo, name):
        self.validateFeature('group', name)
    #
    # Enumerant (really, constant) generation
    def genEnum(self, enuminfo, name):
        self.validateFeature('enum', name)
    #
    # Command generation
    def genCmd(self, cmd, name):
        self.validateFeature('command', name)
    #
    # Utility functions - turn a <proto> <name> into C-language prototype
    # and typedef declarations for that name.
    # name - contents of <name> tag
    # tail - whatever text follows that tag in the Element
    def makeProtoName(self, name, tail):
        return self.genOpts.apientry + name + tail
    def makeTypedefName(self, name, tail):
       return '(' + self.genOpts.apientryp + 'PFN_' + name + tail + ')'
    #
    # makeCParamDecl - return a string which is an indented, formatted
    # declaration for a <param> or <member> block (e.g. function parameter
    # or structure/union member).
    # param - Element (<param> or <member>) to format
    # aligncol - if non-zero, attempt to align the nested <name> element
    #   at this column
    def makeCParamDecl(self, param, aligncol):
        paramdecl = '    ' + noneStr(param.text)
        for elem in param:
            text = noneStr(elem.text)
            tail = noneStr(elem.tail)
            if (elem.tag == 'name' and aligncol > 0):
                self.logMsg('diag', 'Aligning parameter', elem.text, 'to column', self.genOpts.alignFuncParam)
                # Align at specified column, if possible
                paramdecl = paramdecl.rstrip()
                oldLen = len(paramdecl)
                paramdecl = paramdecl.ljust(aligncol)
                newLen = len(paramdecl)
                self.logMsg('diag', 'Adjust length of parameter decl from', oldLen, 'to', newLen, ':', paramdecl)
            paramdecl += text + tail
        return paramdecl
    #
    # getCParamTypeLength - return the length of the type field is an indented, formatted
    # declaration for a <param> or <member> block (e.g. function parameter
    # or structure/union member).
    # param - Element (<param> or <member>) to identify
    def getCParamTypeLength(self, param):
        paramdecl = '    ' + noneStr(param.text)
        for elem in param:
            text = noneStr(elem.text)
            tail = noneStr(elem.tail)
            if (elem.tag == 'name'):
                # Align at specified column, if possible
                newLen = len(paramdecl.rstrip())
                self.logMsg('diag', 'Identifying length of', elem.text, 'as', newLen)
            paramdecl += text + tail
        return newLen
    #
    # makeCDecls - return C prototype and function pointer typedef for a
    #   command, as a two-element list of strings.
    # cmd - Element containing a <command> tag
    def makeCDecls(self, cmd):
        """Generate C function pointer typedef for <command> Element"""
        proto = cmd.find('proto')
        params = cmd.findall('param')
        # Begin accumulating prototype and typedef strings
        pdecl = self.genOpts.apicall
        tdecl = 'typedef '
        #
        # Insert the function return type/name.
        # For prototypes, add APIENTRY macro before the name
        # For typedefs, add (APIENTRY *<name>) around the name and
        #   use the PFN_cmdnameproc naming convention.
        # Done by walking the tree for <proto> element by element.
        # lxml.etree has elem.text followed by (elem[i], elem[i].tail)
        #   for each child element and any following text
        # Leading text
        pdecl += noneStr(proto.text)
        tdecl += noneStr(proto.text)
        # For each child element, if it's a <name> wrap in appropriate
        # declaration. Otherwise append its contents and tail contents.
        for elem in proto:
            text = noneStr(elem.text)
            tail = noneStr(elem.tail)
            if (elem.tag == 'name'):
                pdecl += self.makeProtoName(text, tail)
                tdecl += self.makeTypedefName(text, tail)
            else:
                pdecl += text + tail
                tdecl += text + tail
        # Now add the parameter declaration list, which is identical
        # for prototypes and typedefs. Concatenate all the text from
        # a <param> node without the tags. No tree walking required
        # since all tags are ignored.
        # Uses: self.indentFuncProto
        # self.indentFuncPointer
        # self.alignFuncParam
        # Might be able to doubly-nest the joins, e.g.
        #   ','.join(('_'.join([l[i] for i in range(0,len(l))])
        n = len(params)
        # Indented parameters
        if n > 0:
            indentdecl = '(\n'
            for i in range(0,n):
                paramdecl = self.makeCParamDecl(params[i], self.genOpts.alignFuncParam)
                if (i < n - 1):
                    paramdecl += ',\n'
                else:
                    paramdecl += ');'
                indentdecl += paramdecl
        else:
            indentdecl = '(void);'
        # Non-indented parameters
        paramdecl = '('
        if n > 0:
            for i in range(0,n):
                paramdecl += ''.join([t for t in params[i].itertext()])
                if (i < n - 1):
                    paramdecl += ', '
        else:
            paramdecl += 'void'
        paramdecl += ");";
        return [ pdecl + indentdecl, tdecl + paramdecl ]
    #
    def newline(self):
        write('', file=self.outFile)

    def setRegistry(self, registry):
        self.registry = registry
        #

# COutputGenerator - subclass of OutputGenerator.
# Generates C-language API interfaces.
#
# ---- methods ----
# COutputGenerator(errFile, warnFile, diagFile) - args as for
#   OutputGenerator. Defines additional internal state.
# ---- methods overriding base class ----
# beginFile(genOpts)
# endFile()
# beginFeature(interface, emit)
# endFeature()
# genType(typeinfo,name)
# genStruct(typeinfo,name)
# genGroup(groupinfo,name)
# genEnum(enuminfo, name)
# genCmd(cmdinfo)
class COutputGenerator(OutputGenerator):
    """Generate specified API interfaces in a specific style, such as a C header"""
    # This is an ordered list of sections in the header file.
    TYPE_SECTIONS = ['include', 'define', 'basetype', 'handle', 'enum',
                     'group', 'bitmask', 'funcpointer', 'struct']
    ALL_SECTIONS = TYPE_SECTIONS + ['commandPointer', 'command']
    def __init__(self,
                 errFile = sys.stderr,
                 warnFile = sys.stderr,
                 diagFile = sys.stdout):
        OutputGenerator.__init__(self, errFile, warnFile, diagFile)
        # Internal state - accumulators for different inner block text
        self.sections = dict([(section, []) for section in self.ALL_SECTIONS])
    #
    def beginFile(self, genOpts):
        OutputGenerator.beginFile(self, genOpts)
        # C-specific
        #
        # Multiple inclusion protection & C++ wrappers.
        if (genOpts.protectFile and self.genOpts.filename):
            headerSym = re.sub('\.h', '_h_',
                               os.path.basename(self.genOpts.filename)).upper()
            write('#ifndef', headerSym, file=self.outFile)
            write('#define', headerSym, '1', file=self.outFile)
            self.newline()
        write('#ifdef __cplusplus', file=self.outFile)
        write('extern "C" {', file=self.outFile)
        write('#endif', file=self.outFile)
        self.newline()
        #
        # User-supplied prefix text, if any (list of strings)
        if (genOpts.prefixText):
            for s in genOpts.prefixText:
                write(s, file=self.outFile)
        #
        # Some boilerplate describing what was generated - this
        # will probably be removed later since the extensions
        # pattern may be very long.
        # write('/* Generated C header for:', file=self.outFile)
        # write(' * API:', genOpts.apiname, file=self.outFile)
        # if (genOpts.profile):
        #     write(' * Profile:', genOpts.profile, file=self.outFile)
        # write(' * Versions considered:', genOpts.versions, file=self.outFile)
        # write(' * Versions emitted:', genOpts.emitversions, file=self.outFile)
        # write(' * Default extensions included:', genOpts.defaultExtensions, file=self.outFile)
        # write(' * Additional extensions included:', genOpts.addExtensions, file=self.outFile)
        # write(' * Extensions removed:', genOpts.removeExtensions, file=self.outFile)
        # write(' */', file=self.outFile)
    def endFile(self):
        # C-specific
        # Finish C++ wrapper and multiple inclusion protection
        self.newline()
        write('#ifdef __cplusplus', file=self.outFile)
        write('}', file=self.outFile)
        write('#endif', file=self.outFile)
        if (self.genOpts.protectFile and self.genOpts.filename):
            self.newline()
            write('#endif', file=self.outFile)
        # Finish processing in superclass
        OutputGenerator.endFile(self)
    def beginFeature(self, interface, emit):
        # Start processing in superclass
        OutputGenerator.beginFeature(self, interface, emit)
        # C-specific
        # Accumulate includes, defines, types, enums, function pointer typedefs,
        # end function prototypes separately for this feature. They're only
        # printed in endFeature().
        self.sections = dict([(section, []) for section in self.ALL_SECTIONS])
    def endFeature(self):
        # C-specific
        # Actually write the interface to the output file.
        if (self.emit):
            self.newline()
            if (self.genOpts.protectFeature):
                write('#ifndef', self.featureName, file=self.outFile)
            # If type declarations are needed by other features based on
            # this one, it may be necessary to suppress the ExtraProtect,
            # or move it below the 'for section...' loop.
            if (self.featureExtraProtect != None):
                write('#ifdef', self.featureExtraProtect, file=self.outFile)
            write('#define', self.featureName, '1', file=self.outFile)
            for section in self.TYPE_SECTIONS:
                contents = self.sections[section]
                if contents:
                    write('\n'.join(contents), file=self.outFile)
                    self.newline()
            if (self.genOpts.genFuncPointers and self.sections['commandPointer']):
                write('\n'.join(self.sections['commandPointer']), file=self.outFile)
                self.newline()
            if (self.sections['command']):
                if (self.genOpts.protectProto):
                    write(self.genOpts.protectProto,
                          self.genOpts.protectProtoStr, file=self.outFile)
                write('\n'.join(self.sections['command']), end='', file=self.outFile)
                if (self.genOpts.protectProto):
                    write('#endif', file=self.outFile)
                else:
                    self.newline()
            if (self.featureExtraProtect != None):
                write('#endif /*', self.featureExtraProtect, '*/', file=self.outFile)
            if (self.genOpts.protectFeature):
                write('#endif /*', self.featureName, '*/', file=self.outFile)
        # Finish processing in superclass
        OutputGenerator.endFeature(self)
    #
    # Append a definition to the specified section
    def appendSection(self, section, text):
        # self.sections[section].append('SECTION: ' + section + '\n')
        self.sections[section].append(text)
    #
    # Type generation
    def genType(self, typeinfo, name):
        OutputGenerator.genType(self, typeinfo, name)
        typeElem = typeinfo.elem
        # If the type is a struct type, traverse the imbedded <member> tags
        # generating a structure. Otherwise, emit the tag text.
        category = typeElem.get('category')
        if (category == 'struct' or category == 'union'):
            self.genStruct(typeinfo, name)
        else:
            # Replace <apientry /> tags with an APIENTRY-style string
            # (from self.genOpts). Copy other text through unchanged.
            # If the resulting text is an empty string, don't emit it.
            s = noneStr(typeElem.text)
            for elem in typeElem:
                if (elem.tag == 'apientry'):
                    s += self.genOpts.apientry + noneStr(elem.tail)
                else:
                    s += noneStr(elem.text) + noneStr(elem.tail)
            if s:
                # Add extra newline after multi-line entries.
                if '\n' in s:
                    s += '\n'
                self.appendSection(category, s)
    #
    # Struct (e.g. C "struct" type) generation.
    # This is a special case of the <type> tag where the contents are
    # interpreted as a set of <member> tags instead of freeform C
    # C type declarations. The <member> tags are just like <param>
    # tags - they are a declaration of a struct or union member.
    # Only simple member declarations are supported (no nested
    # structs etc.)
    def genStruct(self, typeinfo, typeName):
        OutputGenerator.genStruct(self, typeinfo, typeName)
        body = 'typedef ' + typeinfo.elem.get('category') + ' ' + typeName + ' {\n'
        # paramdecl = self.makeCParamDecl(typeinfo.elem, self.genOpts.alignFuncParam)
        targetLen = 0;
        for member in typeinfo.elem.findall('.//member'):
            targetLen = max(targetLen, self.getCParamTypeLength(member))
        for member in typeinfo.elem.findall('.//member'):
            body += self.makeCParamDecl(member, targetLen + 4)
            body += ';\n'
        body += '} ' + typeName + ';\n'
        self.appendSection('struct', body)
    #
    # Group (e.g. C "enum" type) generation.
    # These are concatenated together with other types.
    def genGroup(self, groupinfo, groupName):
        OutputGenerator.genGroup(self, groupinfo, groupName)
        groupElem = groupinfo.elem

        expandName = re.sub(r'([0-9a-z_])([A-Z0-9][^A-Z0-9]?)',r'\1_\2',groupName).upper()

        expandPrefix = expandName
        expandSuffix = ''
        expandSuffixMatch = re.search(r'[A-Z][A-Z]+$',groupName)
        if expandSuffixMatch:
            expandSuffix = '_' + expandSuffixMatch.group()
            # Strip off the suffix from the prefix
            expandPrefix = expandName.rsplit(expandSuffix, 1)[0]

        # Prefix
        body = "\ntypedef enum " + groupName + " {\n"

        isEnum = ('FLAG_BITS' not in expandPrefix)

        # Loop over the nested 'enum' tags. Keep track of the minimum and
        # maximum numeric values, if they can be determined; but only for
        # core API enumerants, not extension enumerants. This is inferred
        # by looking for 'extends' attributes.
        minName = None
        for elem in groupElem.findall('enum'):
            # Convert the value to an integer and use that to track min/max.
            # Values of form -(number) are accepted but nothing more complex.
            # Should catch exceptions here for more complex constructs. Not yet.
            (numVal,strVal) = self.enumToValue(elem, True)
            name = elem.get('name')

            # Extension enumerants are only included if they are requested
            # in addExtensions or match defaultExtensions.
            if (elem.get('extname') is None or
              re.match(self.genOpts.addExtensions,elem.get('extname')) is not None or
              self.genOpts.defaultExtensions == elem.get('supported')):
                body += "    " + name + " = " + strVal + ",\n"

            if (isEnum  and elem.get('extends') is None):
                if (minName == None):
                    minName = maxName = name
                    minValue = maxValue = numVal
                elif (numVal < minValue):
                    minName = name
                    minValue = numVal
                elif (numVal > maxValue):
                    maxName = name
                    maxValue = numVal
        # Generate min/max value tokens and a range-padding enum. Need some
        # additional padding to generate correct names...
        if isEnum:
            body += "    " + expandPrefix + "_BEGIN_RANGE" + expandSuffix + " = " + minName + ",\n"
            body += "    " + expandPrefix + "_END_RANGE" + expandSuffix + " = " + maxName + ",\n"
            body += "    " + expandPrefix + "_RANGE_SIZE" + expandSuffix + " = (" + maxName + " - " + minName + " + 1),\n"

        body += "    " + expandPrefix + "_MAX_ENUM" + expandSuffix + " = 0x7FFFFFFF\n"

        # Postfix
        body += "} " + groupName + ";"
        if groupElem.get('type') == 'bitmask':
            section = 'bitmask'
        else:
            section = 'group'
        self.appendSection(section, body)
    # Enumerant generation
    # <enum> tags may specify their values in several ways, but are usually
    # just integers.
    def genEnum(self, enuminfo, name):
        OutputGenerator.genEnum(self, enuminfo, name)
        (numVal,strVal) = self.enumToValue(enuminfo.elem, False)
        body = '#define ' + name.ljust(33) + ' ' + strVal
        self.appendSection('enum', body)
    #
    # Command generation
    def genCmd(self, cmdinfo, name):
        OutputGenerator.genCmd(self, cmdinfo, name)
        #
        decls = self.makeCDecls(cmdinfo.elem)
        self.appendSection('command', decls[0] + '\n')
        if (self.genOpts.genFuncPointers):
            self.appendSection('commandPointer', decls[1])

# DocOutputGenerator - subclass of OutputGenerator.
# Generates AsciiDoc includes with C-language API interfaces, for reference
# pages and the Vulkan specification. Similar to COutputGenerator, but
# each interface is written into a different file as determined by the
# options, only actual C types are emitted, and none of the boilerplate
# preprocessor code is emitted.
#
# ---- methods ----
# DocOutputGenerator(errFile, warnFile, diagFile) - args as for
#   OutputGenerator. Defines additional internal state.
# ---- methods overriding base class ----
# beginFile(genOpts)
# endFile()
# beginFeature(interface, emit)
# endFeature()
# genType(typeinfo,name)
# genStruct(typeinfo,name)
# genGroup(groupinfo,name)
# genEnum(enuminfo, name)
# genCmd(cmdinfo)
class DocOutputGenerator(OutputGenerator):
    """Generate specified API interfaces in a specific style, such as a C header"""
    def __init__(self,
                 errFile = sys.stderr,
                 warnFile = sys.stderr,
                 diagFile = sys.stdout):
        OutputGenerator.__init__(self, errFile, warnFile, diagFile)
    #
    def beginFile(self, genOpts):
        OutputGenerator.beginFile(self, genOpts)
    def endFile(self):
        OutputGenerator.endFile(self)
    def beginFeature(self, interface, emit):
        # Start processing in superclass
        OutputGenerator.beginFeature(self, interface, emit)
    def endFeature(self):
        # Finish processing in superclass
        OutputGenerator.endFeature(self)
    #
    # Generate an include file
    #
    # directory - subdirectory to put file in
    # basename - base name of the file
    # contents - contents of the file (Asciidoc boilerplate aside)
    def writeInclude(self, directory, basename, contents):
        # Create file
        filename = self.genOpts.genDirectory + '/' + directory + '/' + basename + '.txt'
        self.logMsg('diag', '# Generating include file:', filename)
        fp = open(filename, 'w')
        # Asciidoc anchor
        write('// WARNING: DO NOT MODIFY! This file is automatically generated from the vk.xml registry', file=fp)
        write('ifndef::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
        write('[[{0},{0}]]'.format(basename), file=fp)
        write('["source","{basebackend@docbook:c++:cpp}",title=""]', file=fp)
        write('endif::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
        write('ifdef::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
        write('["source","{basebackend@docbook:c++:cpp}"]', file=fp)
        write('endif::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
        write('------------------------------------------------------------------------------', file=fp)
        write(contents, file=fp)
        write('------------------------------------------------------------------------------', file=fp)
        fp.close()
    #
    # Type generation
    def genType(self, typeinfo, name):
        OutputGenerator.genType(self, typeinfo, name)
        typeElem = typeinfo.elem
        # If the type is a struct type, traverse the imbedded <member> tags
        # generating a structure. Otherwise, emit the tag text.
        category = typeElem.get('category')
        if (category == 'struct' or category == 'union'):
            self.genStruct(typeinfo, name)
        else:
            # Replace <apientry /> tags with an APIENTRY-style string
            # (from self.genOpts). Copy other text through unchanged.
            # If the resulting text is an empty string, don't emit it.
            s = noneStr(typeElem.text)
            for elem in typeElem:
                if (elem.tag == 'apientry'):
                    s += self.genOpts.apientry + noneStr(elem.tail)
                else:
                    s += noneStr(elem.text) + noneStr(elem.tail)
            if (len(s) > 0):
                if (category == 'bitmask'):
                    self.writeInclude('flags', name, s + '\n')
                elif (category == 'enum'):
                    self.writeInclude('enums', name, s + '\n')
                elif (category == 'funcpointer'):
                    self.writeInclude('funcpointers', name, s+ '\n')
                else:
                    self.logMsg('diag', '# NOT writing include file for type:',
                        name, 'category: ', category)
            else:
                self.logMsg('diag', '# NOT writing empty include file for type', name)
    #
    # Struct (e.g. C "struct" type) generation.
    # This is a special case of the <type> tag where the contents are
    # interpreted as a set of <member> tags instead of freeform C
    # C type declarations. The <member> tags are just like <param>
    # tags - they are a declaration of a struct or union member.
    # Only simple member declarations are supported (no nested
    # structs etc.)
    def genStruct(self, typeinfo, typeName):
        OutputGenerator.genStruct(self, typeinfo, typeName)
        s = 'typedef ' + typeinfo.elem.get('category') + ' ' + typeName + ' {\n'
        # paramdecl = self.makeCParamDecl(typeinfo.elem, self.genOpts.alignFuncParam)
        targetLen = 0;
        for member in typeinfo.elem.findall('.//member'):
            targetLen = max(targetLen, self.getCParamTypeLength(member))
        for member in typeinfo.elem.findall('.//member'):
            s += self.makeCParamDecl(member, targetLen + 4)
            s += ';\n'
        s += '} ' + typeName + ';'
        self.writeInclude('structs', typeName, s)
    #
    # Group (e.g. C "enum" type) generation.
    # These are concatenated together with other types.
    def genGroup(self, groupinfo, groupName):
        OutputGenerator.genGroup(self, groupinfo, groupName)
        groupElem = groupinfo.elem

        # See if we need min/max/num/padding at end
        expand = self.genOpts.expandEnumerants

        if expand:
            expandName = re.sub(r'([0-9a-z_])([A-Z0-9][^A-Z0-9]?)',r'\1_\2',groupName).upper()
            isEnum = ('FLAG_BITS' not in expandName)

            expandPrefix = expandName
            expandSuffix = ''

            # Look for a suffix
            expandSuffixMatch = re.search(r'[A-Z][A-Z]+$',groupName)
            if expandSuffixMatch:
                expandSuffix = '_' + expandSuffixMatch.group()
                # Strip off the suffix from the prefix
                expandPrefix = expandName.rsplit(expandSuffix, 1)[0]

        # Prefix
        s = "typedef enum " + groupName + " {\n"

        # Loop over the nested 'enum' tags. Keep track of the minimum and
        # maximum numeric values, if they can be determined.
        minName = None
        for elem in groupElem.findall('enum'):
            # Convert the value to an integer and use that to track min/max.
            # Values of form -(number) are accepted but nothing more complex.
            # Should catch exceptions here for more complex constructs. Not yet.
            (numVal,strVal) = self.enumToValue(elem, True)
            name = elem.get('name')

            # Extension enumerants are only included if they are requested
            # in addExtensions or match defaultExtensions.
            if (elem.get('extname') is None or
              re.match(self.genOpts.addExtensions,elem.get('extname')) is not None or
              self.genOpts.defaultExtensions == elem.get('supported')):
                s += "    " + name + " = " + strVal + ",\n"

            if (expand and isEnum and elem.get('extends') is None):
                if (minName == None):
                    minName = maxName = name
                    minValue = maxValue = numVal
                elif (numVal < minValue):
                    minName = name
                    minValue = numVal
                elif (numVal > maxValue):
                    maxName = name
                    maxValue = numVal
        # Generate min/max value tokens and a range-padding enum. Need some
        # additional padding to generate correct names...
        if (expand):
            s += "\n"
            if isEnum:
                s += "    " + expandPrefix + "_BEGIN_RANGE" + expandSuffix + " = " + minName + ",\n"
                s += "    " + expandPrefix + "_END_RANGE" + expandSuffix + " = " + maxName + ",\n"
                s += "    " + expandPrefix + "_RANGE_SIZE" + expandSuffix + " = (" + maxName + " - " + minName + " + 1),\n"

            s += "    " + expandPrefix + "_MAX_ENUM" + expandSuffix + " = 0x7FFFFFFF\n"
        # Postfix
        s += "} " + groupName + ";"
        self.writeInclude('enums', groupName, s)
    # Enumerant generation
    # <enum> tags may specify their values in several ways, but are usually
    # just integers.
    def genEnum(self, enuminfo, name):
        OutputGenerator.genEnum(self, enuminfo, name)
        (numVal,strVal) = self.enumToValue(enuminfo.elem, False)
        s = '#define ' + name.ljust(33) + ' ' + strVal
        self.logMsg('diag', '# NOT writing compile-time constant', name)
        # self.writeInclude('consts', name, s)
    #
    # Command generation
    def genCmd(self, cmdinfo, name):
        OutputGenerator.genCmd(self, cmdinfo, name)
        #
        decls = self.makeCDecls(cmdinfo.elem)
        self.writeInclude('protos', name, decls[0])

# PyOutputGenerator - subclass of OutputGenerator.
# Generates Python data structures describing API names.
# Similar to DocOutputGenerator, but writes a single
# file.
#
# ---- methods ----
# PyOutputGenerator(errFile, warnFile, diagFile) - args as for
#   OutputGenerator. Defines additional internal state.
# ---- methods overriding base class ----
# beginFile(genOpts)
# endFile()
# genType(typeinfo,name)
# genStruct(typeinfo,name)
# genGroup(groupinfo,name)
# genEnum(enuminfo, name)
# genCmd(cmdinfo)
class PyOutputGenerator(OutputGenerator):
    """Generate specified API interfaces in a specific style, such as a C header"""
    def __init__(self,
                 errFile = sys.stderr,
                 warnFile = sys.stderr,
                 diagFile = sys.stdout):
        OutputGenerator.__init__(self, errFile, warnFile, diagFile)
    #
    def beginFile(self, genOpts):
        OutputGenerator.beginFile(self, genOpts)
        for dict in [ 'flags', 'enums', 'structs', 'consts', 'enums',
          'consts', 'protos', 'funcpointers' ]:
            write(dict, '= {}', file=self.outFile)
    def endFile(self):
        OutputGenerator.endFile(self)
    #
    # Add a name from the interface
    #
    # dict - type of name (see beginFile above)
    # name - name to add
    # value - A serializable Python value for the name
    def addName(self, dict, name, value=None):
        write(dict + "['" + name + "'] = ", value, file=self.outFile)
    #
    # Type generation
    # For 'struct' or 'union' types, defer to genStruct() to
    #   add to the dictionary.
    # For 'bitmask' types, add the type name to the 'flags' dictionary,
    #   with the value being the corresponding 'enums' name defining
    #   the acceptable flag bits.
    # For 'enum' types, add the type name to the 'enums' dictionary,
    #   with the value being '@STOPHERE@' (because this case seems
    #   never to happen).
    # For 'funcpointer' types, add the type name to the 'funcpointers'
    #   dictionary.
    # For 'handle' and 'define' types, add the handle or #define name
    #   to the 'struct' dictionary, because that's how the spec sources
    #   tag these types even though they aren't structs.
    def genType(self, typeinfo, name):
        OutputGenerator.genType(self, typeinfo, name)
        typeElem = typeinfo.elem
        # If the type is a struct type, traverse the imbedded <member> tags
        # generating a structure. Otherwise, emit the tag text.
        category = typeElem.get('category')
        if (category == 'struct' or category == 'union'):
            self.genStruct(typeinfo, name)
        else:
            # Extract the type name
            # (from self.genOpts). Copy other text through unchanged.
            # If the resulting text is an empty string, don't emit it.
            count = len(noneStr(typeElem.text))
            for elem in typeElem:
                count += len(noneStr(elem.text)) + len(noneStr(elem.tail))
            if (count > 0):
                if (category == 'bitmask'):
                    requiredEnum = typeElem.get('requires')
                    self.addName('flags', name, enquote(requiredEnum))
                elif (category == 'enum'):
                    # This case never seems to come up!
                    # @enums   C 'enum' name           Dictionary of enumerant names
                    self.addName('enums', name, enquote('@STOPHERE@'))
                elif (category == 'funcpointer'):
                    self.addName('funcpointers', name, None)
                elif (category == 'handle' or category == 'define'):
                    self.addName('structs', name, None)
                else:
                    write('# Unprocessed type:', name, 'category:', category, file=self.outFile)
            else:
                write('# Unprocessed type:', name, file=self.outFile)
    #
    # Struct (e.g. C "struct" type) generation.
    #
    # Add the struct name to the 'structs' dictionary, with the
    # value being an ordered list of the struct member names.
    def genStruct(self, typeinfo, typeName):
        OutputGenerator.genStruct(self, typeinfo, typeName)

        members = [member.text for member in typeinfo.elem.findall('.//member/name')]
        self.addName('structs', typeName, members)
    #
    # Group (e.g. C "enum" type) generation.
    # These are concatenated together with other types.
    #
    # Add the enum type name to the 'enums' dictionary, with
    #   the value being an ordered list of the enumerant names.
    # Add each enumerant name to the 'consts' dictionary, with
    #   the value being the enum type the enumerant is part of.
    def genGroup(self, groupinfo, groupName):
        OutputGenerator.genGroup(self, groupinfo, groupName)
        groupElem = groupinfo.elem

        # @enums   C 'enum' name           Dictionary of enumerant names
        # @consts  C enumerant/const name  Name of corresponding 'enums' key

        # Loop over the nested 'enum' tags. Keep track of the minimum and
        # maximum numeric values, if they can be determined.
        enumerants = [elem.get('name') for elem in groupElem.findall('enum')]
        for name in enumerants:
            self.addName('consts', name, enquote(groupName))
        self.addName('enums', groupName, enumerants)
    # Enumerant generation (compile-time constants)
    #
    # Add the constant name to the 'consts' dictionary, with the
    #   value being None to indicate that the constant isn't
    #   an enumeration value.
    def genEnum(self, enuminfo, name):
        OutputGenerator.genEnum(self, enuminfo, name)

        # @consts  C enumerant/const name  Name of corresponding 'enums' key

        self.addName('consts', name, None)
    #
    # Command generation
    #
    # Add the command name to the 'protos' dictionary, with the
    #   value being an ordered list of the parameter names.
    def genCmd(self, cmdinfo, name):
        OutputGenerator.genCmd(self, cmdinfo, name)

        params = [param.text for param in cmdinfo.elem.findall('param/name')]
        self.addName('protos', name, params)

# ValidityOutputGenerator - subclass of OutputGenerator.
# Generates AsciiDoc includes of valid usage information, for reference
# pages and the Vulkan specification. Similar to DocOutputGenerator.
#
# ---- methods ----
# ValidityOutputGenerator(errFile, warnFile, diagFile) - args as for
#   OutputGenerator. Defines additional internal state.
# ---- methods overriding base class ----
# beginFile(genOpts)
# endFile()
# beginFeature(interface, emit)
# endFeature()
# genCmd(cmdinfo)
class ValidityOutputGenerator(OutputGenerator):
    """Generate specified API interfaces in a specific style, such as a C header"""
    def __init__(self,
                 errFile = sys.stderr,
                 warnFile = sys.stderr,
                 diagFile = sys.stdout):
        OutputGenerator.__init__(self, errFile, warnFile, diagFile)

    def beginFile(self, genOpts):
        OutputGenerator.beginFile(self, genOpts)
    def endFile(self):
        OutputGenerator.endFile(self)
    def beginFeature(self, interface, emit):
        # Start processing in superclass
        OutputGenerator.beginFeature(self, interface, emit)
    def endFeature(self):
        # Finish processing in superclass
        OutputGenerator.endFeature(self)

    def makeParameterName(self, name):
        return 'pname:' + name

    def makeStructName(self, name):
        return 'sname:' + name

    def makeBaseTypeName(self, name):
        return 'basetype:' + name

    def makeEnumerationName(self, name):
        return 'elink:' + name

    def makeEnumerantName(self, name):
        return 'ename:' + name

    def makeFLink(self, name):
        return 'flink:' + name

    #
    # Generate an include file
    #
    # directory - subdirectory to put file in
    # basename - base name of the file
    # contents - contents of the file (Asciidoc boilerplate aside)
    def writeInclude(self, directory, basename, validity, threadsafety, commandpropertiesentry, successcodes, errorcodes):
        # Create file
        filename = self.genOpts.genDirectory + '/' + directory + '/' + basename + '.txt'
        self.logMsg('diag', '# Generating include file:', filename)
        fp = open(filename, 'w')
        # Asciidoc anchor
        write('// WARNING: DO NOT MODIFY! This file is automatically generated from the vk.xml registry', file=fp)

        # Valid Usage
        if validity is not None:
            write('ifndef::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
            write('.Valid Usage', file=fp)
            write('*' * 80, file=fp)
            write('endif::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
            write('ifdef::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
            write('Valid Usage', file=fp)
            write('-----------', file=fp)
            write('endif::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
            write(validity, file=fp, end='')
            write('ifndef::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
            write('*' * 80, file=fp)
            write('endif::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
            write('', file=fp)

        # Host Synchronization
        if threadsafety is not None:
            write('ifndef::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
            write('.Host Synchronization', file=fp)
            write('*' * 80, file=fp)
            write('endif::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
            write('ifdef::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
            write('Host Synchronization', file=fp)
            write('--------------------', file=fp)
            write('endif::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
            write(threadsafety, file=fp, end='')
            write('ifndef::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
            write('*' * 80, file=fp)
            write('endif::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
            write('', file=fp)

        # Command Properties - contained within a block, to avoid table numbering
        if commandpropertiesentry is not None:
            write('ifndef::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
            write('.Command Properties', file=fp)
            write('*' * 80, file=fp)
            write('endif::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
            write('ifdef::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
            write('Command Properties', file=fp)
            write('------------------', file=fp)
            write('endif::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
            write('[options="header", width="100%"]', file=fp)
            write('|=====================', file=fp)
            write('|Command Buffer Levels|Render Pass Scope|Supported Queue Types', file=fp)
            write(commandpropertiesentry, file=fp)
            write('|=====================', file=fp)
            write('ifndef::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
            write('*' * 80, file=fp)
            write('endif::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
            write('', file=fp)

        # Success Codes - contained within a block, to avoid table numbering
        if successcodes is not None or errorcodes is not None:
            write('ifndef::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
            write('.Return Codes', file=fp)
            write('*' * 80, file=fp)
            write('endif::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
            write('ifdef::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
            write('Return Codes', file=fp)
            write('------------', file=fp)
            write('endif::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
            if successcodes is not None:
                write('ifndef::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
                write('<<fundamentals-successcodes,Success>>::', file=fp)
                write('endif::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
                write('ifdef::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
                write('On success, this command returns::', file=fp)
                write('endif::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
                write(successcodes, file=fp)
            if errorcodes is not None:
                write('ifndef::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
                write('<<fundamentals-errorcodes,Failure>>::', file=fp)
                write('endif::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
                write('ifdef::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
                write('On failure, this command returns::', file=fp)
                write('endif::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
                write(errorcodes, file=fp)
            write('ifndef::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
            write('*' * 80, file=fp)
            write('endif::doctype-manpage[]', file=fp)
            write('', file=fp)

        fp.close()

    #
    # Check if the parameter passed in is a pointer
    def paramIsPointer(self, param):
        ispointer = False
        paramtype = param.find('type')
        if paramtype.tail is not None and '*' in paramtype.tail:
            ispointer = True

        return ispointer

    #
    # Check if the parameter passed in is a static array
    def paramIsStaticArray(self, param):
        if param.find('name').tail is not None:
            if param.find('name').tail[0] == '[':
                return True

    #
    # Get the length of a parameter that's been identified as a static array
    def staticArrayLength(self, param):
        paramname = param.find('name')
        paramenumsize = param.find('enum')

        if paramenumsize is not None:
            return paramenumsize.text
        else:
            return paramname.tail[1:-1]

    #
    # Check if the parameter passed in is a pointer to an array
    def paramIsArray(self, param):
        return param.attrib.get('len') is not None

    #
    # Get the parent of a handle object
    def getHandleParent(self, typename):
        types = self.registry.findall("types/type")
        for elem in types:
            if (elem.find("name") is not None and elem.find('name').text == typename) or elem.attrib.get('name') == typename:
                return elem.attrib.get('parent')

    #
    # Check if a parent object is dispatchable or not
    def isHandleTypeDispatchable(self, handlename):
        handle = self.registry.find("types/type/[name='" + handlename + "'][@category='handle']")
        if handle is not None and handle.find('type').text == 'VK_DEFINE_HANDLE':
            return True
        else:
            return False

    def isHandleOptional(self, param, params):

        # See if the handle is optional
        isOptional = False

        # Simple, if it's optional, return true
        if param.attrib.get('optional') is not None:
            return True

        # If no validity is being generated, it usually means that validity is complex and not absolute, so let's say yes.
        if param.attrib.get('noautovalidity') is not None:
            return True

        # If the parameter is an array and we haven't already returned, find out if any of the len parameters are optional
        if self.paramIsArray(param):
            lengths = param.attrib.get('len').split(',')
            for length in lengths:
                if (length) != 'null-terminated' and (length) != '1':
                    for otherparam in params:
                        if otherparam.find('name').text == length:
                            if otherparam.attrib.get('optional') is not None:
                                return True

        return False
    #
    # Get the category of a type
    def getTypeCategory(self, typename):
        types = self.registry.findall("types/type")
        for elem in types:
            if (elem.find("name") is not None and elem.find('name').text == typename) or elem.attrib.get('name') == typename:
                return elem.attrib.get('category')

    #
    # Make a chunk of text for the end of a parameter if it is an array
    def makeAsciiDocPreChunk(self, param, params):
        paramname = param.find('name')
        paramtype = param.find('type')

        # General pre-amble. Check optionality and add stuff.
        asciidoc = '* '

        if self.paramIsStaticArray(param):
            asciidoc += 'Any given element of '

        elif self.paramIsArray(param):
            lengths = param.attrib.get('len').split(',')

            # Find all the parameters that are called out as optional, so we can document that they might be zero, and the array may be ignored
            optionallengths = []
            for length in lengths:
                if (length) != 'null-terminated' and (length) != '1':
                    for otherparam in params:
                        if otherparam.find('name').text == length:
                            if otherparam.attrib.get('optional') is not None:
                                if self.paramIsPointer(otherparam):
                                    optionallengths.append('the value referenced by ' + self.makeParameterName(length))
                                else:
                                    optionallengths.append(self.makeParameterName(length))

            # Document that these arrays may be ignored if any of the length values are 0
            if len(optionallengths) != 0 or param.attrib.get('optional') is not None:
                asciidoc += 'If '


                if len(optionallengths) != 0:
                    if len(optionallengths) == 1:

                        asciidoc += optionallengths[0]
                        asciidoc += ' is '

                    else:
                        asciidoc += ' or '.join(optionallengths)
                        asciidoc += ' are '

                    asciidoc += 'not `0`, '

                if len(optionallengths) != 0 and param.attrib.get('optional') is not None:
                    asciidoc += 'and '

                if param.attrib.get('optional') is not None:
                    asciidoc += self.makeParameterName(paramname.text)
                    asciidoc += ' is not `NULL`, '

        elif param.attrib.get('optional') is not None:
            # Don't generate this stub for bitflags
            if self.getTypeCategory(paramtype.text) != 'bitmask':
                if param.attrib.get('optional').split(',')[0] == 'true':
                    asciidoc += 'If '
                    asciidoc += self.makeParameterName(paramname.text)
                    asciidoc += ' is not '
                    if self.paramIsArray(param) or self.paramIsPointer(param) or self.isHandleTypeDispatchable(paramtype.text):
                        asciidoc += '`NULL`'
                    elif self.getTypeCategory(paramtype.text) == 'handle':
                        asciidoc += 'sname:VK_NULL_HANDLE'
                    else:
                        asciidoc += '`0`'

                    asciidoc += ', '

        return asciidoc

    #
    # Make the generic asciidoc line chunk portion used for all parameters.
    # May return an empty string if nothing to validate.
    def createValidationLineForParameterIntroChunk(self, param, params, typetext):
        asciidoc = ''
        paramname = param.find('name')
        paramtype = param.find('type')

        asciidoc += self.makeAsciiDocPreChunk(param, params)

        asciidoc += self.makeParameterName(paramname.text)
        asciidoc += ' must: be '

        if self.paramIsArray(param):
            # Arrays. These are hard to get right, apparently

            lengths = param.attrib.get('len').split(',')

            if (lengths[0]) == 'null-terminated':
                asciidoc += 'a null-terminated '
            elif (lengths[0]) == '1':
                asciidoc += 'a pointer to '
            else:
                asciidoc += 'a pointer to an array of '

                # Handle equations, which are currently denoted with latex
                if 'latexmath:' in lengths[0]:
                    asciidoc += lengths[0]
                else:
                    asciidoc += self.makeParameterName(lengths[0])
                asciidoc += ' '

            for length in lengths[1:]:
                if (length) == 'null-terminated': # This should always be the last thing. If it ever isn't for some bizarre reason, then this will need some massaging.
                    asciidoc += 'null-terminated '
                elif (length) == '1':
                    asciidoc += 'pointers to '
                else:
                    asciidoc += 'pointers to arrays of '
                    # Handle equations, which are currently denoted with latex
                    if 'latex:' in length:
                        asciidoc += length
                    else:
                        asciidoc += self.makeParameterName(length)
                    asciidoc += ' '

            # Void pointers don't actually point at anything - remove the word "to"
            if paramtype.text == 'void':
                if lengths[-1] == '1':
                    if len(lengths) > 1:
                        asciidoc = asciidoc[:-5]    # Take care of the extra s added by the post array chunk function. #HACK#
                    else:
                        asciidoc = asciidoc[:-4]
                else:
                    # An array of void values is a byte array.
                    asciidoc += 'byte'

            elif paramtype.text == 'char':
                # A null terminated array of chars is a string
                if lengths[-1] == 'null-terminated':
                    asciidoc += 'string'
                else:
                    # Else it's just a bunch of chars
                    asciidoc += 'char value'
            elif param.text is not None:
                # If a value is "const" that means it won't get modified, so it must be valid going into the function.
                if 'const' in param.text:
                    typecategory = self.getTypeCategory(paramtype.text)
                    if (typecategory != 'struct' and typecategory != 'union' and typecategory != 'basetype' and typecategory is not None) or not self.isStructAlwaysValid(paramtype.text):
                        asciidoc += 'valid '

            asciidoc += typetext

            # pluralize
            if len(lengths) > 1 or (lengths[0] != '1' and lengths[0] != 'null-terminated'):
                asciidoc += 's'

        elif self.paramIsPointer(param):
            # Handle pointers - which are really special case arrays (i.e. they don't have a length)
            pointercount = paramtype.tail.count('*')

            # Could be multi-level pointers (e.g. ppData - pointer to a pointer). Handle that.
            for i in range(0, pointercount):
                asciidoc += 'a pointer to '

            if paramtype.text == 'void':
                # If there's only one pointer, it's optional, and it doesn't point at anything in particular - we don't need any language.
                if pointercount == 1 and param.attrib.get('optional') is not None:
                    return '' # early return
                else:
                    # Pointer to nothing in particular - delete the " to " portion
                    asciidoc = asciidoc[:-4]
            else:
                # Add an article for English semantic win
                asciidoc += 'a '

            # If a value is "const" that means it won't get modified, so it must be valid going into the function.
            if param.text is not None and paramtype.text != 'void':
                if 'const' in param.text:
                    asciidoc += 'valid '

            asciidoc += typetext

        else:
            # Non-pointer, non-optional things must be valid
            asciidoc += 'a valid '
            asciidoc += typetext

        if asciidoc != '':
            asciidoc += '\n'

            # Add additional line for non-optional bitmasks
            if self.getTypeCategory(paramtype.text) == 'bitmask':
                if param.attrib.get('optional') is None:
                    asciidoc += '* '
                    if self.paramIsArray(param):
                        asciidoc += 'Each element of '
                    asciidoc += 'pname:'
                    asciidoc += paramname.text
                    asciidoc += ' mustnot: be `0`'
                    asciidoc += '\n'

        return asciidoc

    def makeAsciiDocLineForParameter(self, param, params, typetext):
        if param.attrib.get('noautovalidity') is not None:
            return ''
        asciidoc  = self.createValidationLineForParameterIntroChunk(param, params, typetext)

        return asciidoc

    # Try to do check if a structure is always considered valid (i.e. there's no rules to its acceptance)
    def isStructAlwaysValid(self, structname):

        struct = self.registry.find("types/type[@name='" + structname + "']")

        params = struct.findall('member')
        validity = struct.find('validity')

        if validity is not None:
            return False

        for param in params:
            paramname = param.find('name')
            paramtype = param.find('type')
            typecategory = self.getTypeCategory(paramtype.text)

            if paramname.text == 'pNext':
                return False

            if paramname.text == 'sType':
                return False

            if paramtype.text == 'void' or paramtype.text == 'char' or self.paramIsArray(param) or self.paramIsPointer(param):
                if self.makeAsciiDocLineForParameter(param, params, '') != '':
                    return False
            elif typecategory == 'handle' or typecategory == 'enum' or typecategory == 'bitmask' or param.attrib.get('returnedonly') == 'true':
                return False
            elif typecategory == 'struct' or typecategory == 'union':
                if self.isStructAlwaysValid(paramtype.text) is False:
                    return False

        return True

    #
    # Make an entire asciidoc line for a given parameter
    def createValidationLineForParameter(self, param, params, typecategory):
        asciidoc = ''
        paramname = param.find('name')
        paramtype = param.find('type')

        if paramtype.text == 'void' or paramtype.text == 'char':
            # Chars and void are special cases - needs care inside the generator functions
            # A null-terminated char array is a string, else it's chars.
            # An array of void values is a byte array, a void pointer is just a pointer to nothing in particular
            asciidoc += self.makeAsciiDocLineForParameter(param, params, '')
        elif typecategory == 'bitmask':
            bitsname = paramtype.text.replace('Flags', 'FlagBits')
            if self.registry.find("enums[@name='" + bitsname + "']") is None:
                asciidoc += '* '
                asciidoc += self.makeParameterName(paramname.text)
                asciidoc += ' must: be `0`'
                asciidoc += '\n'
            else:
                if self.paramIsArray(param):
                    asciidoc += self.makeAsciiDocLineForParameter(param, params, 'combinations of ' + self.makeEnumerationName(bitsname) + ' value')
                else:
                    asciidoc += self.makeAsciiDocLineForParameter(param, params, 'combination of ' + self.makeEnumerationName(bitsname) + ' values')
        elif typecategory == 'handle':
            asciidoc += self.makeAsciiDocLineForParameter(param, params, self.makeStructName(paramtype.text) + ' handle')
        elif typecategory == 'enum':
            asciidoc += self.makeAsciiDocLineForParameter(param, params, self.makeEnumerationName(paramtype.text) + ' value')
        elif typecategory == 'struct':
            if (self.paramIsArray(param) or self.paramIsPointer(param)) or not self.isStructAlwaysValid(paramtype.text):
                asciidoc += self.makeAsciiDocLineForParameter(param, params, self.makeStructName(paramtype.text) + ' structure')
        elif typecategory == 'union':
            if (self.paramIsArray(param) or self.paramIsPointer(param)) or not self.isStructAlwaysValid(paramtype.text):
                asciidoc += self.makeAsciiDocLineForParameter(param, params, self.makeStructName(paramtype.text) + ' union')
        elif self.paramIsArray(param) or self.paramIsPointer(param):
            asciidoc += self.makeAsciiDocLineForParameter(param, params, self.makeBaseTypeName(paramtype.text) + ' value')

        return asciidoc

    #
    # Make an asciidoc validity entry for a handle's parent object
    def makeAsciiDocHandleParent(self, param, params):
        asciidoc = ''
        paramname = param.find('name')
        paramtype = param.find('type')

        # Deal with handle parents
        handleparent = self.getHandleParent(paramtype.text)
        if handleparent is not None:
            parentreference = None
            for otherparam in params:
                if otherparam.find('type').text == handleparent:
                    parentreference = otherparam.find('name').text
            if parentreference is not None:
                asciidoc += '* '

                if self.isHandleOptional(param, params):
                    if self.paramIsArray(param):
                        asciidoc += 'Each element of '
                        asciidoc += self.makeParameterName(paramname.text)
                        asciidoc += ' that is a valid handle'
                    else:
                        asciidoc += 'If '
                        asciidoc += self.makeParameterName(paramname.text)
                        asciidoc += ' is a valid handle, it'
                else:
                    if self.paramIsArray(param):
                        asciidoc += 'Each element of '
                    asciidoc += self.makeParameterName(paramname.text)
                asciidoc += ' must: have been created, allocated or retrieved from '
                asciidoc += self.makeParameterName(parentreference)

                asciidoc += '\n'
        return asciidoc

    #
    # Generate an asciidoc validity line for the sType value of a struct
    def makeStructureType(self, blockname, param):
        asciidoc = '* '
        paramname = param.find('name')
        paramtype = param.find('type')

        asciidoc += self.makeParameterName(paramname.text)
        asciidoc += ' must: be '

        structuretype = ''
        for elem in re.findall(r'(([A-Z][a-z]+)|([A-Z][A-Z]+))', blockname):
            if elem[0] == 'Vk':
                structuretype += 'VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_'
            else:
                structuretype += elem[0].upper()
                structuretype += '_'

        asciidoc += self.makeEnumerantName(structuretype[:-1])
        asciidoc += '\n'

        return asciidoc

    #
    # Generate an asciidoc validity line for the pNext value of a struct
    def makeStructureExtensionPointer(self, param):
        asciidoc = '* '
        paramname = param.find('name')
        paramtype = param.find('type')

        asciidoc += self.makeParameterName(paramname.text)

        validextensionstructs = param.attrib.get('validextensionstructs')
        if validextensionstructs is None:
            asciidoc += ' must: be `NULL`'
        else:
            extensionstructs = validextensionstructs.split(',')
            asciidoc += ' must: point to one of ' + extensionstructs[:-1].join(', ') + ' or ' + extensionstructs[-1] + 'if the extension that introduced them is enabled '

        asciidoc += '\n'

        return asciidoc

    #
    # Generate all the valid usage information for a given struct or command
    def makeValidUsageStatements(self, cmd, blockname, params, usages):
        # Start the asciidoc block for this
        asciidoc = ''

        handles = []
        anyparentedhandlesoptional = False
        parentdictionary = {}
        arraylengths = set()
        for param in params:
            paramname = param.find('name')
            paramtype = param.find('type')

            # Get the type's category
            typecategory = self.getTypeCategory(paramtype.text)

            # Generate language to independently validate a parameter
            if paramtype.text == 'VkStructureType' and paramname.text == 'sType':
                asciidoc += self.makeStructureType(blockname, param)
            elif paramtype.text == 'void' and paramname.text == 'pNext':
                asciidoc += self.makeStructureExtensionPointer(param)
            else:
                asciidoc += self.createValidationLineForParameter(param, params, typecategory)

            # Ensure that any parenting is properly validated, and list that a handle was found
            if typecategory == 'handle':
                # Don't detect a parent for return values!
                if not self.paramIsPointer(param) or (param.text is not None and 'const' in param.text):
                    parent = self.getHandleParent(paramtype.text)
                    if parent is not None:
                        handles.append(param)

                        # If any param is optional, it affects the output
                        if self.isHandleOptional(param, params):
                            anyparentedhandlesoptional = True

                        # Find the first dispatchable parent
                        ancestor = parent
                        while ancestor is not None and not self.isHandleTypeDispatchable(ancestor):
                            ancestor = self.getHandleParent(ancestor)

                        # If one was found, add this parameter to the parent dictionary
                        if ancestor is not None:
                            if ancestor not in parentdictionary:
                                parentdictionary[ancestor] = []

                            if self.paramIsArray(param):
                                parentdictionary[ancestor].append('the elements of ' + self.makeParameterName(paramname.text))
                            else:
                                parentdictionary[ancestor].append(self.makeParameterName(paramname.text))

            # Get the array length for this parameter
            arraylength = param.attrib.get('len')
            if arraylength is not None:
                for onelength in arraylength.split(','):
                    arraylengths.add(onelength)

        # For any vkQueue* functions, there might be queue type data
        if 'vkQueue' in blockname:
            # The queue type must be valid
            queuetypes = cmd.attrib.get('queues')
            if queuetypes is not None:
                queuebits = []
                for queuetype in re.findall(r'([^,]+)', queuetypes):
                    queuebits.append(queuetype.replace('_',' '))

                asciidoc += '* '
                asciidoc += 'The pname:queue must: support '
                if len(queuebits) == 1:
                    asciidoc += queuebits[0]
                else:
                    asciidoc += (', ').join(queuebits[:-1])
                    asciidoc += ' or '
                    asciidoc += queuebits[-1]
                asciidoc += ' operations'
                asciidoc += '\n'

        if 'vkCmd' in blockname:
            # The commandBuffer parameter must be being recorded
            asciidoc += '* '
            asciidoc += 'pname:commandBuffer must: be in the recording state'
            asciidoc += '\n'

            # The queue type must be valid
            queuetypes = cmd.attrib.get('queues')
            queuebits = []
            for queuetype in re.findall(r'([^,]+)', queuetypes):
                queuebits.append(queuetype.replace('_',' '))

            asciidoc += '* '
            asciidoc += 'The sname:VkCommandPool that pname:commandBuffer was allocated from must: support '
            if len(queuebits) == 1:
                asciidoc += queuebits[0]
            else:
                asciidoc += (', ').join(queuebits[:-1])
                asciidoc += ' or '
                asciidoc += queuebits[-1]
            asciidoc += ' operations'
            asciidoc += '\n'

            # Must be called inside/outside a renderpass appropriately
            renderpass = cmd.attrib.get('renderpass')

            if renderpass != 'both':
                asciidoc += '* This command must: only be called '
                asciidoc += renderpass
                asciidoc += ' of a render pass instance'
                asciidoc += '\n'

            # Must be in the right level command buffer
            cmdbufferlevel = cmd.attrib.get('cmdbufferlevel')

            if cmdbufferlevel != 'primary,secondary':
                asciidoc += '* pname:commandBuffer must: be a '
                asciidoc += cmdbufferlevel
                asciidoc += ' sname:VkCommandBuffer'
                asciidoc += '\n'

        # Any non-optional arraylengths should specify they must be greater than 0
        for param in params:
            paramname = param.find('name')

            for arraylength in arraylengths:
                if paramname.text == arraylength and param.attrib.get('optional') is None:
                    # Get all the array dependencies
                    arrays = cmd.findall("param/[@len='" + arraylength + "'][@optional='true']")

                    # Get all the optional array dependencies, including those not generating validity for some reason
                    optionalarrays = cmd.findall("param/[@len='" + arraylength + "'][@optional='true']")
                    optionalarrays.extend(cmd.findall("param/[@len='" + arraylength + "'][@noautovalidity='true']"))

                    asciidoc += '* '

                    # Allow lengths to be arbitrary if all their dependents are optional
                    if len(optionalarrays) == len(arrays) and len(optionalarrays) != 0:
                        asciidoc += 'If '
                        if len(optionalarrays) > 1:
                            asciidoc += 'any of '

                        for array in optionalarrays[:-1]:
                            asciidoc += self.makeParameterName(optionalarrays.find('name').text)
                            asciidoc += ', '

                        if len(optionalarrays) > 1:
                            asciidoc += 'and '
                            asciidoc += self.makeParameterName(optionalarrays[-1].find('name').text)
                            asciidoc += ' are '
                        else:
                            asciidoc += self.makeParameterName(optionalarrays[-1].find('name').text)
                            asciidoc += ' is '

                        asciidoc += 'not `NULL`, '

                        if self.paramIsPointer(param):
                            asciidoc += 'the value referenced by '

                    elif self.paramIsPointer(param):
                        asciidoc += 'The value referenced by '

                    asciidoc += self.makeParameterName(arraylength)
                    asciidoc += ' must: be greater than `0`'
                    asciidoc += '\n'

        # Find the parents of all objects referenced in this command
        for param in handles:
            asciidoc += self.makeAsciiDocHandleParent(param, params)

        # Find the common ancestors of objects
        noancestorscount = 0
        while noancestorscount < len(parentdictionary):
            noancestorscount = 0
            oldparentdictionary = parentdictionary.copy()
            for parent in oldparentdictionary.items():
                ancestor = self.getHandleParent(parent[0])

                while ancestor is not None and ancestor not in parentdictionary:
                    ancestor = self.getHandleParent(ancestor)

                if ancestor is not None:
                    parentdictionary[ancestor] += parentdictionary.pop(parent[0])
                else:
                    # No ancestors possible - so count it up
                    noancestorscount += 1

        # Add validation language about common ancestors
        for parent in parentdictionary.items():
            if len(parent[1]) > 1:
                parentlanguage = '* '

                parentlanguage += 'Each of '
                parentlanguage += ", ".join(parent[1][:-1])
                parentlanguage += ' and '
                parentlanguage += parent[1][-1]
                if anyparentedhandlesoptional is True:
                    parentlanguage += ' that are valid handles'
                parentlanguage += ' must: have been created, allocated or retrieved from the same '
                parentlanguage += self.makeStructName(parent[0])
                parentlanguage += '\n'

                # Capitalize and add to the main language
                asciidoc += parentlanguage

        # Add in any plain-text validation language that should be added
        for usage in usages:
            asciidoc += '* '
            asciidoc += usage
            asciidoc += '\n'

        # In case there's nothing to report, return None
        if asciidoc == '':
            return None
        # Delimit the asciidoc block
        return asciidoc

    def makeThreadSafetyBlock(self, cmd, paramtext):
        """Generate C function pointer typedef for <command> Element"""
        paramdecl = ''

        # For any vkCmd* functions, the commandBuffer parameter must be being recorded
        if cmd.find('proto/name') is not None and 'vkCmd' in cmd.find('proto/name'):
            paramdecl += '* '
            paramdecl += 'The sname:VkCommandPool that pname:commandBuffer was created from'
            paramdecl += '\n'

        # Find and add any parameters that are thread unsafe
        explicitexternsyncparams = cmd.findall(paramtext + "[@externsync]")
        if (explicitexternsyncparams is not None):
            for param in explicitexternsyncparams:
                externsyncattribs = param.attrib.get('externsync')
                paramname = param.find('name')
                for externsyncattrib in externsyncattribs.split(','):
                    paramdecl += '* '
                    paramdecl += 'Host access to '
                    if externsyncattrib == 'true':
                        if self.paramIsArray(param):
                            paramdecl += 'each member of ' + self.makeParameterName(paramname.text)
                        elif self.paramIsPointer(param):
                            paramdecl += 'the object referenced by ' + self.makeParameterName(paramname.text)
                        else:
                            paramdecl += self.makeParameterName(paramname.text)
                    else:
                        paramdecl += 'pname:'
                        paramdecl += externsyncattrib
                    paramdecl += ' must: be externally synchronized\n'

        # Find and add any "implicit" parameters that are thread unsafe
        implicitexternsyncparams = cmd.find('implicitexternsyncparams')
        if (implicitexternsyncparams is not None):
            for elem in implicitexternsyncparams:
                paramdecl += '* '
                paramdecl += 'Host access to '
                paramdecl += elem.text
                paramdecl += ' must: be externally synchronized\n'

        if (paramdecl == ''):
            return None
        else:
            return paramdecl

    def makeCommandPropertiesTableEntry(self, cmd, name):

        if 'vkCmd' in name:
            # Must be called inside/outside a renderpass appropriately
            cmdbufferlevel = cmd.attrib.get('cmdbufferlevel')
            cmdbufferlevel = (' + \n').join(cmdbufferlevel.title().split(','))

            renderpass = cmd.attrib.get('renderpass')
            renderpass = renderpass.capitalize()

            queues = cmd.attrib.get('queues')
            queues = (' + \n').join(queues.upper().split(','))

            return '|' + cmdbufferlevel + '|' + renderpass + '|' + queues
        elif 'vkQueue' in name:
            # Must be called inside/outside a renderpass appropriately

            queues = cmd.attrib.get('queues')
            if queues is None:
                queues = 'Any'
            else:
                queues = (' + \n').join(queues.upper().split(','))

            return '|-|-|' + queues

        return None

    def makeSuccessCodes(self, cmd, name):

        successcodes = cmd.attrib.get('successcodes')
        if successcodes is not None:

            successcodeentry = ''
            successcodes = successcodes.split(',')
            return '* ename:' + '\n* ename:'.join(successcodes)

        return None

    def makeErrorCodes(self, cmd, name):

        errorcodes = cmd.attrib.get('errorcodes')
        if errorcodes is not None:

            errorcodeentry = ''
            errorcodes = errorcodes.split(',')
            return '* ename:' + '\n* ename:'.join(errorcodes)

        return None

    #
    # Command generation
    def genCmd(self, cmdinfo, name):
        OutputGenerator.genCmd(self, cmdinfo, name)
        #
        # Get all the parameters
        params = cmdinfo.elem.findall('param')
        usageelements = cmdinfo.elem.findall('validity/usage')
        usages = []

        for usage in usageelements:
            usages.append(usage.text)
        for usage in cmdinfo.additionalValidity:
            usages.append(usage.text)
        for usage in cmdinfo.removedValidity:
            usages.remove(usage.text)

        validity = self.makeValidUsageStatements(cmdinfo.elem, name, params, usages)
        threadsafety = self.makeThreadSafetyBlock(cmdinfo.elem, 'param')
        commandpropertiesentry = self.makeCommandPropertiesTableEntry(cmdinfo.elem, name)
        successcodes = self.makeSuccessCodes(cmdinfo.elem, name)
        errorcodes = self.makeErrorCodes(cmdinfo.elem, name)

        self.writeInclude('validity/protos', name, validity, threadsafety, commandpropertiesentry, successcodes, errorcodes)

    #
    # Struct Generation
    def genStruct(self, typeinfo, typename):
        OutputGenerator.genStruct(self, typeinfo, typename)

        # Anything that's only ever returned can't be set by the user, so shouldn't have any validity information.
        if typeinfo.elem.attrib.get('returnedonly') is None:
            params = typeinfo.elem.findall('member')

            usageelements = typeinfo.elem.findall('validity/usage')
            usages = []

            for usage in usageelements:
                usages.append(usage.text)
            for usage in typeinfo.additionalValidity:
                usages.append(usage.text)
            for usage in typeinfo.removedValidity:
                usages.remove(usage.text)

            validity = self.makeValidUsageStatements(typeinfo.elem, typename, params, usages)
            threadsafety = self.makeThreadSafetyBlock(typeinfo.elem, 'member')

            self.writeInclude('validity/structs', typename, validity, threadsafety, None, None, None)
        else:
            # Still generate files for return only structs, in case this state changes later
            self.writeInclude('validity/structs', typename, None, None, None, None, None)

    #
    # Type Generation
    def genType(self, typeinfo, typename):
        OutputGenerator.genType(self, typeinfo, typename)

        category = typeinfo.elem.get('category')
        if (category == 'struct' or category == 'union'):
            self.genStruct(typeinfo, typename)

# HostSynchronizationOutputGenerator - subclass of OutputGenerator.
# Generates AsciiDoc includes of the externsync parameter table for the
# fundamentals chapter of the Vulkan specification. Similar to
# DocOutputGenerator.
#
# ---- methods ----
# HostSynchronizationOutputGenerator(errFile, warnFile, diagFile) - args as for
#   OutputGenerator. Defines additional internal state.
# ---- methods overriding base class ----
# genCmd(cmdinfo)
class HostSynchronizationOutputGenerator(OutputGenerator):
    # Generate Host Synchronized Parameters in a table at the top of the spec
    def __init__(self,
                 errFile = sys.stderr,
                 warnFile = sys.stderr,
                 diagFile = sys.stdout):
        OutputGenerator.__init__(self, errFile, warnFile, diagFile)

    threadsafety = {'parameters': '', 'parameterlists': '', 'implicit': ''}

    def makeParameterName(self, name):
        return 'pname:' + name

    def makeFLink(self, name):
        return 'flink:' + name

    #
    # Generate an include file
    #
    # directory - subdirectory to put file in
    # basename - base name of the file
    # contents - contents of the file (Asciidoc boilerplate aside)
    def writeInclude(self):

        if self.threadsafety['parameters'] is not None:
            # Create file
            filename = self.genOpts.genDirectory + '/' + self.genOpts.filename + '/parameters.txt'
            self.logMsg('diag', '# Generating include file:', filename)
            fp = open(filename, 'w')

            # Host Synchronization
            write('// WARNING: DO NOT MODIFY! This file is automatically generated from the vk.xml registry', file=fp)
            write('.Externally Synchronized Parameters', file=fp)
            write('*' * 80, file=fp)
            write(self.threadsafety['parameters'], file=fp, end='')
            write('*' * 80, file=fp)
            write('', file=fp)

        if self.threadsafety['parameterlists'] is not None:
            # Create file
            filename = self.genOpts.genDirectory + '/' + self.genOpts.filename + '/parameterlists.txt'
            self.logMsg('diag', '# Generating include file:', filename)
            fp = open(filename, 'w')

            # Host Synchronization
            write('// WARNING: DO NOT MODIFY! This file is automatically generated from the vk.xml registry', file=fp)
            write('.Externally Synchronized Parameter Lists', file=fp)
            write('*' * 80, file=fp)
            write(self.threadsafety['parameterlists'], file=fp, end='')
            write('*' * 80, file=fp)
            write('', file=fp)

        if self.threadsafety['implicit'] is not None:
            # Create file
            filename = self.genOpts.genDirectory + '/' + self.genOpts.filename + '/implicit.txt'
            self.logMsg('diag', '# Generating include file:', filename)
            fp = open(filename, 'w')

            # Host Synchronization
            write('// WARNING: DO NOT MODIFY! This file is automatically generated from the vk.xml registry', file=fp)
            write('.Implicit Externally Synchronized Parameters', file=fp)
            write('*' * 80, file=fp)
            write(self.threadsafety['implicit'], file=fp, end='')
            write('*' * 80, file=fp)
            write('', file=fp)

        fp.close()

    #
    # Check if the parameter passed in is a pointer to an array
    def paramIsArray(self, param):
        return param.attrib.get('len') is not None

    # Check if the parameter passed in is a pointer
    def paramIsPointer(self, param):
        ispointer = False
        paramtype = param.find('type')
        if paramtype.tail is not None and '*' in paramtype.tail:
            ispointer = True

        return ispointer

    # Turn the "name[].member[]" notation into plain English.
    def makeThreadDereferenceHumanReadable(self, dereference):
        matches = re.findall(r"[\w]+[^\w]*",dereference)
        stringval = ''
        for match in reversed(matches):
            if '->' in match or '.' in match:
                stringval += 'member of '
            if '[]' in match:
                stringval += 'each element of '

            stringval += 'the '
            stringval += self.makeParameterName(re.findall(r"[\w]+",match)[0])
            stringval += ' '

        stringval += 'parameter'

        return stringval[0].upper() + stringval[1:]

    def makeThreadSafetyBlocks(self, cmd, paramtext):
        protoname = cmd.find('proto/name').text

        # Find and add any parameters that are thread unsafe
        explicitexternsyncparams = cmd.findall(paramtext + "[@externsync]")
        if (explicitexternsyncparams is not None):
            for param in explicitexternsyncparams:
                externsyncattribs = param.attrib.get('externsync')
                paramname = param.find('name')
                for externsyncattrib in externsyncattribs.split(','):

                    tempstring = '* '
                    if externsyncattrib == 'true':
                        if self.paramIsArray(param):
                            tempstring += 'Each element of the '
                        elif self.paramIsPointer(param):
                            tempstring += 'The object referenced by the '
                        else:
                            tempstring += 'The '

                        tempstring += self.makeParameterName(paramname.text)
                        tempstring += ' parameter'

                    else:
                        tempstring += self.makeThreadDereferenceHumanReadable(externsyncattrib)

                    tempstring += ' in '
                    tempstring += self.makeFLink(protoname)
                    tempstring += '\n'


                    if ' element of ' in tempstring:
                        self.threadsafety['parameterlists'] += tempstring
                    else:
                        self.threadsafety['parameters'] += tempstring


        # Find and add any "implicit" parameters that are thread unsafe
        implicitexternsyncparams = cmd.find('implicitexternsyncparams')
        if (implicitexternsyncparams is not None):
            for elem in implicitexternsyncparams:
                self.threadsafety['implicit'] += '* '
                self.threadsafety['implicit'] += elem.text[0].upper()
                self.threadsafety['implicit'] += elem.text[1:]
                self.threadsafety['implicit'] += ' in '
                self.threadsafety['implicit'] += self.makeFLink(protoname)
                self.threadsafety['implicit'] += '\n'


        # For any vkCmd* functions, the commandBuffer parameter must be being recorded
        if protoname is not None and 'vkCmd' in protoname:
            self.threadsafety['implicit'] += '* '
            self.threadsafety['implicit'] += 'The sname:VkCommandPool that pname:commandBuffer was allocated from, in '
            self.threadsafety['implicit'] += self.makeFLink(protoname)

            self.threadsafety['implicit'] += '\n'

    #
    # Command generation
    def genCmd(self, cmdinfo, name):
        OutputGenerator.genCmd(self, cmdinfo, name)
        #
        # Get all thh parameters
        params = cmdinfo.elem.findall('param')
        usages = cmdinfo.elem.findall('validity/usage')

        self.makeThreadSafetyBlocks(cmdinfo.elem, 'param')

        self.writeInclude()

# ThreadOutputGenerator - subclass of OutputGenerator.
# Generates Thread checking framework
#
# ---- methods ----
# ThreadOutputGenerator(errFile, warnFile, diagFile) - args as for
#   OutputGenerator. Defines additional internal state.
# ---- methods overriding base class ----
# beginFile(genOpts)
# endFile()
# beginFeature(interface, emit)
# endFeature()
# genType(typeinfo,name)
# genStruct(typeinfo,name)
# genGroup(groupinfo,name)
# genEnum(enuminfo, name)
# genCmd(cmdinfo)
class ThreadOutputGenerator(OutputGenerator):
    """Generate specified API interfaces in a specific style, such as a C header"""
    # This is an ordered list of sections in the header file.
    TYPE_SECTIONS = ['include', 'define', 'basetype', 'handle', 'enum',
                     'group', 'bitmask', 'funcpointer', 'struct']
    ALL_SECTIONS = TYPE_SECTIONS + ['command']
    def __init__(self,
                 errFile = sys.stderr,
                 warnFile = sys.stderr,
                 diagFile = sys.stdout):
        OutputGenerator.__init__(self, errFile, warnFile, diagFile)
        # Internal state - accumulators for different inner block text
        self.sections = dict([(section, []) for section in self.ALL_SECTIONS])
        self.intercepts = []

    # Check if the parameter passed in is a pointer to an array
    def paramIsArray(self, param):
        return param.attrib.get('len') is not None

    # Check if the parameter passed in is a pointer
    def paramIsPointer(self, param):
        ispointer = False
        for elem in param:
            #write('paramIsPointer '+elem.text, file=sys.stderr)
            #write('elem.tag '+elem.tag, file=sys.stderr)
            #if (elem.tail is None):
            #    write('elem.tail is None', file=sys.stderr)
            #else:
            #    write('elem.tail '+elem.tail, file=sys.stderr)
            if ((elem.tag is not 'type') and (elem.tail is not None)) and '*' in elem.tail:
                ispointer = True
            #    write('is pointer', file=sys.stderr)
        return ispointer
    def makeThreadUseBlock(self, cmd, functionprefix):
        """Generate C function pointer typedef for <command> Element"""
        paramdecl = ''
        thread_check_dispatchable_objects = [
            "VkCommandBuffer",
            "VkDevice",
            "VkInstance",
            "VkQueue",
        ]
        thread_check_nondispatchable_objects = [
            "VkBuffer",
            "VkBufferView",
            "VkCommandPool",
            "VkDescriptorPool",
            "VkDescriptorSetLayout",
            "VkDeviceMemory",
            "VkEvent",
            "VkFence",
            "VkFramebuffer",
            "VkImage",
            "VkImageView",
            "VkPipeline",
            "VkPipelineCache",
            "VkPipelineLayout",
            "VkQueryPool",
            "VkRenderPass",
            "VkSampler",
            "VkSemaphore",
            "VkShaderModule",
        ]

        # Find and add any parameters that are thread unsafe
        params = cmd.findall('param')
        for param in params:
            paramname = param.find('name')
            if False: # self.paramIsPointer(param):
                paramdecl += '    // not watching use of pointer ' + paramname.text + '\n'
            else:
                externsync = param.attrib.get('externsync')
                if externsync == 'true':
                    if self.paramIsArray(param):
                        paramdecl += '    for (uint32_t index=0;index<' + param.attrib.get('len') + ';index++) {\n'
                        paramdecl += '        ' + functionprefix + 'WriteObject(my_data, ' + paramname.text + '[index]);\n'
                        paramdecl += '    }\n'
                    else:
                        paramdecl += '    ' + functionprefix + 'WriteObject(my_data, ' + paramname.text + ');\n'
                elif (param.attrib.get('externsync')):
                    if self.paramIsArray(param):
                        # Externsync can list pointers to arrays of members to synchronize
                        paramdecl += '    for (uint32_t index=0;index<' + param.attrib.get('len') + ';index++) {\n'
                        for member in externsync.split(","):
                            # Replace first empty [] in member name with index
                            element = member.replace('[]','[index]',1)
                            if '[]' in element:
                                # Replace any second empty [] in element name with
                                # inner array index based on mapping array names like
                                # "pSomeThings[]" to "someThingCount" array size.
                                # This could be more robust by mapping a param member
                                # name to a struct type and "len" attribute.
                                limit = element[0:element.find('s[]')] + 'Count'
                                dotp = limit.rfind('.p')
                                limit = limit[0:dotp+1] + limit[dotp+2:dotp+3].lower() + limit[dotp+3:]
                                paramdecl += '        for(uint32_t index2=0;index2<'+limit+';index2++)'
                                element = element.replace('[]','[index2]')
                            paramdecl += '        ' + functionprefix + 'WriteObject(my_data, ' + element + ');\n'
                        paramdecl += '    }\n'
                    else:
                        # externsync can list members to synchronize
                        for member in externsync.split(","):
                            paramdecl += '    ' + functionprefix + 'WriteObject(my_data, ' + member + ');\n'
                else:
                    paramtype = param.find('type')
                    if paramtype is not None:
                        paramtype = paramtype.text
                    else:
                        paramtype = 'None'
                    if paramtype in thread_check_dispatchable_objects or paramtype in thread_check_nondispatchable_objects:
                        if self.paramIsArray(param) and ('pPipelines' != paramname.text):
                            paramdecl += '    for (uint32_t index=0;index<' + param.attrib.get('len') + ';index++) {\n'
                            paramdecl += '        ' + functionprefix + 'ReadObject(my_data, ' + paramname.text + '[index]);\n'
                            paramdecl += '    }\n'
                        elif not self.paramIsPointer(param):
                            # Pointer params are often being created.
                            # They are not being read from.
                            paramdecl += '    ' + functionprefix + 'ReadObject(my_data, ' + paramname.text + ');\n'
        explicitexternsyncparams = cmd.findall("param[@externsync]")
        if (explicitexternsyncparams is not None):
            for param in explicitexternsyncparams:
                externsyncattrib = param.attrib.get('externsync')
                paramname = param.find('name')
                paramdecl += '// Host access to '
                if externsyncattrib == 'true':
                    if self.paramIsArray(param):
                        paramdecl += 'each member of ' + paramname.text
                    elif self.paramIsPointer(param):
                        paramdecl += 'the object referenced by ' + paramname.text
                    else:
                        paramdecl += paramname.text
                else:
                    paramdecl += externsyncattrib
                paramdecl += ' must be externally synchronized\n'

        # Find and add any "implicit" parameters that are thread unsafe
        implicitexternsyncparams = cmd.find('implicitexternsyncparams')
        if (implicitexternsyncparams is not None):
            for elem in implicitexternsyncparams:
                paramdecl += '    // '
                paramdecl += elem.text
                paramdecl += ' must be externally synchronized between host accesses\n'

        if (paramdecl == ''):
            return None
        else:
            return paramdecl
    def beginFile(self, genOpts):
        OutputGenerator.beginFile(self, genOpts)
        # C-specific
        #
        # Multiple inclusion protection & C++ wrappers.
        if (genOpts.protectFile and self.genOpts.filename):
            headerSym = '__' + re.sub('\.h', '_h_', os.path.basename(self.genOpts.filename))
            write('#ifndef', headerSym, file=self.outFile)
            write('#define', headerSym, '1', file=self.outFile)
            self.newline()
        write('#ifdef __cplusplus', file=self.outFile)
        write('extern "C" {', file=self.outFile)
        write('#endif', file=self.outFile)
        self.newline()
        #
        # User-supplied prefix text, if any (list of strings)
        if (genOpts.prefixText):
            for s in genOpts.prefixText:
                write(s, file=self.outFile)
    def endFile(self):
        # C-specific
        # Finish C++ wrapper and multiple inclusion protection
        self.newline()
        # record intercepted procedures
        write('// intercepts', file=self.outFile)
        write('struct { const char* name; PFN_vkVoidFunction pFunc;} procmap[] = {', file=self.outFile)
        write('\n'.join(self.intercepts), file=self.outFile)
        write('};\n', file=self.outFile)
        self.newline()
        write('#ifdef __cplusplus', file=self.outFile)
        write('}', file=self.outFile)
        write('#endif', file=self.outFile)
        if (self.genOpts.protectFile and self.genOpts.filename):
            self.newline()
            write('#endif', file=self.outFile)
        # Finish processing in superclass
        OutputGenerator.endFile(self)
    def beginFeature(self, interface, emit):
        #write('// starting beginFeature', file=self.outFile)
        # Start processing in superclass
        OutputGenerator.beginFeature(self, interface, emit)
        # C-specific
        # Accumulate includes, defines, types, enums, function pointer typedefs,
        # end function prototypes separately for this feature. They're only
        # printed in endFeature().
        self.sections = dict([(section, []) for section in self.ALL_SECTIONS])
        #write('// ending beginFeature', file=self.outFile)
    def endFeature(self):
        # C-specific
        # Actually write the interface to the output file.
        #write('// starting endFeature', file=self.outFile)
        if (self.emit):
            self.newline()
            if (self.genOpts.protectFeature):
                write('#ifndef', self.featureName, file=self.outFile)
            # If type declarations are needed by other features based on
            # this one, it may be necessary to suppress the ExtraProtect,
            # or move it below the 'for section...' loop.
            #write('// endFeature looking at self.featureExtraProtect', file=self.outFile)
            if (self.featureExtraProtect != None):
                write('#ifdef', self.featureExtraProtect, file=self.outFile)
            #write('#define', self.featureName, '1', file=self.outFile)
            for section in self.TYPE_SECTIONS:
                #write('// endFeature writing section'+section, file=self.outFile)
                contents = self.sections[section]
                if contents:
                    write('\n'.join(contents), file=self.outFile)
                    self.newline()
            #write('// endFeature looking at self.sections[command]', file=self.outFile)
            if (self.sections['command']):
                write('\n'.join(self.sections['command']), end='', file=self.outFile)
                self.newline()
            if (self.featureExtraProtect != None):
                write('#endif /*', self.featureExtraProtect, '*/', file=self.outFile)
            if (self.genOpts.protectFeature):
                write('#endif /*', self.featureName, '*/', file=self.outFile)
        # Finish processing in superclass
        OutputGenerator.endFeature(self)
        #write('// ending endFeature', file=self.outFile)
    #
    # Append a definition to the specified section
    def appendSection(self, section, text):
        # self.sections[section].append('SECTION: ' + section + '\n')
        self.sections[section].append(text)
    #
    # Type generation
    def genType(self, typeinfo, name):
        pass
    #
    # Struct (e.g. C "struct" type) generation.
    # This is a special case of the <type> tag where the contents are
    # interpreted as a set of <member> tags instead of freeform C
    # C type declarations. The <member> tags are just like <param>
    # tags - they are a declaration of a struct or union member.
    # Only simple member declarations are supported (no nested
    # structs etc.)
    def genStruct(self, typeinfo, typeName):
        OutputGenerator.genStruct(self, typeinfo, typeName)
        body = 'typedef ' + typeinfo.elem.get('category') + ' ' + typeName + ' {\n'
        # paramdecl = self.makeCParamDecl(typeinfo.elem, self.genOpts.alignFuncParam)
        for member in typeinfo.elem.findall('.//member'):
            body += self.makeCParamDecl(member, self.genOpts.alignFuncParam)
            body += ';\n'
        body += '} ' + typeName + ';\n'
        self.appendSection('struct', body)
    #
    # Group (e.g. C "enum" type) generation.
    # These are concatenated together with other types.
    def genGroup(self, groupinfo, groupName):
        pass
    # Enumerant generation
    # <enum> tags may specify their values in several ways, but are usually
    # just integers.
    def genEnum(self, enuminfo, name):
        pass
    #
    # Command generation
    def genCmd(self, cmdinfo, name):
        special_functions = [
            'vkGetDeviceProcAddr',
            'vkGetInstanceProcAddr',
            'vkCreateDevice',
            'vkDestroyDevice',
            'vkCreateInstance',
            'vkDestroyInstance',
            'vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties',
            'vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties',
            'vkAllocateCommandBuffers',
            'vkFreeCommandBuffers',
            'vkCreateDebugReportCallbackEXT',
            'vkDestroyDebugReportCallbackEXT',
        ]
        if name in special_functions:
            self.intercepts += [ '    {"%s", reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkVoidFunction>(%s)},' % (name,name) ]
            return
        if "KHR" in name:
            self.appendSection('command', '// TODO - not wrapping KHR function ' + name)
            return
        # Determine first if this function needs to be intercepted
        startthreadsafety = self.makeThreadUseBlock(cmdinfo.elem, 'start')
        if startthreadsafety is None:
            return
        finishthreadsafety = self.makeThreadUseBlock(cmdinfo.elem, 'finish')
        # record that the function will be intercepted
        if (self.featureExtraProtect != None):
            self.intercepts += [ '#ifdef %s' % self.featureExtraProtect ]
        self.intercepts += [ '    {"%s", reinterpret_cast<PFN_vkVoidFunction>(%s)},' % (name,name) ]
        if (self.featureExtraProtect != None):
            self.intercepts += [ '#endif' ]

        OutputGenerator.genCmd(self, cmdinfo, name)
        #
        decls = self.makeCDecls(cmdinfo.elem)
        self.appendSection('command', '')
        self.appendSection('command', decls[0][:-1])
        self.appendSection('command', '{')
        # setup common to call wrappers
        # first parameter is always dispatchable
        dispatchable_type = cmdinfo.elem.find('param/type').text
        dispatchable_name = cmdinfo.elem.find('param/name').text
        self.appendSection('command', '    dispatch_key key = get_dispatch_key('+dispatchable_name+');')
        self.appendSection('command', '    layer_data *my_data = get_my_data_ptr(key, layer_data_map);')
        if dispatchable_type in ["VkPhysicalDevice", "VkInstance"]:
            self.appendSection('command', '    VkLayerInstanceDispatchTable *pTable = my_data->instance_dispatch_table;')
        else:
            self.appendSection('command', '    VkLayerDispatchTable *pTable = my_data->device_dispatch_table;')
        # Declare result variable, if any.
        resulttype = cmdinfo.elem.find('proto/type')
        if (resulttype != None and resulttype.text == 'void'):
          resulttype = None
        if (resulttype != None):
            self.appendSection('command', '    ' + resulttype.text + ' result;')
            assignresult = 'result = '
        else:
            assignresult = ''

        self.appendSection('command', str(startthreadsafety))
        params = cmdinfo.elem.findall('param/name')
        paramstext = ','.join([str(param.text) for param in params])
        API = cmdinfo.elem.attrib.get('name').replace('vk','pTable->',1)
        self.appendSection('command', '    ' + assignresult + API + '(' + paramstext + ');')
        self.appendSection('command', str(finishthreadsafety))
        # Return result variable, if any.
        if (resulttype != None):
            self.appendSection('command', '    return result;')
        self.appendSection('command', '}')

# ParamCheckerOutputGenerator - subclass of OutputGenerator.
# Generates param checker layer code.
#
# ---- methods ----
# ParamCheckerOutputGenerator(errFile, warnFile, diagFile) - args as for
#   OutputGenerator. Defines additional internal state.
# ---- methods overriding base class ----
# beginFile(genOpts)
# endFile()
# beginFeature(interface, emit)
# endFeature()
# genType(typeinfo,name)
# genStruct(typeinfo,name)
# genGroup(groupinfo,name)
# genEnum(enuminfo, name)
# genCmd(cmdinfo)
class ParamCheckerOutputGenerator(OutputGenerator):
    """Generate ParamChecker code based on XML element attributes"""
    # This is an ordered list of sections in the header file.
    ALL_SECTIONS = ['command']
    def __init__(self,
                 errFile = sys.stderr,
                 warnFile = sys.stderr,
                 diagFile = sys.stdout):
        OutputGenerator.__init__(self, errFile, warnFile, diagFile)
        self.INDENT_SPACES = 4
        # Struct member categories, to be used to avoid validating output values retrieved by queries such as vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties
        # For example, VkPhysicalDeviceProperties will be ignored for vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties where it is an ouput, but will be processed
        # for vkCreateDevice where is it a member of the VkDeviceCreateInfo input parameter.
        self.STRUCT_MEMBERS_INPUT_ONLY_NONE = 1         # The struct contains no 'input-only' members and will always be processed
        self.STRUCT_MEMBERS_INPUT_ONLY_MIXED = 2        # The struct contains some 'input-only' members; these members will only be processed when the struct is an input parameter
        self.STRUCT_MEMBERS_INPUT_ONLY_EXCLUSIVE = 3    # The struct contains only 'input-only' members; the entire struct will only be processed when it is an input parameter
        # Commands to ignore
        self.blacklist = [
            'vkGetInstanceProcAddr',
            'vkGetDeviceProcAddr',
            'vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties',
            'vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionsProperties',
            'vkEnumerateDeviceLayerProperties',
            'vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionsProperties',
            'vkCreateDebugReportCallbackEXT',
            'vkDebugReportMessageEXT']
        # Internal state - accumulators for different inner block text
        self.sections = dict([(section, []) for section in self.ALL_SECTIONS])
        self.structNames = []                             # List of Vulkan struct typenames
        self.stypes = []                                  # Values from the VkStructureType enumeration
        self.structTypes = dict()                         # Map of Vulkan struct typename to required VkStructureType
        self.commands = []                                # List of CommandData records for all Vulkan commands
        self.structMembers = []                           # List of StructMemberData records for all Vulkan structs
        self.validatedStructs = dict()                    # Map of structs containing members that require validation to a value indicating
                                                          # that the struct contains members that are only validated when it is an input parameter
        self.enumRanges = dict()                          # Map of enum name to BEGIN/END range values
        # Named tuples to store struct and command data
        self.StructType = namedtuple('StructType', ['name', 'value'])
        self.CommandParam = namedtuple('CommandParam', ['type', 'name', 'ispointer', 'isstaticarray', 'isbool', 'israngedenum',
                                                        'isconst', 'isoptional', 'iscount', 'len', 'extstructs', 'cdecl'])
        self.CommandData = namedtuple('CommandData', ['name', 'params', 'cdecl'])
        self.StructMemberData = namedtuple('StructMemberData', ['name', 'members'])
    #
    def incIndent(self, indent):
        inc = ' ' * self.INDENT_SPACES
        if indent:
            return indent + inc
        return inc
    #
    def decIndent(self, indent):
        if indent and (len(indent) > self.INDENT_SPACES):
            return indent[:-self.INDENT_SPACES]
        return ''
    #
    def beginFile(self, genOpts):
        OutputGenerator.beginFile(self, genOpts)
        # C-specific
        #
        # User-supplied prefix text, if any (list of strings)
        if (genOpts.prefixText):
            for s in genOpts.prefixText:
                write(s, file=self.outFile)
        #
        # Multiple inclusion protection & C++ wrappers.
        if (genOpts.protectFile and self.genOpts.filename):
            headerSym = re.sub('\.h', '_H', os.path.basename(self.genOpts.filename)).upper()
            write('#ifndef', headerSym, file=self.outFile)
            write('#define', headerSym, '1', file=self.outFile)
            self.newline()
        #
        # Headers
        write('#include <string>', file=self.outFile)
        self.newline()
        write('#include "vulkan/vulkan.h"', file=self.outFile)
        write('#include "vk_layer_extension_utils.h"', file=self.outFile)
        write('#include "parameter_validation_utils.h"', file=self.outFile)
        #
        # Macros
        self.newline()
        write('#ifndef UNUSED_PARAMETER', file=self.outFile)
        write('#define UNUSED_PARAMETER(x) (void)(x)', file=self.outFile)
        write('#endif // UNUSED_PARAMETER', file=self.outFile)
    def endFile(self):
        # C-specific
        # Finish C++ wrapper and multiple inclusion protection
        self.newline()
        if (self.genOpts.protectFile and self.genOpts.filename):
            self.newline()
            write('#endif', file=self.outFile)
        # Finish processing in superclass
        OutputGenerator.endFile(self)
    def beginFeature(self, interface, emit):
        # Start processing in superclass
        OutputGenerator.beginFeature(self, interface, emit)
        # C-specific
        # Accumulate includes, defines, types, enums, function pointer typedefs,
        # end function prototypes separately for this feature. They're only
        # printed in endFeature().
        self.sections = dict([(section, []) for section in self.ALL_SECTIONS])
        self.structNames = []
        self.stypes = []
        self.structTypes = dict()
        self.commands = []
        self.structMembers = []
        self.validatedStructs = dict()
        self.enumRanges = dict()
    def endFeature(self):
        # C-specific
        # Actually write the interface to the output file.
        if (self.emit):
            self.newline()
            # If type declarations are needed by other features based on
            # this one, it may be necessary to suppress the ExtraProtect,
            # or move it below the 'for section...' loop.
            if (self.featureExtraProtect != None):
                write('#ifdef', self.featureExtraProtect, file=self.outFile)
            # Generate the struct member checking code from the captured data
            self.prepareStructMemberData()
            self.processStructMemberData()
            # Generate the command parameter checking code from the captured data
            self.processCmdData()
            if (self.sections['command']):
                if (self.genOpts.protectProto):
                    write(self.genOpts.protectProto,
                          self.genOpts.protectProtoStr, file=self.outFile)
                write('\n'.join(self.sections['command']), end='', file=self.outFile)
            if (self.featureExtraProtect != None):
                write('#endif /*', self.featureExtraProtect, '*/', file=self.outFile)
            else:
                self.newline()
        # Finish processing in superclass
        OutputGenerator.endFeature(self)
    #
    # Append a definition to the specified section
    def appendSection(self, section, text):
        # self.sections[section].append('SECTION: ' + section + '\n')
        self.sections[section].append(text)
    #
    # Type generation
    def genType(self, typeinfo, name):
        OutputGenerator.genType(self, typeinfo, name)
        typeElem = typeinfo.elem
        # If the type is a struct type, traverse the imbedded <member> tags
        # generating a structure. Otherwise, emit the tag text.
        category = typeElem.get('category')
        if (category == 'struct' or category == 'union'):
            self.structNames.append(name)
            self.genStruct(typeinfo, name)
    #
    # Struct parameter check generation.
    # This is a special case of the <type> tag where the contents are
    # interpreted as a set of <member> tags instead of freeform C
    # C type declarations. The <member> tags are just like <param>
    # tags - they are a declaration of a struct or union member.
    # Only simple member declarations are supported (no nested
    # structs etc.)
    def genStruct(self, typeinfo, typeName):
        OutputGenerator.genStruct(self, typeinfo, typeName)
        members = typeinfo.elem.findall('.//member')
        #
        # Iterate over members once to get length parameters for arrays
        lens = set()
        for member in members:
            len = self.getLen(member)
            if len:
                lens.add(len)
        #
        # Generate member info
        membersInfo = []
        for member in members:
            # Get the member's type and name
            info = self.getTypeNameTuple(member)
            type = info[0]
            name = info[1]
            stypeValue = ''
            cdecl = self.makeCParamDecl(member, 0)
            # Process VkStructureType
            if type == 'VkStructureType':
                # Extract the required struct type value from the comments
                # embedded in the original text defining the 'typeinfo' element
                rawXml = etree.tostring(typeinfo.elem).decode('ascii')
                result = re.search(r'VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_\w+', rawXml)
                if result:
                    value = result.group(0)
                    # Make sure value is valid
                    #if value not in self.stypes:
                    #    print('WARNING: {} is not part of the VkStructureType enumeration [{}]'.format(value, typeName))
                else:
                    value = '<ERROR>'
                # Store the required type value
                self.structTypes[typeName] = self.StructType(name=name, value=value)
            #
            # Store pointer/array/string info
            # Check for parameter name in lens set
            iscount = False
            if name in lens:
                iscount = True
            # The pNext members are not tagged as optional, but are treated as
            # optional for parameter NULL checks.  Static array members
            # are also treated as optional to skip NULL pointer validation, as
            # they won't be NULL.
            isstaticarray = self.paramIsStaticArray(member)
            isoptional = False
            if self.paramIsOptional(member) or (name == 'pNext') or (isstaticarray):
                isoptional = True
            membersInfo.append(self.CommandParam(type=type, name=name,
                                                ispointer=self.paramIsPointer(member),
                                                isstaticarray=isstaticarray,
                                                isbool=True if type == 'VkBool32' else False,
                                                israngedenum=True if type in self.enumRanges else False,
                                                isconst=True if 'const' in cdecl else False,
                                                isoptional=isoptional,
                                                iscount=iscount,
                                                len=self.getLen(member),
                                                extstructs=member.attrib.get('validextensionstructs') if name == 'pNext' else None,
                                                cdecl=cdecl))
        self.structMembers.append(self.StructMemberData(name=typeName, members=membersInfo))
    #
    # Capture group (e.g. C "enum" type) info to be used for
    # param check code generation.
    # These are concatenated together with other types.
    def genGroup(self, groupinfo, groupName):
        OutputGenerator.genGroup(self, groupinfo, groupName)
        groupElem = groupinfo.elem
        #
        # Store the sType values
        if groupName == 'VkStructureType':
            for elem in groupElem.findall('enum'):
                self.stypes.append(elem.get('name'))
        else:
            # Determine if begin/end ranges are needed (we don't do this for VkStructureType, which has a more finely grained check)
            expandName = re.sub(r'([0-9a-z_])([A-Z0-9][^A-Z0-9]?)',r'\1_\2',groupName).upper()
            expandPrefix = expandName
            expandSuffix = ''
            expandSuffixMatch = re.search(r'[A-Z][A-Z]+$',groupName)
            if expandSuffixMatch:
                expandSuffix = '_' + expandSuffixMatch.group()
                # Strip off the suffix from the prefix
                expandPrefix = expandName.rsplit(expandSuffix, 1)[0]
            isEnum = ('FLAG_BITS' not in expandPrefix)
            if isEnum:
                self.enumRanges[groupName] = (expandPrefix + '_BEGIN_RANGE' + expandSuffix, expandPrefix + '_END_RANGE' + expandSuffix)
    #
    # Capture command parameter info to be used for param
    # check code generation.
    def genCmd(self, cmdinfo, name):
        OutputGenerator.genCmd(self, cmdinfo, name)
        if name not in self.blacklist:
            params = cmdinfo.elem.findall('param')
            # Get list of array lengths
            lens = set()
            for param in params:
                len = self.getLen(param)
                if len:
                    lens.add(len)
            # Get param info
            paramsInfo = []
            for param in params:
                paramInfo = self.getTypeNameTuple(param)
                cdecl = self.makeCParamDecl(param, 0)
                # Check for parameter name in lens set
                iscount = False
                if paramInfo[1] in lens:
                    iscount = True
                paramsInfo.append(self.CommandParam(type=paramInfo[0], name=paramInfo[1],
                                                    ispointer=self.paramIsPointer(param),
                                                    isstaticarray=self.paramIsStaticArray(param),
                                                    isbool=True if paramInfo[0] == 'VkBool32' else False,
                                                    israngedenum=True if paramInfo[0] in self.enumRanges else False,
                                                    isconst=True if 'const' in cdecl else False,
                                                    isoptional=self.paramIsOptional(param),
                                                    iscount=iscount,
                                                    len=self.getLen(param),
                                                    extstructs=None,
                                                    cdecl=cdecl))
            self.commands.append(self.CommandData(name=name, params=paramsInfo, cdecl=self.makeCDecls(cmdinfo.elem)[0]))
    #
    # Check if the parameter passed in is a pointer
    def paramIsPointer(self, param):
        ispointer = 0
        paramtype = param.find('type')
        if (paramtype.tail is not None) and ('*' in paramtype.tail):
            ispointer = paramtype.tail.count('*')
        elif paramtype.text[:4] == 'PFN_':
            # Treat function pointer typedefs as a pointer to a single value
            ispointer = 1
        return ispointer
    #
    # Check if the parameter passed in is a static array
    def paramIsStaticArray(self, param):
        isstaticarray = 0
        paramname = param.find('name')
        if (paramname.tail is not None) and ('[' in paramname.tail):
            isstaticarray = paramname.tail.count('[')
        return isstaticarray
    #
    # Check if the parameter passed in is optional
    # Returns a list of Boolean values for comma separated len attributes (len='false,true')
    def paramIsOptional(self, param):
        # See if the handle is optional
        isoptional = False
        # Simple, if it's optional, return true
        optString = param.attrib.get('optional')
        if optString:
            if optString == 'true':
                isoptional = True
            elif ',' in optString:
                opts = []
                for opt in optString.split(','):
                    val = opt.strip()
                    if val == 'true':
                        opts.append(True)
                    elif val == 'false':
                        opts.append(False)
                    else:
                        print('Unrecognized len attribute value',val)
                isoptional = opts
        return isoptional
    #
    # Retrieve the value of the len tag
    def getLen(self, param):
        result = None
        len = param.attrib.get('len')
        if len and len != 'null-terminated':
            # For string arrays, 'len' can look like 'count,null-terminated',
            # indicating that we have a null terminated array of strings.  We
            # strip the null-terminated from the 'len' field and only return
            # the parameter specifying the string count
            if 'null-terminated' in len:
                result = len.split(',')[0]
            else:
                result = len
        return result
    #
    # Retrieve the type and name for a parameter
    def getTypeNameTuple(self, param):
        type = ''
        name = ''
        for elem in param:
            if elem.tag == 'type':
                type = noneStr(elem.text)
            elif elem.tag == 'name':
                name = noneStr(elem.text)
        return (type, name)
    #
    # Find a named parameter in a parameter list
    def getParamByName(self, params, name):
        for param in params:
            if param.name == name:
                return param
        return None
    #
    # Extract length values from latexmath.  Currently an inflexible solution that looks for specific
    # patterns that are found in vk.xml.  Will need to be updated when new patterns are introduced.
    def parseLateXMath(self, source):
        name = 'ERROR'
        decoratedName = 'ERROR'
        if 'mathit' in source:
            # Matches expressions similar to 'latexmath:[$\lceil{\mathit{rasterizationSamples} \over 32}\rceil$]'
            match = re.match(r'latexmath\s*\:\s*\[\s*\$\\l(\w+)\s*\{\s*\\mathit\s*\{\s*(\w+)\s*\}\s*\\over\s*(\d+)\s*\}\s*\\r(\w+)\$\s*\]', source)
            if not match or match.group(1) != match.group(4):
                raise 'Unrecognized latexmath expression'
            name = match.group(2)
            decoratedName = '{}({}/{})'.format(*match.group(1, 2, 3))
        else:
            # Matches expressions similar to 'latexmath : [$dataSize \over 4$]'
            match = re.match(r'latexmath\s*\:\s*\[\s*\$\s*(\w+)\s*\\over\s*(\d+)\s*\$\s*\]', source)
            name = match.group(1)
            decoratedName = '{}/{}'.format(*match.group(1, 2))
        return name, decoratedName
    #
    # Get the length paramater record for the specified parameter name
    def getLenParam(self, params, name):
        lenParam = None
        if name:
            if '->' in name:
                # The count is obtained by dereferencing a member of a struct parameter
                lenParam = self.CommandParam(name=name, iscount=True, ispointer=False, isbool=False, israngedenum=False, isconst=False,
                                             isstaticarray=None, isoptional=False, type=None, len=None, extstructs=None, cdecl=None)
            elif 'latexmath' in name:
                lenName, decoratedName = self.parseLateXMath(name)
                lenParam = self.getParamByName(params, lenName)
                # TODO: Zero-check the result produced by the equation?
                # Copy the stored len parameter entry and overwrite the name with the processed latexmath equation
                #param = self.getParamByName(params, lenName)
                #lenParam = self.CommandParam(name=decoratedName, iscount=param.iscount, ispointer=param.ispointer,
                #                             isoptional=param.isoptional, type=param.type, len=param.len,
                #                             isstaticarray=param.isstaticarray, extstructs=param.extstructs, cdecl=param.cdecl)
            else:
                lenParam = self.getParamByName(params, name)
        return lenParam
    #
    # Convert a vulkan.h command declaration into a parameter_validation.h definition
    def getCmdDef(self, cmd):
        #
        # Strip the trailing ';' and split into individual lines
        lines = cmd.cdecl[:-1].split('\n')
        # Replace Vulkan prototype
        lines[0] = 'static VkBool32 parameter_validation_' + cmd.name + '('
        # Replace the first argument with debug_report_data, when the first
        # argument is a handle (not vkCreateInstance)
        reportData = '    debug_report_data*'.ljust(self.genOpts.alignFuncParam) + 'report_data,'
        if cmd.name != 'vkCreateInstance':
            lines[1] = reportData
        else:
            lines.insert(1, reportData)
        return '\n'.join(lines)
    #
    # Generate the code to check for a NULL dereference before calling the
    # validation function
    def genCheckedLengthCall(self, indent, name, expr):
        count = name.count('->')
        if count:
            checkedExpr = ''
            localIndent = indent
            elements = name.split('->')
            # Open the if expression blocks
            for i in range(0, count):
                checkedExpr += localIndent + 'if ({} != NULL) {{\n'.format('->'.join(elements[0:i+1]))
                localIndent = self.incIndent(localIndent)
            # Add the validation expression
            checkedExpr += localIndent + expr
            # Close the if blocks
            for i in range(0, count):
                localIndent = self.decIndent(localIndent)
                checkedExpr += localIndent + '}\n'
            return checkedExpr
        # No if statements were required
        return indent + expr
    #
    # Generate the parameter checking code
    def genFuncBody(self, indent, name, values, valuePrefix, variablePrefix, structName, needConditionCheck):
        funcBody = ''
        unused = []
        # Code to conditionally check parameters only when they are inputs.  Primarily avoids
        # checking uninitialized members of output structs used to retrieve bools and enums.
        # Conditional checks are grouped together to be appended to funcBody within a single
        # if check for input parameter direction.
        conditionalExprs = []
        for value in values:
            checkExpr = ''     # Code to check the current parameter
            lenParam = None
            #
            # Generate the full name of the value, which will be printed in
            # the error message, by adding the variable prefix to the
            # value name
            valueDisplayName = '(std::string({}) + std::string("{}")).c_str()'.format(variablePrefix, value.name) if variablePrefix else '"{}"'.format(value.name)
            #
            # Check for NULL pointers, ignore the inout count parameters that
            # will be validated with their associated array
            if (value.ispointer or value.isstaticarray) and not value.iscount:
                #
                # Parameters for function argument generation
                req = 'VK_TRUE'    # Paramerter can be NULL
                cpReq = 'VK_TRUE'  # Count pointer can be NULL
                cvReq = 'VK_TRUE'  # Count value can be 0
                lenDisplayName = None # Name of length parameter to print with validation messages; parameter name with prefix applied
                #
                # Generate required/optional parameter strings for the pointer and count values
                if value.isoptional:
                    req = 'VK_FALSE'
                if value.len:
                    # The parameter is an array with an explicit count parameter
                    lenParam = self.getLenParam(values, value.len)
                    lenDisplayName = '(std::string({}) + std::string("{}")).c_str()'.format(variablePrefix, lenParam.name) if variablePrefix else '"{}"'.format(lenParam.name)
                    if lenParam.ispointer:
                        # Count parameters that are pointers are inout
                        if type(lenParam.isoptional) is list:
                            if lenParam.isoptional[0]:
                                cpReq = 'VK_FALSE'
                            if lenParam.isoptional[1]:
                                cvReq = 'VK_FALSE'
                        else:
                            if lenParam.isoptional:
                                cpReq = 'VK_FALSE'
                    else:
                        if lenParam.isoptional:
                            cvReq = 'VK_FALSE'
                #
                # If this is a pointer to a struct with an sType field, verify the type
                if value.type in self.structTypes:
                    stype = self.structTypes[value.type]
                    if lenParam:
                        # This is an array
                        if lenParam.ispointer:
                            # When the length parameter is a pointer, there is an extra Boolean parameter in the function call to indicate if it is required
                            checkExpr = 'skipCall |= validate_struct_type_array(report_data, {}, {ldn}, {dn}, "{sv}", {pf}{ln}, {pf}{vn}, {sv}, {}, {}, {});\n'.format(name, cpReq, cvReq, req, ln=lenParam.name, ldn=lenDisplayName, dn=valueDisplayName, vn=value.name, sv=stype.value, pf=valuePrefix)
                        else:
                            checkExpr = 'skipCall |= validate_struct_type_array(report_data, {}, {ldn}, {dn}, "{sv}", {pf}{ln}, {pf}{vn}, {sv}, {}, {});\n'.format(name, cvReq, req, ln=lenParam.name, ldn=lenDisplayName, dn=valueDisplayName, vn=value.name, sv=stype.value, pf=valuePrefix)
                    else:
                        checkExpr = 'skipCall |= validate_struct_type(report_data, {}, {}, "{sv}", {}{vn}, {sv}, {});\n'.format(name, valueDisplayName, valuePrefix, req, vn=value.name, sv=stype.value)
                elif value.name == 'pNext':
                    # We need to ignore VkDeviceCreateInfo and VkInstanceCreateInfo, as the loader manipulates them in a way that is not documented in vk.xml
                    if not structName in ['VkDeviceCreateInfo', 'VkInstanceCreateInfo']:
                        # Generate an array of acceptable VkStructureType values for pNext
                        extStructCount = 0
                        extStructVar = 'NULL'
                        extStructNames = 'NULL'
                        if value.extstructs:
                            structs = value.extstructs.split(',')
                            checkExpr = 'const VkStructureType allowedStructs[] = {' + ', '.join([self.structTypes[s].value for s in structs]) + '};\n' + indent
                            extStructCount = 'ARRAY_SIZE(allowedStructs)'
                            extStructVar = 'allowedStructs'
                            extStructNames = '"' + ', '.join(structs) + '"'
                        checkExpr += 'skipCall |= validate_struct_pnext(report_data, {}, {}, {}, {}{vn}, {}, {});\n'.format(name, valueDisplayName, extStructNames, valuePrefix, extStructCount, extStructVar, vn=value.name)
                else:
                    if lenParam:
                        # This is an array
                        if lenParam.ispointer:
                            # If count and array parameters are optional, there will be no validation
                            if req == 'VK_TRUE' or cpReq == 'VK_TRUE' or cvReq == 'VK_TRUE':
                                # When the length parameter is a pointer, there is an extra Boolean parameter in the function call to indicate if it is required
                                checkExpr = 'skipCall |= validate_array(report_data, {}, {ldn}, {dn}, {pf}{ln}, {pf}{vn}, {}, {}, {});\n'.format(name, cpReq, cvReq, req, ln=lenParam.name, ldn=lenDisplayName, dn=valueDisplayName, vn=value.name, pf=valuePrefix)
                        else:
                            # If count and array parameters are optional, there will be no validation
                            if req == 'VK_TRUE' or cvReq == 'VK_TRUE':
                                funcName = 'validate_array' if value.type != 'char' else 'validate_string_array'
                                checkExpr = 'skipCall |= {}(report_data, {}, {ldn}, {dn}, {pf}{ln}, {pf}{vn}, {}, {});\n'.format(funcName, name, cvReq, req, ln=lenParam.name, ldn=lenDisplayName, dn=valueDisplayName, vn=value.name, pf=valuePrefix)
                    elif not value.isoptional:
                        # Function pointers need a reinterpret_cast to void*
                        if value.type[:4] == 'PFN_':
                            checkExpr = 'skipCall |= validate_required_pointer(report_data, {}, {}, reinterpret_cast<const void*>({}{vn}));\n'.format(name, valueDisplayName, valuePrefix, vn=value.name)
                        else:
                            checkExpr = 'skipCall |= validate_required_pointer(report_data, {}, {}, {}{vn});\n'.format(name, valueDisplayName, valuePrefix, vn=value.name)
                #
                # If this is a pointer to a struct (input), see if it contains members that need to be checked
                if value.type in self.validatedStructs and value.isconst:
                    #
                    # The name prefix used when reporting an error with a struct member (eg. the 'pCreateInfor->' in 'pCreateInfo->sType')
                    if lenParam:
                        prefix = '(std::string({}) + std::string("{}[i]->")).c_str()'.format(variablePrefix, value.name) if variablePrefix else '(std::string("{}[i]->")).c_str()'.format(value.name)
                    else:
                        prefix = '(std::string({}) + std::string("{}->")).c_str()'.format(variablePrefix, value.name) if variablePrefix else '"{}->"'.format(value.name)
                    #
                    membersInputOnly = self.validatedStructs[value.type]
                    #
                    # If the current struct has mixed 'input-only' and 'non-input-only' members, it needs an isInput flag
                    if  membersInputOnly == self.STRUCT_MEMBERS_INPUT_ONLY_MIXED:
                        # If this function is called from another struct validation function (valuePrefix is not empty), then we forward the 'isInput' prameter
                        isInput = 'isInput'
                        if not valuePrefix:
                            # We are validating function parameters and need to determine if the current value is an input parameter
                            isInput = 'true' if value.isconst else 'false'
                        if checkExpr:
                            checkExpr += '\n' + indent
                        if lenParam:
                            # Need to process all elements in the array
                            checkExpr += 'for (uint32_t i = 0; i < {}{}; ++i) {{\n'.format(valuePrefix, lenParam.name)
                            indent = self.incIndent(indent)
                            checkExpr += indent + 'skipCall |= parameter_validation_{}(report_data, {}, {}, {}, &({}{}[i]));\n'.format(value.type, name, prefix, isInput, valuePrefix, value.name)
                            indent = self.decIndent(indent)
                            checkExpr += indent + '}\n'
                        else:
                            checkExpr += 'skipCall |= parameter_validation_{}(report_data, {}, {}, {}, {}{});\n'.format(value.type, name, prefix, isInput, valuePrefix, value.name)
                    else:
                        # Validation function does not have an isInput field
                        if lenParam:
                            # Need to process all elements in the array
                            expr = 'for (uint32_t i = 0; i < {}{}; ++i) {{\n'.format(valuePrefix, lenParam.name)
                            indent = self.incIndent(indent)
                            expr += indent + 'skipCall |= parameter_validation_{}(report_data, {}, {}, &({}{}[i]));\n'.format(value.type, name, prefix, valuePrefix, value.name)
                            indent = self.decIndent(indent)
                            expr += indent + '}\n'
                        else:
                            expr = 'skipCall |= parameter_validation_{}(report_data, {}, {}, {}{});\n'.format(value.type, name, prefix, valuePrefix, value.name)
                        #
                        # If the struct only has input-only members and is a member of another struct, it is conditionally processed based on 'isInput'
                        if valuePrefix and membersInputOnly == self.STRUCT_MEMBERS_INPUT_ONLY_EXCLUSIVE:
                            if needConditionCheck:
                                if expr.count('\n') > 1:
                                    # TODO: Proper fix for this formatting workaround
                                    conditionalExprs.append(expr.replace(' ' * 8, ' ' * 12))
                                else:
                                    conditionalExprs.append(expr)
                            else:
                                if checkExpr:
                                    checkExpr += '\n' + indent
                                checkExpr += expr
                        #
                        # If the struct is a function parameter (valuePrefix is empty) and only contains input-only parameters, it can be ignored if it is not an input
                        elif (membersInputOnly == self.STRUCT_MEMBERS_INPUT_ONLY_NONE) or (not valuePrefix and membersInputOnly == self.STRUCT_MEMBERS_INPUT_ONLY_EXCLUSIVE and value.isconst):
                            if checkExpr:
                                checkExpr += '\n' + indent
                            checkExpr += expr
                elif value.isbool and value.isconst:
                    expr = 'skipCall |= validate_bool32_array(report_data, {}, {}, {pf}{}, {pf}{});\n'.format(name, valueDisplayName, lenParam.name, value.name, pf=valuePrefix)
                    if checkExpr:
                        checkExpr += '\n' + indent
                    checkExpr += expr
                elif value.israngedenum and value.isconst:
                    enumRange = self.enumRanges[value.type]
                    expr = 'skipCall |= validate_ranged_enum_array(report_data, {}, {}, "{}", {}, {}, {pf}{}, {pf}{});\n'.format(name, valueDisplayName, value.type, enumRange[0], enumRange[1], lenParam.name, value.name, pf=valuePrefix)
                    if checkExpr:
                        checkExpr += '\n' + indent
                    checkExpr += expr
            elif value.type in self.validatedStructs:
                # The name of the value with prefix applied
                prefix = '(std::string({}) + std::string("{}.")).c_str()'.format(variablePrefix, value.name) if variablePrefix else '"{}."'.format(value.name)
                #
                membersInputOnly = self.validatedStructs[value.type]
                #
                # If the current struct has mixed 'input-only' and 'non-input-only' members, it needs an isInput flag
                if  membersInputOnly == self.STRUCT_MEMBERS_INPUT_ONLY_MIXED:
                    # If this function is called from another struct validation function (valuePrefix is not empty), then we forward the 'isInput' prameter
                    isInput = 'isInput'
                    if not valuePrefix:
                        # We are validating function parameters and need to determine if the current value is an input parameter
                        isInput = 'true' if value.isconst else 'false'
                    if checkExpr:
                        checkExpr += '\n' + indent
                    checkExpr += 'skipCall |= parameter_validation_{}(report_data, {}, {}, {}, &({}{}));\n'.format(value.type, name, prefix, isInput, valuePrefix, value.name)
                else:
                    # Validation function does not have an isInput field
                    expr = 'skipCall |= parameter_validation_{}(report_data, {}, {}, &({}{}));\n'.format(value.type, name, prefix, valuePrefix, value.name)
                    #
                    # If the struct only has input-only members and is a member of another struct, it is conditionally processed based on 'isInput'
                    if valuePrefix and membersInputOnly == self.STRUCT_MEMBERS_INPUT_ONLY_EXCLUSIVE:
                        if needConditionCheck:
                            conditionalExprs.append(expr)
                        else:
                            if checkExpr:
                                checkExpr += '\n' + indent
                            checkExpr += expr
                    #
                    # If the struct is a function parameter (valuePrefix is empty) and only contains input-only parameters, it can be ignored if it is not an input
                    elif (membersInputOnly == self.STRUCT_MEMBERS_INPUT_ONLY_NONE) or (not valuePrefix and membersInputOnly == self.STRUCT_MEMBERS_INPUT_ONLY_EXCLUSIVE and value.isconst):
                        if checkExpr:
                            checkExpr += '\n' + indent
                        checkExpr += expr
            elif value.isbool:
                expr = 'skipCall |= validate_bool32(report_data, {}, {}, {}{});\n'.format(name, valueDisplayName, valuePrefix, value.name)
                if needConditionCheck:
                    conditionalExprs.append(expr)
                else:
                    checkExpr = expr
            elif value.israngedenum:
                enumRange = self.enumRanges[value.type]
                expr = 'skipCall |= validate_ranged_enum(report_data, {}, {}, "{}", {}, {}, {}{});\n'.format(name, valueDisplayName, value.type, enumRange[0], enumRange[1], valuePrefix, value.name)
                if needConditionCheck:
                    conditionalExprs.append(expr)
                else:
                    checkExpr = expr
            #
            # Append the parameter check to the function body for the current command
            if checkExpr:
                funcBody += '\n'
                if lenParam and ('->' in lenParam.name):
                    # Add checks to ensure the validation call does not dereference a NULL pointer to obtain the count
                    funcBody += self.genCheckedLengthCall(indent, lenParam.name, checkExpr)
                else:
                    funcBody += indent + checkExpr
            elif not value.iscount:
                # If no expression was generated for this value, it is unreferenced by the validation function, unless
                # it is an array count, which is indirectly referenced for array valiadation.
                unused.append(value.name)
        # Add the 'input' only checks
        if conditionalExprs:
            funcBody += '\n'
            funcBody += indent + 'if (isInput) {'
            indent = self.incIndent(indent)
            for conditionalExpr in conditionalExprs:
                funcBody += '\n'
                funcBody += indent + conditionalExpr
            indent = self.decIndent(indent)
            funcBody += indent + '}\n'
        return funcBody, unused
    #
    # Post-process the collected struct member data to create a list of structs
    # with members that need to be validated
    def prepareStructMemberData(self):
        for struct in self.structMembers:
            inputOnly = False
            validated = False
            for member in struct.members:
                if not member.iscount:
                    lenParam = self.getLenParam(struct.members, member.len)
                    # The sType value needs to be validated
                    # The pNext value needs to be validated
                    # A required array/count needs to be validated
                    # A required pointer needs to be validated
                    # A bool needs to be validated, and the struct is an input parameter
                    # An enum needs to be validated, and the struct is an input parameter
                    if member.type in self.structTypes:
                        validated = True
                    elif member.name == 'pNext':
                        validated = True
                    elif member.ispointer and lenParam:  # This is an array
                        # Make sure len is not optional
                        if lenParam.ispointer:
                            if not lenParam.isoptional[0] or not lenParam.isoptional[1] or not member.isoptional:
                                validated = True
                        else:
                            if not lenParam.isoptional or not member.isoptional:
                                validated = True
                    elif member.ispointer and not member.isoptional:
                        validated = True
                    elif member.isbool or member.israngedenum:
                        inputOnly = True
            #
            if validated or inputOnly:
                if not validated:
                    self.validatedStructs[struct.name] = self.STRUCT_MEMBERS_INPUT_ONLY_EXCLUSIVE
                elif not inputOnly:
                    self.validatedStructs[struct.name] = self.STRUCT_MEMBERS_INPUT_ONLY_NONE
                else:
                    self.validatedStructs[struct.name] = self.STRUCT_MEMBERS_INPUT_ONLY_MIXED
            # Second pass to check for struct members that are structs requiring validation
            # May not be necessary, as structs seem to always be defined before first use in the XML registry
            for member in struct.members:
                if member.type in self.validatedStructs:
                    memberInputOnly = self.validatedStructs[member.type]
                    if not struct.name in self.validatedStructs:
                        self.validatedStructs[struct.name] = memberInputOnly
                    elif self.validatedStructs[struct.name] != memberInputOnly:
                        self.validatedStructs[struct.name] = self.STRUCT_MEMBERS_INPUT_ONLY_MIXED
    #
    # Generate the struct member check code from the captured data
    def processStructMemberData(self):
        indent = self.incIndent(None)
        for struct in self.structMembers:
            needConditionCheck = False
            if struct.name in self.validatedStructs and self.validatedStructs[struct.name] == self.STRUCT_MEMBERS_INPUT_ONLY_MIXED:
                needConditionCheck = True
            #
            # The string returned by genFuncBody will be nested in an if check for a NULL pointer, so needs its indent incremented
            funcBody, unused = self.genFuncBody(self.incIndent(indent), 'pFuncName', struct.members, 'pStruct->', 'pVariableName', struct.name, needConditionCheck)
            if funcBody:
                cmdDef = 'static VkBool32 parameter_validation_{}(\n'.format(struct.name)
                cmdDef += '    debug_report_data*'.ljust(self.genOpts.alignFuncParam) + ' report_data,\n'
                cmdDef += '    const char*'.ljust(self.genOpts.alignFuncParam) + ' pFuncName,\n'
                cmdDef += '    const char*'.ljust(self.genOpts.alignFuncParam) + ' pVariableName,\n'
                # If there is a funcBody, this struct must have an entry in the validatedStructs dictionary
                if self.validatedStructs[struct.name] == self.STRUCT_MEMBERS_INPUT_ONLY_MIXED:
                    # If the struct has mixed input only and non-input only members, it needs a flag to indicate if it is an input or output
                    cmdDef += '    bool'.ljust(self.genOpts.alignFuncParam) + ' isInput,\n'
                cmdDef += '    const {}*'.format(struct.name).ljust(self.genOpts.alignFuncParam) + ' pStruct)\n'
                cmdDef += '{\n'
                cmdDef += indent + 'VkBool32 skipCall = VK_FALSE;\n'
                cmdDef += '\n'
                cmdDef += indent + 'if (pStruct != NULL) {'
                cmdDef += funcBody
                cmdDef += indent +'}\n'
                cmdDef += '\n'
                cmdDef += indent + 'return skipCall;\n'
                cmdDef += '}\n'
                self.appendSection('command', cmdDef)
    #
    # Generate the command param check code from the captured data
    def processCmdData(self):
        indent = self.incIndent(None)
        for command in self.commands:
            cmdBody, unused = self.genFuncBody(indent, '"{}"'.format(command.name), command.params, '', None, None, False)
            if cmdBody:
                cmdDef = self.getCmdDef(command) + '\n'
                cmdDef += '{\n'
                # Process unused parameters
                # Ignore the first dispatch handle parameter, which is not
                # processed by parameter_validation (except for vkCreateInstance, which
                # does not have a handle as its first parameter)
                startIndex = 1
                if command.name == 'vkCreateInstance':
                    startIndex = 0
                for name in unused[startIndex:]:
                    cmdDef += indent + 'UNUSED_PARAMETER({});\n'.format(name)
                if len(unused) > 1:
                    cmdDef += '\n'
                cmdDef += indent + 'VkBool32 skipCall = VK_FALSE;\n'
                cmdDef += cmdBody
                cmdDef += '\n'
                cmdDef += indent + 'return skipCall;\n'
                cmdDef += '}\n'
                self.appendSection('command', cmdDef)